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You searched for: Journal Science Remove constraint Journal: Science Publication Year 2011 Remove constraint Publication Year: 2011 Subject climate change Remove constraint Subject: climate change
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1. Climate Sensitivity Estimated from Temperature Reconstructions of the Last Glacial Maximum

Author:
Schmittner, Andreas; Urban, Nathan M.; Shakun, Jeremy D.; Mahowald, Natalie M.; Clark, Peter U.; Bartlein, Patrick J.; Mix, Alan C.; Rosell-Melé, Antoni
Source:
Science 2011 v.334 no.6061 pp. 1385-1388
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
carbon; carbon dioxide; climate; climate change; climate models; emissions; simulation models; surface temperature; uncertainty
Abstract:
... Assessing the impact of future anthropogenic carbon emissions is currently impeded by uncertainties in our knowledge of equilibrium climate sensitivity to atmospheric carbon dioxide doubling. Previous studies suggest 3 kelvin (K) as the best estimate, 2 to 4.5 K as the 66% probability range, and nonzero probabilities for much higher values, the latter implying a small chance of high-impact climate ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1203513

2. The Role of Carbon Dioxide During the Onset of Antarctic Glaciation

Author:
Pagani, Mark; Huber, Matthew; Liu, Zhonghui; Bohaty, Steven M.; Henderiks, Jorijntje; Sijp, Willem; Krishnan, Srinath; DeConto, Robert M.
Source:
Science 2011 v.334 no.6060 pp. 1261-1264
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
carbon dioxide; climate; climate change; glaciation; ice; latitude; temperature profiles; Antarctic region
Abstract:
... Earth’s modern climate, characterized by polar ice sheets and large equator-to-pole temperature gradients, is rooted in environmental changes that promoted Antarctic glaciation approximately 33.7 million years ago. Onset of Antarctic glaciation reflects a critical tipping point for Earth’s climate and provides a framework for investigating the role of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) during major ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1203909

3. Climate Change, Keystone Predation, and Biodiversity Loss

Author:
Harley, Christopher D. G.
Source:
Science 2011 v.334 no.6059 pp. 1124-1127
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
climate change; community structure; mussels; predation; prey species; species diversity
Abstract:
... Climate change can affect organisms both directly via physiological stress and indirectly via changing relationships among species. However, we do not fully understand how changing interspecific relationships contribute to community- and ecosystem-level responses to environmental forcing. I used experiments and spatial and temporal comparisons to demonstrate that warming substantially reduces pred ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1210199

4. The Influence of Late Quaternary Climate-Change Velocity on Species Endemism

Author:
Sandel, B.; Arge, L.; Dalsgaard, B.; Davies, R. G.; Gaston, K. J.; Sutherland, W. J.; Svenning, J.-C.
Source:
Science 2011 v.334 no.6056 pp. 660-664
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
amphibians; biodiversity; birds; climate; climate change; extinction; indigenous species; mammals; risk
Abstract:
... The effects of climate change on biodiversity should depend in part on climate displacement rate (climate-change velocity) and its interaction with species’ capacity to migrate. We estimated Late Quaternary glacial-interglacial climate-change velocity by integrating macroclimatic shifts since the Last Glacial Maximum with topoclimatic gradients. Globally, areas with high velocities were associated ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1210173

5. The Pace of Shifting Climate in Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems

Author:
Burrows, Michael T.; Schoeman, David S.; Buckley, Lauren B.; Moore, Pippa; Poloczanska, Elvira S.; Brander, Keith M.; Brown, Chris; Bruno, John F.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Holding, Johnna; Kappel, Carrie V.; Kiessling, Wolfgang; O’Connor, Mary I.; Pandolfi, John M.; Parmesan, Camille; Schwing, Franklin B.; Sydeman, William J.; Richardson, Anthony J.
Source:
Science 2011 v.334 no.6056 pp. 652-655
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
biodiversity; climate; climate change; latitude; phenology; space and time; temperature; terrestrial ecosystems
Abstract:
... Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global temperatures over the past 50 years to describe the pace of climate change that species should track: the velocity of climate change (geographic shifts of isotherms over time) and the shift in seasonal timing of temperatures. Both m ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1210288

6. Anthropogenic Aerosols and the Weakening of the South Asian Summer Monsoon

Author:
Bollasina, Massimo A.; Ming, Yi; Ramaswamy, V.
Source:
Science 2011 v.334 no.6055 pp. 502-505
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
aerosols; climate change; climate models; drought; drying; emissions; energy; humans; monsoon season; summer; South Asia
Abstract:
... Observations show that South Asia underwent a widespread summertime drying during the second half of the 20th century, but it is unclear whether this trend was due to natural variations or human activities. We used a series of climate model experiments to investigate the South Asian monsoon response to natural and anthropogenic forcings. We find that the observed precipitation decrease can be attr ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1204994

7. 800,000 Years of Abrupt Climate Variability

Author:
Barker, Stephen; Knorr, Gregor; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Parrenin, Frédéric; Putnam, Aaron E.; Skinner, Luke C.; Wolff, Eric; Ziegler, Martin
Source:
Science 2011 v.334 no.6054 pp. 347-351
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
climate; climate change; evolution; ice; models; China; Greenland
Abstract:
... We constructed an 800,000-year synthetic record of Greenland climate variability based on the thermal bipolar seesaw model. Our Greenland analog reproduces much of the variability seen in the Greenland ice cores over the past 100,000 years. The synthetic record shows strong similarity with the absolutely dated speleothem record from China, allowing us to place ice core records within an absolute t ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1203580

8. Response to Comments on "Changes in Climatic Water Balance Drive Downhill Shifts in Plant Species’ Optimum Elevations"

Author:
Dobrowski, Solomon Z.; Crimmins, Shawn M.; Greenberg, Jonathan A.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Mynsberge, Alison R.
Source:
Science 2011 v.334 no.6053 pp. 177
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
altitude; climate change; plant physiology
Abstract:
... Wolf and Anderegg, Hijmans, and Stephenson and Das suggest that our findings of changes in climatic water balance driving downhill shifts in plant species distributions are flawed. We demonstrate that the conclusions these authors make are subject to the selection of methods they apply and do not provide sufficient evidence to reject our original findings. ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1205740

9. Response to Comment on "The Response of Vegetation on the Andean Flank in Western Amazonia to Pleistocene Climate Change"

Author:
Cárdenas, Macarena L.; Gosling, William D.; Sherlock, Sarah C.; Poole, Imogen; Pennington, R. Toby; Mothes, Patricia
Source:
Science 2011 v.333 no.6051 pp. 1825
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
Podocarpus; climate change; fossils; organisms; vegetation; Amazonia; Andes region
Abstract:
... Puyasena et al. question our interpretation of climate-driven vegetation change on the Andean flank in western Amazonia during the middle Pleistocene and suggest that the use of Podocarpus spp. as a proxy of past climate change should be reassessed. We defend our assertion that vegetation change at the Erazo study site was predominantly driven by climate change due to concomitant changes recorded ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1207525

10. Climate Trends and Global Crop Production Since 1980

Author:
Lobell, David B.; Schlenker, Wolfram; Costa-Roberts, Justin
Source:
Science 2011 v.333 no.6042 pp. 616-620
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
carbon dioxide; climate; climate change; corn; crop production; crops; food availability; growing season; models; rice; soybeans; statistical analysis; temperature; weather; United States
Abstract:
... Efforts to anticipate how climate change will affect future food availability can benefit from understanding the impacts of changes to date. We found that in the cropping regions and growing seasons of most countries, with the important exception of the United States, temperature trends from 1980 to 2008 exceeded one standard deviation of historic year-to-year variability. Models that link yields ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1204531

11. Atmospheric Carbon Injection Linked to End-Triassic Mass Extinction

Author:
Ruhl, Micha; Bonis, Nina R.; Reichart, Gert-Jan; Damsté, Jaap S. Sinninghe; Kürschner, Wolfram M.
Source:
Science 2011 v.333 no.6041 pp. 430-434
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
biodiversity; carbon; climate change; embryophytes; extinction; hydrologic cycle; methane; terrestrial ecosystems; vegetation; volcanic activity; waxes
Abstract:
... The end-Triassic mass extinction (approximately 201.4 million years ago), marked by terrestrial ecosystem turnover and up to approximately 50% loss in marine biodiversity, has been attributed to intensified volcanic activity during the break-up of Pangaea. Here, we present compound-specific carbon-isotope data of long-chain n-alkanes derived from waxes of land plants, showing a approximately 8.5 p ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1204255

12. Global Trends in Wind Speed and Wave Height

Author:
Young, I.R.; Zieger, S.; Babanin, A.V.
Source:
Science 2011 v.332 no.6028 pp. 451-455
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
climate; climate change; databases; gravity; oceans; prediction; satellites; temperature; wind speed
Abstract:
... Studies of climate change typically consider measurements or predictions of temperature over extended periods of time. Climate, however, is much more than temperature. Over the oceans, changes in wind speed and the surface gravity waves generated by such winds play an important role. We used a 23-year database of calibrated and validated satellite altimeter measurements to investigate global chang ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1197219

13. Interplay Between Changing Climate and Species' Ecology Drives Macroevolutionary Dynamics

Author:
Ezard, Thomas H.G.; Aze, Tracy; Pearson, Paul N.; Purvis, Andy
Source:
Science 2011 v.332 no.6027 pp. 349-351
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
Retaria; climate change; ecology; extinction; fossils; plankton; risk
Abstract:
... Ecological change provokes speciation and extinction, but our knowledge of the interplay among the biotic and abiotic drivers of macroevolution remains limited. Using the unparalleled fossil record of Cenozoic macroperforate planktonic foraminifera, we demonstrate that macroevolutionary dynamics depend on the interaction between species' ecology and the changing climate. This interplay drives dive ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1203060

14. Beyond Predictions: Biodiversity Conservation in a Changing Climate

Author:
Dawson, Terence P.; Jackson, Stephen T.; House, Joanna I.; Prentice, Iain Colin; Mace, Georgina M.
Source:
Science 2011 v.332 no.6025 pp. 53-58
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
biodiversity; climate change; ecosystems; freshwater; genetic variation; habitats; models; paleoecology; phenology; prediction
Abstract:
... Climate change is predicted to become a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century, but accurate predictions and effective solutions have proved difficult to formulate. Alarming predictions have come from a rather narrow methodological base, but a new, integrated science of climate-change biodiversity assessment is emerging, based on multiple sources and approaches. Drawing on evidence from ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1200303

15. The Response of Vegetation on the Andean Flank in Western Amazonia to Pleistocene Climate Change

Author:
Cárdenas, Macarena L.; Gosling, William D.; Sherlock, Sarah C.; Poole, Imogen; Pennington, R. Toby; Mothes, Patricia
Source:
Science 2011 v.331 no.6020 pp. 1055-1058
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
Podocarpus; biodiversity; climate; climate change; cooling; fossils; isotopes; montane forests; plant communities; pollen; radiometry; temperature; volcanic ash; wood; Amazonia; Andes region; Ecuador
Abstract:
... A reconstruction of past environmental change from Ecuador reveals the response of lower montane forest on the Andean flank in western Amazonia to glacial-interglacial global climate change. Radiometric dating of volcanic ash indicates that deposition occurred approximately 324,000 to 193,000 years ago during parts of Marine Isotope Stages 9, 7, and 6. Fossil pollen and wood preserved within organ ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1197947

16. The Magnitude and Duration of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian Glaciation

Author:
Finnegan, Seth; Bergmann, Kristin; Eiler, John M.; Jones, David S.; Fike, David A.; Eisenman, Ian; Hughes, Nigel C.; Tripati, Aradhna K.; Fischer, Woodward W.
Source:
Science 2011 v.331 no.6019 pp. 903-906
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
carbon cycle; climate change; cooling; extinction; glaciation; ice; isotopes; mass; water temperature
Abstract:
... Understanding ancient climate changes is hampered by the inability to disentangle trends in ocean temperature from trends in continental ice volume. We used carbonate "clumped" isotope paleothermometry to constrain ocean temperatures, and thereby estimate ice volumes, through the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian glaciation. We find tropical ocean temperatures of 32° to 37°C except for short-lived co ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1200803

17. 2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility

Author:
Büntgen, Ulf; Tegel, Willy; Nicolussi, Kurt; McCormick, Michael; Frank, David; Trouet, Valerie; Kaplan, Jed O.; Herzig, Franz; Heussner, Karl-Uwe; Wanner, Heinz; Luterbacher, Jürg; Esper, Jan
Source:
Science 2011 v.331 no.6017 pp. 578-582
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
anthropogenic activities; climate; climate change; humans; politics; risk; summer; temperature
Abstract:
... Climate variations influenced the agricultural productivity, health risk, and conflict level of preindustrial societies. Discrimination between environmental and anthropogenic impacts on past civilizations, however, remains difficult because of the paucity of high-resolution paleoclimatic evidence. We present tree ring-based reconstructions of central European summer precipitation and temperature ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1197175

18. Changes in Climatic Water Balance Drive Downhill Shifts in Plant Species' Optimum Elevations

Author:
Crimmins, Shawn M.; Dobrowski, Solomon Z.; Greenberg, Jonathan A.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Mynsberge, Alison R.
Source:
Science 2011 v.331 no.6015 pp. 324-327
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
climate change; plants (botany); phytogeography; altitude; temperature; evaporative demand; California
Abstract:
... Uphill shifts of species' distributions in response to historical warming are well documented, which leads to widespread expectations of continued uphill shifts under future warming. Conversely, downhill shifts are often considered anomalous and unrelated to climate change. By comparing the altitudinal distributions of 64 plant species between the 1930s and the present day within California, we sh ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1199040