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1. Anaerobic Obligatory Xylitol Production in Escherichia coli Strains Devoid of Native Fermentation Pathways

Author:
Akinterinwa, Olubolaji; Cirino, Patrick C.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 706-709
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Escherichia coli; NAD (coenzyme); acetates; fermentation; glucose; oxidation; primary productivity; xylitol; xylose
Abstract:
... Anaerobic glucose oxidation was coupled to xylose reduction in a nonfermentative Escherichia coli strain expressing NADPH-dependent xylose reductase. Xylitol production serves as the primary means of NAD(P)⁺ regeneration, as glucose is converted primarily to acetate and CO₂. The membrane-bound transhydrogenase PntAB is required to achieve the maximum theoretical yield of four moles of xylitol per ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01890-10
PubMed:
21097593
PubMed Central:
PMC3020535

2. Application of a Depositional Facies Model to an Acid Mine Drainage Site

Author:
Brown, Juliana F.; Jones, Daniel S.; Mills, Daniel B.; Macalady, Jennifer L.; Burgos, William D.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 545-554
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Acidithiobacillus; acid mine drainage; beta-Proteobacteria; community structure; effluents; fluorescence in situ hybridization; microbial communities; models; organic matter; oxidation; pH; sediments; terraces; terracing; Pennsylvania
Abstract:
... Lower Red Eyes is an acid mine drainage site in Pennsylvania where low-pH Fe(II) oxidation has created a large, terraced iron mound downstream of an anoxic, acidic, metal-rich spring. Aqueous chemistry, mineral precipitates, microbial communities, and laboratory-based Fe(II) oxidation rates for this site were analyzed in the context of a depositional facies model. Depositional facies were defined ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01550-10
PubMed:
21097582
PubMed Central:
PMC3020534

3. Autoregulation of Lantibiotic Bovicin HJ50 Biosynthesis by the BovK-BovR Two-Component Signal Transduction System in Streptococcus bovis HJ50

Author:
Ni, Jianqiang; Teng, Kunling; Liu, Gang; Qiao, Caixia; Huan, Liandong; Zhong, Jin
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 407-415
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
green fluorescent protein; biosynthesis; structural genes; Streptococcus bovis; autoregulation; signal transduction; gene expression; mutants; phosphorylation; multigene family
Abstract:
... Streptococcus bovis HJ50 produces a lacticin 481-like 33-amino-acid-residue lantibiotic, designated bovicin HJ50. bovK-bovR in the bovicin HJ50 biosynthetic gene cluster is predicted to be a two-component signal transduction system involved in sensing signals and regulating gene expression. Disruption of bovK or bovR resulted in the abrogation of bovicin HJ50 production, suggesting both genes play ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01278-10
PubMed:
21075878
PubMed Central:
PMC3020555

4. Changes in Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Demethylase Gene Assemblages in Response to an Induced Phytoplankton Bloom

Author:
Howard, Erinn C.; Sun, Shulei; Reisch, Christopher R.; del Valle, Daniela A.; Bürgmann, Helmut; Kiene, Ronald P.; Moran, Mary Ann
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 524-531
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Flavobacteriaceae; Rhodospirillales; Roseobacter; bacterioplankton; chlorophyll; genes; marine science; nucleotide sequences; phytoplankton; ribosomal RNA; seawater; sulfur; Gulf of Mexico
Abstract:
... Over half of the bacterioplankton cells in ocean surface waters are capable of carrying out a demethylation of the phytoplankton metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) that routes the sulfur moiety away from the climatically active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS). In this study, we tracked changes in dmdA, the gene responsible for DMSP demethylation, over the course of an induced phytoplankton blo ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01457-10
PubMed:
21097583
PubMed Central:
PMC3020546

5. Characterization of Glycoconjugates of Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Tufa-Associated Biofilms by Using Fluorescence Lectin-Binding Analysis

Author:
Zippel, B.; Neu, T.R.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 505-516
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Cyanobacteria; biofilm; calcification; calcium carbonate; cations; crystals; fluorescence; freshwater; fucose; galactose; glycoconjugates; lasers; microorganisms; microscopy; pH; secretion; sialic acids; streams
Abstract:
... Freshwater tufa deposits are the result of calcification associated with biofilms dominated by cyanobacteria. Recent investigations highlighted the fact that the formation of microbial calcium carbonates is mainly dependent on the saturation index, which is determined by pH, the ion activity of Ca²⁺ and CO₃²⁻, and the occurrence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by microorganism ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01660-10
PubMed:
21097578
PubMed Central:
PMC3020524

6. Characterization of Lytic Enzyme Open Reading Frame 9 (ORF9) Derived from Enterococcus faecalis Bacteriophage φEF24C

Author:
Uchiyama, Jumpei; Takemura, Iyo; Hayashi, Ikue; Matsuzaki, Shigenobu; Satoh, Miho; Ujihara, Takako; Murakami, Masanao; Imajoh, Masayuki; Sugai, Motoyuki; Daibata, Masanori
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 580-585
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Gram-positive bacteria; Listeria monocytogenes; Staphylococcus aureus; amidase; antibacterial properties; antibiotics; bacteriophages; bioinformatics; desorption; genes; hosts; ions; lasers; mass spectrometry; mutants; open reading frames; prediction; proteins; therapeutics; turbidity; virulence
Abstract:
... In bacteriophage (phage) therapy against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis, members of a genus of SPO1-like viruses are typically employed because of their extreme virulence and broad host spectrum. Phage φEF24C, which is a SPO1-like virus infecting E. faecalis, has previously been characterized as a therapeutic phage candidate ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01540-10
PubMed:
21097580
PubMed Central:
PMC3020548

7. Characterization of Three Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Isogenic ldh Deletion Mutants Shows Optimization for YATP (Cell Mass Produced per Mole of ATP) at Their Physiological pHs

Author:
Fiedler, Tomas; Bekker, Martijn; Jonsson, Maria; Mehmeti, Ibrahim; Pritzschke, Anja; Siemens, Nikolai; Nes, Ingolf; Hugenholtz, Jeroen; Kreikemeyer, Bernd
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 612-617
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Enterococcus faecalis; Lactococcus lactis; Streptococcus pyogenes; adenosine triphosphate; carbon; fermentation; gene deletion; habitats; lactate dehydrogenase; lactic acid bacteria; mutants; pH
Abstract:
... Several lactic acid bacteria use homolactic acid fermentation for generation of ATP. Here we studied the role of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme on the general physiology of the three homolactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Of note, deletion of the ldh genes hardly affected the growth rate in chemically defined medium under microaerophilic c ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01838-10
PubMed:
21097579
PubMed Central:
PMC3020547

8. Colonization of Tomato Plants by Salmonella enterica Is Cultivar Dependent, and Type 1 Trichomes Are Preferred Colonization Sites

Author:
Barak, Jeri D.; Kramer, Lara C.; Hao, Ling-yun
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 498-504
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
at-risk population; fresh produce; Solanum pimpinellifolium; Salmonella enterica; calyx; tomatoes; intestinal microorganisms; water pollution; cultivars; human diseases; humans; soil; phyllosphere; stomata; leaf lettuce; fruits; food contamination; trichomes; salmonellosis; planting seed; West Virginia
Abstract:
... Nontyphoid salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica is the most common bacterial food-borne illness in humans, and fresh produce, including tomatoes, is a common vehicle. Accumulating data indicate that human enteric pathogenic bacteria, including S. enterica, interact actively with plants. Tomato plants were inoculated with S. enterica to evaluate plausible contamination routes and to determin ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01661-10
PubMed:
21075871
PubMed Central:
PMC3020540

9. Complete Biodegradation of 4-Fluorocinnamic Acid by a Consortium Comprising Arthrobacter sp. Strain G1 and Ralstonia sp. Strain H1

Author:
Hasan, Syed A.; Ferreira, Maria Isabel M.; Koetsier, Martijn J.; Arif, Muhammad I.; Janssen, Dick B.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 572-579
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Arthrobacter; Ralstonia; acids; aerobic conditions; biodegradation; fluorides
Abstract:
... A consortium of the newly isolated bacterial strains Arthrobacter sp. strain G1 and Ralstonia sp. strain H1 utilized 4-fluorocinnamic acid for growth under aerobic conditions. Strain G1 converted 4-fluorocinnamic acid into 4-fluorobenzoic acid and used the two-carbon side chain for growth, with some formation of 4-fluoroacetophenone as a dead-end side product. In the presence of strain H1, complet ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.00393-10
PubMed:
21097599
PubMed Central:
PMC3020533

10. Concentration and Diversity of Uncultured Legionella spp. in Two Unchlorinated Drinking Water Supplies with Different Concentrations of Natural Organic Matter

Author:
Wullings, Bart A.; Bakker, Geo; van der Kooij, Dick
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 634-641
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Legionella; clones; drinking water; groundwater; organic matter; phylogeny; polymerase chain reaction; quantitative analysis; species diversity; support systems; water distribution; water potential; water supply; water temperature
Abstract:
... Two unchlorinated drinking water supplies were investigated to assess the potential of water treatment and distribution systems to support the growth of Legionella spp. The treatment plant for supply A distributed treated groundwater with a low concentration (<0.5 ppm of C) of natural organic matter (NOM), and the treatment plant for supply B distributed treated groundwater with a high NOM concent ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01215-10
PubMed:
21097586
PubMed Central:
PMC3020564

11. Construction and Characterization of a Lactose-Inducible Promoter System for Controlled Gene Expression in Clostridium perfringens

Author:
Hartman, Andrea H.; Liu, Hualan; Melville, Stephen B.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 471-478
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Clostridium perfringens; Escherichia; adenosinetriphosphatase; bacteria; diseases and disorders (animals and humans); gene expression; gene expression regulation; genetic vectors; lactose; membrane proteins; mutants; pathogens; regulator genes; reporter genes
Abstract:
... Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive anaerobic pathogen which causes many diseases in humans and animals. While some genetic tools exist for working with C. perfringens, a tightly regulated, inducible promoter system is currently lacking. Therefore, we constructed a plasmid-based promoter system that provided regulated expression when lactose was added. This plasmid (pKRAH1) is an Escherichi ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01536-10
PubMed:
21097603
PubMed Central:
PMC3020545

12. Cultivation-Independent Analysis of Bacteria in IDEXX Quanti-Tray/2000 Fecal Indicator Assays

Author:
Sercu, Bram; Van De Werfhorst, Laurie C.; Murray, Jill L.S.; Holden, Patricia A.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 627-633
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Clostridium; Escherichia; Shewanella; Vibrio; clones; coliform bacteria; indicator species; microbiological quality; monitoring; nucleotide sequences; restriction fragment length polymorphism; ribosomal RNA; sewage; streams; weather; wells
Abstract:
... Monitoring microbiological water quality is important for protecting water resources and the health of swimmers. Routine monitoring relies on cultivating fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), frequently using defined substrate technology. Defined substrate technology is designed to specifically enrich for FIB, but a complete understanding of the assay microbiology requires culture-independent analysis o ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01113-10
PubMed:
21097584
PubMed Central:
PMC3020531

13. Detection of Airborne Lactococcal Bacteriophages in Cheese Manufacturing Plants

Author:
Verreault, Daniel; Gendron, Louis; Rousseau, Geneviève M.; Veillette, Marc; Massé, Daniel; Lindsley, William G.; Moineau, Sylvain; Duchaine, Caroline
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 491-497
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Lactococcus lactis; air; at-risk population; bacteriophages; cheese plants; cheesemaking; cheeses; dairy industry; filters; milk; polymerase chain reaction; process control; samplers; starter cultures
Abstract:
... The dairy industry adds starter bacterial cultures to heat-treated milk to control the fermentation process during the manufacture of many cheeses. These highly concentrated bacterial populations are susceptible to virulent phages that are ubiquitous in cheese factories. In this study, the dissemination of these phages by the airborne route and their presence on working surfaces were investigated ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01391-10
PubMed:
21115712
PubMed Central:
PMC3020544

14. Diversity of the fsr-gelE Region of the Enterococcus faecalis Genome but Conservation in Strains with Partial Deletions of the fsr Operon

Author:
Galloway-Peña, Jessica R.; Bourgogne, Agathe; Qin, Xiang; Murray, Barbara E.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 442-451
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Enterococcus faecalis; loci; mutants; operon; single nucleotide polymorphism
Abstract:
... Most Enterococcus faecalis isolates carry gelE, but many are gelatinase nonproducers due to the lack of fsrC (EF_1820) to EF_1841 (fsrC-EF_1841; 23.9 kb in strain V583), including most of the locus encoding Fsr, which activates gelE expression. Analysis of 22 accessible E. faecalis genomes revealed the identity of the 53-amino-acid propeptide of fsrD across multiple MLSTs (multilocus sequence type ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.00756-10
PubMed:
21097591
PubMed Central:
PMC3020530

15. Domain Organization and Evolution of Multifunctional Autoprocessing Repeats-in-Toxin (MARTX) Toxin in Vibrio vulnificus

Author:
Roig, Francisco J.; González-Candelas, Fernando; Amaro, Carmen
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 657-668
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Escherichia coli; Photorhabdus; Vibrio vulnificus; actin; biotypes; crosslinking; cysteine; evolution; gene transfer; genes; geographical distribution; host range; toxins
Abstract:
... The objective of this study was to analyze multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin domain organization within the aquatic species Vibrio vulnificus as well as to study the evolution of the rtxA1 gene. The species is subdivided into three biotypes that differ in host range and geographical distribution. We have found three different types (I, II, and III) of V. vulnificus MART ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01806-10
PubMed:
21075892
PubMed Central:
PMC3020528

16. Engineered Biosynthesis of Gilvocarcin Analogues with Altered Deoxyhexopyranose Moieties

Author:
Shepherd, Micah D.; Liu, Tao; Méndez, Carmen; Salas, Jose A.; Rohr, Jürgen
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 435-441
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Streptomyces lividans; biosynthesis; breast neoplasms; drugs; lung neoplasms; parents; plasmids; sugars
Abstract:
... A combinatorial biosynthetic approach was used to interrogate the donor substrate flexibility of GilGT, the glycosyltransferase involved in C-glycosylation during gilvocarcin biosynthesis. Complementation of gilvocarcin mutant Streptomyces lividans TK24 (cosG9B3-U⁻), in which the biosynthesis of the natural sugar donor substrate was compromised, with various deoxysugar plasmids led to the generati ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01774-10
PubMed:
21075894
PubMed Central:
PMC3020532

17. Extracellular Aldonolactonase from Myceliophthora thermophila

Author:
Beeson, William T. IV.; Iavarone, Anthony T.; Hausmann, Corinne D.; Cate, Jamie H.D.; Marletta, Michael A.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 650-656
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Ascomycota; Myceliophthora thermophila; bacteria; biomass; cellulose; gene expression; genes; glycoproteins; hydrolases; hydrolysis; pH; prediction; sequence analysis; thermophilic fungi
Abstract:
... Fungi secrete many different enzymes to deconstruct lignocellulosic biomass, including several families of hydrolases, oxidative enzymes, and many uncharacterized proteins. Here we describe the isolation, characterization, and primary sequence analysis of an extracellular aldonolactonase from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila (synonym Sporotrichum thermophile). The lactonase is a ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01922-10
PubMed:
21075873
PubMed Central:
PMC3020561

18. Genomic and Functional Analyses of Rhodococcus equi Phages ReqiPepy6, ReqiPoco6, ReqiPine5, and ReqiDocB7

Author:
Summer, E.J.; Liu, M.; Gill, J.J.; Grant, M.; Chan-Cortes, T.N.; Ferguson, L.; Janes, C.; Lange, K.; Bertoli, M.; Moore, C.; Orchard, R.C.; Cohen, N.D.; Young, R.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 669-683
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Lactococcus lactis; Mycobacterium; Rhodococcus equi; amino acid sequences; bacteriophages; biological resistance; databases; foals; genes; genomics; host range; host strains; sequence analysis; soil; transmembrane proteins
Abstract:
... The isolation and results of genomic and functional analyses of Rhodococcus equi phages ReqiPepy6, ReqiDocB7, ReqiPine5, and ReqiPoco6 (hereafter referred to as Pepy6, DocB7, Pine5, and Poco6, respectively) are reported. Two phages, Pepy6 and Poco6, more than 75% identical, exhibited genome organization and protein sequence likeness to Lactococcus lactis phage 1706 and clostridial prophage element ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01952-10
PubMed:
21097585
PubMed Central:
PMC3020559

19. Improved Eco-Friendly Recombinant Anabaena sp. Strain PCC7120 with Enhanced Nitrogen Biofertilizer Potential

Author:
Chaurasia, Akhilesh Kumar; Apte, Shree Kumar
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 395-399
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Anabaena; Oryza sativa; biofertilizers; carbon; cell respiration; enzyme activity; gene expression; genes; genetic engineering; nitrogen; nitrogen fixation; nitrogenase; nutrient availability; paddies; paddy soils; photosynthesis; promoter regions; protein synthesis; rice; seedlings
Abstract:
... Photosynthetic, nitrogen-fixing Anabaena strains are native to tropical paddy fields and contribute to the carbon and nitrogen economy of such soils. Genetic engineering was employed to improve the nitrogen biofertilizer potential of Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120. Constitutive enhanced expression of an additional integrated copy of the hetR gene from a light-inducible promoter elevated HetR protein ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01714-10
PubMed:
21057013
PubMed Central:
PMC3020549

20. Influence of External Resistance on Electrogenesis, Methanogenesis, and Anode Prokaryotic Communities in Microbial Fuel Cells

Author:
Jung, Sokhee; Regan, John M.
Source:
Applied and environmental microbiology 2011 v.77 no.2 pp. 564-571
ISSN:
0099-2240
Subject:
Methanomicrobiales; Methanosaetaceae; acetates; bacterial communities; beta-Proteobacteria; biofilm; biogas; delta-Proteobacteria; electrodes; electrons; energy efficiency; fermentation; gamma-Proteobacteria; glucose; hydrogen; methane; methane production; methanogens; microbial fuel cells
Abstract:
... The external resistance (Rext) of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) regulates both the anode availability as an electron acceptor and the electron flux through the circuit. We evaluated the effects of Rext on MFCs using acetate or glucose. The average current densities (I) ranged from 40.5 mA/m² (9,800 Ω) to 284.5 mA/m² (150 Ω) for acetate-fed MFCs (acetate-fed reactors [ARs]), with a corresponding anod ...
DOI:
10.1128/AEM.01392-10
PubMed:
21075886
PubMed Central:
PMC3020560