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1. Acaricidal activity of plant-derived essential oil components against Psoroptes ovis in vitro and in vivo

Author:
Chen, Zhenzhen; van Mol, Wouter; Vanhecke, Marieke; Duchateau, Luc; Claerebout, Edwin
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 425
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Psoroptes ovis; acaricidal properties; acaricides; adverse effects; bioassays; carvacrol; cattle; cineole; erythema; essential oils; eugenol; fumigation; geraniol; in vitro studies; lactones; lethal concentration 50; mites; polysorbates; topical application
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Treatment of Psoroptes ovis in cattle is limited to topical acaricides or systemic treatment with macrocyclic lactones. Treatment failure of macrocyclic lactones has been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate a potential alternative treatment against P. ovis. METHODS: The acaricidal activity against P. ovis of four plant-derived essential oil components, i.e. geraniol, eugeno ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3654-x
PubMed:
31464634
PubMed Central:
PMC6714348

2. Acaricidal efficacy of orally administered macrocyclic lactones against poultry red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) on chicks and their impacts on mite reproduction and blood-meal digestion

Author:
Xu, Xiaolin; Wang, Chuanwen; Zhang, Shudong; Huang, Yu; Pan, Tingting; Wang, Bohan; Pan, Baoliang
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 345
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Dermanyssus gallinae; adults; blood; body weight; chicks; digestion; drugs; eggs; eprinomectin; fecundity; hatching; hematophagy; ingestion; ivermectin; mites; mortality; moxidectin; oral administration; oviposition; solvents
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is one of the most economically deleterious threats to laying-hen industry worldwide. Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) have been widely used in control of mites in mammals, but the effects of MLs on PRMs are not well studied. The main objective of the present study was to systematically evaluate the effects of three MLs, i.e. eprinomectin (EP ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3599-0
PubMed:
31300011
PubMed Central:
PMC6624947

3. A combination of antibodies against Bm86 and Subolesin inhibits engorgement of Rhipicephalus australis (formerly Rhipicephalus microplus) larvae in vitro

Author:
Trentelman, Jos J. A.; Teunissen, Hendry; Kleuskens, Jos A. G. M.; van de Crommert, Jos; de la Fuente, José; Hovius, Joppe W. R.; Schetters, Theo P. M.
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 362
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Anaplasma; Babesia; Rhipicephalus microplus; acaricides; adults; antibodies; antigens; antiserum; cattle; disease transmission; engorgement; epithelium; immunohistochemistry; in vitro studies; in vivo studies; larvae; midgut; nymphs; pathogens; protective effect; ribosomal DNA; salivary glands; screening; subtropics; synergism; tick infestations; ticks; vaccines
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Rhipicephalus microplus is a hard tick species that has a high impact on cattle health and production in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently, ribosomal DNA and morphological analysis resulted in the reinstatement of R. australis as a separate species from R. microplus. Both feed on cattle and can transmit bovine pathogens such as Anaplasma and Babesia species. The current treatm ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3616-3
PubMed:
31345265
PubMed Central:
PMC6657053

4. A combination of climatic conditions determines major within-season dengue outbreaks in Guangdong Province, China

Author:
Wang, Xia; Tang, Sanyi; Wu, Jianhong; Xiao, Yanni; Cheke, Robert A.
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 45
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
climatic factors; dengue; humans; imagos; models; prediction; rain; reproduction; temperature; China
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: China’s Guangdong Province experienced a major dengue outbreak in 2014. Here we investigate if the weather conditions contributing to the outbreak can be elucidated by multi-scale models. METHODS: A multi-scale modelling framework, parameterized by available weather, vector and human case data, was used to examine the integrative effect of temperature and precipitation variation on the ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3295-0
PubMed:
30665469
PubMed Central:
PMC6341621

5. A combination of metabolic resistance and high frequency of the 1014F kdr mutation is driving pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles coluzzii population from Guinea savanna of Cameroon

Author:
Fadel, Amen N.; Ibrahim, Sulaiman S.; Tchouakui, Magellan; Terence, Ebai; Wondji, Murielle J.; Tchoupo, Micareme; Wanji, Samuel; Wondji, Charles S.
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 263
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Anopheles arabiensis; Anopheles gambiae; DDT (pesticide); Plasmodium falciparum; alleles; bed nets; bioassays; carbamates; deltamethrin; females; genotyping; insecticide resistance; malaria; mortality; mutation; organophosphorus compounds; parasites; permethrin; piperonyl butoxide; pyrethrins; savannas; sodium channels; spraying; Cameroon; Guinea
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: The scale-up in the distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying has significantly reduced malaria burden and mortality. However, insecticide resistance, among other factors, is responsible for a recent rebound in malaria transmission in 2015–2016, threatening the progress so far made. As a contribution towards understanding patterns of resistance ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3523-7
PubMed:
31133042
PubMed Central:
PMC6537440

6. A comparative assessment of adult mosquito trapping methods to estimate spatial patterns of abundance and community composition in southern Africa

Author:
Gorsich, Erin E.; Beechler, Brianna R.; van Bodegom, Peter M.; Govender, Danny; Guarido, Milehna M.; Venter, Marietjie; Schrama, Maarten
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 462
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Aedes; CDC light traps; community structure; data collection; disease surveillance; ecosystems; environmental assessment; environmental health; females; imagos; monitoring; national parks; savannas; space and time; trapping; weather; South Africa
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Assessing adult mosquito populations is an important component of disease surveillance programs and ecosystem health assessments. Inference from adult trapping datasets involves comparing populations across space and time, but comparisons based on different trapping methods may be biased if traps have different efficiencies or sample different subsets of the mosquito community. METHODS ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3733-z
PubMed:
31578155
PubMed Central:
PMC6775653

7. A comprehensive survey of the prevalence and spatial distribution of ticks infesting cattle in different agro-ecological zones of Cameroon

Author:
Silatsa, Barberine A.; Simo, Gustave; Githaka, Naftaly; Mwaura, Stephen; Kamga, Rolin M.; Oumarou, Farikou; Keambou, Christian; Bishop, Richard P.; Djikeng, Appolinaire; Kuiate, Jules-Roger; Njiokou, Flobert; Pelle, Roger
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 489
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Amblyomma variegatum; Babesia bovis; Hyalomma dromedarii; Hyalomma truncatum; Rhipicephalus annulatus; Rhipicephalus decoloratus; Rhipicephalus microplus; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; agroecological zones; cattle; cattle production; cytochrome-c oxidase; disease vectors; geographical distribution; indigenous species; invasive species; livestock and meat industry; monitoring; risk; sequence analysis; surveys; tick control; tick-borne diseases; ticks; trade; transhumance; Cameroon
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a major impediment to livestock production worldwide. Cattle trade and transnational transhumance create risks for the spread of ticks and tick-borne diseases and threaten cattle production in the absence of an effective tick control program. Few studies have been undertaken on cattle ticks in the Central African region; therefore, the need to assess t ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3738-7
PubMed:
31623642
PubMed Central:
PMC6796472

8. A cross-sectional screening by next-generation sequencing reveals Rickettsia, Coxiella, Francisella, Borrelia, Babesia, Theileria and Hemolivia species in ticks from Anatolia

Author:
Brinkmann, Annika; Hekimoğlu, Olcay; Dinçer, Ender; Hagedorn, Peter; Nitsche, Andreas; Ergünay, Koray
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 26
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Babesia ovis; Borrelia; Coxiella; Francisella; Haemaphysalis; Hyalomma marginatum; Protozoa; Rhipicephalus bursa; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Rickettsia; Theileria; avirulent strains; bacteria; disease transmission; disease vectors; domestic animals; endosymbionts; genes; high-throughput nucleotide sequencing; hosts; humans; metagenomics; mixed infection; nucleotide sequences; pathogenicity; phylogeny; plasmids; ribosomal RNA; screening; tick-borne diseases; ticks; Turkey (country)
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Ticks participate as arthropod vectors in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans. Several tick-borne infections have reemerged, along with newly described agents of unexplored pathogenicity. In an attempt to expand current information on tick-associated bacteria and protozoans, we performed a cross-sectional screening of ticks, using next-generation sequencing. Ticks s ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-018-3277-7
PubMed:
30635006
PubMed Central:
PMC6329055

9. Active dispersal of Aedes albopictus: a mark-release-recapture study using self-marking units

Author:
Vavassori, Laura; Saddler, Adam; Müller, Pie
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 583
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Aedes albopictus; age structure; breeding sites; disease transmission; females; host seeking; imagos; invasive species; males; mark release recapture; mark-recapture studies; monitoring; population density; population size; survival rate; vector control; Switzerland
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Understanding the dispersal dynamics of invasive mosquito species is fundamental to improve vector surveillance and to target control efforts. Aedes albopictus has been deemed a poor flyer as its range of active dispersal is generally assumed to be limited to a few hundred metres, while laboratory studies suggest this mosquito could actually fly several kilometres. The discrepancy may ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3837-5
PubMed:
31831040
PubMed Central:
PMC6909613

10. Activity of the prophenoloxidase system and survival of triatomines infected with different Trypanosoma cruzi strains under different temperatures: understanding Chagas disease in the face of climate change

Author:
González-Rete, Berenice; Salazar-Schettino, Paz María; Bucio-Torres, Martha I.; Córdoba-Aguilar, Alex; Cabrera-Bravo, Margarita
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 219
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Chagas disease; Triatominae; Trypanosoma cruzi; climate change; disease vectors; enzyme activity; human diseases; insects; life history; midgut; monophenol monooxygenase; parasites; prophenoloxidase; rectum; survival rate; temperature; vectorial capacity
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Little is known about how human disease vectors will modify their life history patterns and survival capacity as a result of climate change. One case is that of Chagas disease, which has triatomine bugs and Trypanosoma cruzi as vectors and parasite, respectively. This work aimed to determine: (i) the activity of the prophenoloxidase system (prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidase activity, ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3477-9
PubMed:
31068226
PubMed Central:
PMC6507061

11. A DAF-3 co-Smad molecule functions in Haemonchus contortus development

Author:
Di, Wenda; Liu, Lu; Zhang, Ting; Li, Fangfang; He, Li; Wang, Chunqun; Ahmad, Awais Ali; Hassan, Mubashar; Fang, Rui; Hu, Min
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 609
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Caenorhabditis elegans; Haemonchus contortus; RNA interference; adults; females; genes; genomics; immunohistochemistry; larvae; models; mothers against decapentaplegic homolog proteins; parasites; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; signal transduction; transcription (genetics); transforming growth factor beta
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: The Smad proteins function in TGF-β signalling transduction. In the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the co-Smad, DAF-3 mediates R-Smads and performs a central role in DAF-7 signal transduction, regulating dauer formation and reproductive processes. Considering the divergent evolutionary patterns of the DAF-7 signalling pathway in parasitic nematodes, it is meaningful to explore ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3855-3
PubMed:
31881930
PubMed Central:
PMC6935219

12. A differential transcriptional profile by Culex quinquefasciatus larvae resistant to Lysinibacillus sphaericus IAB59 highlights genes and pathways associated with the resistance phenotype

Author:
Rezende, Tatiana Maria Teodoro; Rezende, Antonio Mauro; Luz Wallau, Gabriel; Santos Vasconcelos, Crhisllane Rafaele; de-Melo-Neto, Osvaldo Pompílio; Silva-Filha, Maria Helena Neves Lobo; Romão, Tatiany Patrícia
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 407
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Culex quinquefasciatus; DNA replication; DNA-binding proteins; Lysinibacillus sphaericus; alpha-glucosidase; apolipoprotein D; bacteria; biochemical pathways; bioinformatics; carboxylic ester hydrolases; chronic exposure; data collection; entomopathogens; gene expression regulation; genes; heat shock proteins; insect larvae; ion channels; juvenile hormones; lipid metabolism; messenger RNA; midgut; phenotype; polypeptides; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; sequence analysis; transcription (genetics); transcriptomics
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: The study of the mechanisms by which larvae of the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito survive exposure to the entomopathogen Lysinibacillus sphaericus has benefited substantially from the generation of laboratory-selected colonies resistant to this bacterium. One such colony, RIAB59, was selected after regular long-term exposure of larvae to the L. sphaericus IAB59 strain. This strain is ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3661-y
PubMed:
31429782
PubMed Central:
PMC6702717

13. Aedes aegypti saliva impairs M1-associated proinflammatory phenotype without promoting or affecting M2 polarization of murine macrophages

Author:
Barros, Michele S.; Lara, Priscila G.; Fonseca, Monique T.; Moretti, Eduardo H.; Filgueiras, Luciano R.; Martins, Joilson O.; Capurro, Margareth L.; Steiner, Alexandre A.; Sá-Nunes, Anderson
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 239
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Aedes aegypti; adaptive immunity; bioactive properties; blood; hemostasis; immunomodulators; inducible nitric oxide synthase; inflammation; interferon-gamma; interleukin-12; interleukin-4; interleukin-6; lipopolysaccharides; macrophages; mannose; mice; mouthparts; nitric oxide; phenotype; phenotypic plasticity; saliva; salivary glands; transcription factor NF-kappa B; urea; viability
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: During the feeding process, the mouthparts of hematophagous mosquitoes break the skin barrier and probe the host tissue to find the blood. The saliva inoculated in this microenvironment modulates host hemostasis, inflammation and adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanisms involved in these biological activities remain poorly understood and few studies explored the potential rol ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3487-7
PubMed:
31097013
PubMed Central:
PMC6524299

14. Aerobic midgut microbiota of sand fly vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis from northern Iran, a step toward finding potential paratransgenic candidates

Author:
Karimian, Fateh; Vatandoost, Hassan; Rassi, Yavar; Maleki-Ravasan, Naseh; Mohebali, Mehdi; Shirazi, Mohammad Hasan; Koosha, Mona; Choubdar, Nayyereh; Oshaghi, Mohammad Ali
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 10
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Bacillus subtilis; Culicidae; DNA; Leishmania; Pantoea agglomerans; Phlebotomus; adults; control methods; diet; females; genes; humans; intestinal microorganisms; microsymbionts; midgut; mountains; parasites; paratransgenesis; promastigotes; ribosomal RNA; steppes; summer; vector competence; visceral leishmaniasis; Iran
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania parasites and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sand flies. Development of Leishmania to infective metacyclic promastigotes occurs within the sand fly gut where the gut microbiota influences development of the parasite. Paratransgenesis is a new control method in which symbiotic bacteria are isolated, transformed and reintroduce ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-018-3273-y
PubMed:
30616668
PubMed Central:
PMC6322272

15. A field-based modeling study on ecological characterization of hourly host-seeking behavior and its associated climatic variables in Aedes albopictus

Author:
Yin, Qingqing; Li, Li; Guo, Xiang; Wu, Rangke; Shi, Benyun; Wang, Yuji; Liu, Yingjie; Wu, Shang; Pan, Yicheng; Wang, Qi; Xie, Tian; Hu, Tian; Xia, Dan; Xia, Shang; Kambalame, Dzinkambani Moffat; Li, Wanyu; Song, Zhangyao; Zhou, Siyun; Deng, Ye; Xie, Yu; Zhou, Xiao-Nong; Wang, Chunmei; Chen, Xiao-Guang; Zhou, Xiaohong
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 474
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Aedes albopictus; Bayesian theory; climatic factors; control methods; females; host seeking; males; models; mosquito control; mosquito-borne diseases; prediction; public health; regression analysis; relative humidity; risk; risk assessment; temperature; vector control; wind speed
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: The global spread of mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) has presented increasing challenges to public health. The transmission of MBD is mainly attributable to the biting behaviors of female mosquitoes. However, the ecological pattern of hourly host-seeking behavior in Aedes albopictus and its association with climatic variables are still not well understood, especially for a precise requir ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3715-1
PubMed:
31610804
PubMed Central:
PMC6791010

16. African trypanosomes

Author:
Cayla, Mathieu; Rojas, Federico; Silvester, Eleanor; Venter, Frank; Matthews, Keith R.
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 190
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
African trypanosomiasis; Glossina; antigenic variation; genes; humans; immune evasion; parasites; technology; Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract:
... African trypanosomes cause human African trypanosomiasis and animal African trypanosomiasis. They are transmitted by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa. Although most famous for their mechanisms of immune evasion by antigenic variation, there have been recent important studies that illuminate important aspects of the biology of these parasites both in their mammalian host and during passage throug ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3355-5
PubMed:
31036044
PubMed Central:
PMC6489224

17. Age structure of bed bug (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) aggregations affects the nymphal feeding success

Author:
Balvín, Ondřej; Chajma, Petr; Naylor, Richard
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 400
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Chiroptera; Cimicidae; adults; age structure; birds; ectoparasites; energy costs; foraging; hematophagy; insect traps; instars; monitoring; nutritional support; nymphs; parasitism
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Bed bugs (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) are a group of blood-feeding ectoparasites. They mainly specialize on bats and birds, but a few species are important human pests. They exhibit several unique adaptations for their parasitic lifestyle. Among those, bed bug aggregations represent a striking example of a sub-social structure. However, their benefits for the bed bugs as well as their pote ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3659-5
PubMed:
31409390
PubMed Central:
PMC6693277

18. A human case of spotted fever caused by Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest and its association to the tick Amblyomma ovale

Author:
da Paixão Sevá, Anaiá; Martins, Thiago Fernandes; Muñoz-Leal, Sebastián; Rodrigues, Ana Carla; Pinter, Adriano; Luz, Hermes R.; Angerami, Rodrigo N.; Labruna, Marcelo B.
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 471
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Amblyomma; DNA; Rickettsia parkeri; females; fever; genes; humans; patients; rain forests; rickettsial diseases; ticks; Brazil
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest has emerged in Brazil during the last 10 years, with three laboratory-confirmed human cases. While these cases were epidemiologically associated with the tick Amblyomma ovale, in none of them the tick specimens that bit the patients could be identified. RESULTS: We report a clinical case of spotted fever rickettsiosis that was acquired in a ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3730-2
PubMed:
31604442
PubMed Central:
PMC6790035

19. A large-scale screening for the taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus, and the meadow tick, Dermacentor reticulatus, in southern Scandinavia, 2016

Author:
Kjær, Lene Jung; Soleng, Arnulf; Edgar, Kristin Skarsfjord; Lindstedt, Heidi Elisabeth H.; Paulsen, Katrine Mørk; Andreassen, Åshild Kristine; Korslund, Lars; Kjelland, Vivian; Slettan, Audun; Stuen, Snorre; Kjellander, Petter; Christensson, Madeleine; Teräväinen, Malin; Baum, Andreas; Isbrand, Anastasia; Jensen, Laura Mark; Klitgaard, Kirstine; Bødker, René
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 338
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Babesia canis; Dermacentor reticulatus; Ixodes persulcatus; Rickettsia; Tick-borne encephalitis virus; babesiosis; disease severity; dogs; mortality; nymphs; pathogens; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; screening; ticks; Asia; Denmark; Eastern European region; Finland; Norway; Scandinavia; Sweden
Abstract:
... The taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus, has previously been limited to eastern Europe and northern Asia, but recently its range has expanded to Finland and northern Sweden. The species is of medical importance, as it, along with a string of other pathogens, may carry the Siberian and Far Eastern subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus. These subtypes appear to cause more severe disease, with higher ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3596-3
PubMed:
31288866
PubMed Central:
PMC6617640

20. A microRNA profile of saliva and the role of miR-375 in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae)

Author:
Malik, Muhammad Irfan; Nawaz, Mohsin; Hassan, Ibrahim A.; Zhang, Houshuang; Gong, Haiyan; Cao, Jie; Zhou, Yongzhi; Zhou, Jinlin
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2019 v.12 no.1 pp. 68
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Haemaphysalis longicornis; RNA libraries; adults; bioactive compounds; disease control; disease transmission; egg hatchability; eggs; hematophagy; hosts; messenger RNA; metabolism; microRNA; non-coding RNA; nucleotides; nymphs; pathogens; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; saliva; salivary glands; tick-borne diseases; ticks; tissues; vaccines
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Tick saliva contains many bioactive molecules that are involved in attachment to the host, blood-feeding and transmission of pathogens. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNAs with a length of 19–24 nucleotides. They act as regulators of gene expression by binding to their target mRNA at the post-transcriptional level and control a variety of cellular functions, includi ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-019-3318-x
PubMed:
30709412
PubMed Central:
PMC6359829