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1. A comparison between crop domestication, classical plant breeding, and genetic engineering

Author:
Gepts, P.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1780-1790
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
plants; plant breeding; genetic engineering; domestication; genes; cultivars; genetic variation; gene expression; cost benefit analysis; artificial selection; mutation; genomics
Abstract:
... Several claims have been made about genetic engineering (GE) in comparison with crop domestication and classical plant breeding, including the similarity of genetic changes between those taking place during domestication and by GE, the increased speed and accuracy of GE over classical plant breeding, and the higher level of knowledge about the actual genes being transferred by GE compared with cla ...

2. Aflatoxin accumulation of white and yellow maize inbreds in diallel crosses

Author:
Betran, F.J.; Isakeit, T.; Odvody, G.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1894-1901
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Zea mays; inbred lines; aflatoxins; color; food contamination; genetic resistance; disease resistance; plant genetic resources; inflorescences; Aspergillus flavus; seeds; Texas
Abstract:
... Preharvest aflatoxin (AF) contamination is one of the main limitations for corn (Zea mays L.) production in the southern USA causing enormous economic losses and posing a risk to animal and human health. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate and compare hybrids of new and selected potential sources of AF resistance for AF accumulation under field conditions, (ii) to identify the inbred ...

3. Alignment of lipid bodies along the plasma membrane during the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in maize seed

Author:
Cordova-Tellez, L.; Burris, J.S.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1982-1988
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Zea mays; lipid bodies; seeds; seed germination; vigor; seed quality; harvest date; duration; embryo (plant); plasmolysis; plasma membrane
Abstract:
... The impairment of lipid body alignment along the plasma membrane during artificial drying of maize (Zea mays L.) seed has been associated with decreases in germination and vigor. In this study, we question further its potential functions as well as the alignment mechanisms. Ears of hybrid maize [B73 x (H99 x H95)] were harvested at about. 550, 500, 400, and 320 g H2O kg(-1) fresh weight (fw) and s ...

4. Analysis of combining ability for ergot resistance in grain sorghum

Author:
Reed, J.D.; Tuinstra, M.R.; McLaren, N.W.; Kofoid, K.D.; Ochanda, N.W.; Claflin, L.E.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1818-1823
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
agricultural programs and projects; breeding; Sorghum bicolor; disease resistance; general combining ability; specific combining ability; plant breeding; genotype-environment interaction; fungal diseases of plants; host plants; plant diseases and disorders; biological resistance
Abstract:
... Ergot caused by Claviceps africana Frederickson, Mantle & de Milliano has become an important constraint to F1 hybrid seed production in North and South America. Identification and utilization of sources of host-plant resistance would contribute to the effective control of this disease. A Design II mating scheme was used to test the combining ability of four reported sources of ergot resistance in ...

5. Application of fluorescence microscopy and image analysis for quantifying dynamics of maize pollen shed

Author:
Fonseca, A.E.; Westgate, M.E.; Doyle, R.T.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 2201-2206
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Zea mays; image analysis; pollen; field experimentation; inflorescences; corn ears; density; spatial variation; measurement; methodology; fluorescence microscopy; Iowa
Abstract:
... The objective of this study was to develop a simple, rapid and accurate technique to quantify maize (Zea mays L.) pollen shed under field conditions, capitalizing on the capacity of pollen to fluoresce and recent improvements in microscopic methods for acquiring, processing, and analyzing fluorescence signals from biological systems. Pollen shed naturally by the tassels was captured daily on passi ...

6. Changes in membrane polar lipid fatty acids of seashore paspalum in response to low temperature exposure

Author:
Cyril, J.; Powell, G.L.; Duncan, R.R.; Baird, W.V.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 2031-2037
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Paspalum vaginatum; cell membranes; fatty acids; air temperature; abiotic stress; cultivars; unsaturated fatty acids; cold tolerance; light intensity; genotype
Abstract:
... Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) is a warm-season turfgrass, best known for its superior salt tolerance. Plants are subject to injury during winter conditions along the northern boundary of their zone of adaptation. New cultivars that are more tolerant to low temperatures are needed for use in the transition zone. Cold tolerance has been correlated with the degree of unsaturation in memb ...

7. Combining cytoplasmic male sterility and xenia increases grain yield of maize hybrids

Author:
Weingartner, U.; Kaeser, O.; Long, M.; Stamp, P.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1848-1856
ISSN:
1435-0653
Subject:
Zea mays; cytoplasmic male sterility; crop yield; open pollination; pollinators; cross pollination; genotype-environment interaction; hybrids; seed productivity; Switzerland
Abstract:
... Male sterility is documented in many plant species. When a plant is male-sterile, an open pollination by a genetically diverse pollinator is possible. This study investigates the combined effects of nonrestored cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and xenia (cross-pollination) on the grain yield of seven European flint x dent single-cross maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Open pollinated field experiments ...

8. Cultivar and environment effects on annual ryegrass forage yield, yield distribution, and nutritive value

Author:
Redfearn, D.D.; Venuto, B.C.; Pitman, W.D.; Alison, M.W.; Ward, J.D.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 2049-2054
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Lolium multiflorum; cultivars; crop yield; nutritive value; dry matter accumulation; genetic variation; harvest date; crude protein; in vitro digestibility; dietary fiber; Louisiana
Abstract:
... Differences among annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivars for weight gain of grazing steers have been reported, even though plot experiments suggest that forage dry matter yield among cultivars should not be a limiting factor. Likewise, forage nutritive value differences among cultivars have not been assessed. The objectives of this research were to evaluate differences in cumulative f ...

9. Design and application of microsatellite marker panels for semiautomated genotyping of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Author:
Coburn, J.R.; Temnykh, S.V.; Paul, E.M.; McCouch, S.R.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 2092-2099
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Oryza sativa; genetic techniques and protocols; microsatellite repeats; genetic markers; cultivars; loci; alleles; genetic polymorphism; polymerase chain reaction; genotype; genomics
Abstract:
... The objective of this study was to develop a systematic and flexible method for assembling multiplex simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker panels for high throughput genome analysis in rice, Oryza sativa, and to test these panels on a set of cultivated rice germplasm. To do this, 159 microsatellite markers were fluorescently labeled and assembled into 21 multiplex panels for semiautomated genotyping ...

10. Developing a mini core of peanut for utilization of genetic resources

Author:
Upadhyaya, H.D.; Bramel, P.J.; Ortiz, R.; Singh, S.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 2150-2156
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
agricultural programs and projects; plant breeding; peanuts; Arachis hypogaea; plant genetic resources; germplasm; cultivars; genetic variation; costs and returns; gene banks
Abstract:
... Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding programs with a goal of rapid cultivar development have used mainly elite breeding lines and cultivars, which has resulted in the development of breeding materials with a narrow genetic base. Utilization of exotic germplasm resources in breeding programs is needed to enhance the diversity of cultivars. Scientific plant breeding and its need for large variabili ...

11. Development of a visual method to quantify the gossypol content in cotton seeds

Author:
Benbouza, H.; Lognay, G.; Palm, R.; Baudoin, J.P.; Mergeai, G.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1937-1942
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
gossypol; Gossypium hirsutum; seeds; quantitative analysis; genetic variation; measurement; plant glands; chemical constituents of plants; genotype; high performance liquid chromatography
Abstract:
... Twelve Gossypium genotypes (species, fertile interspecific allotetraploid and allohexaploid hybrids, backcross progeny of interspecific hybrids) characterized by drastic differences in their seed gossypol content were used to design a visual quantification method of the gossypol concentration in cotton seeds. After developing an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that allowed mea ...

12. Development of redroot pigweed is influenced by light spectral quality and quantity

Author:
Rajcan, I.; AghaAlikhani, M.; Swanton, C.J.; Tollenaar, M.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1930-1936
ISSN:
1435-0653
Subject:
Amaranthus retroflexus; plant development; light intensity; light; red light; far-red light; phenology; weeds; dry matter accumulation; stems; dry matter partitioning; wavelengths
Abstract:
... Light quantity (photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD) and quality (red:far-red ratio, R:FR) may affect phenological development of weed species growing under a crop canopy. An indoor study was conducted to quantify the effects of incident PPFD and R:FR on development and dry matter accumulation of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Pigweed was grown in growth cabinets from the one-le ...

13. Dimensions of diversity in modern spring bread wheat in developing countries from 1965

Author:
Smale, M.; Reynolds, M.P.; Warburton, M.; Skovmand, B.; Trethowan, R.; Singh, R.P.; Ortiz-Monasterio, I.; Crossa, J.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1766-1779
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Triticum aestivum; genetic variation; plant genetic resources; cultivars; food security; dwarf cultivars; genetic techniques and protocols; geographical variation; pedigree; genetic distance; developing countries
Abstract:
... Diverse and varied crop genetic resources are necessary (though not sufficient) for adequate food production in a rapidly changing world. Since the scientific community first raised public concern several decades ago, modern cultivars have been viewed as the cause of declining diversity in the world's crop genetic resources. This paper tests the hypothesis of increasing genetic uniformity in moder ...

14. Effect of priming temperature on storability of primed sh-2 sweet corn seed

Author:
Chiu, K.Y.; Chen, C.L.; Sung, J.M.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1996-2003
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Zea mays; temperature; storage; seed quality; vigor; deterioration; seed treatment; seeds; oxidation; inhibitors; seed germination; imbibition; cold storage; frozen storage; lipid peroxidation; seedling growth; viability; glutathione; glutathione reductase (NADPH); superoxide dismutase; ascorbic acid; dehydroascorbic acid
Abstract:
... Priming offers a means to raise seed performance in many crop species, but the longevity of primed seed is generally decreased. The exact causes of the more rapid deterioration of primed seed are still not established. This study evaluated the effects of priming and storage temperatures on germination and antioxidative activities of sweet corn seed (Zea mays L.) carrying the shrunken-2 (sh-2) gene ...

15. Embryo drying rates during the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in maize seed

Author:
Cordova-Tellez, L.; Burris, J.S.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1989-1995
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Zea mays; seeds; embryo (plant); seed quality; abiotic stress; harvest date; duration; seed germination; vigor; solutes
Abstract:
... Maize (Zea mays L.) seed quality is often reduced because of drying injury, although the causes and impairment mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated changes in embryo drying rates and their effect on the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in maize seed. Ears of hybrid maize [B73 x (H99 x H95)] were harvested at about 550, 500, 400, and 320 g H2O kg(-1) fresh weight (fw ...

16. Estimation of genetic divergence among elite cotton cultivars-genotypes by DNA fingerprinting technology

Author:
Rahman, M.; Hussain, D.; Zafar, Y.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 2137-2144
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
agricultural programs and projects; breeding; viruses; Gossypium hirsutum; plant viruses; genetic distance; genetic variation; cultivars; DNA fingerprinting; disease resistance; germplasm; polymerase chain reaction; genetic markers; genotype; random amplified polymorphic DNA technique; Pakistan
Abstract:
... Epidemics of cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCD) was the compelling factor in the decision to devise new strategies for cotton breeding programs of Pakistan. The genetic similarity among the elite cotton (Gossypium spp.) cultivars released before the advent of CLCD epidemics was in the range of 81.5 to 93.41%. New cultivars were developed by crossing the exotic resistant germplasm (LRA-5166, CP- ...

17. Fresh green seed yield and seed nutritional traits of vegetable soybean genotypes

Author:
Rao, M.S.S.; Bhagsari, A.S.; Mohamed, A.I.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1950-1958
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Glycine max; nutritive value; genetic variation; pods; vegetables; adaptation; plant breeding; crop yield; protein content; phytic acid; seed oils; seed productivity; genotype; Georgia
Abstract:
... Edamame (pronounced eh-dah-MAH-meh) are large-seeded soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] harvested as green pods at the R6 stage when the seed are approximately 80% matured. The demand for edamame as fresh or frozen vegetable is increasing worldwide. Currently, lack of adapted edamame cultivars is one of the major factors limiting its commercial production in the southeastern USA. A need exists, ther ...

18. Genetic characterization of CIMMYT inbred maize lines and open pollinated populations using large scale fingerprinting methods

Author:
Warburton, M.L.; Xianchun, X.; Crossa, J.; Franco, J.; Melchinger, A.E.; Frisch, M.; Bohn, M.; Hoisington, D.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1832-1840
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Zea mays; inbred lines; genetic techniques and protocols; open pollination; DNA fingerprinting; wild relatives; alleles; chromosome mapping; microsatellite repeats; pedigree; heterosis; population
Abstract:
... The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) currently holds about 17000 samples of maize (Zea mays L.) and teosinte (Z. mays, several subspecies), a wild relative of maize. Seven CIMMYT populations and 57 inbreds were characterized by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. SSRs chosen from almost every bin in the maize genetic map were tested for repeatability, ease of automation ...

19. Genetic diversity of Perilla and related weedy types in Korea determined by AFLP analyses

Author:
Lee, J.K.; Nitta, M.; Kim, N.S.; Park, C.H.; Yoon, K.M.; Shin, Y.B.; Ohnishi, O.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 2161-2166
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Perilla frutescens; genetic variation; genetic markers; genetic techniques and protocols; leaves; seed oils; population genetics; population structure; surveys; amplified fragment length polymorphism; South Korea
Abstract:
... Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens is extensively cultivated on a large scale throughout the Korea, whereas var. crispa is not. The weedy types of both var. frutescens and var. crispa are often found along roadsides, waste lands, and around farmers' fields. Although Perilla is one of the important leafy vegetable and oil crops in Korea, systematic analyses on its genetic structure hav ...

20. Genetic variation in physiological discriminators for cold tolerance--early autotrophic phase of maize development

Author:
Lee, E.A.; Staebler, M.A.; Tollenaar, M.
Source:
Crop science 2002 v.42 no.6 pp. 1919-1929
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Zea mays; plant development; genetic variation; plant physiology; developmental stages; planting date; duration; cold stress; night temperature; carbon dioxide; gas exchange; leaves; chlorophyll; photosystem II; leaf conductance; cold tolerance; root shoot ratio
Abstract:
... Earlier spring planting to maximize the duration of the growing season has increased the importance of early-season cold tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.). The objectives of this study were to assess the response of several physiological parameters associated with cold tolerance in maize during early autotrophic development and to quantify variability in the response to cold stress among 49 maize i ...