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You searched for: Journal name Nutrition research Remove constraint Journal name: Nutrition research Subject term creatinine Remove constraint Subject term: creatinine
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1. Excessive iodine intake is associated with formation of thyroid nodules in pregnant Chinese women

Author:
Min Gao; Wen Chen; Hao Sun; Lili Fan; Wei Wang; Cong Du; Yanting Chen; Laixiang Lin; Elizabeth N. Pearce; Jun Shen; Yuangui Cheng; Chongdan Wang; Wanqi Zhang
Source:
Nutrition research 2019 v.66 pp. 61-67
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
Chinese people; autoantibodies; blood serum; body mass index; confidence interval; creatinine; drinking water; females; iodine; medical history; odds ratio; pregnant women; questionnaires; regression analysis; risk factors; statistical models; thyroglobulin; thyroid hormones; urine
Abstract:
... In recent decades, the prevalence of thyroid nodules (TNs) has steadily increased in pregnant women. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate associations between TNs and iodine intake in pregnant women. From March 2016 to May 2017, serum and spot urine samples, as well as demographic data and medical history, were collected from 2353 pregnant women. Urine iodine concentration (UIC) and creatini ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2019.02.009

2. Formulas developed based on the ratio of urea nitrogen to creatinine concentrations obtained from multiple spot urine samples are acceptable to predict protein intake at group level but not at individual level

Author:
Xiaoyi Yuan; Kentaro Murakami; Keiko Asakura; Ken Uechi; Shizuko Masayasu; Satoshi Sasaki
Source:
Nutrition research 2020 v.78 pp. 50-59
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
creatinine; excretion; men; protein intake; standard deviation; t-test; urea nitrogen; urine; women; Japan
Abstract:
... In this study, we hypothesized that spot urine can be used to predict protein intake at both group and individual levels. Participants (n = 369) of this study were recruited from all 47 prefectures in Japan. Sex-specific formulas were developed based on the ratio of urea nitrogen to creatinine concentration obtained from 3 spot urine samples. Validity of the formulas was examined against two 24-ho ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2020.04.004

3. Vitamin D binding protein is related to cardiac autonomic function and metabolic status in prediabetes

Author:
Rumyana Dimova; Nevena Chakarova; Georgi Kirilov; Greta Grozeva; Alexandar Shinkov; Tsvetalina Tankova
Source:
Nutrition research 2020 v.75 pp. 56-66
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
C-reactive protein; World Health Organization; advanced glycation end products; at-risk population; blood pressure; body fat; body mass index; creatinine; fasting; glucose; glucose tolerance; glucose tolerance tests; glycation; glycohemoglobin; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; insulin; insulin resistance; islets of Langerhans; men; metabolic syndrome; nutrition risk assessment; vitamin D; vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D-binding protein; vitamin status; women; Netherlands
Abstract:
... A putative causal relationship between vitamin D status and glucose metabolism and a direct effect of vitamin D on cardiac autonomic function (CAF) have been suggested. We hypothesized that vitamin D binding protein (DBP), as a transporter of vitamin D, might also influence CAF and the overall metabolic risk. The present study aims to assess the relationship between DBP and CAF and metabolic statu ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2019.12.008

4. Substitution of high-dose sucrose with fructose in high-fat diets resulted in higher plasma concentrations of aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, ornithine and phenylalanine, and higher urine concentrations of arginine and citrulline

Author:
Alexander Krokedal Rønnevik; Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen
Source:
Nutrition research 2020 v.79 pp. 100-110
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
T-lymphocytes; Western diets; alanine transaminase; arginine; aspartate transaminase; aspartic acid; blood serum; casein; citrulline; coconut oil; creatinine; cystine; free amino acids; fructose; glutamic acid; high fat diet; humans; immunoglobulins; lipid content; liver; males; ornithine; phenylalanine; rats; saturated fats; sucrose; transamination; urine
Abstract:
... High fructose intake has been shown to increase circulating alanine transaminase in humans, which could reflect damage to the liver by fructose but could also be linked to higher level of transamination of amino acids in liver. Therefore, we hypothesized that a diet with high content of fructose would affect the amino acid composition in rat plasma and urine differently from a diet with high sucro ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.005

5. Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels are not associated with the incidence risk of atherosclerotic events over 12 years: the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study

Author:
Ha-Na Kim; Young-Mi Eun; Sang-Wook Song
Source:
Nutrition research 2019 v.63 pp. 34-41
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
C-reactive protein; adults; alcohol drinking; atherosclerosis; blood serum; body mass index; cohort studies; coronary artery disease; creatinine; diabetes; folic acid; genome; homocysteine; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; metabolism; myocardial infarction; physical activity; protein content; risk factors; smoking (habit); stroke; vitamin B12
Abstract:
... Atherosclerosis, a common cause of atherosclerotic vascular diseases, is associated with several risk factors including hyperhomocysteinemia, and vitamin B12 and folate are involved in homocysteine metabolism; thus, serum folate and vitamin B12 status may be associated with the risk of atherosclerotic vascular diseases mediated by homocysteine plasma concentrations. Therefore, we hypothesized that ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2018.12.009

6. Hydrolyzed proteins from herring and salmon rest raw material contain peptide motifs with angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitors and resulted in lower urine concentrations of protein, cystatin C and glucose when fed to obese Zucker fa/fa rats

Author:
Aslaug Drotningsvik; Daniela Maria Pampanin; Rasa Slizyte; Ana Carvajal; Ingmar Høgøy; Tore Remman; Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen
Source:
Nutrition research 2018 v.52 pp. 14-21
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
amino acid sequences; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; animal models; blood serum; casein; creatinine; fish protein hydrolysate; glucose; herring; kidneys; obesity; peptides; peptidyl-dipeptidase A; protein content; rats; raw materials; renal failure; renal function; salmon; urine; whey
Abstract:
... The use of angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is a common strategy for treating kidney disease. Several amino acid sequences with ACE inhibiting activity are identified in filet and rest raw material from various species of fish, and fish protein hydrolysates could be of interest for possible treatment or prevention of kidney disease.Therefore, we hypothesized that protein hydrolysat ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2018.01.001

7. Intake of bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) reduced risk factors for cardiovascular disease by inducing favorable changes in lipoprotein profiles

Author:
Marta Habanova; Jorge A. Saraiva; Miroslav Haban; Marianna Schwarzova; Peter Chlebo; Lenka Predna; Jan Gažo; Joanna Wyka
Source:
Nutrition research 2016 v.36 no.12 pp. 1415-1422
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
Vaccinium myrtillus; albumins; aspartate transaminase; bilberries; blood pressure; body mass index; cardiovascular diseases; creatinine; death; gamma-glutamyltransferase; glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; human health; lifestyle; lipid composition; liver; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; magnesium; men; risk factors; risk reduction; triacylglycerols; women
Abstract:
... Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death, and lifestyle modification, including dietary changes, is recommended to improve this condition. In this study, regular consumption of bilberries was hypothesized to have beneficial effects on CVD risk reduction, by changes in human health indicators such as decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides (TGs ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2016.11.010

8. Circulating adiponectin concentrations are increased by dietary resistant starch and correlate with serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentrations and kidney function in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

Author:
Gar Yee Koh; Rachel Derscheid; Kelly N.Z. Fuller; Rudy J. Valentine; Shu En Leow; Leah Reed; Emily Wisecup; Kevin L. Schalinske; Matthew J. Rowling
Source:
Nutrition research 2016 v.36 pp. 311-319
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
25-hydroxycholecalciferol; adiponectin; angiotensin II; blood glucose; blood serum; creatinine; diet; filtration; gene expression; glycohemoglobin; hyperglycemia; kidneys; metabolites; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; proteinuria; rats; renal function; renin-angiotensin system; resistant starch; secretion
Abstract:
... We previously reported that dietary resistant starch (RS) type 2 prevented proteinuria and promoted vitamin D balance in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats. Here, our primary objective was to identify potential mechanisms that could explain our earlier observations. We hypothesized that RS could promote adiponectin secretion and regulate the renin-angiotensin system activity in the kidney. Lean Zucker rat ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.006

9. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids revert renal responses induced by a combination of 2 protocols that increase the amounts of advanced glycation end product in rats

Author:
Adriano M. de Assis; Anderson Rech; Aline Longoni; Maurílio da Silva Morrone; Matheus A. de Bittencourt Pasquali; Marcos L.S. Perry; Diogo O. Souza; José C.F. Moreira
Source:
Nutrition research 2015 v.35 no.6 pp. 512-522
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
adults; advanced glycation end products; alloxan; animal models; blood serum; catalase; creatinine; diabetes mellitus; glutathione peroxidase; high fat diet; intraperitoneal injection; kidneys; metabolism; nephroprotective effect; omega-3 fatty acids; oxidative stress; polyunsaturated fatty acids; protocols; rats; reactive oxygen species; retina; superoxide dismutase; thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; tissues; tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Abstract:
... Renal dysfunction is a severe complication that is caused by diabetes mellitus. Many factors associate the progression of this complication with high levels of proinflammatory and pro-oxidant substances, such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which form a heterogeneous group of compounds that can accumulate in tissues such as retinas, joints, and kidneys. The hypothesis of this study is t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2015.04.013

10. Liver function parameters, cholesterol, and phospholipid α-linoleic acid are associated with adipokine levels in overweight and obese adults

Author:
Belinda Gray; Frederik Steyn; Peter Stephen Wynford Davies; Luis Vitetta
Source:
Nutrition research 2014 v.34 no.5 pp. 375-382
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
C-reactive protein; acid deposition; adiponectin; adiposity; adults; blood lipids; body mass index; cardiovascular diseases; chronic diseases; comorbidity; correlation; creatinine; electrolytes; enzymes; glucose; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; insulin; kidneys; leptin; linoleic acid; liver; liver function; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; metabolic syndrome; metabolism; obesity; phospholipids; therapeutics; triacylglycerols
Abstract:
... Dysregulation of adipose hormones in obesity has been associated with the hastened development of metabolic syndrome and associated chronic disease sequalae including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aims to identify common biochemical and anthropometric markers that impact adipose hormones, including adiponectin and leptin. Based on previous literature, it was hypot ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2014.04.001

11. Effectiveness of a novel herbal agent MB-6 as a potential adjunct to 5-fluoracil–based chemotherapy in colorectal cancer

Author:
William Tzu-Liang Chen; Tsia-Sheng Yang; Hung-Chang Chen; Hong-Hwa Chen; Hua-Che Chiang; Tsang-Chi Lin; Chung-Hung Yeh; Tao-Wei Ke; Jen-Shi Chen; Koung-Hung Hsiao; Min-Liang Kuo
Source:
Nutrition research 2014 v.34 no.7 pp. 585-594
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
Spirulina; Taiwanofungus camphoratus; adverse effects; blood serum; colorectal neoplasms; creatinine; curcumin; drug therapy; fluorouracil; grape seed extract; green tea; longevity; metastasis; mice; mycelium; patients; placebos; soybeans; survival rate
Abstract:
... Natural products, such as fermented soybeans, have been used to treat various physical conditions, including cancer. MB-6 is a botanical preparation composed of fermented soybean extract, green tea extract, Antrodia camphorata mycelia, spirulina, grape seed extract, and curcumin extract. Based on this, we hypothesized that MB-6 would increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy in patients with colo ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2014.06.010

12. Renoprotective effects of (+)-catechin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model

Author:
Sudha P. Chennasamudram; Shashi Kudugunti; Purushotham Reddy Boreddy; Majid Y. Moridani; Tetyana L. Vasylyeva
Source:
Nutrition research 2012 v.32 no.5 pp. 347-356
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
alanine; albumins; antioxidant activity; creatinine; diabetic nephropathy; drinking water; enzyme inhibitors; excretion; green tea; lipid peroxidation; models; oxidative stress; peptidyl-dipeptidase A; rats; renoprotective effect; thiols; urine
Abstract:
... Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus leading to end-stage renal disease. Oxidative stress and inflammation play a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Green tea, known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has been shown to be renoprotective. We hypothesized that (+)-catechin (CTN), a component of green tea, is responsible for the renoprote ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.015
PubMed:
22652374

13. Resveratrol supplementation improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Author:
Jayesh Kumar Bhatt; Sabin Thomas; Moola Joghee Nanjan
Source:
Nutrition research 2012 v.32 no.7 pp. 537-541
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
adjuvants; animals; body weight changes; cholesterol; clinical trials; creatinine; glycemic control; hemoglobin; high density lipoprotein; hospitals; hypoglycemic agents; low density lipoprotein; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; patients; resveratrol; risk factors; risk reduction; systolic blood pressure; urea nitrogen; India
Abstract:
... Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound. Numerous animal studies have been reported on its wide-ranging beneficial effects in the biological system including diabetes mellitus (DM). We hypothesized, therefore, that oral supplementation of resveratrol would improve the glycemic control and the associated risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present c ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2012.06.003
PubMed:
22901562

14. Association of racial disparities in the prevalence of insulin resistance with racial disparities in vitamin D levels: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2006)

Author:
Stephen K. Williams; Kevin Fiscella; Paul Winters; David Martins; Gbenga Ogedegbe
Source:
Nutrition research 2013 v.33 no.4 pp. 266-271
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
Blacks; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Whites; adults; albumins; alcohols; body mass index; confidence interval; creatinine; educational status; glomerular filtration rate; homeostasis; insulin resistance; models; odds ratio; physical activity; races; smoke; vitamin D; waist circumference
Abstract:
... We tested the hypothesis that racial differences in vitamin D levels are associated with racial disparities in insulin resistance between blacks and whites. Among 3628 non-Hispanic black and white adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2001 to 2006, we examined the association between race and insulin resistance using the homeostasis assessment model for insulin resist ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2013.02.002
PubMed:
23602243
PubMed Central:
PMC3649515

15. Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract protects kidney function and morphology in diabetic rats via its antioxidant activity

Author:
Wanli Xue; Jing Lei; Xuanshe Li; Ruijuan Zhang
Source:
Nutrition research 2011 v.31 no.7 pp. 555-562
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
DNA; Trigonella; antioxidant activity; blood; blood glucose; body weight; cholesterol; cortex; creatinine; diabetic nephropathy; diet; drug therapy; insulin resistance; kidneys; lard; models; oxidative stress; protein content; rats; renal function; seed extracts; sucrose; superoxide dismutase; urea nitrogen; urine
Abstract:
... Oxidative stress is involved in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Because Trigonella foenum graecum has been reported to have antidiabetic and antioxidative effects, we hypothesized that T foenum graecum seed aqueous extract (TE) restores the kidney function of diabetic rats via its antioxidant activity. Rats were fed diets enriched with sucrose (50%, wt/wt), lard (30%, ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2011.05.010
PubMed:
21840472

16. Vitamin supplementation reduces the level of homocysteine in the urine of autistic children

Author:
Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska; Monika Michalska; Jacek Rynkowski
Source:
Nutrition research 2011 v.31 no.4 pp. 318-321
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
children; creatinine; folic acid; gas chromatography; homocysteine; mass spectrometry; urine
Abstract:
... Significant differences in homocysteine levels in the urine of autistic children are observed. We hypothesized that vitamin supplementation might reduce the level of urinary homocysteine. To rationalize such a hypothesis, analyses were performed using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. The homocysteine level in the urine of autistic children was measured twice: (1) before vitamin sup ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2011.03.009

17. B vitamin supplementation reduces excretion of urinary dicarboxylic acids in autistic children

Author:
Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska; Ewa Socha; Jacek Rynkowski
Source:
Nutrition research 2011 v.31 no.7 pp. 497-502
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
children; creatinine; dicarboxylic acids; diet; energy; excretion; gas chromatography; information sources; magnesium; mass spectrometry; metabolism; pyridoxine; riboflavin; urine
Abstract:
... Urinary dicarboxylic acids are an important source of information about metabolism and potential problems especially connected with energy production, intestinal dysbiosis, and nutritional individuality in autistic children. A diet rich in vitamins and macroelements is a new idea of intervention in autism. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that vitamin B2, vitamin B6, a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2011.06.002
PubMed:
21840465

18. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) seeds on serum parameters in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Author:
Eidi, A.; Eidi, M.; Sokhteh, M.
Source:
Nutrition research 2007 v.27 no.11 pp. 728-733
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
aspartate transaminase; medicinal plants; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; creatinine; Trigonella foenum-graecum; fenugreek; animal disease models; herbal medicines; blood lipids; seeds; blood serum; glycemic effect; blood glucose; triacylglycerols; insulin; rats; ethanol; supercritical fluid extraction; seed extracts; uric acid; streptozotocin; cholesterol; urea
Abstract:
... Many herbal medicines have been recommended for the treatment of diabetes. The antidiabetic effect of fenugreek ethanolic extract (Trigonella-foenum graecum L) was investigated in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of fenugreek extract (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 g/kg body weight) for 14 days on the level of serum glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, urea, uric ac ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.nutres.2007.09.006

19. Zinc pharmacokinetics in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients after oral zinc tolerance test

Author:
Brandão-Neto, José; Silva, Carlos A.B.; Rezende, Adriana A.; Almeida, Maria G.; Sales, Valéria S.P.; Marchini, Júlio S.
Source:
Nutrition research 2003 v.23 no.2 pp. 141-150
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
absorption; blood serum; creatinine; excretion; gastrointestinal system; half life; humans; insulin; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; malabsorption; nutrient deficiencies; pathogenesis; patients; pharmacokinetics; zinc
Abstract:
... Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is directly involved in the physiology of insulin, and zinc metabolism could play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications. On the other hand, low zinc absorption and hyperzincuria in diabetic animals and humans have indicated that diabetics are more susceptible to zinc deficiency. This study was designed to compare zinc metaboli ...

20. Effect of protein restriction on plasma and tissue levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in adult rats

Author:
Gomes, M.R.; Pires, I.S. Oliveira; Castro, I.A.; Tirapequi, J.
Source:
Nutrition research 2003 v.23 no.9 pp. 1239-1250
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
adults; amino acid composition; blood serum; body weight; carbohydrate metabolism; casein; creatinine; food intake; glucose; glycogen; insulin; insulin-like growth factor I; liver; males; muscle protein; muscles; nutritional status; protein degradation; rats; refeeding; skeletal muscle; urea
Abstract:
... The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of protein restriction on muscle, liver and plasma IGF-1 levels, and to analyze some protein and carbohydrate metabolism patterns. The experiment was carried out over period of 16 days. Male adult rats were divided into three groups: a control group (C) receiving a 12% casein diet, a group receiving a protein-free diet (A) and a protein-f ...

21. Nutritional rickets revisited in children of Albanian origin (two cases)

Author:
Challa, Anna; Apazidou, Heleni; Tzoufi, Meropi; Kritkou, Evagelia; Siomou, Ekaterini; Lapatsanis, Petros; Siamopoulou, Antigoni
Source:
Nutrition research 2003 v.23 no.11 pp. 1495-1502
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
X-radiation; absorption; alkaline phosphatase; biomarkers; blood serum; breast feeding; calcitriol; calcium; children; creatinine; diet; drinking; etiology; excretion; fasting; girls; glomerular filtration rate; hypocalcemia; iron; iron deficiency anemia; kidneys; knees; meat; metabolites; milk; nutrient deficiencies; parathyroid hormone; phosphates; rickets; seizures; urine
Abstract:
... Two cases of nutritional rickets of different etiology are described. Both were girls of Albanian origin. The first was a 10-month old girl born at full term who was presented with convulsions. Laboratory investigations revealed hypocalcemia (Ca 1.68 mmol/L), hypophosphatemia (Pi 0.52 mmol/L), high total alkaline phosphatase (ALP 579 IU/L) and rachitic lesions on the wrist and knees. Serum 25-hydr ...

22. Protective effect of menhaden oil on renal necrosis occurring in weanling rats fed a methyl-deficient diet

Author:
Courrèges, Marı́a C.; Caruso, Carla; Klein, Jochen; Monserrat, Alberto J.
Source:
Nutrition research 2002 v.22 no.9 pp. 1077-1089
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
choline; corn oil; creatinine; diet; lipids; males; menhaden oil; mortality; necrosis; protective effect; rats; renal failure; renoprotective effect; urea; vegetable oil; weanlings
Abstract:
... Weanling rats fed a lipotropic-deficient diet (LDD) may develop acute renal failure with morphological features that vary from focal tubular necrosis to widespread cortical necrosis and eventually reparative changes. The type of lipid in the diet influences the development of renal necrosis. The aim of this work was to study the effect of dietary menhaden oil on the development of acute renal fail ...

23. Gestational protein restriction induces a reduced number of glomeruli in the young

Author:
Courrèges, M. Cecilia; Macagno, M. Eugenia; Díaz, Mariá L.; Monserrat, Alberto J.
Source:
Nutrition research 2002 v.22 no.12 pp. 1497-1505
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
adults; birth weight; creatinine; dietary protein; females; fibrosis; homocysteine; kidney diseases; kidneys; lactation; low protein diet; malnutrition; maternal nutrition; mothers; pregnancy; progeny; protein content; pups; rats; sclerosis
Abstract:
... In order to study the effect of low protein content in maternal diet on kidney development of pups, Wistar female rats were fed isocaloric diets containing 4%, 8% or 20% protein throughout pregnancy and transferred to a commercial diet during lactation. Birth weight of pups was significantly lower (p < 0.05) only when mothers were fed 4% protein diet. Offspring of the 3 groups of dams were weaned ...