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You searched for: Journal Veterinary immunology and immunopathology Remove constraint Journal: Veterinary immunology and immunopathology Subject term Influenza A virus Remove constraint Subject term: Influenza A virus Text Availability Citation in PubAg Remove constraint Text Availability: Citation in PubAg
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1. H3N2 canine influenza virus NS1 protein inhibits canine NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Author:
Pan Tao; Zhangyong Ning; Pei Zhou; Weiqi Xiao; Guiping Wang; Shoujun Li; Guihong Zhang
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2022 v.252 pp. 110483
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; canine influenza; caspase-1; dogs; immunopathology; inflammasomes; inflammation; innate immunity; interleukin-18; oligomerization; transcription (genetics)
Abstract:
... Inflammation is an innate immune response of the body against pathogens and other irritants. The NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3) inflammasome is a major player in the inflammatory response against pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the NLRP3 inflammasome and the influenza virus NS1 protein, which is involved in host immune escape. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110483

2. Influenza A pathway analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) infection in genetically disparate Ri chicken lines

Author:
Jiae Lee; Yeojin Hong; Thi Hao Vu; Sooyeon Lee; Jubi Heo; Anh Duc Truong; Hyun S. Lillehoj; Yeong Ho Hong
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2022 v.246 pp. 110404
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; RNA; chickens; cytokines; gene expression; gene expression regulation; immune system; immunity; immunopathology; influenza; interferons; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; reverse transcription; viruses; Vietnam
Abstract:
... Influenza A/H5N1 virus is a highly pathogenic (HPAIV) and contagious zoonotic virus that can be transmitted to humans. In the present study, infection with this virus and differential gene expression analyses were carried out with genetically resistant and susceptible Ri chicken lines that are native to Vietnam. A total of 20 four-week-old Ri chickens from each line were inoculated with the highly ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110404

3. Comparison of cellular immune responses to avian influenza virus in two genetically distinct, highly inbred chicken lines

Author:
Emily J. Aston; Ying Wang; Karen E. Tracy; Rodrigo A. Gallardo; Susan J. Lamont; Huaijun Zhou
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2021 v.235 pp. 110233
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
B-lymphocytes; Influenza A virus; T-lymphocytes; antibodies; avian influenza; blood serum; chickens; eggs; flow cytometry; gastrointestinal system; immunopathology; macrophages; nose; pathogenicity; vaccination; viral load; viruses
Abstract:
... Low pathogenicity avian influenza causes mild disease involving the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems of wild and domestic birds. Avian influenza research often emphasizes the effect of the virus genetics on disease, but the influence of host genetics on resistance to infection is not well understood. The genetic determinants of enhanced resistance to influenza can be explore ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110233

4. Supplemental dietary selenium enhances immune responses conferred by a vaccine against low pathogenicity avian influenza virus

Author:
Bahram Shojadoost; Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz; Tamiru Negash Alkie; Alexander Bekele-Yitbarek; Neda Barjesteh; Adrianna Laursen; Trevor K. Smith; Janan Shojadoost; Shayan Sharif
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2020 v.227 pp. 110089
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; antibodies; antioxidants; blood; hemagglutination; immune system; immunopathology; pathogenicity; selenium; sodium selenite; vaccination; vaccines; viruses; yeasts
Abstract:
... Selenium is a trace mineral that has antioxidant activities and can influence the immune system. However, antiviral effects of selenium have not been well studies in chickens. Chickens were therefore fed diets supplemented with two levels of two different sources of selenium (organic: selenium enriched yeast; SEY or inorganic: sodium selenite; SS). Chickens in the control groups did not receive su ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110089

5. Transcriptomic profile of chicken bone marrow-derive dendritic cells in response to H9N2 avian influenza A virus

Author:
Qingtao Liu; Jing Yang; Xinmei Huang; Yuzhuo Liu; Kaikai Han; Dongmin Zhao; Lijiao Zhang; Yin Li
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2020 v.220 pp. 109992
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; adaptive immunity; avian influenza; biochemical pathways; chickens; dendritic cells; farms; gene expression regulation; high-throughput nucleotide sequencing; immune evasion; inflammation; innate immunity; major histocompatibility complex; pathogenesis; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; secondary infection; signal transduction; transcription (genetics); transcriptome; transcriptomics; vaccines; viral antigens
Abstract:
... Avian influenza subtype H9N2 infection is a mild but highly contagious disease that is associated with a decrease in the efficacy of vaccine interventions, and an increase in susceptibility to secondary infections in poultry. However, the immune evasion mechanism of H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in chickens is poorly understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are immune cells of major importance, inv ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109992

6. Dietary selenium supplementation enhances antiviral immunity in chickens challenged with low pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H9N2

Author:
Bahram Shojadoost; Raveendra R. Kulkarni; Alexander Yitbarek; Adrianna Laursen; Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz; Tamiru Negash Alkie; Neda Barjesteh; Wanderly M. Quinteiro-Filho; Trevor K. Smith; Shayan Sharif
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2019 v.207 pp. 62-68
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; antiviral properties; chickens; cloaca; dietary supplements; enzymes; feeds; genes; immunity; interferon-beta; interferon-gamma; melanoma; pathogenicity; poultry diseases; selenium; sodium selenite; spleen; tonsils; transcription (genetics); viral shedding; viruses; yeasts
Abstract:
... Selenium supplementation in poultry feeds has been known to have beneficial effects on the bird health and performance; however antiviral effects of selenium have remained largely unknown. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of supplementation of chicken diets with organic (Selenium Enriched Yeast; SEY) and inorganic selenium (Sodium Selenite; SS) on low pathogenicity avian influenza viru ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.12.002

7. Intranasally administered polyethylenimine adjuvanted influenza M2 ectodomain induces partial protection against H9N2 influenza A virus infection in chickens

Author:
Irshad Ahmed Hajam; Jehyoung Kim; John Hwa Lee
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2019 pp. -
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; Influenza A virus; adjuvants; antibodies; antigens; blood serum; cell-mediated immunity; chickens; flow cytometry; immune response; immunoglobulin A; immunoglobulin G; inflammation; influenza; interferon-gamma; lungs; polyethyleneimine; poultry diseases; viral load; viremia
Abstract:
... This study aimed to investigate whether intranasally coadministered four tandem copies of extracellular domains of M2 (M2e) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), a mucosal adjuvant, can protect chickens against H9N2 influenza A virus infection. Groups of chickens were intranasally vaccinated with M2e plus PEI adjuvant, M2e alone or PEI adjuvant, and antibody (serum IgG and mucosal IgA) and cellular (CD4+ T ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.02.007

8. Goose toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) mediated IFN-γ and IL-6 in anti-H5N1 avian influenza virus response

Author:
Yan-Hong Yong; Shao-Feng Liu; Guo-Hong Hua; Ru-Min Jia; Ravi Gooneratne; Yun-Tao Zhao; Ming Liao; Xiang-Hong Ju
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2018 v.197 pp. 31-38
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; Toll-like receptor 3; amino acids; brain; complementary DNA; double-stranded RNA; geese; gene expression regulation; humans; interferon-gamma; interleukin-1; interleukin-6; kidneys; lungs; messenger RNA; molecular cloning; mononuclear leukocytes; pancreas; plasmids; polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; rapid amplification of cDNA ends; secretion; viruses
Abstract:
... Induction of the innate immune pathways is critical for early anti-viral defense. How geese recognize viral molecules and activate these pathways is not well understood. In mammals, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes double-stranded RNA. Activation of TLR3 induces the activation of NF-кB and the production of type-I interferon. In this study, the goose TLR3 gene was cloned using rapid amplific ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.01.010

9. In vitro responses of chicken macrophage-like monocytes following exposure to pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli ghosts loaded with a rational design of conserved genetic materials of influenza and Newcastle disease viruses

Author:
Milad Lagzian; Mohammad Reza Bassami; Hesam Dehghani
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2016 v.176 pp. 5-17
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
in vivo studies; Newcastle disease; cell death; Avian orthoavulavirus 1; vaccination; chemokines; nucleoproteins; macrophages; gene expression; immunodominant epitopes; viruses; Escherichia coli; transcription factors; major histocompatibility complex; immune response; toxicity; virulent strains; chickens; antigen presentation; viability; nitric oxide; monocytes; Influenza A virus; avian influenza; recombinant vaccines; poultry industry
Abstract:
... Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are two important viral diseases in the poultry industry. Therefore, new disease-fighting strategies, especially effective genetic vaccination, are in high demand. Bacterial Ghost (BG) is a promising platform for delivering genetic materials to macrophages, cells that are among the first to encounter these viruses. However, there is no ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.005

10. Structural characterisation of Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) in elephant and harbor seals

Author:
Sally Woodman; Amanda J. Gibson; Ana Rubio García; Guillermo Sanchez Contreras; John W. Rossen; Dirk Werling; Victoria Offord
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2016 v.169 pp. 10-14
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Mirounga; endangered species; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; marine mammals; population dynamics; Brucella; risk; Toll-like receptor 6; methicillin; bacterial infections; pathogens; Phoca vitulina; disease outbreaks; mortality; antibiotic resistance; innate immunity; Influenza A virus; environmental health; Phocine morbillivirus; vaccine adjuvants; Toll-like receptor 1
Abstract:
... Pinnipeds are a diverse clade of semi-aquatic mammals, which act as key indicators of ecosystem health. Their transition from land to marine environments provides a complex microbial milieu, making them vulnerable to both aquatic and terrestrial pathogens, thereby contributing to pinniped population decline. Indeed, viral pathogens such as influenza A virus and phocine distemper virus (PDV) have b ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.11.006

11. Characterization of the in situ immunological responses to vaccine adjuvants

Author:
D.W. Horohov; J. Dunham; C. Liu; A. Betancourt; J.C. Stewart; A.E. Page; T.M. Chambers
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2015 v.164 no.1-2 pp. 24-29
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; RNA; alum; aluminum; aluminum phosphate; antigen presentation; antigens; biopsy; eosinophils; equine influenza; gene expression; genes; horses; humans; humoral immunity; immune response; injection site; interferon-gamma; interleukin-12; live vaccines; lymphocytes; macrophages; neutrophils; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; staining; vaccine adjuvants; veterinary medicine
Abstract:
... Adjuvants are included with many inactivated and some modified live vaccines to enhance immune responses to specific antigens. While early vaccines relied exclusively upon aluminum salts, still the major adjuvant used in human vaccines, other adjuvant products are used in veterinary medicine. In addition to enhancing antigen presentation, adjuvants can also enhance the development of specific immu ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.015

12. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling adaptor mediated apoptosis in H3N2 swine influenza virus infection is inhibited by viral protein NS1 in vitro

Author:
Jinqiu Zhang; Jinfeng Miao; Jibo Hou; Chengping Lu
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2015 v.165 no.1-2 pp. 34-44
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; apoptosis; coculture; epithelial cells; epithelium; humans; mitochondria; swine; transcription (genetics); viral nonstructural proteins
Abstract:
... We investigated the in vitro role of mitochondrial antiviral signaling adaptor (MAVS) in apoptosis induced by H3N2 swine influenza virus infection and the influence of viral NS1 (nonstructural protein 1) protein on this process. H3N2 swine influenza virus (SIV, A/Swine/Shandong/3/2005) was co-cultured with human lung epithelial A549 cells. The relationship of MAVS expression to SIV replication and ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.03.003

13. Muscovy duck retinoic acid-induced gene I (MdRIG-I) functions in innate immunity against H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) infections

Author:
Yuqiang Cheng; Qingqing Huang; Wenhui Ji; Bin Du; Qiang Fu; Huiting An; Jing Li; Hengan Wang; Yaxian Yan; Chan Ding; Jianhe Sun
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2015 v.163 no.3-4 pp. 183-193
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Cairina moschata; Influenza A virus; brain; ducks; gene expression regulation; gene overexpression; genes; innate immunity; interferon regulatory factor-3; interferon-beta; mammals; messenger RNA; mucosa; pathogens; plasmids; retinoic acid; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; signal transduction; spleen; transcription factor NF-kappa B; viral load
Abstract:
... Retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a large duck different from other species of ducks, and is more susceptible to some microbial pathogens. In this study, the Muscovy duck RIG-I gene (MdRIG-I) was identified. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that MdRIG-I mRNA was ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.009

14. Evolutionary characterization of pig interferon-inducible transmembrane gene family and member expression dynamics in tracheobronchial lymph nodes of pigs infected with swine respiratory disease viruses

Author:
Laura C. Miller; Zhihua Jiang; Yongming Sang; Gregory P. Harhay; Kelly M. Lager
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2014 v.159 no.3-4 pp. 180-191
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; respiratory tract diseases; phylogeny; Suid alphaherpesvirus 1; transmembrane proteins; gene expression; viruses; gene expression regulation; lymph nodes; databases; transcriptomics; messenger RNA; humans; Porcine circovirus-2; mice; adhesion; immune response; cell proliferation; swine; antiviral properties; loci; Influenza A virus; expressed sequence tags
Abstract:
... Studies have found that a cluster of duplicated gene loci encoding the interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) family have antiviral activity against several viruses, including influenza A virus. The gene family has 5 and 7 members in humans and mice, respectively. Here, we confirm the current annotation of pig IFITM1, IFITM2, IFITM3, IFITM5, IFITM1L1 and IFITM1L4, manually annotated ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.015

15. Antiviral and antiproliferative effects of canine interferon-λ1

Author:
Tomonori Ichihashi; Atsushi Asano; Tatsufumi Usui; Takashi Takeuchi; Yasuko Watanabe; Yoshiaki Yamano
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2013 v.156 no.1-2 pp. 141-146
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Escherichia coli; Influenza A virus; antineoplastic agents; antiviral properties; dogs; genes; kidneys; pets; veterinary medicine
Abstract:
... Interferon (IFN)-λs, members of the type III IFN group, were recently identified in several vertebrates. Although IFN-λs have the potential to be utilized as antiviral and antitumor agents in veterinary medicine, the biological properties of IFN-λs have not yet been studied in companion animals. In this study, we analyzed the expression of canine IFN-λs and their receptors, produced a recombinant ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.013
PubMed:
24126210

16. Goose Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and antiviral molecules involved in anti-H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus response

Author:
Liangmeng Wei; Peirong Jiao; Runyu Yuan; Yafen Song; Pengfei Cui; Xuchen Guo; Bofang Zheng; Weixin Jia; Wenbao Qi; Tao Ren; Ming Liao
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2013 v.153 no.1-2 pp. 99-106
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
protein secondary structure; messenger RNA; ducks; hosts; Influenza A virus; polymerase chain reaction; amino acid sequences; geese; viruses; immune response; lungs; mammals; receptors; mortality
Abstract:
... In mammals, Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an important membrane-bound receptor triggered by antiviral compounds and single-stranded RNA. It is implicated in the immune response to viruses such as influenza virus. It was not known whether geese, a natural host for avian influenza viruses, possess a homologue of mammalian TLR7 for recognizing avian influenza virus. In this study, we cloned the full ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.02.012
PubMed:
23481654

17. Immunostimulatory properties of Toll-like receptor ligands in chickens

Author:
Michael St. Paul; Jennifer T. Brisbin; Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem; Shayan Sharif
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2013 v.152 no.3-4 pp. 191-199
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
chickens; immunity; Salmonella; Influenza A virus; microorganisms; vaccine adjuvants; antigen-presenting cells; Avian orthoavulavirus 1; mammals; receptors; pathogens; Escherichia coli
Abstract:
... Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that have been identified in mammals and avian species. Ligands for TLRs are typically conserved structural motifs of microorganisms termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Several TLRs have been detected in many cell subsets, such as in macrophages, heterophils and B cells, where they mediate host ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.10.013
PubMed:
23305711

18. Intraocular vaccination with an inactivated highly pathogenic avian influenza virus induces protective antibody responses in chickens

Author:
Hirokazu Hikono; Masaji Mase; Aya Matsuu; Megumi Nakayama; Takehiko Saito
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2013 v.151 no.1-2 pp. 83-89
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; antibodies; avian influenza; chickens; cholera toxin; hemagglutination; immunoglobulin A; immunoglobulin G; lethal dose; respiratory system; secretion; vaccination; vaccines; viruses
Abstract:
... Because it is expected to induce cross-reactive serum and mucosal antibody responses, mucosal vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is potentially superior to conventional parenteral vaccination. Here, we tested whether intraocular vaccination with an inactivated AI virus induced protective antibody responses in chickens. Chickens were inoculated intraocularly twice with 104 ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.10.005
PubMed:
23159237

19. Swine, human or avian influenza viruses differentially activates porcine dendritic cells cytokine profile

Author:
Tufária Mussá; Maria Ballester; Erika Silva-Campa; Massimiliano Baratelli; Núria Busquets; Marie-Pier Lecours; Javier Dominguez; Massimo Amadori; Lorenzo Fraile; Jesús Hernández; María Montoya
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2013 v.154 no.1-2 pp. 25-35
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Anas; Influenza A virus; bones; chickens; cytokines; dendritic cells; gene expression; human influenza; humans; immunity; messenger RNA; secretion; swine; swine influenza; transcription factors; viruses; zoonoses
Abstract:
... Swine influenza virus (SwIV) is considered a zoonosis and the fact that swine may act as an intermediate reservoir for avian influenza virus, potentially infectious for humans, highlights its relevance and the need to understand the interaction of different influenza viruses with the porcine immune system. Thus, in vitro porcine bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (poBMDCs) were infected with a cir ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.04.004
PubMed:
23689011

20. Differential cellular immune responses between chickens and ducks to H9N2 avian influenza virus infection

Author:
Zhenyu Huang; Dong Fang; Peng Lv; Xuebing Bian; Xizhen Ruan; Yan Yan; Jiyong Zhou
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2012 v.150 no.3-4 pp. 169-180
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Escherichia; Influenza A virus; T-lymphocytes; avian influenza; chickens; cloaca; ducks; flow cytometry; hybridomas; immune response; interferons; interleukins; messenger RNA; mice; monoclonal antibodies; poultry industry; proteins; public health; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; spleen; transcription (genetics); viruses
Abstract:
... Avian influenza is an important infectious disease for the poultry industry and an ongoing public health concern. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to duck CD3ɛ, CD4 and CD8α were generated by immunizing mice with the corresponding Escherichia coli-expressed proteins and producing hybridomas. The resulting mAbs were used to investigate cellular immune responses of ducks and chic ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.010
PubMed:
23063347

21. ISCOM-matrix-based equine influenza (EIV) vaccine stimulates cell-mediated immunity in the horse

Author:
R. Paillot; L. Prowse
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2012 v.145 no.1-2 pp. 516-521
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; T-lymphocytes; Welsh Mountain; antibodies; cell proliferation; cell-mediated immunity; equine influenza; hemolysis; horses; human influenza; humoral immunity; inactivated vaccines; interferons; placebos; vaccination
Abstract:
... The humoral immune response induced by ISCOM-matrix (Immuno Stimulating COMplex-Matrix)-adjuvanted equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine is well documented in horses. ISCOM-matrix adjuvanted vaccines against human influenza are strong inducers of cell-mediated immunity (CMI), including T cell proliferation and virus-specific cytotoxic T cell. In the horse, the CMI response to equine influenza vacci ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.019
PubMed:
22178272

22. Induction of a cross-reactive antibody response to influenza virus M2 antigen in pigs by using a Sendai virus vector

Author:
Hirokazu Hikono; Ayako Miyazaki; Masaji Mase; Makoto Inoue; Mamoru Hasegawa; Takehiko Saito
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2012 v.146 no.1 pp. 92-96
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
proteins; vertebrate viruses; Murine respirovirus; antigens; antibodies; Influenza A virus; vaccines; mice; genes; birds; swine
Abstract:
... Protecting pigs from simultaneous infection with avian, swine, and human influenza viruses would be an effective strategy to prevent the emergence of reassortants with pandemic potential. M2 protein is a candidate antigen for so-called ‘universal vaccines,’ which confer cross-protection to different influenza viruses in a strain- and subtype-independent manner. We tested whether a recombinant F ge ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.01.017
PubMed:
22336036

23. Viewpoint: Factors involved in type I interferon responses during porcine virus infections

Author:
Artur Summerfield
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2012 v.148 no.1-2 pp. 168-171
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Classical swine fever virus; Foot-and-mouth disease virus; Influenza A virus; antagonists; defense mechanisms; dendritic cells; evolution; interferons; swine; tissue tropism; viruses
Abstract:
... Since type I interferon (IFN-I) is considered a potent antiviral defence mechanism, it is not surprising that during evolution viruses have development of various mechanisms to counteract IFN-I induction or release. Despite this, certain virus infections are associated with very high levels of systemic IFN-I. One explanation for this observation is the presence of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.03.011
PubMed:
21458079

24. Development of a capture ELISA to determine kinetics of soluble CD25 following in vitro and in vivo stimulation of duck peripheral blood monocytes

Author:
Zhenyu Huang; Jie Fang; Jianyou Gu; Yan Yan; Jiyong Zhou
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2011 v.140 no.1-2 pp. 102-109
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; Riemerella anatipestifer; antigens; cell membranes; concanavalin A; ducks; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; flow cytometry; humans; interleukin-2; lymphocyte proliferation; monocytes; receptors
Abstract:
... In humans and other mammals, the α-chain of interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (CD25) is induced and expressed on the cell surface after lymphocyte activation and is released from the membrane of activated cells as a smaller soluble form (sCD25). However, little is known about avian sCD25. In the present study, we developed an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AC-ELISA) to detect serum ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.021
PubMed:
21216015

25. Host immune-related gene responses against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in vitro differ among chicken cell lines established from different organs

Author:
Chiaki Watanabe; Yuko Uchida; Hiroshi Ito; Toshihiro Ito; Takehiko Saito
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2011 v.144 no.3-4 pp. 187-199
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; acute course; avian influenza; chickens; gene expression; genes; hosts; immune response; poultry industry; virus replication
Abstract:
... Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) induces acute disease in chickens causing high mortality and morbidity and is a major threat to poultry industries in Southeast Asian countries. The mechanisms of disease manifestation and host innate immune responses against HAPIV in chickens are not well understood. In this study, we examined virus replication and host gene expressions in four chic ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.002
PubMed:
22036867

26. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of old horses following recombinant canarypox virus vaccination and subsequent challenge infection

Author:
Amanda A. Adams; Tracy L. Sturgill; Cormac C. Breathnach; Thomas M. Chambers; Leonardo Siger; Jules M. Minke; David W. Horohov
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2011 v.139 no.2-4 pp. 128-140
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
nose; temperature; elderly; messenger RNA; humoral immunity; anorexia; Influenza A virus; antibodies; vaccines; cough; gene expression; viruses; immune response; vaccination; Canarypox virus; dyspnea; horse diseases; horses
Abstract:
... Equine influenza virus is a leading cause of respiratory disease in the horse population; however, the susceptibility of old horses to EIV infection remains unknown. While advanced age in horses (>20 years) is associated with age-related changes in immune function, there are no specific recommendations regarding the vaccination of older horses even though a well-characterized effect of aging is a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.09.006
PubMed:
21035197

27. Immuno-PCR for one step detection of H5N1 avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus using magnetic gold particles as carriers

Author:
MingJun Deng; Ling Long; XiZhi Xiao; ZhenXing Wu; FengJuan Zhang; YanMing Zhang; XiaoLong Zheng; XueQian Xin; Qun Wang; DongLai Wu
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2011 v.141 no.3-4 pp. 183-189
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
chickens; gold; antibodies; Influenza A virus; DNA; antibody detection; polymerase chain reaction; Avian orthoavulavirus 1; denaturation; viruses; streptavidin; viral antigens; screening; washing
Abstract:
... Detecting avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at low concentrations from tracheal and cloacal swabs of avian influenza- and Newcastle disease-infected poultry was carried out using a highly sensitive immunological-polymerase chain reaction (immuno-PCR) method. Magnetic gold particles were pre-coated with a capture antibody, either a monoclonal anti-AIV/H5 or monoclonal an ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.018
PubMed:
21511345

28. Immunoadjuvant effects of Hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) on the inactivated H9 subtype avian influenza virus vaccine

Author:
Quan Zhang; Zhen Wang; Yan Yuan; Zhengfeng Xue; Guoqin Zhai; Weiyong Zuo; Shanyuan Zhu; Guoqiang Zhu; Xiangming Xu
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2011 v.141 no.1-2 pp. 116-123
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
chickens; protective effect; hemagglutination; inactivated vaccines; antibodies; Influenza A virus; dendritic cells; cytokines; therapeutics; mice; oils; viruses; adverse effects; poultry industry; China; Japan
Abstract:
... Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9 subtype cause serious health problems in chickens, resulting in great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. The killed vaccine (KV) against H9 subtype AIV has been widely used in China since 1998 but has been linked with side effects in chickens and only partial protection. A few studies have demonstrated the immunostimulatory effects of the Hem ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.021
PubMed:
21444118

29. The influence of age and maternal antibodies on the postvaccinal response against swine influenza viruses in pigs

Author:
Iwona Markowska-Daniel; Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól; Zygmunt Pejsak
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2011 v.142 no.1-2 pp. 81-86
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; antibodies; antibody formation; humoral immunity; inactivated vaccines; maternal immunity; piglets; sows; vaccination
Abstract:
... The influence of age and maternal immunity on the development and duration of postvaccinal humoral response against swine influenza viruses (SIV) were investigated under experimental conditions. Piglets born to immune and non-immune sows were vaccinated twice with bivalent inactivated vaccine. Vaccination was done according to 5 different schedules: 1+4, 1+8, 4+8, 8+10 or 8+12 weeks of age. Antibo ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.03.019
PubMed:
21501880

30. A lack of antibody formation against inactivated influenza virus after aerosol vaccination in presence or absence of adjuvantia

Author:
Eveline D. de Geus; Daphne A. van Haarlem; Okti N. Poetri; J.J. (Sjaak) de Wit; Lonneke Vervelde
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2011 v.143 no.1-2 pp. 143-147
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; adverse effects; aerosols; aluminum; antibodies; antibody formation; chickens; chitosan; cholera toxin; inactivated vaccines; influenza; poultry industry; respiratory system; risk; vaccination; vaccine adjuvants; viruses; weight gain
Abstract:
... In the poultry industry, infections with avian influenza virus (AIV) can result in significant economic losses. The risk and the size of an outbreak might be restricted by vaccination of poultry. A vaccine that would be used for rapid intervention during an outbreak should be safe to use, highly effective after a single administration and be suitable for mass application. A vaccine that could be a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.023
PubMed:
21683456

31. Efficacy of a whole inactivated EI vaccine against a recent EIV outbreak isolate and comparative detection of virus shedding

Author:
Paillot, R.; Prowse, L.; Donald, C.; Medcalf, E.; Montesso, F.; Bryant, N.; Watson, J.; Jeggo, M.; Elton, D.; Newton, R.; Trail, P.; Barnes, H.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2010 v.136 no.3-4 pp. 272-283
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
horses; equine influenza; Influenza A virus; pathotypes; emerging diseases; disease outbreaks; immunization; inactivated vaccines; protective effect; disease resistance; immunity; pathogenesis; disease severity; virus transmission; disease detection; bodily secretions and exudates; nose; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
Abstract:
... An outbreak of H3N8 Equine Influenza virus (EIV) that occurred in vaccinated horses in Japan was caused by a genetically divergent EIV isolate of the Florida clade 1 sub-lineage. This virus subsequently entered Australia where it infected thousands of immunologically naïve horses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of a non-updated whole inactivated equine influenza (EI) vacci ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.019

32. Influenza virus infections in dogs and cats

Author:
Harder, Timm C.; Vahlenkamp, Thomas W.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2010 v.134 no.1-2 pp. 54-60
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; cat diseases; dog diseases; viral diseases of animals and humans; strains; cats; dogs; virus transmission; pathogenicity; disease surveillance
Abstract:
... During the last decade reports of influenza A virus infections in dogs and cats draw considerable attention to veterinary practitioners and scientists in the fields of virology and epidemiology. Earlier experimental studies showed that dogs and cats are susceptible to influenza A virus infection, but animals did not develop clinical signs. In recent years transmission of influenza virus of subtype ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.10.009
PubMed:
19896216

33. Onset and duration of immunity to equine influenza virus resulting from canarypox-vectored (ALVAC®) vaccination

Author:
Soboll, Gisela; Hussey, Stephen B.; Minke, Jules M.; Landolt, Gabriele A.; Hunter, James S.; Jagannatha, Shyla; Lunn, David P.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2010 v.135 no.1-2 pp. 100-107
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
immunoglobulin G; antibody formation; horses; Influenza A virus; disease severity; hemagglutinins; genes; vaccination; Canarypox virus; vector vaccines; equine influenza; signs and symptoms (animals and humans)
Abstract:
... Equine influenza virus remains an important problem in horses despite extensive use of vaccination. Efficacy of equine influenza vaccination depends on the onset and duration of protective immunity, and appropriate strain specificity of the immune response. This study was designed to test the protective immunity resulting from vaccination with the North American commercial ALVAC® equine influenza ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.007

34. A new strategy of immune evasion by influenza A virus: Inhibition of monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells

Author:
Boliar, Saikat; Chambers, Thomas M.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2010 v.136 no.3-4 pp. 201-210
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
human influenza; immune evasion; phenotype; monocytes; immunosuppression; hosts; Influenza A virus; dendritic cells; horses; cytokines; avian influenza; immune response; virus replication; pathogenesis; cell differentiation; equine influenza; in vitro studies; defense mechanisms
Abstract:
... Dendritic cells (DC) play a versatile role in orchestrating immune responses against influenza virus. During inflammation or infection, monocytes preferentially differentiate to generate DCs. Here, we demonstrate that in vitro infection of monocytes with influenza virus impairs their development into DCs. Influenza infection of monocytes, pre-treated with GM-CSF and IL-4 for DC differentiation, wa ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.004

35. Cellular host transcriptional responses to influenza A virus in chicken tracheal organ cultures differ from responses in in vivo infected trachea

Author:
Reemers, Sylvia S.; Groot Koerkamp, Marian J.; Holstege, Frank C.; van Eden, Willem; Vervelde, Lonneke
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2009 v.132 no.2-4 pp. 91-100
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
chickens; avian influenza; Influenza A virus; trachea (vertebrates); organ culture; in vivo studies; host-pathogen relationships; disease models; immune response; transcriptional activation; gene expression; transcription (genetics); polymerase chain reaction; microarray technology
Abstract:
... In this study a viral infection of a tissue culture model system was compared to an in vivo infection, which is of importance to gauge the utility of the model system. The aim was to characterize early immune responses induced by avian influenza virus using tracheal organ cultures (TOC) as a model system. First, the in vitro system was optimized to ensure that the host transcription responses were ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.04.021
PubMed:
19447504

36. Expression, purification and characterisation of recombinant Escherichia coli derived chicken interleukin-12

Author:
Thomas, Jesse. D.; Morris, Kirsten. R.; Godfrey, Dale. I.; Lowenthal, John. W.; Bean, Andrew. G.D.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2008 v.126 no.3-4 pp. 403-406
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
chickens; prokaryotic cells; antiviral properties; T-lymphocytes; disease prevention; Influenza A virus; immunotherapy; recombinant fusion proteins; avian influenza; in vitro studies; lymphocyte proliferation; interleukin-12; Escherichia coli
Abstract:
... Zoonotic viruses, such as H5N1 Avian Influenza, pose major threats to both animals and humans, and with this in mind there is a need for the development of new anti-viral strategies. The cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) is known to play a pivotal regulatory role in the anti-viral response due to its role in the induction of the key anti-viral cytokine IFN-γ. Therefore, strategies which provide a me ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.08.004
PubMed:
18952299

37. Reconstruction of a chicken BF2 protein complex and identification of binding nonamer peptides derived from avian influenza virus hemagglutinin

Author:
Yan, Ruo Qian; Wu, Zhi Ming; Fang, Qin Mei; Zhang, Zhi Ling; Zhang, Jian; Li, Xin Sheng; Hao, Hui Fang; Xia, Chun
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2008 v.126 no.1-2 pp. 91-101
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
chickens; protein secondary structure; epitopes; in vitro studies; T-lymphocytes; crystal structure; chicken breeds; Influenza A virus; binding properties; peptides; binding proteins; major histocompatibility complex; hemagglutinins; avian influenza; immune response; animal genetics
Abstract:
... In order to reconstruct the system for identification of short antigenic peptides, the chicken BF2 gene of Chinese Sanhuang (SH) chicken line was linked to the β ₂ m gene via (G4S)3, a linker encoding a 15-amino acid glycine-rich peptide, by splicing overlap extension PCR (SOE-PCR). The MBP-BF2-(G4S)3-β₂m fusion protein was expressed and purified in a pMAL-p2X/E. coli TB1 system. The purified MBP- ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.06.007
PubMed:
18687473

38. Comparison of a new gold-immunochromatographic assay for the detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus with hemagglutination inhibition and agar gel immunodiffusion assays

Author:
Peng, D.P.; Hu, S.S.; Hua, Y.; Xiao, Y.C; Wang, X.L.; Bi, D.R.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2007 v.117 no.1-2 pp. 17-25
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
gold; hemagglutination; hemagglutination inhibition test; antibodies; antibody detection; Influenza A virus; chromatography; bioassays; avian influenza; analytical kits; disease surveillance
Abstract:
... A gold-immunochromatographic test-strip kit is used for the detection of IgG antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV). Compared with the “gold standard”, i.e. hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) assays, the gold-immunochromatographic test strip has many advantages, such as high specificity, high sensitivity, convenience, is rapid a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.01.022

39. Molecular cloning and characterization of Duck CD25

Author:
Wang, J.; Fang, J.; Guo, J.; Teng, Q.; Huang, Z.; Gu, J.; Shen, H.; Zhou, J.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2007 v.117 no.3-4 pp. 266-274
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
protein synthesis; complementary DNA; ducks; lymphocytes; Influenza A virus; interleukin-2; gene expression; monoclonal antibodies; disease resistance; molecular cloning; immune response; receptors; lymphocyte proliferation
Abstract:
... The IL-2Rα chain (CD25, Tac) is an essential component of high affinity IL-2Rs, playing critical role for the immune specificity of antigen-activated T-cell clonal expansion. Up to now, no duck cytokine receptor has been described. Here, the cDNA segment of a duck cytokine receptor (duCD25), encoding a 226 aa precursor protein with a 20 aa signal peptide, was isolated. Then a novel mouse monoclona ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.02.007

40. Antibody and IFN-γ responses induced by a recombinant canarypox vaccine and challenge infection with equine influenza virus

Author:
Paillot, R.; Kydd, J.H.; Sindle, T.; Hannant, D.; Toulemonde, C.E.; Audonnet, J.C.; Minke, J.M.; Daly, J.M.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2006 v.112 no.3-4 pp. 225-233
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
antibody formation; T-lymphocytes; antibodies; Influenza A virus; clinical trials; vaccine development; immunostimulants; recombinant vaccines; immunization; Canarypox virus; horse diseases; horses; interferons
Abstract:
... In horses, equine influenza virus (EIV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease. Conventional inactivated vaccines induce a short-lived immune response. By comparison, natural infection confers a long-term immunity to re-infection. An aim of new equine influenza vaccines is to more closely mimic natural infection in order to achieve a better quality of immunity. A new live recombinant vaccine de ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.007

41. Formulation with CpG ODN enhances antibody responses to an equine influenza virus vaccine

Author:
Lopez, A.M.; Hecker, R.; Mutwiri, G.; Van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk, S.; Babiuk, L.A.; Townsend, H.G.G.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2006 v.114 no.1-2 pp. 103-110
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
vertebrate viruses; immunoglobulin G; inactivated vaccines; antibodies; Influenza A virus; signs and symptoms (animals and humans); vaccine adjuvants; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; nucleotide sequences; immune response; vaccination; horse diseases; horses; disease course; disease incidence
Abstract:
... Previous studies have shown that protection against equine influenza virus (EIV) is partially mediated by virus-specific IgGa and IgGb. In this study we tested whether addition of a CpG ODN formulation to a commercial killed virus vaccine would enhance EIV-specific IgGa and IgGb antibody responses, and improve protection against an experimental EIV challenge. Thirty naïve horses were assigned to ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.07.013

42. The immune response and maternal antibody interference to a heterologous H1N1 swine influenza virus infection following vaccination

Author:
Kitikoon, P.; Nilubol, D.; Erickson, B.J.; Janke, B.H.; Hoover, T.C.; Sornsen, S.A.; Thacker, E.L.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2006 v.112 no.3-4 pp. 117-128
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
antibody formation; viral diseases of animals and humans; swine diseases; antibodies; Influenza A virus; antibody detection; vaccination; maternal immunity; clinical trials; swine
Abstract:
... This study investigated the efficacy of a bivalent swine influenza virus (SIV) vaccine in piglets challenged with a heterologous H1N1 SIV isolate. The ability of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) to provide protection against a heterologous challenge and the impact MDA have on vaccine efficacy were also evaluated. Forty-eight MDA+ pigs and 48 MDA- pigs were assigned to 8 different groups. Vaccin ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.008

43. A recombinant pseudorabies virus encoding the HA gene from H3N2 subtype swine influenza virus protects mice from virulent challenge

Author:
Tian, Z.J.; Zhou, G.H.; Zheng, B.L.; Qiu, H.J.; Ni, J.Q.; Yang, H.L.; Yin, X.N.; Hu, S.P.; Tong, G.Z.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2006 v.111 no.3-4 pp. 211-218
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
immunity; Suid alphaherpesvirus 1; Influenza A virus; antibodies; Aujeszky disease; live vaccines; virulence; strain differences; mice; hemagglutinins; genes; vaccination; microbial genetics; swine
Abstract:
... The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of A/Swine/Inner Mogolian/547/2001 (H3N2) swine influenza virus (SIV) was recombined into the genome of pseudorabies virus (PRV) Bartha-K61 vaccine strain, generating a recombinant PRV expressing the HA gene, designated as rPRV-HA. One group of 15 mice was inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with 10(5.0) PFU of rPRV-HA, and another two control groups of mice (15 mice per gro ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.015

44. Use of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara viral vectors for equine influenza vaccination

Author:
Breathnach, C.C.; Rudersdorf, R.; Lunn, D.P.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2004 v.98 no.3-4 pp. 127-136
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; antibodies; antigens; blood serum; equine influenza; genes; hemagglutinins; homologous recombination; horses; immune response; interferon-gamma; loci; messenger RNA; neck; nucleoproteins; pathogens; plasmids; vaccination; viruses
Abstract:
... Recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing equine influenza virus genes were constructed and evaluated for use in equine vaccination. Two strains of recombinant MVA, expressing either hemagglutinin (HA) or nucleoprotein (NP) genes were constructed. Each influenza virus gene was cloned from A/equine/Kentucky/1/81 (Eq/Ky) into an MVA construction plasmid, and was introduced to the ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.11.004

45. Effect of maternally derived antibodies on the clinical signs and immune response in pigs after primary and secondary infection with an influenza H1N1 virus

Author:
Loeffen, W.L.A.; Heinen, P.P.; Bianchi, A.T.J.; Hunneman, W.A.; Verheijden, J.H.M.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2003 v.92 no.1-2 pp. 23-35
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
Influenza A virus; T-lymphocytes; active immunity; antibodies; antigenic variation; body temperature; excretion; finishing; growth performance; herds; immune response; influenza; maternal immunity; piglets; profitability; slaughter; sows; vaccination; viruses; weaning
Abstract:
... The aim of this study was to determine the role of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) against an influenza H1N1 virus in the clinical protection of piglets and especially their effect on the development of the active immunity after an infection with a homologous influenza H1N1 virus. Twenty piglets with MDA and 10 piglets without MDA were housed together and inoculated twice with influenza H1N1 v ...
DOI:
10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00019-9

46. Regional antibody and cellular immune responses to equine influenza virus infection, and particle mediated DNA vaccination

Author:
Soboll, G.; Horohov, D.W.; Aldridge, B.M.; Olsen, C.W.; McGregor, M.W.; Drape, R.J.; Macklin, M.D.; Swain, W.F.; Lunn, D.P.
Source:
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 2003 v.94 no.1-2 pp. 47-62
ISSN:
0165-2427
Subject:
DNA; Influenza A virus; antibodies; antibody formation; cell-mediated immunity; correlation; genes; hemagglutinins; horses; immunoglobulin A; influenza; interferon-gamma; interleukin-2; interleukin-4; lymph nodes; lymphocytes; messenger RNA; recombinant vaccines; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; vaccination
Abstract:
... We have previously demonstrated that hemagglutinin (HA) gene vaccination and influenza virus infection generate protective antibody responses in equids. However, these antibody responses differ substantially in that particle mediated DNA vaccination does not induce an immunoglobulin A (IgA) response. A study was performed to investigate the regional immunoregulatory mechanisms associated with thes ...
DOI:
10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00060-6