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1. Albumen height and yolk and embryo compositions in broiler hatching eggs during incubation

Author:
Peebles, E.D.; Gardner, C.W.; Brake, J.; Benton, C.E.; Bruzual, J.J.; Gerard, P.D.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1373-1377
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; weight; egg yolk composition; linoleic acid; myristic acid; embryo (animal); height; egg weight; water content; chicks; egg albumen; protein composition
Abstract:
... The relationship of albumen height (AH) to the compositions of yolks and embryos in hatching eggs from a young (30 wk of age) broiler breeder flock was evaluated during incubation. On Day 2 of incubation, egg weight, yolk weight, and yolk moisture, lipid, and fatty acid contents were determined in eggs from broiler breeders previously identified as laying eggs of either low or high AH. In addition ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1373
PubMed:
11055839

2. A modified method of shell windowing for producing somatic or germline chimeras in fertilized chicken eggs

Author:
Speksnijder, G.; Ivarie, R.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1430-1433
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
egg shell; egg membranes; embryo (animal); chimerism; embryo culture; genetic engineering; egg hatchability; chicks
Abstract:
... Stage X chick blastoderms following oviposition were accessed via a small window in the egg. Windowing, however, substantially reduces the hatchability of eggs containing early embryos. For example, only 32 of 389 (8.2%) eggs hatched after standard windowing with or without irradiation or injection. Ex ovo culture systems can overcome this problem but are labor intensive. A modification of a stand ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1430
PubMed:
11055849

3. Comparison of the efficacies of a novel Aspergillus niger mycelium with separate and combined effectiveness of phytase, acid phosphatase, and pectinase in dephosphorylation of wheat-based feeds fed to growing broilers

Author:
Zyla, K.; Wikiera, A.; Koreleski, J.; Swiatkiewicz, S.; Piironen, J.; Ledoux, D.R.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1434-1443
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; diet; acid phosphatase; polygalacturonase; Aspergillus niger; probiotics; wheat; phosphorus; calcium; nutrient retention; citric acid; ascorbic acid; glucose oxidase; feed formulation; liveweight gain; feed intake; bursa of Fabricius; weight; Peyer's patches; proventriculus; digesta; viscosity
Abstract:
... Efficacies of phytase, phosphorolytic enzymes (phytase + acid phosphatase), an enzymic "cocktail" (phytase + acid phosphatase + pectinase + citric acid), a novel Aspergillus niger (fungal) mycelium (FM), and FM enriched in phytase and antioxidants were investigated in growing broilers (Days 1 to 21) fed wheat-based diets. Broilers were fed the following seven diets at 0.69% Ca: 1) a negative contr ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1434
PubMed:
11055850

4. Development of the reproductive system in turkeys with a high or low susceptibility to prolapse of the oviduct

Author:
Buchanan, S.; Robertson, G.W.; Hocking, P.M.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1491-1498
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
estradiol; weight; vagina; turkeys; ligaments; uterus; blood plasma; line differences; sphincters; selection criteria; oviducts
Abstract:
... Lines of turkeys selected for rapid growth and high meat yield have an increased incidence of prolapse of the oviduct compared with unselected or traditional strains of turkeys. The development of the reproductive system and changes in plasma estrogen concentrations were compared in sire line and traditional turkeys with the aim of identifying any morphological or hormonal differences that could b ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1491
PubMed:
11055858

5. Effect of delayed placement on the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens

Author:
Willis, W.L.; Murray, C.; Talbott, C.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1392-1395
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; chicks; starvation; duration; wood shavings; Campylobacter jejuni; cages; litter (bedding); feed deprivation
Abstract:
... An experiment was conducted with broiler chickens to evaluate the effect of delayed placement on reused litter and the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni. The experiment also assessed the presence of C. jejuni in the crop following feed withdrawal periods in cages vs floor environments. Trial 1 utilized 320 female broiler chicks obtained from a commercial hatchery. The chicks were randomly placed i ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1392
PubMed:
11055842

6. Effect of Eimeria acervulina infections on plasma L-arginine

Author:
Allen, P.C.; Fetterer, R.H.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1414-1417
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
chicks; Eimeria acervulina; dosage; blood plasma; arginine; liveweight gain; nitrates; nitrites; carotenoids
Abstract:
... As part of a program to study the pathological effects of coccidia infections on growth, we have examined the relationship of plasma L-arginine (ARG) levels to infective doses of Eimeria acervulina and infection-associated changes in weight gain, plasma carotenoids, and plasma NO2- + NO3-. Chickens consuming a starter ration containing 1.68% ARG were infected with a range of doses of E. acervulina ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1414
PubMed:
11055846

7. Effect of low extraction temperatures on microbiological quality of rendered chicken fat recovered from skin

Author:
Piette, G.; Hundt, M.; Lapointe, M.; Jacques, L.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1499-1502
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
Enterococcus faecalis; Lactobacillus; Pseudomonas fluorescens; rendering; microbial contamination; Brochothrix thermosphacta; plate count; temperature; Acinetobacter; Pantoea agglomerans; Debaryomyces hansenii; Candida tropicalis; heat treatment; food safety
Abstract:
... Ground or finely homogenized skin, inoculated with circa 7 log10 cfu/g of an Acinetobacter sp., Brochothrix thermosphacta, Candida tropicalis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterococcus faecalis, a Lactobacillus sp., or Pseudomonas fluorescens, or not inoculated, was heated to 50 or 80 C to release fat from adipocytes, and the released fat was separated by centrifugation. Extrac ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1499
PubMed:
11055859

8. Effects of low phytic acid corn on phosphorus utilization, performance, and bone mineralization in broiler chicks

Author:
Li, Y.C.; Ledoux, D.R.; Veum, T.L.; Raboy, V.; Ertl, D.S.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1444-1450
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; chemical composition; diet; phytic acid; in vitro digestibility; inorganic phosphorus; bioavailability; feed conversion; tibia; calcium; corn; liveweight gain; feed intake; phalanges; chicks
Abstract:
... In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to determine whether P in a low-phytate corn (LPC) containing the lpa 1-1 allele is more available than P in a near-isogenic wild-type corn hybrid (NC). The LPC was analyzed to contain 0.18% nonphytate P and 0.26% total P (TP), whereas NC contained 0.05% nonphytate P and 0.25% TP. For these studies, nonphytate P was considered to be available P (AP). ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1444
PubMed:
11055851

9. Effects of relative humidity during the last five days of incubation and brooding temperature on performance of broiler chicks from young broiler breeders

Author:
Bruzual, J.J.; Peak, S.D.; Brake, J.; Peebles, E.D.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1385-1391
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; relative humidity; feed conversion; ambient temperature; gender differences; liveweight gain; feed intake; egg hatchability; hens; mortality
Abstract:
... Broiler hatching eggs were subjected to one RH condition (53% RH) from 0 to 16 d and switched to one of three different RH conditions (43, 53, or 63%) from transfer at 16 d to pull time at 21.67 d of incubation. The broiler breeder ages were 27, 29, and 31 wk for Trial 1, and 26, 28, and 30 wk for Trial 2 in Experiment 1. For both trials, BW at hatch, BW at pull, hatch time, and chick weight loss ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1385
PubMed:
11055841

10. Elimination of early Salmonella enteritidis infection after treatment with competitive-exclusion culture and enrofloxacin in experimentally infected chicks

Author:
Seo, K.H.; Holt, P.S.; Gast, R.K.; Hofacre, C.L.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1408-1413
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
enrofloxacin; intestinal microorganisms; liver; antibody formation; Salmonella Enteritidis; cecum; blood plasma; immunoglobulin A; digesta; interspecific competition; spleen; oral administration; drinking water; chicks
Abstract:
... The effect of normal avian gut flora (NAGF) and enrofloxacin administration on the early infection of young chicks by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was determined using day-old White Leghorn chicks. Day-old chicks were divided into two groups, untreated control and NAGF-treated, and then infected with 10(6) cfu of SE per chick by oral gavage. The untreated, infected chicks were further divided into ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1408
PubMed:
11055845

11. Influence of dietary protein level on the broiler chicken's response to methionine and betaine supplements

Author:
Garcia Neto, M.; Pesti, G.M.; Bakalli, R.I.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1478-1484
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
abdominal fat; betaine; broiler chickens; energy content; poultry meal; liveweight gain; animal fats and oils; feathers; weight; breast muscle; feed additives; feed conversion; corn; feed formulation; soybean meal; dietary protein; liver; methionine; metabolizable energy; protein content
Abstract:
... Two experiments were conducted to compare broiler chicken responses to methionine and betaine supplements when fed diets with low protein and relatively high metabolizable energy levels (17%, 3.3 kcal/g) or moderate protein and lower metabolizable energy levels (24%, 3.0 kcal/g), resulting in different levels of carcass fat. In Experiment 1, the basal diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal, ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1478
PubMed:
11055856

12. Interaction between ambient temperature and supplementation of synthetic amino acids on performance and carcass parameters in commercial male turkeys

Author:
Veldkamp, T.; Ferket, P.R.; Kwakkel, R.P.; Nixey, C.; Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1472-1477
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
water content; turkeys; feed additives; lysine; methionine; threonine; ambient temperature; heat stress; body weight; feed intake; feed conversion; liveweight gain; carcass yield; carcass quality; meat cuts; breast muscle; nitrogen content; litter (bedding)
Abstract:
... An experiment with male turkeys was conducted to test the hypothesis that turkey production performance responds positively to extra crystalline amino acid supplementation (lysine, methionine, and threonine) when subjected to a high ambient temperature regimen (HT) in the grower period. Two diets were formulated to provide lysine, methionine, and threonine concentrations that either 1) met the bre ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1472
PubMed:
11055855

13. Muscle protein turnover during early development in chickens divergently selected for growth rate

Author:
Tesseraud, S.; Chagneau, A.M.; Grizard, J.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1465-1471
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; selection criteria; breast muscle; protein content; RNA; protein synthesis; ribosomes; protein degradation; liveweight gain; line differences; protein deposition; selection response
Abstract:
... To explore the mechanisms involved in the genetic control of muscle growth and protein gain, protein metabolism was assessed in the pectoralis major muscle of two chicken lines selected for either fast or slow growth. Protein synthesis was measured in vivo at various ages from 1 to 4 wk, using a flooding dose of L-[4-3H] phenylalanine. Protein degradation was estimated as the difference between sy ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1465
PubMed:
11055854

14. Nonphytate phosphorus requirement and phosphorus excretion of broiler chicks fed diets composed of normal or high available phosphate corn with and without microbial phytase

Author:
Waldroup, P.W.; Kersey, J.H.; Saleh, E.A.; Fritts, C.A.; Yan, F.; Stilborn, H.L.; Crum, R.C. Jr.; Raboy, V.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1451-1459
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; phytic acid; bioavailability; feed additives; tibia; body weight; mineral content; corn; feed conversion; mutants; feces composition; phosphorus; chicks; mortality; excretion
Abstract:
... A study was conducted to evaluate the ability of the young (0 to 3 wk) broiler chicken to utilize the P provided by a high available P corn [HAPC; 0.27% total P and 0.17% nonphytate P] in comparison with yellow dent corn (YDC; 0.23% total P and 0.03% nonphytate P), and to determine the extent to which supplementation with exogenous phytase enzyme could reduce the demands for dietary P and subseque ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1451
PubMed:
11055852

15. Reduction of mortality in specific-pathogen-free layer chickens by a caprine serum fraction after infection with Pasteurella multocida

Author:
Willeford, K.O.; Parker, T.A.; Peebles, E.D.; Wang, C.; Jones, E.W.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1424-1429
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
chickens; basophils; specific pathogen-free animals; blood serum; blood proteins; monocytes; hematologic tests; lymphocytes; goats; dosage; bioassays; eosinophils; animal models; immunostimulants; molecular weight; heterophils; mortality; Pasteurella multocida
Abstract:
... Caprine serum was fractionated by size, and its proteinaceous material <8,000 Da [caprine serum fraction immunomodulator 2 (CSF-I2)] was evaluated for its ability to impart immunoresistance to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) layer chickens. The SPF layers were challenged with 18 to 30 cfu of Pasteurella multocida X-73 (serotype 1) at 5 wk of age. A high degree of mortality was apparent 24 and 48 h la ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1424
PubMed:
11055848

16. The developmental expression of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase in the yolk sac membrane, liver, and intestine of developing embryos and posthatch turkeys

Author:
Ding, S.T.; Lilburn, M.S.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1460-1464
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
yolk sac; poults; vitelline membrane; liver; turkeys; ontogeny; microsomes; cholesterol; cholesterol acyltransferase; intestines; embryogenesis; postnatal development; enzyme activity
Abstract:
... Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters (CE) from free cholesterol and fatty acyl-coenzyme A. This experiment was conducted to study the ontogeny of ACAT activity in the yolk sac membrane, liver, and intestine during embryonic development and early posthatch growth of turkeys. The ACAT activity was measured on tissue samples collected at 3-d ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1460
PubMed:
11055853

17. The dynamics of antibody response to Escherichia coli vaccination in meat-type chicks

Author:
Yonash, N.; Leitner, G.; Cahaner, A.; Heller, D.E.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1418-1423
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; chicks; selection criteria; line differences; vaccination; Escherichia coli; antibody formation; duration
Abstract:
... The dynamics of serum antibody (Ab) response in young broilers were studied in lines divergently selected for high (HC) or low (LC) Ab response to Escherichia coli vaccination at an early age, and their cross (HL). Chicks were divided into three vaccination-age (VA) groups: 8, 10, and 12 d of age (VA8, VA10, and VA12, respectively). Antibody response was determined five times for each chick, at 6, ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1418
PubMed:
11055847

18. The effect of air velocity on broiler performance and feed and water consumption

Author:
May, J.D.; Lott, B.D.; Simmons, J.D.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1396-1400
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; air flow; velocity; ambient temperature; feed intake; liveweight gain; feed conversion; body weight; circadian rhythm; feeding frequency
Abstract:
... Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of air velocity on feed and water consumption at a constant temperature of 27 C and a daily cyclic temperature of 22-32-22 C. Air velocity over the broilers was <15 or 120 m/min. These temperature and air velocity treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial design in eight environmental chambers, with two replications of each treatment. The air v ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1396
PubMed:
11055843

19. The effect of early age feed restriction on subsequent response to high environmental temperatures in female broiler chickens

Author:
Zulkifli, I.; Che Norma, M.T.; Israf, D.A.; Omar, A.R.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1401-1407
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
broiler chickens; restricted feeding; heat tolerance; ambient temperature; ad libitum feeding; lymphocytes; body weight; feed intake; feed conversion; mortality; blood serum; cholesterol; antibody formation; hematologic tests; stress response
Abstract:
... This study was conducted to determine whether early age feed restriction improves heat tolerance in female broiler chickens. Chicks were brooded for 3 wk and then maintained at 24 +/- 1 C. On Day 0, chicks were assigned to one of four feeding regimens; each regimen was applied to four cages of chicks. The feeding regimens were 1) ad libitum feeding (ALF); 2) 40% feed restriction at 4, 5, and 6 d o ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1401
PubMed:
11055844

20. The effect of varying mix uniformity (simulated) of phytase on growth performance, mineral retention, and bone mineralization in chicks

Author:
Johnston, S.L.; Southern, L.L.
Source:
Poultry science 2000 v.79 no.10 pp. 1485-1490
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
chicks; feed additives; enzyme activity; feed mixing; dietary minerals; phosphorus; bone mineralization; bone strength; tibia; liveweight gain; feed conversion; feed intake; calcium; nutrient retention
Abstract:
... An 18-d experiment was conducted to determine the effect of varying mix uniformity of phytase on growth performance, mineral retention, and bone mineralization in chicks. Chicks (initial and final weights were 74.5 and 803.3 g) were allotted to seven treatments with six (Treatment 1) or seven (Treatments 2 to 7) replicates of seven chicks per replicate in a completely randomized design. Varying mi ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/79.10.1485
PubMed:
11055857