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1. Abatement of an Aircraft Exhaust Plume Using Aerodynamic Baffles

Author:
Bennett, Michael; Christie, Simon M.; Graham, Angus; Garry, Kevin P.; Velikov, Stefan; Poll, D. Ian; Smith, Malcolm G.; Mead, M. Iqbal; Popoola, Olalekan A. M.; Stewart, Gregor B.; Jones, Roderic L.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2346-2352
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
acoustics; aircraft; lidar; models; momentum; wind
Abstract:
... The exhaust jet from a departing commercial aircraft will eventually rise buoyantly away from the ground; given the high thrust/power (i.e., momentum/buoyancy) ratio of modern aero-engines, however, this is a slow process, perhaps requiring ∼1 min or more. Supported by theoretical and wind tunnel modeling, we have experimented with an array of aerodynamic baffles on the surface behind a set of tur ...
DOI:
10.1021/es303586x

2. Abiotic Reductive Immobilization of U(VI) by Biogenic Mackinawite

Author:
Veeramani, Harish; Scheinost, Andreas C.; Monsegue, Niven; Qafoku, NikollaP.; Kukkadapu, Ravi; Newville, Matt; Lanzirotti, Antonio; Pruden, Amy; Murayama, Mitsuhiro; Hochella, MichaelF.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2361-2369
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Shewanella putrefaciens; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; bioremediation; chemical reduction; electron transfer; electrons; iron; minerals; scanning electron microscopy; sulfate-reducing bacteria; sulfates; sulfides; transmission electron microscopy; uranium
Abstract:
... During subsurface bioremediation of uranium-contaminated sites, indigenous metal and sulfate-reducing bacteria may utilize a variety of electron acceptors, including ferric iron and sulfate that could lead to the formation of various biogenic minerals in situ. Sulfides, as well as structural and adsorbed Fe(II) associated with biogenic Fe(II)-sulfide phases, can potentially catalyze abiotic U(VI) ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304025x

3. A Bottom up Approach to on-Road CO2 Emissions Estimates: Improved Spatial Accuracy and Applications for Regional Planning

Author:
Gately, Conor K.; Hutyra, Lucy R.; Wing, Ian Sue; Brondfield, Max N.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2423-2430
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
carbon dioxide; databases; energy use and consumption; fossil fuels; greenhouse gas emissions; inventories; models; monitoring; people; planning; population density; regression analysis; traffic; United States
Abstract:
... On-road transportation is responsible for 28% of all U.S. fossil-fuel CO₂ emissions. Mapping vehicle emissions at regional scales is challenging due to data limitations. Existing emission inventories use spatial proxies such as population and road density to downscale national or state-level data. Such procedures introduce errors where the proxy variables and actual emissions are weakly correlated ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304238v

4. A Direct Sensitivity Approach to Predict Hourly Ozone Resulting from Compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standard

Author:
Simon, Heather; Baker, Kirk R.; Akhtar, Farhan; Napelenok, Sergey L.; Possiel, Norm; Wells, Benjamin; Timin, Brian
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2304-2313
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
United States Environmental Protection Agency; air quality; compliance; emissions; models; nitrogen oxides; ozone; pollution; public health; risk; risk assessment; statistical analysis; volatile organic compounds
Abstract:
... In setting primary ambient air quality standards, the EPA’s responsibility under the law is to establish standards that protect public health. As part of the current review of the ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), the US EPA evaluated the health exposure and risks associated with ambient ozone pollution using a statistical approach to adjust recent air quality to simulate just m ...
DOI:
10.1021/es303674e

5. Anaerobic Conversion of Chlorobenzene and Benzene to CH4 and CO2 in Bioaugmented Microcosms

Author:
Liang, Xiaoming; Devine, Cheryl E.; Nelson, Jennifer; Sherwood Lollar, Barbara; Zinder, Stephen; Edwards, Elizabeth A.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2378-2385
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
benzene; bioremediation; carbon; carbon dioxide; dechlorination; electrons; groundwater contamination; methane; methanogens; toxicity
Abstract:
... Chlorobenzene is a widespread groundwater contaminant found at many industrial sites. Reductive dechlorination of chlorobenzene requires input of electron donor and results in problematic accumulation of benzene, which is more toxic than chlorobenzene. We hypothesized that coupling a culture capable of reductive dechlorination of chlorobenzene to benzene with a second benzene-degrading methanogeni ...
DOI:
10.1021/es3043092

6. Colloidal Properties of Nanoparticular Biogenic Selenium Govern Environmental Fate and Bioremediation Effectiveness

Author:
Buchs, Benjamin; Evangelou, Michael W. H.; Winkel, Lenny H. E.; Lenz, Markus
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2401-2407
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
acidity; aquatic environment; bioremediation; calcium; cations; colloidal properties; electrophoresis; environmental fate; lanthanum; models; organic matter; oxyanions; pH; protons; selenium; sodium; surface water; toxicity; zeta potential
Abstract:
... Microbial selenium (Se) bioremediation is based on conversion of water soluble, toxic Se oxyanions to water insoluble, elemental Se. Formed biogenic elemental Se is of nanometer size, hampering straightforward separation from the aqueous phase. This study represents the first systematic investigation on colloidal properties of pure biogenic Se suspensions, linking electrophoretic mobility (ζ-poten ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304940s

7. Control-Oriented Modeling and Real-Time Control for the Ozone Dosing Process of Drinking Water Treatment

Author:
Wang, Dongsheng; Li, Shihua; Zhou, Xingpeng
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2197-2203
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
control methods; disinfection; drinking water; models; ozonation; ozone; process control; water flow; water quality; water treatment
Abstract:
... Ozonation is one of the most important steps during drinking water treatment. To improve the efficiency of ozonation and to stabilize the quality of the treated water, control-oriented modeling and a real-time control method for the ozone dosing process are developed in this study. Compared with existing ozonation models developed by bench-scale and pilot-scale batch experiments, the model reporte ...
DOI:
10.1021/es303408q

8. Deposition Kinetics of Quantum Dots and Polystyrene Latex Nanoparticles onto Alumina: Role of Water Chemistry and Particle Coating

Author:
Quevedo, Ivan R.; Olsson, Adam L. J.; Tufenkji, Nathalie
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2212-2220
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
adsorption; aluminum oxide; aquatic environment; aquifers; coatings; electrolytes; filtration; humic acids; hydrochemistry; ionic strength; latex; models; monitoring; nanoparticles; polyacrylic acid; polystyrenes; potassium chloride; prediction; quantum dots; quartz; rhamnolipids; salt concentration
Abstract:
... A clear understanding of the factors controlling the deposition behavior of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), such as quantum dots (QDs), is necessary for predicting their transport and fate in natural subsurface environments and in water filtration processes. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was used to study the effect of particle surface coatings and water chemis ...
DOI:
10.1021/es303392v

9. Distribution is a Major Factor Affecting Bioaccumulation of Decabrominated Diphenyl Ether: Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) as an Example

Author:
Wan, Yi; Zhang, Kun; Dong, Zhaomin; Hu, Jianying
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2279-2286
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Acipenser sinensis; absorption; animals; bioaccumulation; bioavailability; biotransformation; blood; eggs; gills; heart; intestines; lipids; liver; models; muscles; partition coefficients; pharmacokinetics; polybrominated diphenyl ethers; polychlorinated biphenyls; stomach; tissues; wildlife; Yangtze River
Abstract:
... While decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) has very low bioavailability and a rapid biotransformation rate, it exhibits high bioaccumulation in wildlife. To explore the bioaccumulation mechanism of BDE-209 in organisms, its toxicokinetic processes were investigated in Chinese sturgeons from the Yangtze River. Different from less brominated BDEs, lipids did not play an important role in the distributi ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304926r

10. Effects of Transmembrane Hydraulic Pressure on Performance of Forward Osmosis Membranes

Author:
Coday, Bryan D.; Heil, Dean M.; Xu, Pei; Cath, Tzahi Y.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2386-2393
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
cellulose; industrial applications; osmosis; osmotic pressure; polyamides; seawater; sodium chloride; solutes; thin film composite membranes; wastewater treatment
Abstract:
... Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging membrane separation process that continues to be tested and implemented in various industrial water and wastewater treatment applications. The growing interests in the technology have prompted laboratories and manufacturers to adopt standard testing methods to ensure accurate comparison of membrane performance under laboratory-controlled conditions; however, sta ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304519p

11. Emissions, Fate and Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants to the Arctic in a Changing Global Climate

Author:
Wöhrnschimmel, Henry; MacLeod, Matthew; Hungerbuhler, Konrad
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2323-2330
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
HCH (pesticide); agrochemicals; air; case studies; climate change; climatic factors; emissions; humans; models; persistent organic pollutants; Arctic region
Abstract:
... Climate change is expected to alter patterns of human economic activity and the associated emissions of chemicals, and also to affect the transport and fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Here, we use a global-scale multimedia chemical fate model to analyze and quantify the impact of climate change on emissions and fate of POPs, and their transport to the Arctic. First, climate change ef ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304646n

12. Episode Analysis of Deposition of Radiocesium from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident

Author:
Morino, Yu; Ohara, Toshimasa; Watanabe, Mirai; Hayashi, Seiji; Nishizawa, Masato
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2314-2322
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
cesium; earthquakes; emissions; model uncertainty; model validation; models; monitoring; nuclear power; power plants; radionuclides; surveys; tsunamis; wet deposition; Japan
Abstract:
... Chemical transport models played key roles in understanding the atmospheric behaviors and deposition patterns of radioactive materials emitted from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant after the nuclear accident that accompanied the great Tohoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011. However, model results could not be sufficiently evaluated because of limited observational data. We assess ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304620x

13. Extending Applicability of Correlation Equations to Predict Colloidal Retention in Porous Media at Low Fluid Velocity

Author:
Ma, Huilian; Hradisky, Michal; Johnson, William P.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2272-2278
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
equations; filtration; mass transfer; mechanistic models; porous media
Abstract:
... In this work, we analyzed causes for a recently noted shortcoming of filtration models, which is to predict collector efficiencies greater than unity under low fluid velocity conditions. For Eulerian flux approaches, both the underlying mechanistic model and the correlation equation used to export model results may contribute to this error. For particle trajectory approaches, the error results sol ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304753r

14. Field and Laboratory Tests of Flow-Proportional Passive Samplers for Determining Average Phosphorus and Nitrogen Concentration in Rivers

Author:
Jordan, Philip; Cassidy, Rachel; Macintosh, Katrina A.; Arnscheidt, Joerg
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2331-2338
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
encapsulation; laboratory experimentation; monitoring; nitrogen; nitrogen content; nutrient retention; phosphorus; rivers; samplers; storms; stream flow; watersheds
Abstract:
... Flow responsive passive samplers offer considerable potential in nutrient monitoring in catchments; bridging the gap between the intermittency of grab sampling and the high cost of automated monitoring systems. A commercially available passive sampler was evaluated in a number of river systems encapsulating a gradient in storm response, combinations of diffuse and point source pressures, and level ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304108e

15. Hydrophobic Fe-Zeolites for Removal of MTBE from Water by Combination of Adsorption and Oxidation

Author:
Gonzalez-Olmos, Rafael; Kopinke, Frank-Dieter; Mackenzie, Katrin; Georgi, Anett
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2353-2360
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
adsorbents; adsorption; catalysts; catalytic activity; hydrogen peroxide; hydrophobicity; ion exchange; ions; iron; oxidation; pH; salts; screening; zeolites
Abstract:
... Several zeolites were evaluated as adsorbents for the removal of MTBE from water in a screening process. It was observed that the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio is a decisive factor for the adsorption properties, at least in the case of ZSM5 zeolites. ZSM5 zeolites with SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios >200 were found to provide the best sorption properties for MTBE. To design a combined sorption/reaction method, regene ...
DOI:
10.1021/es303885y

16. Is Chlorination One of the Major Pathways in the Formation of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes (PCNs) in Municipal Solid Waste Combustion?

Author:
Ryu, Jae-Yong; Kim, Do-Hyong; Jang, Seong-Ho
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2394-2400
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
carbon; chlorides; chlorination; combustion; copper; flue gas; fly ash; incinerators; isomers; laminar flow; municipal solid waste; naphthalene; silica; temperature
Abstract:
... The chlorination patterns of unsubstituted naphthalene were studied using a laminar flow reactor with a 1 cm particle bed of 0.5% (mass) copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂) mixed with silicon dioxide (SiO₂), operated over a temperature range of 100 to 400 °C and at gas velocities of 2.7 and 0.32 cm/s. The polychlorinated naphthalene (PCN) yield increased until a temperature reached at 250 °C, where a peak ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304735n

17. Large-Scale Solid-State Synthesis of Sn–SnO2 Nanoparticles from Layered SnO by Sunlight: a Material for Dye Degradation in Water by Photocatalytic Reaction

Author:
Sinha, Arun Kumar; Pradhan, Mukul; Sarkar, Sougata; Pal, Tarasankar
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2339-2345
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
dyes; electrons; environmental factors; mixing; nanoparticles; photolysis; sodium hydroxide; solar radiation; surface area; tin; tin dioxide; ultraviolet radiation
Abstract:
... Phase pure spherical Sn–SnO₂ nanoparticles (∼50 nm) in gram level have been synthesized from well-defined SnO microplates (∼2.0 μm) using focused solar irradiation. The first step of the reaction involves simple stirring of a strong NaOH solution with fine SnCl₂·2H₂O powder. Precipitated blue black microplates of SnO are finally transformed into high band gap Sn–SnO₂ nanoparticles with sunlight. D ...
DOI:
10.1021/es303413q

18. Mercury Exposure is Associated with Negative Effects on Turtle Reproduction

Author:
Hopkins, Brittney C.; Willson, John D.; Hopkins, William A.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2416-2422
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Chelydra serpentina; abnormal development; adults; adverse effects; amphibians; bioavailability; birds; correlation; eggs; embryonic mortality; females; fish; hatching; mercury; monitoring; omnivores; phenotype; progeny; rivers; tissues; toxicity; turtles; Virginia
Abstract:
... Mercury (Hg), a ubiquitous and highly toxic bioaccumulative contaminant, can maternally transfer and elicit deleterious effects on adult reproduction and offspring phenotype in fish, amphibians, and birds. However, the effects of Hg on reproduction remain largely unstudied in reptiles. We evaluated the consequences of maternally transferred Hg on a long-lived aquatic omnivore, the common snapping ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304261s

19. Metal Mobilization by Iron- and Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria in a Multiple Extreme Mine Tailings in the Atacama Desert, Chile

Author:
Korehi, H.; Blöthe, M.; Sitnikova, M. A.; Dold, B.; Schippers, A.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2189-2196
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Acidithiobacillus; Alicyclobacillus; Archaea; Sulfobacillus; acidity; bacteria; copper; genetic variation; heavy metals; iron; mine tailings; oxidation; pyrite; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; ribosomal RNA; salinity; salt tolerance; seawater; sodium chloride; Chile
Abstract:
... The marine shore sulfidic mine tailings dump at the Chañaral Bay in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile, is characterized by extreme acidity, high salinity, and high heavy metals concentrations. Due to pyrite oxidation, metals (especially copper) are mobilized under acidic conditions and transported toward the tailings surface and precipitate as secondary minerals (Dold, Environ. Sci. Technol. 200 ...
DOI:
10.1021/es304056n

20. Molecular Transformations Accompanying the Aging of Laboratory Secondary Organic Aerosol

Author:
Hall, Wiley A.; Pennington, M. Ross; Johnston, Murray V.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.5 pp. 2230-2237
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
acids; aerosols; aldehydes; alpha-pinene; carbon; hydroxyl radicals; ketones; molecular weight; oxidation; ozonolysis; tandem mass spectrometry
Abstract:
... The aging of fresh secondary organic aerosol (SOA), formed in a flow tube reactor by α-pinene ozonolysis, was studied by passing the fresh SOA into a second chamber for reaction with high levels of the hydroxyl radical. Two types of experiments were performed: (1) injection of a short plug of fresh SOA into the second chamber, where the particle mass and average O/C mole ratio were measured as a f ...
DOI:
10.1021/es303891q