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1. A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an 1810-Year Chinese Cave Record

Author:
Zhang, Pingzhong; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Chen, Fahu; Wang, Yongjin; Yang, Xunlin; Liu, Jian; Tan, Ming; Wang, Xianfeng; Liu, Jinghua; An, Chunlei; Dai, Zhibo; Zhou, Jing; Zhang, Dezhong; Jia, Jihong; Jin, Liya; Johnson, Kathleen R.
Source:
Science 2008 v.322 no.5903 pp. 940-942
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
anthropogenic activities; climate; glaciation; monsoon season; population growth; rice; summer; temperature; China; Europe
Abstract:
... A record from Wanxiang Cave, China, characterizes Asian Monsoon (AM) history over the past 1810 years. The summer monsoon correlates with solar variability, Northern Hemisphere and Chinese temperature, Alpine glacial retreat, and Chinese cultural changes. It was generally strong during Europe's Medieval Warm Period and weak during Europe's Little Ice Age, as well as during the final decades of the ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1163965

2. Defining the epoch we live in

Author:
Ruddiman, William F.; Ellis, Erle C.; Kaplan, Jed O.; Fuller, Dorian Q.
Source:
Science 2015 v.348 no.6230 pp. 38-39
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
Anthropocene epoch; algal blooms; anthropogenic activities; biodiversity; carbon dioxide; climate; estuaries; forests; grasslands; methane; ocean acidification; ozone; risk
Abstract:
... Human alterations of Earth's environments are pervasive. Visible changes include the built environment, conversion of forests and grasslands to agriculture, algal blooms, smog, and the siltation of dams and estuaries. Less obvious transformations include increases in ozone, carbon dioxide (CO ₂), and methane (CH ₄) in the atmosphere, and ocean acidification. Motivated by the pervasiveness of these ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.aaa7297

3. Glacier retreat crosses a line

Author:
Marshall, Shawn
Source:
Science 2014 v.345 no.6199 pp. 872
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
Ursus maritimus; anthropogenic activities; climate; climate change; climate models; coral reefs; glaciers; mass; shorelines
Abstract:
... Retreating glaciers, bleached coral reefs, stranded polar bears, parched East African earth, receding tropical shorelines: These are the symbols of climate change in our young century. But how much responsibility do humans bear for these changes? In the case of glaciers, their worldwide retreat began in the 19th century, well before human effects on global climate are believed to have been signifi ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1258584

4. Improved Surface Temperature Prediction for the Coming Decade from a Global Climate Model

Author:
Smith, Doug M.; Cusack, Stephen; Colman, Andrew W.; Folland, Chris K.; Harris, Glen R.; Murphy, James M.
Source:
Science 2007 v.317 no.5839 pp. 796-799
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
anthropogenic activities; climate; climate models; global warming; prediction; surface temperature
Abstract:
... Previous climate model projections of climate change accounted for external forcing from natural and anthropogenic sources but did not attempt to predict internally generated natural variability. We present a new modeling system that predicts both internal variability and externally forced changes and hence forecasts surface temperature with substantially improved skill throughout a decade, both g ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1139540

5. Nitrous Oxide (N₂O): The Dominant Ozone-Depleting Substance Emitted in the 21st Century

Author:
Ravishankara, A.R.; Daniel, John S.; Portmann, Robert W.
Source:
Science 2009 v.326 no.5949 pp. 123-125
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
anthropogenic activities; climate; greenhouse gas emissions; nitrous oxide; ozone; ozone depletion; ozonosphere
Abstract:
... By comparing the ozone depletion potential-weighted anthropogenic emissions of N₂O with those of other ozone-depleting substances, we show that N₂O emission currently is the single most important ozone-depleting emission and is expected to remain the largest throughout the 21st century. N₂O is unregulated by the Montreal Protocol. Limiting future N₂O emissions would enhance the recovery of the ozo ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1176985

6. Rainforest Aerosols as Biogenic Nuclei of Clouds and Precipitation in the Amazon

Author:
Pöschl, U.; Martin, S.T.; Sinha, B.; Chen, Q.; Gunthe, S.S.; Huffman, J.A.; Borrmann, S.; Farmer, D.K.; Garland, R.M.; Helas, G.; Jimenez, J.L.; King, S.M.; Manzi, A.; Mikhailov, E.; Pauliquevis, T.; Petters, M.D.; Prenni, A.J.; Roldin, P.; Rose, D.; Schneider, J.; Su, H.; Zorn, S.R.; Artaxo, P.; Andreae, M.O.
Source:
Science 2010 v.329 no.5998 pp. 1513-1516
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
aerosols; anthropogenic activities; basins; biosphere; climate; hydrologic cycle; ice; oxidation; photochemistry; rain forests; wet season
Abstract:
... The Amazon is one of the few continental regions where atmospheric aerosol particles and their effects on climate are not dominated by anthropogenic sources. During the wet season, the ambient conditions approach those of the pristine pre-industrial era. We show that the fine submicrometer particles accounting for most cloud condensation nuclei are predominantly composed of secondary organic mater ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1191056

7. Solid Ammonium Sulfate Aerosols as Ice Nuclei: A Pathway for Cirrus Cloud Formation

Author:
Abbatt, J.P.D.; Benz, S.; Cziczo, D.J.; Kanji, Z.; Lohmann, U.; Möhler, O.
Source:
Science 2006 v.313 no.5794 pp. 1770-1773
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
aerosols; ammonia; ammonium sulfate; anthropogenic activities; climate; climate models; crystals; freezing; heat; ice; ice nucleation
Abstract:
... Laboratory measurements support a cirrus cloud formation pathway involving heterogeneous ice nucleation by solid ammonium sulfate aerosols. Ice formation occurs at low ice-saturation ratios consistent with the formation of continental cirrus and an interhemispheric asymmetry observed for cloud onset. In a climate model, this mechanism provides a widespread source of ice nuclei and leads to fewer b ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1129726

8. The Aftermath of Megafaunal Extinction: Ecosystem Transformation in Pleistocene Australia

Author:
Rule, Susan; Brook, Barry W.; Haberle, Simon G.; Turney, Chris S. M.; Kershaw, A. Peter; Johnson, Christopher N.
Source:
Science 2012 v.335 no.6075 pp. 1483-1486
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
anthropogenic activities; climate; climate change; ecosystems; environmental impact; extinction; fauna; herbivores; humans; landscapes; rain forests; wildfires; Australia
Abstract:
... Giant vertebrates dominated many Pleistocene ecosystems. Many were herbivores, and their sudden extinction in prehistory could have had large ecological impacts. We used a high-resolution 130,000-year environmental record to help resolve the cause and reconstruct the ecological consequences of extinction of Australia’s megafauna. Our results suggest that human arrival rather than climate caused me ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1214261

9. The Radiative Signature of Upper Tropospheric Moistening

Author:
Soden, Brian J.; Jackson, Darren L.; Ramaswamy, V.; Schwarzkopf, M. D.; Huang, Xianglei
Source:
Science 2005 v.310 no.5749 pp. 841-844
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
anthropogenic activities; climate; climate models; global warming; greenhouse gases; satellites; simulation models; troposphere; water vapor
Abstract:
... Climate models predict that the concentration of water vapor in the upper troposphere could double by the end of the century as a result of increases in greenhouse gases. Such moistening plays a key role in amplifying the rate at which the climate warms in response to anthropogenic activities, but has been difficult to detect because of deficiencies in conventional observing systems. We use satell ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1115602

10. 2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility

Author:
Büntgen, Ulf; Tegel, Willy; Nicolussi, Kurt; McCormick, Michael; Frank, David; Trouet, Valerie; Kaplan, Jed O.; Herzig, Franz; Heussner, Karl-Uwe; Wanner, Heinz; Luterbacher, Jürg; Esper, Jan
Source:
Science 2011 v.331 no.6017 pp. 578-582
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
anthropogenic activities; climate; climate change; humans; politics; risk; summer; temperature
Abstract:
... Climate variations influenced the agricultural productivity, health risk, and conflict level of preindustrial societies. Discrimination between environmental and anthropogenic impacts on past civilizations, however, remains difficult because of the paucity of high-resolution paleoclimatic evidence. We present tree ring-based reconstructions of central European summer precipitation and temperature ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1197175