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21. Nitrate-Nitrogen, Soluble, and Bioavailable Phosphorus Runoff from Simulated Rainfall After Fertilizer Application

Author:
Gascho, G. J.; Davis, J. G.; Hook, J. E.; Wauchope, R. D.; Dowler, C.C.; Johnson, A. W.; Truman, C. C.; Sumner, H. R.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1711-1718
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
agricultural soils; Udults; nitrate nitrogen; phosphorus; losses from soil; runoff; nitrogen fertilizers; phosphorus fertilizers; potassium fertilizers; granules; liquid fertilizers; rain; field experimentation; Georgia
Abstract:
... Runoff from crop land can enhance eutrophication of fresh water and hypoxia in sea water. We simulated rain at 25 mm hr⁻¹ for 2 hr, 8 d prior and 1, 14, 29, 49 and 108 d after fertilization and planting of corn (Zea mays L.). Experimental sites received 50 kg N, 45 kg P, and 125 kg K ha⁻¹ as granulated fertilizer broadcast and incorporated to a depth of 150 mm. An additional 118 kg N ha⁻¹ was surf ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060032x

22. Noninvasive Water Content and Electrical Conductivity Laboratory Measurements using Time Domain Reflectometry

Author:
Persson, Magnus; Berndtsson, Ronny
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1471-1476
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
electrical conductivity; soil water content; probes (equipment); time domain reflectometry; soil salinity; soil analysis; measurement; accuracy; nondestructive methods
Abstract:
... A noninvasive approach for measurements of near-surface water content (θ) and bulk electrical conductivity (σₐ) using time domain reflectometry (TDR) is presented. In this approach, an ordinary three-rod TDR probe is used together with a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surface block that surrounds half the measurement volume. Theoretical and experimental results show that an analytical solution of the ap ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060001x

23. Parameter Uncertainty Analysis of Common Infiltration Models

Author:
Clausnitzer, V.; Hopmans, J. W.; Starr, J. L.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1477-1487
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
simulation models; Monte Carlo method; clay soils; uncertainty; measurement; algorithms; sandy loam soils
Abstract:
... Water infiltration is a driving force influencing crop growth, soil erosion, and chemical leaching processes. Knowledge of the relative precision and accuracy of infiltration models is needed for best characterization of the infiltration parameters. The two-parameter Green-Ampt and Philip, three-parameter Horton, Mezencev, Swartzendruber, and Parlange et al., and four-parameter Barry et al. infilt ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060002x

24. Properties of Permafrost Soils on the Northern Seward Peninsula, Northwest Alaska

Author:
Höfle, Claudia; Ping, Chien-Lu; Kimble, John M.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1629-1639
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
soil taxonomy; tundra soils; soil properties; coastal plain soils; Gelisols; soil profiles; Alaska
Abstract:
... Soil processes in permafrost regions differ markedly from those of the mid and low latitudes. Permafrost soils are cold during the short growing season and frozen the rest of the year. This study was conducted to describe permafrost soils on the tundra coastal plain of northern Seward Peninsula with emphasis on soil characteristics below the active layer and cryogenic structures, both aspects whic ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060021x

25. Quantification of Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon in Soil Solution with Flow-Through Bioreactors

Author:
Yano, Yuriko; McDowell, William H.; Kinner, Nancy E.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1556-1564
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
Pinus; quantitative analysis; hardwood; soil organic matter; bioreactors; design; forest litter; soil analysis; carbon; soil microorganisms; biodegradation; extracts; measurement; microbial activity
Abstract:
... A flow-through bioreactor method for drinking water or stream water was modified for the rapid determination of biodegradable dissolved organic C (BDOC) in small, discrete samples such as soil solutions collected in lysimeters. Biodegradable dissolved organic C was measured as the difference in dissolved organic C (DOC) concentration between the inlet and outlet when a sample was pumped through a ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060012x

26. Relating Preseason Soil Nitrogen to Maize Yield in Tree Legume-Maize Rotations

Author:
Barrios, E.; Kwesiga, F.; Buresh, R. J.; Coe, R.; Sprent, J. I.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1604-1609
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
Zea mays; crop rotation; Calliandra calothyrsus; Flemingia macrophylla; Gliricidia sepium; Leucaena leucocephala; Senna siamea; fallow; Arachis hypogaea; Glycine max; tropical soils; soil fertility; nitrogen; nutrient availability; soil organic matter; correlation; crop yield; grains; nitrogen-fixing trees; Zambia
Abstract:
... Legumes can be an important source of N for cereals in tropical, subsistence farming systems that use little or no fertilizers. Our objective was to identify measures of soil N availability, following growth of diverse legumes, that correlated with yield of a subsequent unfertilized maize (Zea mays L.) crop. Unfertilized maize followed nine 3-yr-old systems (six monocultures of planted trees legum ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060018x

27. Short-term Changes in Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Pools during Tillage Management Transition

Author:
McCarty, G. W.; Lyssenko, N. N.; Starr, J. L.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1564-1571
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
agricultural soils; fractionation; nitrogen content; no-tillage; nitrogen; soil organic matter; spatial distribution; soil heterogeneity; plowing; soil depth; carbon; Udults; soil profiles; biomass; Maryland
Abstract:
... It is well established that distribution of organic C and N within a soil profile is substantially influenced by long-term conversion of soil from plow-tillage to no-tillage management, but little is known about the short-term changes in the character of soil organic matter during transition between these two soil management systems. To characterize the changes in composition of organic C and N po ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060013x

28. Soil Compaction and Fertilization Effects on Nitrous Oxide and Methane Fluxes in Potato Fields

Author:
Ruser, R.; Schilling, R.; Steindl, H.; Flessa, H.; Beese, F.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1587-1595
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
gas exchange; air temperature; cultural soil types; methane; losses from soil; seasonal variation; soil compaction; meteorological parameters; emissions; Inceptisols; application rate; nitrogen fertilizers; nitrous oxide; Germany
Abstract:
... This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil compaction and N fertilization on the fluxes of N₂O and CH₄ in a soil (fine-silty Dystric Eutrochrept) planted with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Fluxes of N₂O and CH₄ were measured weekly for 1 yr on two differently fertilized (50 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹) fields. For the potato cropping period (May–September) these fluxes were quantified separat ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060016x

29. Sprinkler Irrigation Runoff and Erosion Control with Polyacrylamide — Laboratory Tests

Author:
Aase, J. Kristian; Bjorneberg, David L.; Sojka, Robert E.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1681
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
silt loam soils; Aridisols; arid soils; semiarid soils; irrigated soils; sprinkler irrigation; irrigation water; polyacrylamide; soil conservation; erosion control; soil; losses from soil; runoff; application rate; soil aggregates; laboratory techniques
Abstract:
... Many semiarid and arid soils are prone to irrigation-induced erosion. Polyacrylamide (PAM) greatly reduces erosion from furrow irrigation. We hypothesized that PAM applied via sprinklers will provide erosion control and benefit water infiltration and aggregate stability. Screened (6.4 mm) Rad silt loam (coarse silty, mixed, superactive mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocambid) was placed in 1.5 by 1.2 by ...
Handle:
10113/14856
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060028x

30. Stability of Arsenate Minerals in Soil under Biotically Generated Reducing Conditions

Author:
Rochette, E. A.; Li, G. C.; Fendorf, S. E.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1530-1537
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
temporal variation; redox potential; saturated conditions; soil solution; arsenates; silt loam soils; minerals; solubility; anaerobiosis; Alfisols
Abstract:
... Mining activities and arsenical pesticide applications can introduce arsenate compounds into soils and sediments. Under water-saturated (flooded) soil conditions, arsenate solids are subjected to biotically generated reducing conditions and may undergo reductive dissolution. While thermodynamic calculations have been used to predict the conditions under which mineral-associated As undergoes reduct ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060008x

31. Stratigraphic Approach to Alteration in Mineral Soils: The Heavy Metal Example

Author:
Kleber, Arno; Mailänder, Reiner; Zech, Wolfgang
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1647-1650
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
mineral soils; heavy metals; soil heterogeneity; stratigraphy; soil parent materials; environmental exposure; sediment deposition; soil formation; Germany
Abstract:
... Quantifying post-depositional alteration of mineral soil material is complicated by the fact that many soils consist of layered parent materials with varying indigenous composition. Part of our study site in the Steigerwald Mountains of northern Bavaria was cultivated during the Middle Ages and later reforested. Soil erosion removed the upper materials, exposing a deposit to contamination from the ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060023x

32. The Significance of Hysteresis in Modeling Solute Transport in Unsaturated Porous Media

Author:
Mitchell, Robert J.; Mayer, Alex S.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1506-1512
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
simulation models; solutes; unsaturated flow; transient flow; hysteresis; porous media; vadose zone
Abstract:
... Previous investigations disagree as to the appropriateness of neglecting hysteresis with regard to predicting solute transport under transient conditions, primarily because of the unique porous media and conditions used in these studies. In the present study, the significance of hysteresis in predicting solute transport in the near-surface region is investigated using one-dimensional, homogeneous ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060005x

33. Tillage Impacts on Depth Distribution of Total and Particulate Organic Matter in Three Illinois Soils

Author:
Wander, M. M.; Bidart, M. G.; Aref, S.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1704-1711
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
Udolls; no-tillage; soil organic matter; clay loam soils; spatial distribution; bulk density; clay; carbon sequestration; silt loam soils; soil profiles; Illinois
Abstract:
... The benefits of no-tillage (NT) practices to soil organic matter (SOM) are inconsistent in fine-textured, poorly drained soils. Tillage impacts on SOM were investigated in central Illinois, assuming particulate organic matter (POM) would accumulate where SOM aggraded. Soils were collected in 1994 and 1995 from a trial established in 1985 at Perry and Monmouth (somewhat poorly drained Aquic Argiudo ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060031x

34. USLE-M: Empirical Modeling Rainfall Erosion through Runoff and Sediment Concentration

Author:
Kinnell, P. I. A.; Risse, L. M.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1667-1672
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
sediments; estimation; mathematical models; crop management; losses from soil; Universal Soil Loss Equation; erodibility; runoff; water erosion
Abstract:
... Runoff is a factor in rainfall erosion, and models that include explicit consideration of runoff provide better predictions of erosion than models like the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the revised USLE (RUSLE) that do not. The USLE-M is a modified version of the USLE based on the rainfall erosivity factor for an event, which is the product of the 30-min erosivity index (EI₃₀) and the ru ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060026x

35. Water and Erosion Management with Multiple Applications of Polyacrylamide in Furrow Irrigation

Author:
Sojka, R. E.; Lentz, R. D.; Westermann, D. T.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1672
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
silt loam soils; irrigated soils; furrow irrigation; polyacrylamide; irrigation water; water flow; furrows; traffic; water management; erosion control; water erosion; runoff; soil; losses from soil; soil strength; application rate; soil aggregates; Indiana
Abstract:
... Polyacrylamide (PAM) in furrow irrigation water eliminates 94% of runoff sediment. Higher infiltration (15–50%) can result in upperfield overirrigation. We hypothesized that PAM would lengthen advance time, but that interactions with flow rate and wheel-track (WT) furrows would occur, influencing erosion and infiltration with potential for improved water management. A 2-yr study conducted on 1.5% ...
Handle:
10113/30634
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060027x

36. Wheat Root Growth Responses to Enhanced Ammonium Supply

Author:
Gao, S.; Pan, W. L.; Koenig, R. T.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.6 pp. 1736-1740
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
calcium nitrate; ammonium nitrogen; spatial distribution; nitrapyrin; nitrate nitrogen; ammonium compounds; rooting; Triticum aestivum; urea; soil profiles; mixtures; roots; nitrogen fertilizers
Abstract:
... Slowing nitrification with a nitrification inhibitor (NI) provides an enhanced NH₄ supply (EAS), which has improved N uptake efficiency and crop yield. A physiological response to EAS has been demonstrated in container experiments with restricted rooting volumes and uniform N distribution, but less is known about root responses to EAS when distributions of N forms are not uniform. Greenhouse and 2 ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200060035x

37. A Field Apparatus for Measuring Unconfined Compressive Strength

Author:
Cook, B. J.; Nimlos, T. J.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.5 pp. 1234-1236
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
soil analysis; soil strength; measurement; design
Abstract:
... Laboratory techniques for measuring unconfined compressive strength are standardized by testing groups (e.g., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials), often requiring technologically complex and expensive equipment. However, much of this technology is not available in developing countries. We describe the construction, operation, calibration, and application of a modifi ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050012x

38. Aggregation and Soil Organic Matter Accumulation in Cultivated and Native Grassland Soils

Author:
Six, J.; Elliott, E.T.; Paustian, K.; Doran, J. W.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.5 pp. 1367
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
soil organic matter; losses from soil; degradation; grassland soils; virgin soils; agricultural soils; tillage; no-tillage; soil depth; soil aggregates; soil aggregation; Nebraska
Abstract:
... Tillage intensity affects soil structure and the loss of soil organic C and N. We hypothesized that no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) differentially affect three physically defined particulate organic matter (POM) fractions. A grassland-derived Haplustoll was separated into aggregates by wet sieving. Free light fraction (LF) and intra-aggregate POM (iPOM) were isolated. Natural abundan ...
Handle:
10113/17217
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050032x

39. Ammonia Volatilization from Urea Amended with Triple Superphosphate and Potassium Chloride

Author:
Ouyang, D. S.; Mackenzie, A. F.; Fan, M. X.
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.5 pp. 1443-1447
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
Zea mays; no-tillage; nitrogen fertilizers; crop yield; nutrient uptake; urea; triple superphosphate; potassium chloride; compound fertilizers; ammonia; volatilization; losses from soil; clay soils; clay loam soils; acidification; application rate
Abstract:
... Ammonia volatilization from urea reduces N fertilizer efficiency of crops. Addition of acidic materials to urea may reduce NH₃ volatilization and improve N use efficiency. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of compacted or blended mixtures of urea and triple superphosphate (TSP), urea and KCl, or urea, TSP, and KCl on NH₃ volatilization and N use efficiency by corn (Zea mays ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050042x

40. Ammonium Nitrate Occlusion vs. Nitrate Ion Exchange in Natural Zeolites

Author:
Park, Man; Komarneni, Sridhar
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1998 v.62 no.5 pp. 1455-1459
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
slow-release fertilizers; cation exchange; zeolites; kinetics; ammonium nitrate
Abstract:
... Several salts, such as NH₄NO₃ and KNO₃, can be occluded in natural zeolites through molten salt treatments, which increase the capacity of zeolites to store nutrients in addition to exchangeable cations. Zeolites occluded with NH₄NO₃ are potential candidates as slow-release fertilizers. This study focuses on determining the rates of NH₄NO₃ uptake by natural zeolites from molten salt and on evaluat ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200050044x