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... The haemolymph of the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) but not the blowfly (Calliphora erythrocephala) contains agglutinins against the trypanosomatid flagellates Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania hertigi and Crithidia fasciculata. There was no apparent difference in agglutinin titres between males and females. The preliminary results of selecte ...
... Four types of cells have been characterized among “granulocytes” of Biomphalaria glabrata. They differ in size, morphology, organelle content and surface receptors. They are already recognizable when differentiating in the amoebocyte producing organ. ...
... A variety of carbohydrate-specific lectins and antigen-specific antibodies have been employed to assess the occurrence and topographic distribution of surface membrane determinants on hemocytes of two stocks of the snail, Biomphalariaglabrata, which differ in their susceptibilities to larval blood fluke (Schistosomamansoni) infections. Using fluorescence labeling methods, several “classes” of hemo ...
... The hemocyte types of Culexpipiens and Aedesaegypti larvae are described. Plasmatocytes and oenocytoids are present and are involved in phagocytosis and melanin production, respectively. Comparisons are made with the findings of previous authors and together with modifications in the hemogram following parasitization by the nematode, Neoplectacarpocapsae, indicate that the hemocytes are also invol ...
... Lacertaviridis produced relatively heat-stable, dithiothreitol-sensitive, non-precipitating antibodies with β2-electrophoretic mobility following exposure to Leishmaniaagamae promastigotes but no histopathological or clinical signs of infection were seen. Significant four-and two-fold increases in the mean lysozyme and protein levels respectively were found in immune sera. Immunoenzyme techniques ...
chickens; heterophils; phagocytosis; signal transduction; immunoglobulins; chemiluminescence; beta-glucuronidase; enzyme activity; G-proteins; protein kinase C; calcium channel blockers
Abstract:
... In the present studies, we initiated experiments to identify the signal transduction factors involved in activating phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and degranulation following the binding of IgG-opsonized SE to Fc receptors on the surface of avian heterophils. Peripheral blood heterophils were isolated and exposed to known inhibitors of signal transduction pathways for either 20 min (chelerythine, ...
... Interleukin-2 (IL-2) exercises an array of biological effects on many cells including the functional activation of cells of the innate immune response. Heterophils, the avian equivalent of the neutrophil, function as professional phagocytes to aid in regulation of innate host defenses. The objective of the present studies was to examine the effects of recombinant chicken IL-2 (rChIL-2) on function ...
... The immunostimulatory properties of synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been studied in various mammalian models including humans and mice. However, little was known about effects of CpG ODNs on immune responses of chickens, a common avian species with important economical value in the poultry industry. In the present study, two CpG ODNs, 2006 and 1826, which show immunomodulating prop ...
... Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which are found in the cell walls of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. This study was conducted to determine if TLRs are present on chicken heterophils and if these receptors mediate oxidative burst. Heterophils isolated from neonat ...
... Interleukin-16 is an inflammatory cytokine synthesized as a precursor protein (pro-IL-16). Based on sequence data from an EST cDNA library prepared from intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of Eimeria-infected chickens, we identified a cDNA that contained a full-length open reading frame of pro-IL-16. The encoded protein, predicted to consist of 607 amino acids, showed 86% sequence identity to d ...
... Chemokines are important mediators for innate immunity involved in recruitment, activation and adhesion of a variety of leukocyte types to inflammatory foci. While almost all chemokines have been identified from mammals, only a handful of fish chemokines have been identified. Here we report molecular cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of a channel catfish gene resembling interleukin-8 (IL- ...
... Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motif (CpG-ODN) is immune stimulatory to chicken heterophils. Recognition of CpG-ODN by chicken heterophils leads to the mobilization and release of granules. This CpG-ODN-induced heterophil degranulation was chicken serum (CS)-dependent. Heat-denaturation and membrane filtration of CS revealed that the active serum cofactor(s) was likely ...
chickens; messenger RNA; cytokines; signal transduction; gene expression; resistance mechanisms; protein phosphorylation; immune response; phosphotransferases (kinases); receptors; agonists; heterophils
Abstract:
... The heterophil is the major polymorphonuclear cell in birds with a functional capacity akin to that of the mammalian neutrophil. Herein, we demonstrate that heterophils constitutively express TLR1/6/10, TLR2 type 1, TLR2 type 2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR7 mRNA. Furthermore, TLR agonists, including flagellin (from Salmonella typhimurium, FGN), peptidoglycan (from Staphylococcus aureus, PGN), ultra- ...
Ictalurus punctatus; catfish; freshwater fish; major histocompatibility complex; gene segregation; linkage (genetics); natural killer cells; restriction fragment length polymorphism; immune response; cytotoxicity; fluorescence in situ hybridization
Abstract:
... Genes encoding MHC class I and II molecules have been identified in a number of fish species, including the channel catfish, but there is still a dearth of knowledge concerning their functional roles in teleost immune responses. This has in part been due to a lack of appropriate MHC class I and II matched and mismatched animals. To identify such animals, MHC segregation and linkage studies in the ...
... Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced as part of innate immunity. Increased resistance to extraintestinal Salmonella enteritidis (SE) has been associated with an increase in heterophil pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Invasion of chicken epithelial cells by SE induces an 8- to 10-fold increase in interleukin (IL) -6 production. Infection with SE induces an influx of heterophils to the ...
... The objective of the present study was to compare the uptake and killing of Salmonella serovars by murine and avian macrophage cell lines. We used Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE338) and Typhimurium (SR11) for this study. Uptake of green fluorescent protein-labeled bacteria was measured using flow cytometry. Cell sorting and plating of viable infected macrophages demonstrated that bac ...
Pimephales promelas; beta-glucans; dietary carbohydrate; neutrophils; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; bakers yeast; barley starch; fish culture; fish feeding
Abstract:
... Stimulatory effects of yeast β-1,3-1,6-glucans on neutrophils have long been recognized, but effects of glucans on degranulation of primary granules in fish neutrophils have not been previously reported. Neutrophil function was monitored during in vitro and in vivo application of glucans to non- (NS), acute- (AS) and chronically stressed (CS) fish. β-Glucan proved to be a strong and quick (80%, 2 ...
... The inflammatory response to parasites, bacteria, and viruses is mediated by multiple host factors. TNF-α is one of the most pleiotropic cytokines in mammals, but has yet to be identified in avian species. In the current study, we isolated a full-length cDNA encoding the chicken homologue of LPS-induced TNF-α factor (LITAF), transcription factor, with an open reading frame of 148 amino acids and a ...
... Two CD4-like (CD4L) molecules have been identified in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Although phylogenetically related to other vertebrate CD4 molecules, they exhibit only 19% amino acid identity to each other. IpCD4L-1 encodes a predicted protein containing four immunoglobulin domains, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic tail containing a p56lck binding site. In contrast, IpCD4L-2 enc ...
... Gene duplication, silencing and translocation have all been implicated in shaping the unique genomic architecture of the teleost MH regions. Previously, we demonstrated that trout possess five unlinked regions encoding MH genes. One of these regions harbors ABCB2 which in all other vertebrate classes is found in the MHC class II region. In this study, we sequenced a BAC contig for the trout ABCB2 ...
... A full-length cDNA encoding chicken tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) was isolated and its functional role was investigated. TNFSF15 transcripts were primarily expressed in spleen, liver, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), peripheral blood lymphocytes and bursa. In vitro infection of HTC macrophages with three species of Eimeria sporozoites induced TNFSF15 gene expression. ...
... The γδT cells of ruminants are believed to participate in innate immunity and have been described with regulatory, inflammatory and cytotoxic functions. Here we describe a subset of CD3+ TcR1+ WC1- γδT cells expressing CD335 (NKp46), classically associated with CD3- natural killer (NK) cells, as a consequence of incubation with IL-15. This population, undetectable at the time of collection, develo ...
swine; major histocompatibility complex; alternative splicing; messenger RNA; immunoglobulin G; amino acid sequences; nucleotide sequences
Abstract:
... The neonatal Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G (IgG) (FcRn) functions to transport maternal IgG to the fetal/neonatal animals and protects IgG from catabolism. The present study identified two pFcRn cDNAs (1.071 and 0.795 kb) from intestinal epithelial cells. The corresponding mRNA transcripts were detected in porcine kidney cell line LLC-PK1, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and porcine tissues ...
oligonucleotides; phospholipase C; phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; enzyme activation; calcium; signal transduction; macrophages; chickens; immune response; nitric oxide; protein kinase C
Abstract:
... The activation of phospholipases is one of the earliest key events in receptor-mediated cellular responses to a number of extracellular signaling molecules. Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG ODN) mimic microbial DNA and are immunostimulatory to most vertebrate species. In the present study, we used the production of nitric oxide (NO) as an indicator to evaluate the involvement of th ...
... Lepidopteran larvae are regularly infected by baculoviruses during feeding on infected plants. The differences in sensitivity to these infections can be substantial, even among closely related species. For example, the noctuids Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) and Tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), have a 1000-fold difference in sensitivity to Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovi ...
... Clonal channel catfish lymphoid cell lines and mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLCs) have proven extremely useful in examining immune responses at the cellular and molecular levels. To date clonal catfish cell lines and MLCs have been biologically and phenotypically characterized using a variety of techniques including reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), as well as Northern and So ...
... The swine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) complex is one of the most gene-dense regions in the swine genome. It consists of three major gene clusters, the SLA class I, class III and class II regions, that span approximately 1.1, 0.7 and 0.5 Mb, respectively, making the swine MHC the smallest among mammalian MHC so far examined and the only one known to span ...
... Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13), referred to as collagenase-3, is a proteolytic enzyme that plays a key role in degradation and remodelling of host extracellular matrix proteins. The objective of this study was to characterize the MMP-13 gene in channel catfish, and to determine its pattern of expression in various healthy tissues and during embryogenesis. Since MMP-13 has been shown to have ...
... In mammals, estrogens regulate the immune system, either directly or indirectly via several leukocyte types through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. In the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) gonad, an intensive remodeling process accompanied by the massive infiltration of acidophilic granulocytes (AG) is partially triggered by 17β-estradiol (E₂). Once AG infiltrated the gonad, show impaired activ ...
... Innate immunity in Drosophila involves the inducible expression and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. We have previously shown that not only Drosophila larvae and adults, but also embryos, are capable of mounting an immune response after injection of bacterial substances. To simplify genetic dissection of the signaling pathways involved in immune-gene regulation we developed a procedure for per ...
... In the ten years since the discovery of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) there has been considerable effort to understand the mechanisms behind this enzyme's ability to target and modify immunoglobulin genes leading to somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. While the majority of research has focused on mouse and human models of AID function, work on other species, from la ...
... Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx sinensis) is an important culture reptile. However, little is known about its acute phase response (APR) caused by bacteria. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein (APP). In this study, a turtle SAA homologue was identified and described in reptiles. The full-length cDNA of turtle SAA was 554bp and contained a 381bp open reading frame (ORF) coding ...
... Disease prevention is essential to the continued development of aquaculture around the world. Vaccination is the most effective method of combating disease and currently there are a number of vaccines commercially available for use in fish. The majority of aquatic vaccines are delivered by injection, which is by far the most effective method when compared to oral or immersion deliveries. However i ...
... The slow growth rate of Mycobacterium spp. that infect humans coupled with a lack of reliable in vitro infection model systems has hindered the progress of research in host cell–mycobacteria interactions. Recent studies have utilized the relatively fast growing Mycobacterium marinum to examine the host–pathogen interface in natural fish hosts. Here we describe the use of primary goldfish monocyte ...
... Early activation and coordination of innate defenses are critical for effective responses against infiltrating pathogens. Rapid engagement of immune cells provides a critical first line of defense soon after pathogen infiltration. Activation leads to a well-orchestrated set of events that sees the induction and regulation of intracellular and extracellular antimicrobial defenses. An array of regul ...
... Viral virulence/immune evasion strategies and host anti-viral responses represent different sides of the continuing struggle between virus and host survival. To identify virus-encoding molecules whose function is to subvert or blunt host immune responses, we have adapted anti-sense approaches to knock down the expression of specific viral gene products. Our intention is to correlate knock down wit ...
... Drosophila melanogaster was used as a model system to explore the link between nutrition and immunity, and to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in enhancing immunity following dietary enhancement with l-arginine. First, we show that adding l-arginine to the food medium increases the ability of D. melanogaster larvae to encapsulate the eggs of the parasitoid Asobara tabida. Secondly, we sho ...
... Chickens possess toll-like receptor (TLR15), a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) absent in mammals. We characterized the regulation and mechanism of CpG responsiveness via TLRs in chicken macrophage HD11 cells. TLR15 was significantly upregulated after induction with B- and C-type CpG oligonucleotides (ODN), tripalmitoylated lipopeptide (PAM3CSK4), Escherichia coli- and Salmonella enteritidis-der ...
... We recently reported that d-alanylation of Staphylococcus aureus wall teichoic acid (WTA) mitigates an induction of the Toll-mediated humoral response in Drosophila by interfering with peptidoglycan (PG) recognition by PG recognition protein-SA (PGRP-SA). Here, we investigated the mode of this interference by using an in vitro cell free system from larvae of the coleoptran insect Tenebrio molitor. ...
... The key component of the classical complement pathway C1q is regarded as a major connecting link between innate and acquired immunity due to the highly adaptive binding properties of its trimeric globular domain gC1q. The gC1q domain also characterizes many non-complement proteins involved in a broad range of biological processes including apoptosis, inflammation, cell adhesion and cell differenti ...
... CXCL8, or interleukin-8, is a CXC chemokine that promotes neutrophil migration in response to inflammatory stimuli. In this study, we identified and analyzed a CXCL8 orthologue, SmCXCL8, from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). The deduced amino acid sequence of SmCXCL8 is 99-residue in length and shares 52–83% overall identities with the lineage 1 CXCL8 of a number of teleost. SmCXCL8 possesses a CXC ...
... The last ten years have witnessed increasing interest in host–pathogen interactions involving invertebrate hosts. The invertebrate innate immune system is now relatively well characterised, but in a limited range of genetic model organisms and under a limited number of conditions. Immune systems have been little studied under real-world scenarios of environmental variation and parasitism. Thus, we ...
... Cytosolic pattern recognition receptors such as retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) play an important role in sensing viral RNAs. The receptor encoded by melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), an RLR, recognizes viral RNA in the cytoplasm and enhances antiviral response in host cells. The full-length MDA5 gene in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus was cl ...
... Piscidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from fish that constitute an important component of their innate immune system. Based on previously generated Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) expressed sequence tags (ESTs), we identified sequences representing two paralogous AMP-like transcripts. These Atlantic cod paralogues were termed gaduscidins (GAD-1 and GAD-2), derived from the genus name ...
... Both PU.1 and C/EBPα transcription factors play important roles in myeloid development and inflammatory response. These transcripts were cloned from the Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and were highly conserved with those of other vertebrates. PU.1 mRNA was mainly expressed in lymphoid tissues while C/EBPα mRNA was widely expressed in all tissues examined. Higher levels of PU.1 mRNA wer ...
... Unlike mammals, the CNS of the medicinal leech can regenerate damaged neurites, thus restoring neural functions. Our group recently demonstrated that the injured leech nerve cord is able to mount an immune response, which promotes the regenerative processes. This defense mechanism is microorganism-specific, suggesting that the leech CNS is able to discriminate among microbial components. We report ...
... A growing family of cellular proteins encoding for caspase activation and the recruitment domain (CARD) plays a crucial role in immunity by sensing viral infections and signaling antiviral immune defenses. We obtained a MAVS-like protein (named TnMAVS) from Tetradon nigroviridis, which contains a CARD domain, a pro-rich domain, and a TM domain similar to human MAVS. A fluorescence assay showed tha ...
... One of the major roles of innate immunity system is the recognition and the determination of the nature of the antigen. This ability is encompassed by specific receptors as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR9 recognizes bacterial and viral CpG motifs, while their potent immunostimulation effect seems to be promising for lentiviral therapies. Recent studies, however, show the presence of a big polymor ...
... Four novel antibacterial peptides, Leucrocin I–IV from Siamese crocodile white blood cell extracts were purified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Leucrocins exhibit strong antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae. The peptides were 7–10 residues in length with different primary structure. The amino acid sequen ...
... Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines defined by the presence of four conserved cysteine residues which in mammals can be divided into four subfamilies depending on the arrangement of the first two conserved cysteines in their sequence: CXC (α), CC (β), C and CX₃C classes. Evolutionarily, fish can be considered as an intermediate step between species which possess only innate immunity (inverteb ...