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1. Application of a Pyroprobe–Deuterium NMR System: Deuterium Tracing and Mechanistic Study of Upgrading Process for Lignin Model Compounds

Author:
Ben, Haoxi; Jarvis, Mark W.; Nimlos, Mark R.; Gjersing, Erica L.; Sturgeon, Matthew R.; Foust, Thomas D.; Ragauskas, Arthur J.; Biddy, Mary J.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 2968-2974
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
benzene; catechol; cyclohexanes; deuterium; guaiacol; hydrogenation; lignin; models; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; phenol; stable isotopes; toluene; xylene
Abstract:
... In this study, a pyroprobe–deuterium (²H) NMR system has been used to identify isotopomer products formed during the deuteration and ring opening of lignin model compounds. Several common model compounds for lignin and its upgraded products, including guaiacol, syringol, toluene, p-xylene, phenol, catechol, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and methylcyclopentane, have been examined for selective ri ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02729

2. Application of Sulfonated Carbons for Mercury Removal in Gas Processing

Author:
Kumar Reddy, K. Suresh; Prabhu, A.; Al Shoaibi, Ahmed; Srinivasakannan, C.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3227-3232
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
active sites; adsorbents; adsorption; aluminum; catalysts; fuel production; heat exchangers; labor force; mercury; natural gas; risk; standard operating procedures; sulfur; temperature
Abstract:
... Mercury present in natural gas streams is known to damage aluminum heat exchangers and precious catalyst beds and is a health risk to the work force; therefore, its removal is essential in the natural-gas-processing industries. The present research work attempts to test various sulfur-based adsorbents for elemental mercury adsorption capacity. Sulfur-impregnated carbons (SICs) and sulfonated carbo ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02630

3. Arsenic in Coal: Modes of Occurrence, Distribution in Different Fractions, and Partitioning Behavior during Coal SeparationA Case Study

Author:
Zhou, Chang-Chun; Zhang, Ning-Ning; Peng, Chang-Bin; Cong, Long-Fei; Ouyang, Chang-Heng; Han, Rui
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3233-3240
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
arsenic; case studies; chemistry; coal; gravity; laboratory equipment; particle size; pyrite; screening; spectrometers; sulfur; China
Abstract:
... The content and modes of occurrence of arsenic and its distribution in Yunnan coal of China as well as its partitioning behavior during the coal separation process were investigated. The following laboratory equipment such as proximate analyzer, ultimate analyzer, sulfur analyzer, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and the methods including sequential chemical extraction process, screeni ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02669

4. Ash Fusion Characteristics of a High Aluminum Coal and Its Modification

Author:
Li, Fenghai; Fang, Yitian
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 2925-2931
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; aluminum; aluminum oxide; ash content; calcium; calcium oxide; coal; energy; iron; melting point; mineral content; mixing; scanning electron microscopy; temperature; China
Abstract:
... High aluminum coal (HAC, Al₂O₃ in its ash content ranges 38–51%) is abundant and plays an important role in energy and chemical product in China. The ash fusion characteristics of HAC and its modification behaviors by coal blending or flux were investigated by ash fusion temperature (AFT) analyzer, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry combined with normalized reference intensity r ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00285

5. A Simple Method To Calculate the Viscosity of Heavy Oil Saturated with Supercritical CO2 Using Correlations

Author:
Xiong, Yu; Wang, Chong; Jiang, Jun; Deng, Hongwei
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 2805-2812
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
carbon dioxide; equations; oil fields; oils; specific gravity; temperature; viscosity
Abstract:
... Supercritical carbon dioxide (sc CO₂) could greatly reduce the viscosity of heavy oils and consequently increases their fluidity on account of its special properties, whose density is close to that of the liquid while viscosity is similar to that of the gas. No matter if under reservoir conditions or in the pipelines, the fluidity of heavy-oil/sc CO₂ is of major concern, especially for the process ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00066

6. Assembly of Graphene Oxide at the Crude Oil/Water Interface: A New Approach to Efficient Demulsification

Author:
Fang, Shenwen; Chen, Ting; Wang, Rong; Xiong, Yan; Chen, Bin; Duan, Ming
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3355-3364
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
emulsions; fluorescence; graphene oxide; nanosheets; oils; petroleum; rheology; surface tension
Abstract:
... Graphene oxide (GO) has gathered widespread interest within the scientific community as a result of its unique properties. In the present work, the interfacial behavior of the GO nanosheet at the crude oil/water interface was explored to investigate its demulsification mechanism for crude oil/water emulsions. The interfacial rheology properties and the interfacial tension were systematically discu ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00195

7. Behavior of Fe2+/3+ Cation and Its Interference with the Precipitation of Mg2+ Cation upon Mineral Carbonation of Yallourn Fly Ash Leachate under Ambient Conditions

Author:
Choo, Teck Kwang; Etschmann, Barbara; Selomulya, Cordelia; Zhang, Lian
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3269-3280
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; adsorption; ambient temperature; calcite; carbon dioxide; carbonation; cations; crystallization; ferrihydrite; fly ash; industrial wastes; iron; leaching; magnesium; magnetite; pH; scanning electron microscopy; sodium hydroxide; value added
Abstract:
... A variety of leachates derived from the acid leaching of a unique Fe-rich fly ash, namely Yallourn from the Latrobe Valley of Australia at different temperatures, have been processed to achieve two key goals: synthesis of Fe-rich precipitate and mineral carbonation of alkaline earth metal cations for the storage and utilization of carbon dioxide (CO₂). The behavior and interference of unprecipitat ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02867

8. Burning Properties of Slurry Based on Coal and Oil Processing Waste

Author:
Glushkov, Dmitrii O.; Lyrshchikov, Sergey Yu.; Shevyrev, Sergei A.; Strizhak, Pavel A.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3441-3450
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
ash content; boiling point; burning; coal; combustion; enthalpy; heat; humidity; oils; petrochemicals; prediction; processing waste; slurries; temperature; viscosity; volatilization; water content
Abstract:
... The main physicochemical coefficients of the components and of the tested coal–water slurry containing petrochemicals (CWSP) have been collected. The viscosity, mixture stability, density, ash content, humidity, flash and ignition temperatures, and enthalpy of combustion of the tested CWSP are reported. The temperatures of combustion of fuel compositions with different concentrations of solid and ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02881

9. Catalytic Upgrading of Methane to Higher Hydrocarbon in a Nonoxidative Chemical Conversion

Author:
Nahreen, Shaima; Praserthdam, Supareak; Perez Beltran, Saul; Balbuena, Perla B.; Adhikari, Sushil; Gupta, Ram B.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 2584-2593
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; activation energy; aromatic compounds; catalysts; chromium; copper; energy efficiency; free radicals; iron; methane; molybdenum; natural gas; prices; ruthenium; shale; silica; temperature; zeolites; zinc
Abstract:
... Discovery of large shale gas reserves in recent years resulted in the reduction of natural gas price. In order to convert methane in a direct and energy efficient route, nonoxidative catalytic conversion is a potentially attractive option which includes an activation of methane molecules at low temperature. The oxide of transition metals such as Mo, Fe, V, W, Cr, Zn, and Cu have been studied as ca ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02583

10. Characterization of Four Diesel Fuel Surrogates by the Advanced Distillation Curve Method

Author:
Burger, Jessica L.; Harries, Megan E.; Bruno, Thomas J.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 2813-2820
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
alternative fuels; boiling point; combustion; diesel fuel; distillation; emissions; enthalpy; equations; models
Abstract:
... The development of surrogate fuels with measured and predicted thermophysical properties similar to their authentic refinery stream counterparts is critical for the development of alternative fuels and the optimization of engines to increase efficiency and decrease emissions. In this work, four diesel fuel surrogates, formulated according to a reliable and proven procedure, were characterized by t ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00107

11. Characterization of Petroleum Heavy Oil Fractions Prepared by Preparatory Liquid Chromatography with Thin-Layer Chromatography, High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, and Gas Chromatography with an Atomic Emission Detector

Author:
Kim, Eunkyoung; Cho, EunJi; Moon, Serah; Park, Joo-Il; Kim, Sunghwan
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 2932-2940
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
aromatic compounds; atmospheric pressure; desorption; fractionation; gas chromatography; ionization; mass spectrometry; nickel; oils; petroleum; porphyrins; resins; sulfur; thin layer chromatography
Abstract:
... In this study, a preparatory-scale fractionation method was developed. To verify the effectiveness of this method, an oil sample was fractionated into five fractions, referred to as saturate, aro1, aro2, polar1, and polar2; these fractions were completely characterized by thin-layer chromatography–flame ionization detection (TLC–FID), field desorption (FD) and (+) atmospheric pressure photoionizat ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00296

12. Characterization of the Oxygenated Chemicals Produced from Supercritical Methanolysis of Modified Lignites

Author:
Liu, Fang-Jing; Wei, Xian-Yong; Zong, Zhi-Min; Fan, Maohong
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 2636-2646
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; acids; aromatic compounds; carbon; feedstocks; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; hydrogen bonding; ionization; lignite; methanolysis; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; spectrometers; stable isotopes; ultrasonics; value added
Abstract:
... Lignites are promising as feedstocks for producing value-added oxygenated chemicals (OCs) due to their high contents of oxygen-containing organic species. Two modified lignites were produced from Xiaolongtan lignite and Shengli lignite via sequential ultrasonic extraction and subsequent supercritical methanolysis to produce OCs. Solid-state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis reveals the diffe ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02830

13. CO2 Adsorption Behavior of Activated Coal Char Modified with Tetraethylenepentamine

Author:
Wang, Xia; Guo, Qingjie
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3281-3288
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
adsorption; carbon dioxide; climate; coal; greenhouse gas emissions; hydrochloric acid; industrial applications; models; power plants; silica gel; sorbents; temperature; water vapor
Abstract:
... The climate deterioration problem mainly caused by excessive CO₂ emission from coal-fired power plants has led to heightened concerns, and the reduction of the separation cost of CO₂ is essential to realize the industrial application of adsorption technology. The activated char was obtained by passing water vapor through a reactor while pyrolyzing coal at 650 °C, which was further pore-expanded us ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02882

14. CO2 Adsorption Performance of Ionic Liquid [P66614][2-Op] Loaded onto Molecular Sieve MCM-41 Compared to Pure Ionic Liquid in Biohythane/Pure CO2 Atmospheres

Author:
Cheng, Jun; Li, Yannan; Hu, Leiqing; Zhou, Junhu; Cen, Kefa
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3251-3256
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
adsorption; biogas; carbon dioxide; hydrogen; ionic liquids; surface area
Abstract:
... With the upgrading of fermentative biogas to produce gaseous transport fuel, ionic liquid (IL) [P₆₆₆₁₄][2-Op], which adsorbed CO₂ through multiple-site cooperative interactions, was loaded onto molecular sieve MCM-41 to adsorb CO₂ in a biohythane atmosphere (CH₄ + H₂ + CO₂). [P₆₆₆₁₄][2-Op] loaded onto MCM-41 exhibited a higher CO₂ adsorption rate than pure IL during the initial stage because of it ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02857

15. CO2 Life-Cycle Assessment of the Production of Algae-Based Liquid Fuel Compared to Crude Oil to Diesel

Author:
Manganaro, James L.; Lawal, Adeniyi
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3130-3139
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
algal oils; ammonia; biomass; carbon dioxide; coproducts; drying; energy; greenhouse gas emissions; heat; lipid content; lipids; microalgae; nutrients; oil and gas industry; petroleum; raw materials; water content
Abstract:
... Life-cycle assessment for carbon dioxide emission was performed for an open pond microalgae based process to grow, harvest, extract, and produce a paraffinic hydrotreated algae oil (HTAO). The process was assumed to also produce a co-product of animal feed. A base case was defined using generally accepted parameter values for present technology and does not represent an optimized design. This base ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00207

16. Combination of Light Bio-oil Washing and Torrefaction Pretreatment of Rice Husk: Its Effects on Physicochemical Characteristics and Fast Pyrolysis Behavior

Author:
Zhang, Shuping; Dong, Qing; Chen, Tao; Xiong, Yuanquan
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3030-3037
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; biofuels; decarboxylation; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; pH; pyrolysis; rice hulls; silica; sugars; torrefaction; washing; water content
Abstract:
... A combination of light bio-oil washing and torrefaction pretreatment of rice husk samples was proposed in this study, to investigate the impact on physicochemical characteristics and fast pyrolysis behavior. The results indicated that pretreatment removed a significant percentage of metallic species and significantly improved the fuel characteristics of rice husk samples. Fourier transform infrare ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02968

17. Combined Electrochemical and Hypochlorite Pretreatment for Improving Solubilization and Anaerobic Digestion of Waste-Activated Sludge: Effect of Hypochlorite Dosage

Author:
Ye, Caihong; Yuan, Haiping; Lou, Ziyang; Zhu, Nanwen
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 2990-2996
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
anaerobic digestion; biogas; economic feasibility; electrochemistry; hydrolysis; methane; methane production; nitrogen; phosphates; polysaccharides; proteins; sludge; solubilization
Abstract:
... The electrochemical (EC) combined with hypochlorite (ClO–) pretreatment has been proven to be effective in improving disintegration of waste-activated sludge (WAS) and enhancing anaerobic digestion recently. The ClO– dosage had a significant impact on the performance of WAS solubilization and biogas production in terms of the disintegration degree (DDCOD), release of proteins (PNs) and polysacchar ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02884

18. Combustion and Reformulation Enhancement Characteristics of Plasma-Assisted Spray Combustion by Microwave-Induced Non-Equilibrium Plasma

Author:
Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi; Tsuboi, Takahiro; Iwama, Yoshiho; Tanaka, Ryo
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3495-3501
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
combustion; emissions factor; fuels; hydroxyl radicals; oxygen; spectroscopy; temperature
Abstract:
... To develop a non-equilibrium plasma-assisted combustion method using microwave, we have performed the experiment of spray combustion by the superposition of non-equilibrium plasma using microwave and investigated the characteristics of combustion and reformation of plasma-assisted combustion. Various radicals generate under the superposition of non-equilibrium plasma using microwave and increase w ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00097

19. Combustion Characteristics of Biomass Charcoals Produced at Different Carbonization Conditions: A Kinetic Study

Author:
Wang, Liang; Várhegyi, Gábor; Skreiberg, Øyvind; Li, Tian; Grønli, Morten; Antal, Michael J.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 3186-3197
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
Picea; activation energy; atmospheric pressure; biomass; carbonization; charcoal; combustion; kinetics; least squares; oxygen; plant residues; temperature; thermogravimetry
Abstract:
... The combustion properties of spruce chars and spruce forest residue chars were studied in the kinetic regime by a series of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments. The work aimed at establishing how the pressure of the char preparation affects the reactivity with oxygen. Parts of the chars were prepared from a thin layer of biomass in inert gas flow at atmospheric pressure and 0.8 MPa. Other ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00354

20. Combustion of Switchgrass in Biomass Home Heating Systems: Emissions and Ash Behavior

Author:
Chandrasekaran, Sriraam R.; Sharma, Brajendra K.; Hopke, Philip K.; Rajagopalan, Nandakishore
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2016 v.30 no.4 pp. 2958-2967
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
Panicum virgatum; X-radiation; ash content; atomic absorption spectrometry; biomass; bottom ash; carbon; carbon monoxide; catalysts; combustion; fluorescence; furnaces; gas emissions; heavy metals; hydrocarbons; melting; nitrogen oxides; particulate emissions; particulates; pellets; potassium; soot; sulfates; sulfur dioxide; volatile organic compounds; wood
Abstract:
... Emissions and efficiency of three commercially available furnace types, horizontal feed, underfeed, and dropdown feed, were characterized using switchgrass pellets, and the results were compared to wood pellets. The efficiency of the furnaces was determined using a mass balance method. The gaseous emissions, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) measuremen ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02624