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1. Adsorption of Bipyridylium Herbicides by Humic Acid

Author:
Khan, S. U.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 202-206
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
adsorption; aluminum; calcium; cations; cobalt; copper; diquat; geometry; humic acids; ion exchange; iron; magnesium; manganese; nickel; paraquat; protons; spectroscopy; zinc
Abstract:
... The adsorption of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridylium dichloride) and diquat (1,1′-ethylene-2,2′-bipyridylium dibromide) by various cation-saturated humic acids was investigated. The cation order for increasing adsorption for the two herbicides was nearly the same and followed the sequence: Al³⁺ < Fe³⁺ < Cu²⁺ < Ni²⁺ < Zn²⁺ < Co²⁺ < Mn²⁺ < H⁺ < Ca²⁺ < Mg²⁺. It was suggested that the colloid g ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030003x

2. An Automatic Pumping Sampler for Evaluating the Transport of Pesticides in Suspended Sediment

Author:
Parr, J. F.; Willis, G. H.; McDowell, L. L.; Murphree, C. E.; Smith, S.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 292-294
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
DDT (pesticide); adsorption; fiberglass; laboratory experimentation; mirex; mixing; plastics; rubber; suspended sediment; toxaphene; trifluralin
Abstract:
... Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the utility of an automatic pumping sampler for assessing the transport and concentration of pesticides in suspended sediment. Pesticide-sedimentwater mixtures were formulated with pesticide-sediment ratios ranging from 1:15,000 to 1:500. After stirring periods of 10 and 60 min, these formulations were pumped through the sampler and aliquots collected fo ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030023x

3. Changes in the Rhizosphere Effect of Millet Associated with Sprinkler Irrigation with Animal Wastes

Author:
Dazzo, Frank B.; Smith, Paul H.; Hubbell, David H.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 270-273
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
amino acids; bacteria; cow manure; irrigation rates; lipolytic microorganisms; millets; population dynamics; proteolysis; rhizosphere; roots; sand; slurries; soil; sprinkler irrigation
Abstract:
... The microbial population changes in Scranton fine sand and adjacent millet rhizospheres resulting from sprinkler irrigation with cow manure slurry were investigated. Increasing the rate of irrigation with manure slurry resulted in a decline in the R/S ratio of ureolytic, proteolytic, amylolytic, and lipolytic microorganisms. A nutritional grouping study of the predominant bacteria indicated a sign ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030018x

4. Columns Representing Mound-type Disposal Systems for Septic Tank Effluent: II. Nutrient Transformations and Bacterial Populations

Author:
Magdoff, F. R.; Keeney, D. R.; Bouma, J.; Ziebell, W. A.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 228-234
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
Streptococcus; aerobic conditions; ammonium nitrogen; carbon; chemical oxygen demand; denitrification; fecal bacteria; indicator species; nitrate nitrogen; nitrogen; orthophosphates; oxidation; phosphorus; septic systems; sewage effluent; silt loam soils; sorption; total nitrogen; total phosphorus
Abstract:
... Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transformations and bacterial populations were studied in columns representing a mound disposal system. Total-N, total-P, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the influent (septic tank effluent) averaged 42, 21, and 257 mg/liter, respectively. The reduced-N forms present in the influent (NH₄-N and organic-N) were oxidized to NO₃-N in the aerobic fill and about 3 ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030009x

5. Columns Representing Mound-Type Disposal Systems for Septic Tank Effluent: I. Soil-water and Gas Relations

Author:
Magdoff, F. R.; Bouma, J.; Keeney, D. R.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 223-228
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
aerobic conditions; bedrock; gravel; redox potential; sand; sandy loam soils; seepage; septic systems; sewage effluent; silt loam soils; soil water; topsoil
Abstract:
... Columns were designed to represent the vertical dimensions of a mound-type disposal system for receiving septic tank effluent on problem soils. The columns were filled with gravel (representing creviced bedrock), silt loam (representing the original topsoil), a sand or sandy loam till (fill material), gravel (the seepage bed), and another layer of silt loam (the mound cover). The columns were dose ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030008x

6. Decomposition in Soil of Waste Cooking Oils Used in Potato Processing

Author:
Smith, J. H.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 279-281
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
air flow; application rate; carbon dioxide; cooking fats and oils; kitchen waste; nitrogen; potatoes; silt loam soils; soybean oil; temperature; toxicity
Abstract:
... Cooking oils used in potato processing are sometimes wasted in small quantities into the effluent that goes to land disposal. To determine the effect of this oil on land, palm and soybean oils were added to Portneuf silt loam at rates of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 g oil in 100 g soil (2.2, 11.2, 22.4, and 112 metric tons/ha, respectively). Nitrogen was added and the mixtures were incubated at constant ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030020x

7. Degradation of Trifluralin in Soil Suspensions as Related to Redox Potential

Author:
Willis, G. H.; Wander, R. C.; Southwick, L. M.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 262-265
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
carbon; carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide production; energy; oxygen; redox potential; soil; trifluralin
Abstract:
... A system for controlling redox potential in soil suspensions was used to investigate the relationship between oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) and the rate of trifluralin (a-a-a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) degradation. Redox potentials of +450, +250, +150, +50, 0, and −50 mV were imposed on trifluralinamended (1 ppm oven-dry weight soil basis) soil suspensions (100 g soil in ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030016x

8. Determination of Trace Metals in Sodium Dithionite-Citrate Extracts of Soils and Sediments by Atomic Absorption

Author:
Jenne, E. A.; Ball, J. W.; Simpson, C.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 281-287
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
absorption; cobalt; copper; dithionite; fulvic acids; iron; molybdenum; nickel; oxides; pH; sediments; sodium; soil; solvents; zinc
Abstract:
... A general method has been developed for the analysis of Co, Cu, Ni, Mo, and Zn in dithionite-citrate extracts of soils and sediments. Because of the high Zn content of dithionite, it is necessary to preclean the dithionite-citrate solution before it is used to extract soils or sediments. This precleaning lowers the detection level significantly for other trace elements as well. Since Fe causes fla ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030021x

9. Diurnal Fluctuation and Movement of Atmospheric Ammonia and Related Gases from Dairies

Author:
Luebs, R. E.; Davis, K. R.; Laag, A. E.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 265-269
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
absorption; air sampling; ammonia; cows; crops; dairies; diurnal variation; gases; soil; surface water; temperature inversion; volatilization; wastes; wind
Abstract:
... Simultaneous 24-hour air sampling, 0.8 km upwind from the nearest cows in a large dairy area (145,000 cows) and 11.2 km upwind from the dairy area, showed distillable N (mostly NH₃) concentrations of 190 and 6 µg/m³, respectively. An average distillable-N concentration of 540 µg/m³ was measured during a 24-hour sampling at the downwind corral fence of an isolated 600-cow dairy. These data indicate ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030017x

10. Effect of Nitrate and Sediment Constraints on Economically Optimal Crop Production

Author:
Onishi, H.; Swanson, E. R.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 234-238
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
crop production; income; leachates; linear programming; nitrate nitrogen; nitrates; rhizosphere; sediments; water quality; watersheds
Abstract:
... Crop systems and practices which are economically optimal in a 485.6-ha (1,200-acre) watershed with a planned recreational reservoir were determined under conditions of varying constraints on water quality in the reservoir. The technique of linear programming was used. Two requirements related to sedimentation and three requirements related to NO₃⁻-N concentration in the leachate below the root zo ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030010x

11. Field Study of Solute Movement in a Highly Aggregated Oxisol with Intermittent Flooding: II. Picloram

Author:
Rao, P. S. C.; Green, R. E.; Balasubramanian, V.; Kanehiro, Y.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 197-202
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
Oxisols; adsorption; ceramics; irrigation; leaching; micropores; nitrates; picloram; potassium; soil profiles; soil solution; solutes; Molokai
Abstract:
... Most of the applied herbicide picloram (potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) was retained in the top 40-cm depth of the Molokai soil with cumulative applications of 48 to 74 cm water following application of the chemical to the soil surface. Distribution of picloram in the soil profile one week after each irrigation was determined by in situ sampling of soil solution with porou ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030002x

12. Land Surface Erosion and Rainfall as Sources of Strontium-90 in Streams

Author:
Menzel, Ronald G.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 219-223
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
pesticides; radionuclides; rain; runoff; streams; strontium; watersheds; Eastern United States; Missouri River; Ohio River; Southwestern United States
Abstract:
... Strontium-90 concentrations in streams from 1958 to 1967 reflected the changing concentrations in rainfall and accumulation on the land surface. Correlation analysis of data from nationwide sampling networks shows that the ⁹⁰Sr concentration in streams was accounted for, on the average, by 1.7% of the rainout 2 months earlier, and annual erosion of 0.58% of the accumulated ⁹⁰Sr on the land surface ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030007x

13. Lead, Cadmium, and Calcium Selectivity Coefficients on a Montmorillonite, Illite, and Kaolinite

Author:
Bittell, J. E.; Miller, Raymond J.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 250-253
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
adsorption; cadmium; calcium; clay; illite; kaolinite; lead; montmorillonite
Abstract:
... Selectivity coefficients for Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ca²⁺ exchange adsorption with montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite clays were determined over a wide range of clay surface concentration and found constant. The average selectivity coefficients describing the ion distributions for montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite, respectively, were 0.60, 0.44, 0.34 for Pb-Ca exchange, 1.04, 1.01, 0.89 for Cd-Ca ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030013x

14. Nitrate and Chloride Accumulation and Distribution in Fertilized Tile-Drained Soils

Author:
Gast, R. G.; Nelson, W. W.; MacGregor, J. M.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 209-213
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
chlorides; corn; denitrification; leaching; nitrate nitrogen; nitrates; nitrogen fertilizers; silty clay loam soils; soil organic matter; soil profiles; tile drainage; Minnesota
Abstract:
... Results of long term continuous corn studies on tile drained Webster loam in southwest Minnesota show that annual N applications up to 70% greater than N removed in grain are required for maximum yields. The object of the reported study was to establish the relative role of N incorporation into the soil organic matter and/or losses through denitrification, downward leaching, or tile drainage in de ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030005x

15. Nitrate and Chloride Movement in the Plainfield Loamy Sand Under Intensive Irrigation

Author:
Endelman, F. J.; Keeney, D. R.; Gilmour, J. T.; Saffigna, P. G.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 295-298
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
field experimentation; irrigation rates; leachates; leaching; loamy sand soils; lysimeters; nitrate nitrogen; potassium chloride; potassium nitrate; rain; rooting; soil profiles; subsurface soil layers
Abstract:
... A field experiment to evaluate leaching under intensive irrigation was conducted over an 11-day period on a Plainfield loamy sand fertilized with KNO₃ and KCl. The NO₃-N and Cl concentration in soil profile and lysimeter leachate samples collected daily were determined. Under the conditions of this experiment 2.5 cm of water moved about 19 cm in the surface and 28 cm in the subsurface soil. Chlori ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030024x

16. Nitrogen Loss from Manure as Influenced by Moisture and Temperature

Author:
Adriano, D. C.; Chang, A. C.; Sharpless, R.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 258-261
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
ammonia; cattle manure; electrolytes; feedlots; greenhouse production; leaching; nitrates; nitrification; nitrogen; pH; soil temperature; soil water; soluble salts; volatilization; waste management; water content
Abstract:
... Soil temperature and moisture are important in cattle waste management. The effects of these two variables on N losses from different rates of applied manure were studied under greenhouse conditions at two soil moisture (60 and 90% of water saturation percentage, WSP) and two soil temperature (10 and 25C) levels. The manure rate did not have a significant effect on the percentage of loss of applie ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030015x

17. Nitrogen Movement Resulting from Surface Application of Liquid Sewage Sludge

Author:
King, Larry D.; Morris, H. D.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 238-243
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
Cynodon dactylon; ammonia; ammonium nitrogen; grasses; greenhouses; leachates; leaching; liquids; lysimeters; nitrate nitrogen; nitrogen; sewage sludge; soil; total nitrogen; volatilization
Abstract:
... One of the factors limiting the rate at which sewage sludge can be applied to soil is the speed at which inorganic N is formed and the fate of that inorganic N. A greenhouse lysimeter study was initiated in order to quantify some of the sinks into which N from sludge applications might move. For 12 weeks soil columns were treated at 3-week intervals with a surface application of 2.5 cm of liquid s ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030011x

18. Nutrient Losses from Fertilized Grassed Watersheds in Western North Carolina

Author:
Kilmer, V. J.; Gilliam, J. W.; Lutz, J. F.; Joyce, R. T.; Eklund, C. D.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 214-219
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
drainage; drainage water; groundwater; nitrate nitrogen; nitrogen; nitrogen fertilizers; nutrients; pastures; phosphorus; potassium; seepage; spring; total nitrogen; watersheds; winter; North Carolina
Abstract:
... The transport of plant nutrients in drainage waters from two steeply sloping, differentially fertilized, grassed watersheds located in western North Carolina was determined over a 4-year period. Watershed No. 1 has a drainage area of 1.89 ha, No. 2, 1.48 ha. The dominant slopes on both watersheds are 35 to 40%. During this period, watershed No. 1 received a total of 112-48-24 kg N-P-K/ha; watershe ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030006x

19. Phosphorus Associated With Sediments in Irrigation and Drainage Waters for Two Large Tracts in Southern Idaho

Author:
Carter, D. L.; Brown, M. J.; Robbins, C. W.; Bondurant, J. A.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 287-291
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
drainage water; irrigation; irrigation water; particle size; phosphorus; rivers; sampling; sediments; soil; streams; surface drainage; total phosphorus; water solubility; Idaho; Snake River
Abstract:
... Phosphorus was measured in irrigation and surface drainage waters for two large irrigation tracts, and inorganic, water-soluble PO₄-P and total P inputs and outputs were computed. The present irrigation practices on both irrigation tracts conserve P by removing more P from the Snake River in irrigation water than is returned in drainage water. Even greater P conservation could be attained by imple ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030022x

20. Phthalate Esters in the Environment: Pollutants or Natural Products?

Author:
Mathur, S. P.
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.3 pp. 189-197
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
ecological balance; hydrology; industry; microorganisms; phthalates; plastics; pollutants; soil; toxicity
Abstract:
... In industry, phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are used mainly for producing plastics. Often, their contribution to the weight of plastics is second only to that of the polymer itself. PAEs have also been reported to be present in biological, geochemical, and hydrological samples. Since indications exist that some PAEs may be toxic to man, and pose a threat to the ecological balance, it is important to ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300030001x