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1. Applying Learning Curves to Modeling Future Coal and Gas Power Generation Technologies

Author:
Ordowich, Chris; Chase, John; Steele, Daniel; Malhotra, Ripudaman; Harada, Michiaki; Makino, Keiji
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 753-766
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
capital; carbon; carbon dioxide; carbon markets; coal; combustion; electricity; energy; energy costs; equations; fuel cells; gasification; issues and policy; learning; models; natural gas; operating costs; power generation; power plants; prices; research and development
Abstract:
... Coal and natural gas have and will likely continue to be key components of the world energy supply for years to come. Currently, the most efficient commercial technologies for power production are supercritical pulverized coal combustion (SCPC) and natural gas combustion with combined cycle (NGCC). Emerging technologies for more efficient power generation from coal include ultra-super-critical pul ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef2013634

2. Ash Cenosphere from Solid Fuels Combustion. Part 1: An Investigation into Its Formation Mechanism Using Pyrite as a Model Fuel

Author:
Li, Yi; Wu, Hongwei
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 130-137
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
combustion; droplets; fuels; furnaces; iron oxides; melting; models; pyrite; sulfur; temperature
Abstract:
... This paper reports a systematic investigation into the fundamental formation mechanism of ash cenosphere during solid fuels combustion using pyrite as a model fuel. The combustion of pulverized pyrite particles (38–45 μm) was carried out in a laboratory-scale drop-tube furnace at furnace temperatures of 530–1100 °C. The formation of ash cenosphere commences at 580 °C. At temperatures ≥600 °C, the ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201173g

3. Ash-Related Issues in Fluidized-Bed Combustion of Biomasses: Recent Research Highlights

Author:
Hupa, Mikko
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 4-14
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
biofuels; boilers; chlorine; coal; combustion; corrosion; fluidized beds; fly ash; fouling; metals; nitrogen; phosphorus; sulfur; Finland; Sweden
Abstract:
... Finland and Sweden are leaders in the use of biomass fuels in large-scale boilers. In these countries, the dominating large-scale combustion technology for biomass fuels is fluidized-bed combustion (FBC). Biomass fuels differ in many ways from the standard fossil fuels used in FBC, such as coal. They often have high moisture contents, lower heating values, and a variety of impurities, such as chlo ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201169k

4. Ash Transformation Chemistry during Combustion of Biomass

Author:
Boström, Dan; Skoglund, Nils; Grimm, Alejandro; Boman, Christoffer; Öhman, Marcus; Broström, Markus; Backman, Rainer
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 85-93
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
biofuels; biomass; combustion; crops; energy; models; phosphorus; silicon
Abstract:
... There is relatively extensive knowledge available concerning ash transformation reactions during combustion of woody biomass. In recent decades, the use of these energy carriers has increased, from a low-technology residential small-scale level to an industrial scale. Along this evolution, ash chemical-related phenomena for woody biomass have been observed and studied. Therefore, presently the und ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201205b

5. Asphaltene Deposition Measurement and Modeling for Flow Assurance of Tubings and Flow Lines

Author:
Akbarzadeh, Kamran; Eskin, Dmitry; Ratulowski, John; Taylor, Shawn
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 495-510
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
models; standard operating procedures; Gulf of Mexico
Abstract:
... A recently developed asphaltene deposition model is tuned with some experimental data obtained in RealView, a high pressure deposition cell. The tuned model is validated with further experimental data. The lab-scale model is then extended to field-scale tubings and flow lines, and the predicted deposition profile is qualitatively compared with field observations. Finally, an experimental protocol ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef2009474

6. Assessment of Bio-oil Extraction from Tetraselmis chui Microalgae Comparing Supercritical CO2, Solvent Extraction, and Thermal Processing

Author:
Grierson, Scott; Strezov, Vladimir; Bray, Sargent; Mummacari, Raffaella; Danh, Luu Thai; Foster, Neil
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 248-255
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
Tetraselmis chuii; biofuels; biomass; carbon dioxide; heat treatment; microalgae; oils; pyrolysis; solvents; supply chain
Abstract:
... Microalgae have significant capacity to fix CO₂ and to become a major industrial biomass resource. Examining ways to innovate the microalgae cultivation and processing value chain includes a focus on the most efficient and economical means to produce a liquid oil fraction from the microalgae species. This work compares the use of organic solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂), and pyrolysi ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef2011222

7. Biological versus Synthetic Polymers as Templates for Calcium Oxide for CO2 Capture

Author:
Coenen, Anja; Church, Tamara L.; Harris, Andrew T.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 162-168
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
acrylic acid; agar; biopolymers; calcium; calcium carbonate; calcium oxide; carbon dioxide; carrageenan; chitosan; ethylene; ethylene glycol; gasification; hydrogen; limestone; polyacrylic acid; polyethylene glycol; pyrolysis; sorbents; temperature
Abstract:
... When CaO absorbs CO₂ in pre-combustion systems, it can greatly increase the H₂ yield from pyrolysis and gasification reactions. However, natural sources of CaO, such as limestone (CaCO₃), produce sorbents that quickly lose reactivity, and more stable sorbents are therefore desired. Although both synthetic and biopolymers can induce the formation of a wide variety of CaCO₃ morphologies, only a few ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201222q

8. Bio-oil Production from Biomass: Steps toward Demonstration

Author:
Solantausta, Y.; Oasmaa, A.; Sipilä, K.; Lindfors, C.; Lehto, J.; Autio, J.; Jokela, P.; Alin, J.; Heiskanen, J.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 233-240
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
biofuels; biomass; carbon monoxide; combustion; feedstocks; flue gas; fluidized beds; forest products industry; fossil fuels; fuel oils; gas emissions; markets; odor emissions; organic compounds; oxygen; particulate emissions; pyrolysis; quality control; sawdust; Finland; North America; Western European region
Abstract:
... Metso, UPM, Fortum, and VTT have developed the world’s first integrated bio-oil production concept to provide an alternative to fossil fuels. The consortium has constructed an up to 7 tons/day bio-oil production pilot unit, which uses a bubbling fluidized-bed (BFB) pyrolysis reactor integrated with a conventional fluidized-bed boiler. Proof-of-concept has been carried out; close to 90 tons of bio- ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201109t

9. Catalytic Activity of Various 5 wt % Ni/Ce0.5Zr0.33M0.17O2−δ Catalysts for the CO2 Reforming of CH4 in the Presence and Absence of Steam

Author:
Khan, Ataullah; Sukonket, Thitinat; Saha, Bappy; Idem, Raphael
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 365-379
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
calcium; carbon dioxide; catalysts; catalytic activity; methane; nickel; oxygen; steam; surface area
Abstract:
... Catalysts derived from ceria–zirconia-based ternary oxide supports by impregnation with nickel, and having a nominal composition of 5 wt % Ni/Ce₀.₅Zr₀.₃₃M₀.₁₇O₂₋δ (where M is either a transition (Ts) metal, non-Ts metal, or inner-Ts metal), were prepared and evaluated for the CO₂ reforming of CH₄ in the presence and absence of steam. The textural, structural, redox, physicochemical, and surface ch ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef2013562

10. Catalytic Hydropyrolysis of Five Chinese Coals

Author:
Ma, Zhichao; Ma, Xiaoxun; Luo, Jincheng; Xu, Long; Yang, Fan
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 511-517
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
activation energy; benzene; catalysts; coal; hydrogen; nitrogen; pyrolysis; temperature; thermogravimetry; toluene; xylene
Abstract:
... Five Chinese coals were subjected to pyrolysis by thermogravimetry (TG). The investigated pyrolysis conditions included pyrolysis atmospheres (N₂ and 10% H₂/N₂) and catalysts (MoS₂ and ZnCl₂) with different amounts (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, and 10%). The existence of hydrogen improved the final conversion and reduced the reaction temperature by different degrees. With the addition of catalysts, the max ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201290v

11. Catalytic Hydrothermal Reforming of Water-Soluble Organics from the Pyrolysis of Biomass Using a Ni/Carbon Catalyst Impregnated with Pt

Author:
Idesh, Saruul; Kudo, Shinji; Norinaga, Koyo; Hayashi, Jun-ichiro
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 67-74
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
acetic acid; acetone; biofuels; biomass; carbon; catalysts; catalytic activity; feedstocks; models; nickel; pyrolysis
Abstract:
... Catalytic hydrothermal reforming (CHTR) of water-soluble organics from biomass pyrolysis was studied aiming at simultaneous production of combustible gas and clean water (containing little to no organics) from the water phase of bio-oil. Reforming of the feedstock with a total organic carbon concentration (TOC) of 10 000 ppm was performed at a temperature and pressure of 350 °C and 20 MPa, respect ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201177b

12. Changes in Char Structure during the Gasification of Mallee Wood: Effects of Particle Size and Steam Supply

Author:
Zhang, Shu; Min, Zhenhua; Tay, Hui-Ling; Wang, Yi; Dong, Li; Li, Chun-Zhu
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 193-198
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
argon (noble gases); aromatic compounds; biomass; gasification; particle size; quartz; spectroscopy; steam; wood
Abstract:
... The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the biomass particle size on the changes in char structure during the gasification in steam of mallee woody biomass. The experiments with continuous or sudden supply of steam were conducted using a fluidized-bed/fixed-bed quartz reactor. The structural features of chars were then characterized using Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscop ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef2011589

13. Characteristics of Optimal Chain Transfer Solvents for Pyrolysis Kinetics

Author:
LaMarca, Concetta; Moreno, Brian M.; Klein, Michael T.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 55-57
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
hydrocarbons; hydrogen bonding; pyrolysis; reaction kinetics; solvents
Abstract:
... Kinetics analysis of the idealized heavy hydrocarbon system comprising a reactant A₁ = μ₁H converting through a Rice–Herzfeld chain in the presence of a chain transfer solvent A₂ = μ₂H revealed the conditions and structural features of A₂ for optimal rate enhancement E₁ = rA₁(A₁, A₂)/rA₁(A₁) = (1 + k̂Sθ)/(1 + k̂S), where k̂ = k₁₂/k₂₁ is the index of chain transfer and θ = k₂₁/k₁₁ is the index of t ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef2011832

14. Characterization of Biomass Ashes from Power Plants Firing Agricultural Residues

Author:
Wang, Guoliang; Shen, Laihong; Sheng, Changdong
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 102-111
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
agricultural wastes; biomass; bottom ash; burning; combustion; construction materials; elemental composition; fluidized beds; fly ash; furnaces; leaching; mineralogy; power plants
Abstract:
... The paper presents the results of systematically characterizing the bottom and fly ash from a typical water-cooled vibrating grate furnace and the fly ash from a circulating fluidized-bed (CFB) combustor of two power plants burning similar mixed agricultural residues. Multi-standard techniques were employed in the characterization in terms of basic properties, particle morphology, chemical composi ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201134m

15. Characterization of Heavy Crude Oils, Their Fractions, and Hydrovisbroken Products by the Asphaltene Solubility Fraction Method

Author:
Ovalles, Cesar; Rogel, Estrella; Moir, Michael; Thomas, Lori; Pradhan, Ajit
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 549-556
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
catalytic cracking; heptane; methanol; methylene chloride; oils; petroleum; solubility; solvents; thermal cracking
Abstract:
... An improved method for the separation of asphaltene solubility fractions is presented and has been proven useful for the characterization of heavy crude oils and their fractions. Mixtures of heptane, dichloromethane, and methanol are used to obtain four different and well-defined asphaltene fractions with increasing solubility parameter. A good correlation (0.95) is found between the solubility fr ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201499f

16. Coextrusion of Zirconia–Iron Oxide Honeycomb Substrates for Solar-Based Thermochemical Generation of Carbon Monoxide for Renewable Fuels

Author:
Walker, Luke S.; Miller, James E.; Hilmas, Greg E.; Evans, Lindsey R.; Corral, Erica L.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 712-721
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
carbon monoxide; ceramics; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; iron oxides; oxygen; renewable energy sources; spectrometers; surface area; temperature
Abstract:
... Ceramic honeycombs based on homogeneous composites of zirconia and iron oxide are formed using polymer-based coextrusion for testing in thermochemical reactors to generate CO for renewable fuels. The honeycomb substrates possess controlled surface areas and are processed using zirconia with 3 and 8 mol % yttria additions to investigate the influence of surface area and oxygen conductivity of the s ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201346g

17. Comparative Study To Evaluate the Drying Kinetics of Boreal Peats from Micro to Macro Scales

Author:
Filkov, Alexander I.; Kuzin, Alexander Ya.; Sharypov, Oleg V.; Leroy-Cancellieri, Valerie; Cancellieri, Dominique; Leoni, Eric; Simeoni, Albert; Rein, Guillermo
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 349-356
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
combustion; drying; energy; evaporation; heat; peat; pyrolysis; wildfires
Abstract:
... Peat is an organic and flammable material used for energy generation and involved in accidental wildfires. Smoldering combustion is governed by heterogeneous chemical reactions of drying and pyrolysis of the bulk solid and oxidation at the surface. In these phenomena, the drying process and its rate is an important mechanism. The aim of this research was to determine thermokinetic constants (TKCs) ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201221y

18. Conditions for a Low-Salinity Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Effect in Carbonate Oil Reservoirs

Author:
Austad, T.; Shariatpanahi, S. F.; Strand, S.; Black, C. J. J.; Webb, K. J.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 569-575
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
anhydrite; calcium sulfate; chalk; clay minerals; imbibition; oil fields; oils; potassium hydroxide; sandstone; seawater; wettability
Abstract:
... Low-salinity enhanced oil recovery (EOR) effects have for a long time been associated with sandstone reservoirs containing clay minerals. Recently, a laboratory study showing low-salinity EOR effects from composite carbonate core material was reported. In the present paper, the results of oil recovery by low-salinity water flooding from core material sampled from the aqueous zone of a limestone re ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201435g

19. “Continuous” Method for the Fast Screening of Thermodynamic Promoters of Gas Hydrates Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance

Author:
Lee, Bo Ram; Sa, Jeong-Hoon; Park, Da-Hye; Cho, Seungho; Lee, Jaegeun; Kim, Hye-Jin; Oh, Eugene; Jeon, Sangmin; Lee, Ju Dong; Lee, Kun-Hong
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 767-772
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
carbon dioxide; dissociation; equipment; gas hydrate; hydrogen; hydrophilicity; quartz; screening; tetrahydrofuran; thermodynamics; uncertainty
Abstract:
... The selection of thermodynamic promoters is an essential issue in determining the economy of a hydrate application. It is highly desirable to devise a fast, accurate, and relatively inexpensive measurement method to screen the best promoter from among many candidates. Although new equipment based on the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was suggested years ago, it has been regarded as unfeasible b ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef201414u

20. Control of Agglomeration and Defluidization during Fluidized-Bed Combustion of South Australian Low-Rank Coals

Author:
van Eyk, Philip J.; Kosminski, Adam; Ashman, Peter J.
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 118-129
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
additives; clay; coal; combustion; dolomite; fluidized beds; kaolinite; laboratory experimentation; limestone; sodium; sodium sulfate; sorbents; sulfur
Abstract:
... South Australian low-rank coals have high sulfur and high sodium contents, which cause operational problems when the coals are combusted. Fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) of these coals allows for efficient combustion and for convenient sulfur removal by the addition of in-bed sorbents, such as limestone or dolomite. However, the presence of sodium may result in operational problems for FBC because ...
DOI:
10.1021/ef2011518