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You searched for: Journal name Environmental Science & Technology Remove constraint Journal name: Environmental Science & Technology Subject term ferrihydrite Remove constraint Subject term: ferrihydrite Text availability Citation in PubAg Remove constraint Text availability: Citation in PubAg
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1. (Micro)spectroscopic Analyses of Particle Size Dependence on Arsenic Distribution and Speciation in Mine Wastes

Author:
Kim C. S.; Chi C.; Miller S. R.; Rosales R. A.; Sugihara E. S.; Akau J.; Rytuba J. J.; Webb S. M.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.15 pp. 8164-8171
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
arsenic; bioavailability; chemical analysis; chemical speciation; ferrihydrite; fluorescence; goethite; iron; iron hydroxides; mine tailings; mining; particle size; prediction; sorption; spectral analysis; spectroscopy; toxicity; weathering; California
Abstract:
... The chemical speciation and distribution of potentially toxic metal(loid)s in mine wastes is critical to assessing the risks posed by these wastes and predicting the potential bioavailability of the metal(loid)s present. Of additional potential importance is the role of particle size in the fate, transport, and toxicity of contaminated mining materials. Spectroscopic analyses of size-separated min ...
DOI:
10.1021/es4010653

2. Aerobic Microbial Fe Acquisition from Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles: Effects of Crystalline Order, Siderophores, and Alginate

Author:
Kuhn K. M.; DuBois J. L.; Maurice P. A.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.15 pp. 8664-8670
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Pseudomonas mendocina; alginates; bioavailability; biofilm; exopolysaccharides; ferrihydrite; iron; iron oxides; iron oxyhydroxides; ligands; mutants; nanoparticles; siderophores; soil bacteria
Abstract:
... This research compared the bioavailability of Fe associated with two forms of the hydrous Fe oxyhydroxide nanomineral ferrihydrite (Fh)-the smaller (1–3 nm), less ordered 2-line (2L) phase and the slightly larger, (2–6 nm) more ordered 6-line (6L) phase-to the common aerobic soil bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina ymp. P. mendocina can acquire Fe from minerals using high-affinity Fe(III) binding liga ...
DOI:
10.1021/es501308b

3. Analysis of the Mo Speciation in the JEB Tailings Management Facility at McClean Lake, Saskatchewan

Author:
Hayes John R.; Grosvenor Andrew P.; Rowson John; Hughes Kebbi; Frey Ryan A.; Reid Joel
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.8 pp. 4460-4467
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; environmental impact; ferrihydrite; fluorescence; lakes; molybdates; molybdenum; uranium; Saskatchewan
Abstract:
... The JEB Tailings Management Facility (TMF) is central to reducing the environmental impact of the uranium ore processing operation located at the McClean Lake facility and operated by AREVA Resources Canada (AREVA). The geochemical controls of this facility are largely designed around the idea that elements of concern, such as Mo, will be controlled in the very long term through equilibrium with s ...
DOI:
10.1021/es404980x

4. Arsenate–Ferrihydrite Systems from Minutes to Months: A Macroscopic and IR Spectroscopic Study of an Elusive Equilibrium

Author:
Swedlund Peter J.; Holtkamp Hannah; Song Yantao; Daughney Christopher J.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.5 pp. 2759-2765
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
arsenic; equations; ferrihydrite; models; pH; sorption; spectral analysis
Abstract:
... Sorption by ferrihydrite is an important control on As(V) concentrations in many oxic aquatic systems. There are significant discrepancies in reported sorption constants (log(KAₛ)), which presents a problem for quantifying and understanding this important system. A review of reported ferrihydrite–As(V) sorption studies indicated a positive correlation between reaction time used in the experiments ...
DOI:
10.1021/es404742c

5. Arsenic Dissolution from Japanese Paddy Soil by a Dissimilatory Arsenate-Reducing Bacterium Geobacter sp. OR-1

Author:
Ohtsuka Toshihiko; Yamaguchi Noriko; Makino Tomoyuki; Sakurai Kazuhiro; Kimura Kenta; Kudo Keitaro; Homma Eri; Dong Dian Tao; Amachi Seigo
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.12 pp. 6263-6271
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Geobacter metallireducens; Geobacter pelophilus; arsenates; arsenic; arsenites; bacteria; ferrihydrite; genes; iron; nitrates; paddy soils; phylogeny; sediments
Abstract:
... Dissimilatory As(V) (arsenate)-reducing bacteria may play an important role in arsenic release from anoxic sediments in the form of As(III) (arsenite). Although respiratory arsenate reductase genes (arrA) closely related to Geobacter species have been frequently detected in arsenic-rich sediments, it is still unclear whether they directly participate in arsenic release, mainly due to lack of pure ...
DOI:
10.1021/es400231x

6. Arsenic Scavenging by Aluminum-Substituted Ferrihydrites in a Circumneutral pH River Impacted by Acid Mine Drainage.

Author:
Adra Areej; Morin Guillaume; Ona-Nguema Georges; Menguy Nicolas; Maillot Fabien; Casiot Corinne; Bruneel Odile; Lebrun Sophie; Juillot Farid; Brest Jessica
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.22 pp. 12784-12792
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-radiation; absorption; acid mine drainage; aluminum; arsenic; ferrihydrite; ions; iron; nanocrystals; neutralization; pH; pollutants; rivers; sediments; spectroscopy; water treatment
Abstract:
... Ferrihydrite (Fh) is a nanocrystalline ferric oxyhydroxide involved in the retention of pollutants in natural systems and in water-treatment processes. The status and properties of major chemical impurities in natural Fh is however still scarcely documented. Here we investigated the structure of aluminum-rich Fh, and their role in arsenic scavenging in river-bed sediments from a circumneutral rive ...
DOI:
10.1021/es4020234

7. Arsenic Speciation in Bituminous Coal Fly Ash and Transformations in Response to Redox Conditions

Author:
Deonarine Amrika; Kolker Allan; Foster Andrea L.; Doughten Michael W.; Holland James T.; Bailoo Jeremy D.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2016 v.50 no.11 pp. 6099-6106
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy; adsorption; anaerobic conditions; arsenic; biogeochemical cycles; calcium arsenate; coal; coal fly ash; ferrihydrite; glass; hosts; iron; leaching; oxides
Abstract:
... The risk of the mobilization of coal ash into the environment has highlighted the need for the assessment of the environmental behavior of coal ash, particularly with respect to toxic trace elements such as arsenic (As). Here, we examined As speciation in coal fly ash samples and transformations in response to aquatic redox conditions. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that 92–97% of total A ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.6b00957

8. Arsenic Species Formed from Arsenopyrite Weathering along a Contamination Gradient in Circumneutral River Floodplain Soils

Author:
Mandaliev Petar N.; Mikutta Christian; Barmettler Kurt; Kotsev Tsvetan; Kretzschmar Ruben
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.1 pp. 208-217
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; alluvial soils; anaerobic conditions; arsenic; bioavailability; breathing; ferric oxide; ferrihydrite; floodplains; fluorescence; geometry; humans; ingestion; iron; mining; pH; particle size; rivers; soil sampling; toxicity; wastes; weathering; wetlands; Bulgaria
Abstract:
... Arsenic is a toxic trace element, which commonly occurs as contaminant in riverine floodplains and associated wetlands affected by mining and ore processing. In this study, we investigated the solid-phase speciation of As in river floodplain soils characterized by circumneutral pH (5.7–7.1) and As concentrations of up to 40.3 g/kg caused by former mining of arsenopyrite-rich ores. Soil samples col ...
DOI:
10.1021/es403210y

9. Arsenite Binding to Sulfhydryl Groups in the Absence and Presence of Ferrihydrite: A Model Study

Author:
Hoffmann Martin; Mikutta Christian; Kretzschmar Ruben
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.7 pp. 3822-3831
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy; adsorbents; adsorption; air; arsenic; arsenites; binding sites; estuaries; ferrihydrite; ligands; marshes; models; organic matter; oxidation; pH; peatlands; plants (botany); redox potential; remediation; sulfhydryl groups; water vapor
Abstract:
... Binding of arsenite (As(III)) to sulfhydryl groups (Sₒᵣg(-II)) plays a key role in As detoxification mechanisms of plants and microorganisms, As remediation techniques, and reduced environmental systems rich in natural organic matter. Here, we studied the formation of Sₒᵣg(-II)–As(III) complexes on a sulfhydryl model adsorbent (Ambersep GT74 resin) in the absence and presence of ferrihydrite as a ...
DOI:
10.1021/es405221z

10. Behavior of Antimony(V) during the Transformation of Ferrihydrite and Its Environmental Implications

Author:
Mitsunobu Satoshi; Muramatsu Chihiro; Watanabe Katsuaki; Sakata Masahiro
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.17 pp. 9660-9667
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; antimony; crystallization; desorption; ferrihydrite; goethite; hematite; iron; pH; prediction; thermodynamics
Abstract:
... In this study, we investigated the behavior of Sb(V) during the transformation of poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxyhydroxides (two-line ferrihydrite) with various Sb/Fe molar ratios at pH 6.0. Both XRD and Fe EXAFS analyses confirmed that goethite and hematite are the primary transformation products of the ferrihydrite in the presence of Sb(V). The crystallization kinetics showed that the transformat ...
DOI:
10.1021/es4010398

11. Bioaccessibility of Arsenic in Mining-Impacted Circumneutral River Floodplain Soils

Author:
Mikutta Christian; Mandaliev Petar N.; Mahler Nina; Kotsev Tsvetan; Kretzschmar Ruben
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.22 pp. 13468-13477
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy; adults; adverse effects; alluvial soils; aluminum; arsenic; bioavailability; ferric oxide; ferrihydrite; floodplains; gastrointestinal system; geophagia; iron; mining; pH; particle size; regression analysis; riparian areas; risk; risk assessment; rivers
Abstract:
... Floodplain soils are frequently contaminated with metal(loid)s due to present or historic mining, but data on the bioaccessibility (BA) of contaminants in these periodically flooded soils are scarce. Therefore, we studied the speciation of As and Fe in eight As-contaminated circumneutral floodplain soils (≤21600 mg As/kg) and their size fractions using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and exami ...
DOI:
10.1021/es502635t

12. Controls on the Fate and Speciation of Np(V) During Iron (Oxyhydr)oxide Crystallization

Author:
Bots Pieter; Shaw Samuel; Law Gareth T.W.; Marshall Timothy A.; Mosselmans J. Frederick W.; Morris Katherine
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2016 v.50 no.7 pp. 3382-3390
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
hematite; goethite; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; iron; pH; crystallization; ferrihydrite; neptunium; adsorption
Abstract:
... The speciation and fate of neptunium as Np(V)O₂⁺ during the crystallization of ferrihydrite to hematite and goethite was explored in a range of systems. Adsorption of NpO₂⁺ to iron(III) (oxyhydr)oxide phases was reversible and, for ferrihydrite, occurred through the formation of mononuclear bidentate surface complexes. By contrast, chemical extractions and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analy ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b05571

13. Coupled Redox Transformation of Chromate and Arsenite on Ferrihydrite

Author:
Cerkez Elizabeth B.; Bhandari Narayan; Reeder Richard J.; Strongin Daniel R.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2015 v.49 no.5 pp. 2858-2866
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; adsorption; arsenic; arsenites; chromium; dissolved oxygen; ferrihydrite; iron oxyhydroxides; oxidation; oxygen; pH; superoxide anion
Abstract:
... The redox chemistry of chromate (Cr(VI)) and arsenite (As(III)) on the iron oxyhydroxide, ferrihydrite (Fh), was investigated. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to determine the composition of the adsorbed layer on Fh during and after exposure to solution-phase C ...
DOI:
10.1021/es505666w

14. Differential Arsenic Mobilization from As-Bearing Ferrihydrite by Iron-Respiring Shewanella Strains with Different Arsenic-Reducing Activities

Author:
Jiang Shenghua; Lee Ji-Hoon; Kim Donghun; Kanaly Robert A.; Kim Min-Gyu; Hur Hor-Gil
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.15 pp. 8616-8623
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Shewanella oneidensis; Shewanella putrefaciens; arsenates; arsenic; bacteria; ferrihydrite; oxidation; siderite; slurries
Abstract:
... Arsenic immobilization and release in the environment is significantly influenced by bacterial oxidation and reduction of arsenic and arsenic-bearing minerals. In this study, we tested three iron-reducing bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, Shewanella sp. HN-41, and Shewanella putrefaciens 200, which have diverse arsenate-reducing activities with regard to reduction of an As-bearing ferrihydrite ...
DOI:
10.1021/es400534z

15. Direct Observation of Tetrahedrally Coordinated Fe(III) in Ferrihydrite

Author:
Peak Derek; Regier Tom
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2012 v.46 no.6 pp. 3163-3168
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy; ferrihydrite; geochemistry; iron; iron oxides; nutrients; sediments; soil; surface water
Abstract:
... Ferrihydrite is a common iron hydroxide nanomineral commonly found in soils, sediments, and surface waters. Reactivity with this important environmental surface often controls the fate and mobility of both essential nutrients and inorganic contaminants. Despite the critical role of ferrihydrite in environmental geochemistry, its structure is still debated. In this work, we apply bulk sensitive Fe ...
DOI:
10.1021/es203816x

16. Dissimilatory Reduction and Transformation of Ferrihydrite-Humic Acid Coprecipitates

Author:
Shimizu Masayuki; Zhou Jihai; Schröder Christian; Obst Martin; Kappler Andreas; Borch Thomas
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.23 pp. 13375-13384
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
mineralization; Shewanella putrefaciens; crystal structure; sorption; goethite; iron; humic acids; soil; coprecipitation; ferrihydrite; magnetite; bacteria
Abstract:
... Organic matter (OM) is present in most terrestrial environments and is often found coprecipitated with ferrihydrite (Fh). Sorption or coprecipitation of OM with Fe oxides has been proposed to be an important mechanism for long-term C preservation. However, little is known about the impact of coprecipitated OM on reductive dissolution and transformation of Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides. Thus, we study th ...
DOI:
10.1021/es402812j

17. Early Stage Formation of Iron Oxyhydroxides during Neutralization of Simulated Acid Mine Drainage Solutions

Author:
Zhu Mengqiang; Legg Benjamin; Zhang Hengzhong; Gilbert Benjamin; Ren Yang; Banfield Jillian F.; Waychunas Glenn A.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2012 v.46 no.15 pp. 8140-8147
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; acid mine drainage; drainage water; ferrihydrite; iron; iron oxyhydroxides; neutralization; pH; sodium bicarbonate; sulfates
Abstract:
... The phases and stability of ferric iron products formed early during neutralization of acid mine drainage waters remain largely unknown. In this work, we used in situ and time-resolved quick-scanning X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to study products formed between 4 min and 1 h after ferric iron sulfate solutions were partially neutralized by addition of NaHCO₃ ([HCO₃–]/[Fe³⁺] ...
DOI:
10.1021/es301268g

18. Effect of Ferrihydrite Crystallite Size on Phosphate Adsorption Reactivity

Author:
Wang Xiaoming; Li Wei; Harrington Richard; Liu Fan; Parise John B.; Feng Xionghan; Sparks Donald L.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.18 pp. 10322-10331
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; adsorption; crystallites; ferrihydrite; freeze drying; hydroxyl radicals; infrared spectroscopy; nitrogen; pH; phosphates; potassium chloride; reflectance; spectral analysis; surface area; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... The influence of crystallite size on the adsorption reactivity of phosphate on 2-line to 6-line ferrihydrites was investigated by combining adsorption experiments, structure and surface analysis, and spectroscopic analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the ferrihydrite samples possessed a similar fundamental structure with a crystallite size varyin ...
DOI:
10.1021/es401301z

19. Effect of Humic Acid on the Removal of Chromium(VI) and the Production of Solids in Iron Electrocoagulation

Author:
Pan Chao; Troyer Lyndsay D.; Liao Peng; Catalano Jeffrey G.; Li Wenlu; Giammar Daniel E.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2017 v.51 no.11 pp. 6308-6318
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; chromium; colloids; dissolved oxygen; ferrihydrite; humic acids; iron; iron oxides; lepidocrocite; pH; water supply
Abstract:
... Iron-based electrocoagulation can be highly effective for Cr(VI) removal from water supplies. However, the presence of humic acid (HA) inhibited the rate of Cr(VI) removal in electrocoagulation, with the greatest decreases in Cr(VI) removal rate at higher pH. This inhibition was probably due to the formation of Fe(II) complexes with HA that are more rapidly oxidized than uncomplexed Fe(II) by diss ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.7b00371

20. Effect of Solution and Solid-Phase Conditions on the Fe(II)-Accelerated Transformation of Ferrihydrite to Lepidocrocite and Goethite

Author:
Boland Daniel D.; Collins Richard N.; Miller Christopher J.; Glover Chris J.; Waite T. David
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.10 pp. 5477-5485
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
ferrihydrite; goethite; iron; iron oxyhydroxides; lepidocrocite; mineralization; pH
Abstract:
... Aqueous ferrous iron (Fe(II)) accelerates the transformation of ferrihydrite into secondary, more crystalline minerals however the factors controlling the rate and, indeed, the underlying mechanism of this transformation process remain unclear. Here, we present the first detailed study of the kinetics of the Fe(II)-accelerated transformation of ferrihydrite to goethite, via lepidocrocite, for a ra ...
DOI:
10.1021/es4043275

21. Effect of Structural Transformation of Nanoparticulate Zero-Valent Iron on Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species

Author:
He Di; Ma Jinxing; Collins Richard N.; Waite T. David
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2016 v.50 no.7 pp. 3820-3828
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-radiation; absorption; carbon; ferrihydrite; formates; hydrogen peroxide; iron; isotope labeling; lepidocrocite; oxidants; oxidation; radionuclides; spectroscopy
Abstract:
... While it has been recognized for some time that addition of nanoparticlate zerovalent iron (nZVI) to oxygen-containing water results in both corrosion of Fe⁰ and oxidation of contaminants, there is limited understanding of either the relationship between transformation of nZVI and oxidant formation or the factors controlling the lifetime and extent of oxidant production. Using Fe K-edge extended X ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b04988

22. Electron Transfer from Humic Substances to Biogenic and Abiogenic Fe(III) Oxyhydroxide Minerals

Author:
Piepenbrock Annette; Schröder Christian; Kappler Andreas
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.3 pp. 1656-1664
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
carbon; crystal structure; electron transfer; electrons; ferrihydrite; goethite; humic acids; iron; microbial biomass; oxides; peat; redox potential
Abstract:
... Microbial humic substance (HS) reduction and subsequent abiotic electron transfer from reduced HS to poorly soluble Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides, a process named electron shuttling, significantly increases microbial Fe(III) mineral reduction rates. However, the importance of electron shuttling in nature and notably the electron transfer from HS to biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides have thus far not been ...
DOI:
10.1021/es404497h

23. Enhanced Colloidal Stability of CeO2 Nanoparticles by Ferrous Ions: Adsorption, Redox Reaction, and Surface Precipitation

Author:
Liu Xuyang; Ray Jessica R.; Neil Chelsea W.; Li Qingyun; Jun Young-Shin
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2015 v.49 no.9 pp. 5476-5483
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
adsorption; anaerobic conditions; ceric oxide; cerium; ferrihydrite; ferrous chloride; hydrophilicity; iron; nanoparticles; pH; phase transition; redox reactions; toxicity; zeta potential
Abstract:
... Due to the toxicity of cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles (NPs), a better understanding of the redox reaction-induced surface property changes of CeO₂ NPs and their transport in natural and engineered aqueous systems is needed. This study investigates the impact of redox reactions with ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) on the colloidal stability of CeO₂ NPs. We demonstrated that under anaerobic conditions, suspe ...
DOI:
10.1021/es506363x

24. Evidence of Coupled Carbon and Iron Cycling at a Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Site from Time Lapse Magnetic Susceptibility

Author:
Lund Anders L.; Slater Lee D.; Atekwana Estella A.; Ntarlagiannis Dimitrios; Cozzarelli Isabelle; Bekins Barbara A.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2017 v.51 no.19 pp. 11244-11249
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
biodegradation; carbon; data collection; ferrihydrite; hydrocarbons; iron; magnetite; models; monitoring; pollution; sediments; siderite; Minnesota
Abstract:
... Conventional characterization and monitoring of hydrocarbon (HC) pollution is often expensive and time-consuming. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) has been proposed as an inexpensive, long-term monitoring proxy of the degradation of HC. We acquired repeated down hole MS logging data in boreholes at a HC-contaminated field research site in Bemidji, MN, USA. The MS data were analyzed in conjunction with ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.7b02155

25. Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Bacillus subtilis Associated with Minerals Modify the Extent and Rate of Heavy Metal Sorption

Author:
Mikutta Robert; Baumgärtner Anja; Schippers Axel; Haumaier Ludwig; Guggenberger Georg
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2012 v.46 no.7 pp. 3866-3873
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Bacillus subtilis; adsorption; bentonite; copper; ferrihydrite; heavy metals; lead; microorganisms; nitrogen; organic matter; pH; porosity; potassium chloride; soil; surface area; zinc
Abstract:
... Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are an important source of organic matter in soil. Once released by microorganisms, a portion may be sorbed to mineral surfaces, thereby altering the mineral̀s ability to immobilize heavy metals. EPS from Bacillus subtilis were reacted with Ca-saturated bentonite and ferrihydrite in 0.01 M KCl at pH 5.0 to follow the preferential uptake of EPS-C, -N, and -P ...
DOI:
10.1021/es204471x

26. Fate of Cd during Microbial Fe(III) Mineral Reduction by a Novel and Cd-Tolerant Geobacter Species

Author:
Muehe E. Marie; Obst Martin; Hitchcock Adam; Tyliszczak Tolek; Behrens Sebastian; Schröder Christian; Byrne James M.; Michel F. Marc; Krämer Ute; Kappler Andreas
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.24 pp. 14099-14109
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Geobacter; agricultural soils; bacteria; cadmium; calcium; coprecipitation; ferrihydrite; iron; oxides; sorption; toxicity
Abstract:
... Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides affect the mobility of contaminants in the environment by providing reactive surfaces for sorption. This includes the toxic metal cadmium (Cd), which prevails in agricultural soils and is taken up by crops. Fe(III)-reducing bacteria can mobilize such contaminants by Fe(III) mineral dissolution or immobilize them by sorption to or coprecipitation with secondary Fe minerals. ...
DOI:
10.1021/es403365w

27. Ferrihydrite Formation: The Role of Fe13 Keggin Clusters

Author:
Weatherill Joshua S.; Morris Katherine; Bots Pieter; Stawski Tomasz M.; Janssen Arne; Abrahamsen Liam; Blackham Richard; Shaw Samuel
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2016 v.50 no.17 pp. 9333-9342
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
ferrihydrite; hydrolysis; industrial effluents; iron; iron oxyhydroxides; models; molecular weight; nanoparticles; nitrates; pH; sodium hydroxide; soil; titration; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... Ferrihydrite is the most common iron oxyhydroxide found in soil and is a key sequester of contaminants in the environment. Ferrihydrite formation is also a common component of many treatment processes for cleanup of industrial effluents. Here we characterize ferrihydrite formation during the titration of an acidic ferric nitrate solution with NaOH. In situ SAXS measurements supported by ex situ TE ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.6b02481

28. Highly Active Mesoporous Ferrihydrite Supported Pt Catalyst for Formaldehyde Removal at Room Temperature

Author:
Yan Zhaoxiong; Xu Zhihua; Yu Jiaguo; Jaroniec Mietek
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2015 v.49 no.11 pp. 6637-6644
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
adsorption; ambient temperature; catalysts; catalytic activity; cost effectiveness; ferrihydrite; formaldehyde; magnetite; microstructure; oxidation; platinum; porous media; titanium dioxide
Abstract:
... Ferrihydrite (Fh) supported Pt (Pt/Fh) catalyst was first prepared by combining microemulsion and NaBH₄ reduction methods and investigated for room-temperature removal of formaldehyde (HCHO). It was found that the order of addition of Pt precursor and ferrihydrite in the preparation process has an important effect on the microstructure and performance of the catalyst. Pt/Fh was shown to be an effi ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b00532

29. Impact of Birnessite on Arsenic and Iron Speciation during Microbial Reduction of Arsenic-Bearing Ferrihydrite

Author:
Ehlert Katrin; Mikutta Christian; Kretzschmar Ruben
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.19 pp. 11320-11329
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Shewanella; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; arsenic; bacteria; birnessite; ferrihydrite; flooded conditions; iron; manganese; manganese oxides; oxidation; pH; sediments; soil
Abstract:
... Elevated solution concentrations of As in anoxic natural systems are usually accompanied by microbially mediated As(V), Mn(III/IV), and Fe(III) reduction. The microbially mediated reductive dissolution of Fe(III)-(oxyhydr)oxides mainly liberates sorbed As(V) which is subsequently reduced to As(III). Manganese oxides have been shown to rapidly oxidize As(III) and Fe(II) under oxic conditions, but t ...
DOI:
10.1021/es5031323

30. Impact of Redox Reactions on Colloid Transport in Saturated Porous Media: An Example of Ferrihydrite Colloids Transport in the Presence of Sulfide

Author:
Liao Peng; Yuan Songhu; Wang Dengjun
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2016 v.50 no.20 pp. 10968-10977
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
colloids; ferrihydrite; oxidation; porous media; sand; sulfides; sulfur; zeta potential
Abstract:
... Transport of colloids in the subsurface is an important environmental process with most research interests centered on the transport in chemically stable conditions. While colloids can be formed under dynamic redox conditions, the impact of redox reactions on their transport is largely overlooked. Taking the redox reactions between ferrihydrite colloids and sulfide as an example, we investigated h ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.6b02542

31. Impacts of Ionic Strength on Three-Dimensional Nanoparticle Aggregate Structure and Consequences for Environmental Transport and Deposition

Author:
Legg Benjamin A.; Zhu Mengqiang; Comolli Luis R.; Gilbert Benjamin; Banfield Jillian F.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.23 pp. 13703-13710
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-radiation; environmental policy; ferrihydrite; ionic strength; models; nanoparticles; quartz; sand; sodium nitrate; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... The transport of nanoparticles through aqueous systems is a complex process with important environmental policy ramifications. Ferrihydrite nanoparticles commonly form aggregates, with structures that depend upon solution chemistry. The impact of aggregation state on transport and deposition is not fully understood. In this study, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryogenic transmission elec ...
DOI:
10.1021/es502654q

32. Importance of Dynamic Soil Properties in Metal Retention: An Example from Long-Term Cu Partitioning and Redistribution Studies Using Model Systems

Author:
Martínez-Villegas Nadia; Martínez Carmen Enid
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2012 v.46 no.15 pp. 8069-8074
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
copper; dissolved organic carbon; ferrihydrite; mixing; models; montmorillonite; soil properties; soil remediation; sorbents; yard waste composts
Abstract:
... The effect of initial conditions and reaction pathways in the long term solid-solution partitioning and solid-phase distribution of Cu among ferrihydrite, leaf compost (LC), and montmorillonite (K-SWy2) were established using compartmentalized batch reactors by varying the sequence of mixing of the sorbents. Copper was allowed to react with a single solid phase for 30 days (1st equilibration) befo ...
DOI:
10.1021/es3001932

33. Importance of a Nanoscience Approach in the Understanding of Major Aqueous Contamination Scenarios: Case Study from a Recent Coal Ash Spill

Author:
Yang Yi; Colman Benjamin P.; Bernhardt Emily S.; Hochella Michael F.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2015 v.49 no.6 pp. 3375-3382
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
arsenic; case studies; coal; copper; drain pipes; ferrihydrite; iron; iron oxyhydroxides; nanoparticles; river water; rivers; sediments; seepage; transmission electron microscopy; ultrafiltration; North Carolina
Abstract:
... A coal ash spill that occurred from an ash impoundment pond into the Dan River, North Carolina, provided a unique opportunity to study the significance and role of naturally occurring and incidental nanomaterials associated with contaminant distribution from a large-scale, acute aquatic contamination event. Besides traditional measurements of bulk watercolumn and sediment metal concentrations, the ...
DOI:
10.1021/es505662q

34. Incorporation and Retention of 99-Tc(IV) in Magnetite under High pH Conditions

Author:
Marshall Timothy A.; Morris Katherine; Law Gareth T. W.; Mosselmans J. Frederick W.; Bots Pieter; Parry Stephen A.; Shaw Samuel
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.20 pp. 11853-11862
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; absorption; air; cement; crystallization; ferrihydrite; goethite; iron; leachates; maghemite; magnetite; oxidation; pH; radioactive waste; technetium; waste disposal
Abstract:
... Technetium incorporation into magnetite and its behavior during subsequent oxidation has been investigated at high pH to determine the technetium retention mechanism(s) on formation and oxidative perturbation of magnetite in systems relevant to radioactive waste disposal. Ferrihydrite was exposed to Tc(VII)₍ₐq₎ containing cement leachates (pH 10.5–13.1), and crystallization of magnetite was induce ...
DOI:
10.1021/es503438e

35. Influence of Chelating Agents on Biogenic Uraninite Reoxidation by Fe(III) (Hydr)oxides

Author:
Stewart Brandy D.; Girardot Crystal; Spycher Nicolas; Sani Rajesh K.; Peyton Brent M.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.1 pp. 364-371
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
hematite; citrates; uranium; chelating agents; goethite; bioremediation; bicarbonates; EDTA (chelating agent); iron; models; environmental factors; pH; batch systems; ferrihydrite
Abstract:
... Microbially mediated reduction of soluble U(VI) to U(IV) with subsequent precipitation of uraninite, UO₂₍S₎, has been proposed as a method for limiting uranium (U) migration. However, microbially reduced UO₂ may be susceptible to reoxidation by environmental factors, with Fe(III) (hydr)oxides playing a significant role. Little is known about the role that organic compounds such as Fe(III) chelator ...
DOI:
10.1021/es303022p

36. Influence of Coprecipitated Organic Matter on Fe2+(aq)-Catalyzed Transformation of Ferrihydrite: Implications for Carbon Dynamics

Author:
Chen Chunmei; Kukkadapu Ravi; Sparks Donald L.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2015 v.49 no.18 pp. 10927-10936
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
carbon; coprecipitation; ferrihydrite; goethite; iron; lepidocrocite; magnetite; organic matter
Abstract:
... Aqueous Fe(II) is known to catalyze the abiotic transformation of ferrihydrite to more stable Fe minerals. However, little is known about the impacts of coprecipitated OM on Fe(II)-catalyzed ferrihydrite transformation and its consequences for C dynamics. Accordingly, we investigated the extent and pathway of Fe(II)-induced transformation of OM-ferrihydrite coprecipitates as a function of C/Fe rat ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b02448

37. Influence of Zn(II) on the Adsorption of Arsenate onto Ferrihydrite

Author:
Carabante Ivan; Grahn Mattias; Holmgren Allan; Kumpiene Jurate; Hedlund Jonas
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2012 v.46 no.24 pp. 13152-13159
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; adsorption; arsenates; arsenic; ferrihydrite; ions; iron oxides; pH; soil; zinc
Abstract:
... Addition of iron oxide to arsenic-contaminated soil has been proposed as a means of reducing the mobility of arsenic in the soil. Arsenic and zinc are common coexisting contaminants in soils. The presence of zinc therefore may affect the adsorption properties of arsenic on iron oxide, and may thus affect its mobility in the soil. The influence of Zn(II) on the adsorption of arsenate ions on iron o ...
DOI:
10.1021/es300729m

38. Inhibition of Uranium(VI) Sorption on Titanium Dioxide by Surface Iron(III) Species in Ferric Oxide/Titanium Dioxide Systems

Author:
Comarmond M. Josick; Payne Timothy E.; Collins Richard N.; Palmer Gabriel; Lumpkin Gregory R.; Angove Michael J.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2012 v.46 no.20 pp. 11128-11134
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy; coprecipitation; ferric oxide; ferrihydrite; iron; lepidocrocite; pH; sorbents; sorption; titanium dioxide; uranium
Abstract:
... Uranium (U(VI)) sorption in systems containing titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and various Fe(III)-oxide phases was investigated in the acidic pH range (pH 2.5–6). Studies were conducted with physical mixtures of TiO₂ and ferrihydrite, TiO₂ with coprecipitated ferrihydrite, and with systems where Fe(III) was mostly present as crystalline Fe(III) oxides. The presence of ferrihydrite resulted in decreased U ...
DOI:
10.1021/es302574j

39. Investigating the Geochemical Model for Molybdenum Mineralization in the JEB Tailings Management Facility at McClean Lake, Saskatchewan: An X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study

Author:
Blanchard Peter E. R.; Hayes John R.; Grosvenor Andrew P.; Rowson John; Hughes Kebbi; Brown Caitlin
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2015 v.49 no.11 pp. 6504-6509
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy; ferric hydroxide; ferrihydrite; lakes; mineralization; models; molybdates; molybdenum; Saskatchewan
Abstract:
... The geochemical model for Mo mineralization in the JEB Tailings Management Facility (JEB TMF), operated by AREVA Resources Canada at McClean Lake, Saskatchewan, was investigated using X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES), an elemental-specific technique that is sensitive to low elemental concentrations. Twenty five samples collected during the 2013 sampling campaign from various locatio ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b00528

40. Investigation of Chromate Coordination on Ferrihydrite by in Situ ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Theoretical Frequency Calculations

Author:
Johnston Chad P.; Chrysochoou Maria
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2012 v.46 no.11 pp. 5851-5858
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; adsorption; bioavailability; deuterium; ferrihydrite; ionic strength; iron oxides; pH; reflectance
Abstract:
... Chromate mobility, reactivity, and bioavailability in soil environments are affected by adsorption reactions on iron oxide minerals, but the adsorption mechanisms remain controversial. In this study, we employed in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and theoretical frequency calculations to characterize chromate adsorption on 2-line ferrihydrite. The effects ...
DOI:
10.1021/es300660r

41. Iron and Arsenic Speciation and Distribution in Organic Flocs from Streambeds of an Arsenic-Enriched Peatland

Author:
ThomasArrigo Laurel K.; Mikutta Christian; Byrne James; Barmettler Kurt; Kappler Andreas; Kretzschmar Ruben
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.22 pp. 13218-13228
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Chlorophyta; Closterium; X-radiation; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; algae; arsenates; arsenic; arsenites; carbohydrates; ferrihydrite; freshwater; iron; lepidocrocite; nanocrystals; oxides; pH; peatlands; sorbents; stream channels; surface water; Switzerland
Abstract:
... Iron-rich organic flocs are frequently observed in surface waters of wetlands and show a high affinity for trace metal(loid)s. To date, spectroscopic speciation analyses of Fe and trace elements in these mineral-organic matter (OM) associations are missing. In this study, we investigated the speciation and distribution of Fe and As in flocs collected from low-flow streams (pH 5.3–6.3) of the natur ...
DOI:
10.1021/es503550g

42. Iron and Carbon Dynamics during Aging and Reductive Transformation of Biogenic Ferrihydrite

Author:
Cismasu A. Cristina; Williams Kenneth H.; Nico Peter S.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2016 v.50 no.1 pp. 25-35
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Gallionella; anaerobic conditions; aquifers; biogeochemical cycles; biomass production; carbon; carbonate minerals; coprecipitation; ferrihydrite; groundwater; iron; iron carbonate; microbial activity; organic matter; pH; sorption; spectroscopy; sulfides; Colorado
Abstract:
... Natural organic matter is often associated with Fe(III) oxyhydroxides, and may be stabilized as a result of coprecipitation or sorption to their surfaces. However, the significance of this association in relation to Fe and C dynamics and biogeochemical cycling, and the mechanisms responsible for organic matter stabilization as a result of interaction with minerals under various environmental condi ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b03021

43. Iron(II)-Catalyzed Iron Atom Exchange and Mineralogical Changes in Iron-rich Organic Freshwater Flocs: An Iron Isotope Tracer Study

Author:
ThomasArrigo Laurel K.; Mikutta Christian; Byrne James; Kappler Andreas; Kretzschmar Ruben
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2017 v.51 no.12 pp. 6897-6907
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; arsenic; ferrihydrite; freshwater; goethite; iron; isotopes; lepidocrocite; nanocrystals; organic matter; oxides; pH; temperature; wetlands
Abstract:
... In freshwater wetlands, organic flocs are often found enriched in trace metal(loid)s associated with poorly crystalline Fe(III)-(oxyhydr)oxides. Under reducing conditions, flocs may become exposed to aqueous Fe(II), triggering Fe(II)-catalyzed mineral transformations and trace metal(loid) release. In this study, pure ferrihydrite, a synthetic ferrihydrite-polygalacturonic acid coprecipitate (16.7 ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.7b01495

44. Iron-Sulfide-Associated Products Formed during Reductive Dechlorination of Carbon Tetrachloride

Author:
Lan Ying; Butler Elizabeth C.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2016 v.50 no.11 pp. 5489-5497
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; carbon tetrachloride; dechlorination; energy-dispersive X-ray analysis; ferrihydrite; iron; oxidation; oxides; oxygen; pH; sulfides; sulfur
Abstract:
... This paper investigated the mackinawite (FeS)-associated products formed during reaction between FeS and carbon tetrachloride (CT) at pH 7 and 8. At pH 8, reaction of FeS with CT led to formation of abundant spherical particles with diameters between 50 and 400 nm on the FeS surface and in solution; far fewer such particles were observed at pH 7. Analysis of the FeS surface by energy dispersive X- ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b06154

45. Kinetics of Cation and Oxyanion Adsorption and Desorption on Ferrihydrite: Roles of Ferrihydrite Binding Sites and a Unified Model

Author:
Tian Lei; Shi Zhenqing; Lu Yang; Dohnalkova Alice C.; Lin Zhang; Dang Zhi
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2017 v.51 no.18 pp. 10605-10614
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
adsorption; arsenic; binding properties; binding sites; cations; chromium; copper; desorption; energy-dispersive X-ray analysis; ferrihydrite; lead; models; oxyanions; pollution; prediction; toxicity; transmission electron microscopy; vanadium
Abstract:
... Quantitative understanding the kinetics of toxic ion reactions with various heterogeneous ferrihydrite binding sites is crucial for accurately predicting the dynamic behavior of contaminants in environment. In this study, kinetics of As(V), Cr(VI), Cu(II), and Pb(II) adsorption and desorption on ferrihydrite was studied using a stirred-flow method, which showed that metal adsorption/desorption kin ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.7b03249

46. Mechanisms of Chromate, Selenate, and Sulfate Adsorption on Al-Substituted Ferrihydrite: Implications for Ferrihydrite Surface Structure and Reactivity

Author:
Johnston Chad P.; Chrysochoou Maria
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2016 v.50 no.7 pp. 3589-3596
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; adsorption; aluminum; data collection; ferrihydrite; iron; nanocrystals; oxides; oxyanions; pH; pollution; selenates; spectral analysis; sulfates
Abstract:
... Ferrihydrite is a nanocrystalline Fe (hydr)oxide and important sink for environmental contaminants. Although Fe (hydr)oxides are rarely pure in natural systems, little is known about the effects of structural impurities such as Al on the surface properties and reactivity of ferrihydrite. In this study, we characterized the adsorption mechanisms of chromate, selenate, and sulfate on Al-substituted ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.5b05529

47. Mechanisms on the Impacts of Alkalinity, pH, and Chloride on Persulfate-Based Groundwater Remediation

Author:
Li Wei; Orozco Ruben; Camargos Natalia; Liu Haizhou
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2017 v.51 no.7 pp. 3948-3959
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
aldehydes; alkalinity; aquifers; benzene; carbonates; chlorides; ferrihydrite; goethite; groundwater; hydroxyl radicals; hydroxylation; iron; kinetics; manganese; models; oxidation; pH; phenol; reaction kinetics; remediation; sulfates
Abstract:
... Persulfate (S₂O₈²–)-based in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) has gained more attention in recent years due to the generation of highly reactive and selective sulfate radical (SO₄•–). This study examined the effects of important groundwater chemical parameters, i.e., alkalinity, pH, and chloride on benzene degradation via heterogeneous persulfate activation by three Fe(III)- and Mn(IV)-containing aq ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.est.6b04849

48. Method for Distinctive Estimation of Stored Acidity Forms in Acid Mine Wastes

Author:
Li Jun; Kawashima Nobuyuki; Fan Rong; Schumann Russell C.; Gerson Andrea R.; Smart Roger St.C.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.19 pp. 11445-11452
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
acidity; adsorption; coprecipitation; drainage water; ferrihydrite; goethite; jarosite; metals; mining; oxidation; pH; pollutants; soil; sulfates; toxicity; wastes
Abstract:
... Jarosites and schwertmannite can be formed in the unsaturated oxidation zone of sulfide-containing mine waste rock and tailings together with ferrihydrite and goethite. They are also widely found in process wastes from electrometallurgical smelting and metal bioleaching and within drained coastal lowland soils (acid-sulfate soils). These secondary minerals can temporarily store acidity and metals ...
DOI:
10.1021/es502482m

49. Microbial Reduction of U(VI) under Alkaline Conditions: Implications for Radioactive Waste Geodisposal

Author:
Williamson Adam J.; Morris Katherine; Law Gareth T. W.; Rizoulis Athanasios; Charnock John M.; Lloyd Jonathan R.
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2014 v.48 no.22 pp. 13549-13556
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
Bacteroidetes; Firmicutes; Gram-positive bacteria; air; biogeochemistry; ferrihydrite; genes; iron; magnetite; nitrates; oxygen; pH; radioactive waste; ribosomal RNA; sediments; sequence analysis; sorption; superoxide anion; uranium
Abstract:
... Although there is consensus that microorganisms significantly influence uranium speciation and mobility in the subsurface under circumneutral conditions, microbiologically mediated U(VI) redox cycling under alkaline conditions relevant to the geological disposal of cementitious intermediate level radioactive waste, remains unexplored. Here, we describe microcosm experiments that investigate the bi ...
DOI:
10.1021/es5017125

50. Molecular Trickery in Soil Organic Matter: Hidden Lignin

Author:
Hernes Peter J.; Kaiser Klaus; Dyda Rachael Y.; Cerli Chiara
Source:
Environmental Science & Technology 2013 v.47 no.16 pp. 9077-9085
ISSN:
1520-5851
Subject:
sediments; annuals; kaolinite; absorbance; phenols; goethite; soil organic matter; soil; carbon; cupric oxide; illite; montmorillonite; leachates; oxidation; ferrihydrite; Quercus douglasii; lignin; desorption
Abstract:
... Binding to minerals is one mechanism crucial toward the accumulation and stabilization of organic matter (OM) in soils. Of the various biochemicals produced by plants, lignin-derived phenols are among the most surface-reactive compounds. However, it is not known to what extent mineral-bound lignin-derived phenols can be analytically assessed by alkaline CuO oxidation. We tested the potential irrev ...
DOI:
10.1021/es401019n