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1. Aneuploid Chromosome Constitutions of the Small Japanese Field Mouse, Apodemus argenteus, in the Western Mountainous Area of Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshu, Japan

Author:
Myoshu, Hikari; Iwasa, Masahiro A.
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.4 pp. 283-288
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Apodemus argenteus; B chromosomes; X chromosome; aneuploidy; females; fluorescence; karyotyping; mice; mountains; quinacrine; staining; Japan
Abstract:
... We studied an occurrence of chromosomal aneuploidy for ten individuals in the small Japanese field mouse, Apodemus argenteus, from the western mountainous area of Kanagawa Prefecture, Honshu, Japan. Eight of the individuals examined showed the standard 2n = 46 and FNa = 48 constitutions as the most frequent karyotype. However, of those eight individuals, seven carried an inter-cellular mosaicism w ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2019-0002

2. A Sound Deterrent Prevented Deer Intrusions at the Intersection of a River and Fence

Author:
Honda, Takeshi
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.4 pp. 269-274
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
agricultural land; cameras; crop damage; deer; fences; habituation; rivers; urine; wolves
Abstract:
... Fences are the most effective defenses against crop damage by deer. If properly constructed and maintained, fences mitigate crop damage. However, it is difficult to enclose farmland completely when a fence crosses a river. This study evaluated the effectiveness of olfactory (wolf urine), visual (flashlight), and sound deterrents against deer at the intersection of river and fence. These deterrents ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2019-0034

3. Autumn Dietary Overlaps among Three Sympatric Mesocarnivores in the Central Part of Stara Planina Mountain, Bulgaria

Author:
Tsunoda, Hiroshi; Peeva, Stanislava; Raichev, Evgeniy; Ito, Kairi; Kaneko, Yayoi
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.4 pp. 275-281
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Canis aureus; Martes foina; Vulpes vulpes; carnivores; eating habits; fruits; rodents; sympatry; Bulgaria
Abstract:
... Food habits and dietary overlaps of the three sympatric mesocarnivores (golden jackal Canis aureus, red fox Vulpes vulpes, and stone marten Martes foina) in a mountain-forest region in central Bulgaria were investigated. These species showed high dietary overlaps, commonly consuming rodents and fruits through studied period. Moreover, their dietary overlaps were higher in November that in the earl ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0068

4. Breeding Behavior of Mara [Dolichotis patagonum (Zimmermann, 1780)] in the Monte-Chaco Ecotone of Argentina

Author:
Gatica, Ailin; Denkiewicz, Natalia M.; Ochoa, Ana C.
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.4 pp. 233-241
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
adults; alloparental behavior; breeding; breeding behavior; breeding season; cameras; ecotones; environmental factors; habitats; intraspecific variation; juveniles; monogamy; national parks; phylogeny; rodents; social behavior; survival rate; Argentina
Abstract:
... Phylogenetic constraints and ecological factors have been suggested as alternative key factors in the evolution of animal sociality. The mara (Dolichotis patagonum) is a cavid rodent endemic to Argentina that has the particularity of being monogamous with a communal breeding system. Researches on reproductive behavior of mara in its natural habitat have been restricted to Peninsula de Valdés (PV). ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2019-0006

5. Characteristics of Pregnancy Following Mating in Three Types of Estrus in the Captive Harvest Mouse (Micromys minutus)

Author:
Ishiwaka, Reiko; Kakihara, Hidetoshi; Masuda, Yasuhisa
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.4 pp. 253-259
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
copulation; estrus; females; gestation period; lactation; males; mice; models; pregnancy; pups; suckling; weaning
Abstract:
... Mating in harvest mice, Micromys minutus, was observed by introducing males to females that were in cyclic estrus (CE), that had just delivered pup (postpartum estrus, PPE), or that were not pregnant but lactating after PPE (lactational estrus after PPE: LEAP). Copulation leading to pregnancy and weaning of pups occurred at every trial for CE (n = 11) and for PPE (n = 6). In LEAP, estrus with copu ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2019-0014

6. Contrasting Effect of Artificial Grasslands on the Intensity of Deer Browsing and Debarking in Forests

Author:
Takarabe, Kanoko; Iijima, Hayato
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.3 pp. 173-181
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Cervus nippon; browsing; debarking; deer; environmental factors; foraging; forests; herbivores; keystone species; landscapes; meadows; pastures; probability; trees; understory; Japan
Abstract:
... Deer can strongly affect other species as a keystone species. The intensity of their herbivory impact on forest vegetation is suggested to be affected by not only deer density but also by other environmental factors such as landscape components. Especially, artificial grasslands such as pastures and meadows possibility affect deer impact on forest vegetation by altering deer foraging behavior. The ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0082

7. Dental Microwear Texture Analysis in Two Ruminants, Japanese Serow (Capricornis crispus) and Sika Deer (Cervus nippon), from Central Japan

Author:
Aiba, Konoka; Miura, Shingo; Kubo, Mugino O.
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.3 pp. 183-192
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Capricornis; Cervus nippon; browsing; deer; diet; foraging; graminoids; grazing; herbivores; interspecific variation; surface roughness; sympatry; texture; Japan
Abstract:
... Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) can be used to quantitatively evaluate tooth surface roughness and has been used to distinguish herbivorous ungulates according to interspecific dietary differences among grazers, browsers, and mixed feeders. Moreover, DMTA has been applied among local populations with intraspecific dietary variation. In general, the tooth surfaces of grazing species/popula ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0081

8. Dietary Overlap But Spatial Gap between Sympatric Japanese Serow (Capricornis crispus) and Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) on Eastern Shikoku, Japan

Author:
Yamashiro, Asuka; Kaneshiro, Yoshinori; Kawaguchi, Yoichi; Yamashiro, Tadashi
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.4 pp. 261-267
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Capricornis; Cervus nippon; altitude; cameras; grasslands; habitats; sympatry; temperate zones; topographic slope; ungulates; Japan
Abstract:
... Spatial separation and dietary differences may allow the coexistence of similar sized ungulate species. Over the past two decades, populations of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) have increased markedly and overlapped with the habitats of the Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus). Recently, the Japanese serow population has declined and shifted its habitat from higher to lower altitudes in Shikoku, Ja ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0072

9. Ecological and Biological Characteristics for the Risso's Dolphins (Grampus griseus) Off Taiwan, with Conservation Evaluations on Potential Anthropogenic Threats

Author:
Yu, Hsin-Yi; Chen, Ing; Li, Wen-Ta; Chou, Lien-Siang
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.2 pp. 77-89
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Cetacea; coasts; dolphins; fisheries; genetic variation; gillnets; group size; habitat preferences; heavy metals; sexual maturity; social structure; tissues; tourism; weaning; wildlife management; Taiwan
Abstract:
... Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) is one of the cetacean species commonly encountered off the eastern coast of Taiwan. The species appears to occur in Taiwanese waters year-round. Many biological and ecological characteristics, including group size, habitat preference, and ages at weaning and sexual maturity, are by-and-large in accord with earlier reports for populations in other geographic regio ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0038

10. First Record of Petinomys setosus (Rodentia: Sciuridae: Pteromyini) from Lao PDR

Author:
Sanamxay, Daosavanh; Douangboubpha, Bounsavane; Xayaphet, Vilakhan; Paphaphanh, Phetphoumin; Oshida, Tatsuo; Motokawa, Masaharu
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.2 pp. 141-146
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Sciuridae; color; face; fur; sodium; tail; villages; Laos; Thailand
Abstract:
... The first known occurrence of Petinomys setosus in Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) was recorded from a single specimen collected at Na Mouang village in Vientiane province, which is approximately 240 km from its nearest known distribution in northwestern Thailand. We describe the morphological and cranial features of this specimen and discuss its occurrence in Lao PDR. The focal Laos specim ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0053

11. Genetic Structure of the Ryukyu Wild Boar Population on Tokunoshima Island (Japan) Based on Modern and Ancient DNA Analyses: Evidence of Recent Gene Flow from Pigs to Wild Boars

Author:
Takahashi, Ryohei; Gushiken, Ryo; Nagata, Ken; Shinzato, Akito; Kantha, Sachi Sri; Yasuda, Mirai
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.3 pp. 157-171
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Sus scrofa; alleles; archaeology; gene flow; genetic similarity; genetic structure; haplotypes; mitochondrial DNA; pseudogenes; swine; wild boars; Japan
Abstract:
... We investigated the genetic structure among populations of the Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) on Tokunoshima Island by analyzing DNA from modern and archaeological samples. Four and two mtDNA haplotypes were found in the modern and archaeological samples, respectively. One haplotype was shared between the modern and archaeological samples. Of the seven haplotypes, four were only found on ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0046

12. How Does the Japanese Water Shrew Chimarrogale platycephalus Cross the Concrete Walls of Check Dams?

Author:
Saito, Hiroaki; Hashimoto, Hiroshi; Hino, Teruaki; Motokawa, Masaharu
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.1 pp. 1-11
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
concrete; dams (hydrology); rivers; sediments; shrews; streams; surveys; Japan
Abstract:
... The concrete walls of check dams are considered a physical barrier for aquatic and semiaquatic animals that inhabit mountain streams. Traveling behaviors around concrete check dams by the Japanese water shrew Chimarrogale platycephalus, a semi-aquatic mammal, were directly observed via radio-tracking in Kamikoshi Stream in central Honshu, Japan. Traveling behaviors were mainly observed on the wet ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2017-0056

13. Morphological Analysis of Static Skull Variation in the Large Japanese Field Mouse, Apodemus speciosus (Rodentia: Muridae)

Author:
Biswas, Jadab Kumar; Motokawa, Masaharu
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.1 pp. 51-63
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Apodemus speciosus; allometry; discriminant analysis; females; males; mice; multivariate analysis; ontogeny; sexual dimorphism; skull; standard deviation
Abstract:
... Static skull morphological variation in the large Japanese field mouse (Apodemus speciosus) was analyzed using different indices of variability. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed sexual dimorphism in cranium and mandible sizes, among a total of 89 skulls (45 males and 44 females). The coefficient of variation (CV), standard deviation (SD), and residuals of the standard deviation (RSD) wer ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0033

14. Nomadic Movement of Mongolian Gazelles Identified through the Net Squared Displacement Approach

Author:
Imai, Shunsuke; Ito, Takehiko Y.; Kinugasa, Toshihiko; Shinoda, Masato; Tsunekawa, Atsushi; Lhagvasuren, Badamjav
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.2 pp. 111-119
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Procapra; environmental factors; gazelles; migratory behavior; models; seasonal variation; steppes; Mongolia
Abstract:
... The Mongolian gazelles (Procapra gutturosa) that inhabit Mongolia's steppe and semi-desert travel several hundred kilometers each year. Their movement pattern has been considered nomadic, but the details of their movement patterns remain unclear. The aim of this study is to gain an overall perspective of the movement of Mongolian gazelles, which experience diverse environmental conditions with lar ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0052

15. Non-Invasive Age Estimation by Cranial Suture Closure in Japanese Sika Deer (Cervus nippon)

Author:
Oh, Jinwoo; Minami, Masato; Ikeda, Suzuna; Takatsuki, Seiki; Oonishi, Nobumasa; Higuchi, Naoko; Okada, Ayumi; Kimura, Junpei; Koyabu, Daisuke
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.3 pp. 147-155
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Cervus nippon; age determination; Japan
Abstract:
... Although counting cementum annuli of lower incisor is a reliable method for age estimation in cervids, it inevitably involves the destruction of specimens. Here we studied the relationship between cranial suture closure patterns and age to test the possibility of cranial suture closure as a non-destructive age indicator in sika deer (Cervus nippon) specimens from Kinkazan Island, Japan, for which ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0065

16. Population Genetic Study of the Lesser Japanese Mole Mogera imaizumii using Novel Microsatellite Markers with Special Reference to Sex-Biased Dispersal

Author:
Satoh, Shin S.; Murata, Chie; Yoshida, Kenji; Shibata, Kiyotaka; Tamate, Hidetoshi B.
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.2 pp. 91-97
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
females; genetic analysis; genetic markers; genetic relationships; genetic variation; inbreeding; males; moles; population structure; radio telemetry; Japan
Abstract:
... Sex-biased dispersal (SBD) is usually accounted for by the consequences of resource competition, inbreeding avoidance, and breeding competition. Although SBD has been reported in many mammalian species, little is known about it in subterranean species, like moles, whose dispersal from a natal place cannot be easily studied using conventional methods such as direct observations and radio-telemetry. ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0031

17. Potential and Pitfalls of the DNA Metabarcoding Analyses for the Dietary Study of the Large Japanese Wood Mouse Apodemus speciosus on Seto Inland Sea Islands

Author:
Sato, Jun J.; Kyogoku, Daisuke; Komura, Taketo; Inamori, Chiaki; Maeda, Kouhei; Yamaguchi, Yasunori; Isagi, Yuji
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.4 pp. 221-231
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Apodemus speciosus; DNA barcoding; Noctuidae; Quercus; Rosaceae; chloroplasts; cytochrome-c oxidase; diet study techniques; feces; food composition; introns; islands; mitochondria; moths; orchards; pests; rodents; temperate zones
Abstract:
... We assessed the dietary profile of the large Japanese wood mouse (Apodemus speciosus) inhabiting the islands of the Seto Inland Sea and adjacent areas by DNA metabarcoding analyses of feces with the chloroplast trnL (UAA) P6 loop intron region and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene as DNA-barcoding markers. The results indicated that A. speciosus consumed a variety of food items ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0067

18. Predation on Endangered Species by Cats in the Northern Forests of Okinawa-Jima Island, Japan

Author:
Kobayashi, Shun; Kinjo, Takaya; Kuroda, Yubi; Kinjo, Michio; Okawara, Yoko; Izawa, Masako; Onuma, Manabu; Haga, Atsushi; Nakaya, Yumiko; Nagamine, Takashi
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.45 no.1 pp. 63-70
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Tokudaia muenninki; Zinnia; cats; endangered species; feces; forests; indigenous species; predation; rats; surveys; Ryukyu Archipelago
Abstract:
... Okinawa-jima Island is a part of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan and some endemic animals occur. Many of the native animals are limited to the northern part of this island. Here, we examined the predation effect by domestic cats on native species in the northern part of the island. Route surveys were conducted from September 2017 to February 2018, and cats were captured from 2013 to 2018. In total 6 ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2019-0017

19. Predicting Potential Conflict Areas of the Malayan Sun Bear (Helarctos malayanus) in Peninsular Malaysia Using Maximum Entropy Model

Author:
Abidin, Kamaruddin Z.; Lihan, Tukimat; Taher, Taherah M.; Nazri, Nabilah; Zaini, Izzat-Husna Ahmad; Mansor, Mohammad Saiful; Topani, Rahmat; Nor, Shukor Md.
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.3 pp. 193-204
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Helarctos malayanus; algorithms; edge effects; humans; models; planning; prediction; risk; wildlife; Malaysia
Abstract:
... Human-sun bear conflict may negatively affect human properties and long-term survival of the sun bear. These conflicts become a major problem for conservation of the sun bear. Understanding what factors cause human-bear conflict remains poorly understood. Studies of conflict extent through identifying affected areas while accessing their level of risk are a prelude to reduce wildlife conflict issu ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0064

20. Rediscovery of Otters on the Tsushima Islands, Japan by Trail Cameras

Author:
Nakanishi, Nozomi; Izawa, Masako
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.3 pp. 215-220
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus; cameras; habitats; islands; sago; Japan; Korean Peninsula
Abstract:
... Otters are thought to be extinct in Japan, although they were widely distributed there until the early 20th century. Records of otters on Tsushima Islands, located between Kyushu and the Korean Peninsula, were found only in two sources from about 1735 and 1809, and there has been no evidence of their existence since the middle of 19th century until now. We set infrared trail cameras to monitor the ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0043

21. Reproductive Ability of Elderly Male Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in Captivity

Author:
Koga, Sotaro; Yanagisawa, Makio; Koga, Haruka; Ueda, Keiichi; Kawazu, Isao; Tokutake, Kouji; Funasaka, Noriko; Yoshioka, Motoi; Miyahara, Hirokazu
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.2 pp. 135-139
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Tursiops aduncus; Tursiops truncatus; blood sampling; blood serum; breeding; captive animals; dolphins; elderly; fluorescent antibody technique; males; monitoring; reproductive performance; seasonal variation; semen quality; sperm concentration; testosterone
Abstract:
... The present study, the first to examine breeding ability in elderly cetaceans, addressed the reproductive capacity of four captive male Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins that are among the oldest in the world (47–50 years in 2017). The dolphins' reproductive ability was assessed by monthly monitoring of serum testosterone (T) levels over nine years (2009–2017), and examination of semen characterist ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0044

22. Seasonal Changes in the Home Range of the Antelope Jackrabbit (Lepus alleni)

Author:
Altemus, Maria M.; Koprowski, John L.; Brown, David E.
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.2 pp. 121-127
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Lepus alleni; Lepus californicus; climate change; conservation areas; dry environmental conditions; ecosystems; females; grasslands; hares; home range; landscapes; males; radio telemetry; rangelands; savannas; seasonal variation; Arizona; Mexico; Sonoran Desert
Abstract:
... In the face of climate change, more research is needed to understand how animals adjust to dynamic ecosystems. Seasonal environments offer a unique opportunity to observe how animals use the landscape in a fluctuating system. The antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni) is an understudied lagomorph found in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, USA and Mexico. Basic ecological information on this species is la ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0003

23. Seed Feeding Behavior of Diplothrix legata (Muridae: Rodentia): Effects on Germination of Five Plants in Okinawajima Island, Japan

Author:
Nago, Reina; Kobayashi, Shun; Kinjo, Teruo; Ogimi, Kozue; Sinjo, Akari; Namisato, Shinobu; Futamatagawa, Anna; Higa, Genwa; Izawa, Masako
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.2 pp. 129-134
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Actinidia; Ficus erecta; Melastoma candidum; Muridae; Prunus campanulata; Zinnia; excretion; feces; feeding behavior; fruits; germination; granivores; rats; raw fruit; seeds; Japan
Abstract:
... This study examined how seed feeding by the Ryukyu long-furred rat Diplothrix legata affects germination of five plants (Cerasus campanulata, Actinidia rufa, Ficus erecta, Oreocnide pedunculata, and Melastoma candidum) in Okinawajima Island, Japan. The germination rates of seeds from fresh fruit and fecal pellets of two captive rats, as well as the feeding behaviors, were observed. Most of C. camp ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0049

24. The Effects of Visual Impediment on the Approaching Behavior of Harbor Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena

Author:
Maezawa, Tomoki; Matsuishi, Takashi; Ito, Kiyohide; Kaji, Seiichi; Tsunokawa, Masatoshi; Kawahara, Jun I.
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.3 pp. 205-213
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Phocoena phocoena; echolocation; swimming; vision
Abstract:
... Studies on odontocetes (e.g., porpoises) have revealed that these animals may adaptively use vision. The present study examined the contributions of vision to the approaching behavior of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). When a porpoise approached a target, the time-to-contact perceived by the animal and its trajectory with a visual impediment condition were compared with those in the contr ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2019-0012

25. The Efficiency of Discarded Drink Containers for Small Mammal Detection on a Mediterranean Mountain

Author:
Torre, Ignasi; Jiménez, Irene; Ribas, Alexis; Arrizabalaga, Antoni
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.4 pp. 243-252
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
beverages; bottles; cans; diet; feces; predators; rodents; shrews; small mammals; trapping
Abstract:
... We investigated the efficiency of discarded drink containers compared with other methods widely used in small mammal studies (live trapping and diet of generalist predators). We collected 225 beverage containers (bottles and cans) from 44 sampling places, and 376 small mammals of seven small mammal species were identified. Species accumulation curves emphasized significant differences between meth ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2019-0025

26. The Sprainting Behavior and Habitat Preference of the Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra Along a Montane Stream in South Korea

Author:
Jo, Yeong-Seok; Won, Changman
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.45 no.1 pp. 3-11
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Lutra lutra; anthropogenic activities; endangered species; freshwater; habitat conservation; habitat preferences; habitats; linear models; population size; riparian areas; rivers; seasonal variation; streams; surveys; Europe; South Korea
Abstract:
... Although the Korean population of Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) was designated as an endangered species, habitat and basic ecology of Korean otters have been rarely known. To ascertain sprainting behavior of the Eurasian otter in the freshwater habitat and investigate the habitat preferences, otter surveys along the Ungok River in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea, were conducted for a 12-month period ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0071

27. Validation of Body Condition Indicators for Monitoring Changes in Populations of Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) at a Landscape Scale

Author:
Takeshita, Kazutaka M.; Tanikawa, Kiyoshi; Kaji, Koichi
Source:
Mammal study 2019 v.44 no.2 pp. 99-109
ISSN:
1348-6160
Subject:
Cervus nippon; body condition; deer; fawns; feet; landscapes; monitoring; mountains; winter
Abstract:
... The estimated number of sika deer within the Tanzawa Mountains has decreased since the Kanagawa Prefecture sika deer management plan commenced. Meanwhile, unit-specific culling has resulted in various trends in deer density across small monitoring units. Deer abundance is usually surveyed within small monitoring units; therefore, the evaluation of deer abundance changes across the entire managemen ...
DOI:
10.3106/ms2018-0030