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1. An updated ciguatoxin extraction method and silica cleanup for use with HPLC-MS/MS for the analysis of P-CTX-1, PCTX-2 and P-CTX-3

Author:
Meyer, Lauren; Carter, Steve; Capper, Angela
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 249-256
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Scomberomorus; carnivores; ciguatera; ciguatoxin; detection limit; extraction; high performance liquid chromatography; homogenization; humans; mackerel; mass spectrometry; mixing; phospholipids; silica; toxicity; ultrasonic treatment; Queensland
Abstract:
... Ciguatera fish poisoning is a debilitating human neuro-intoxication caused by consumption of tropical marine organisms, contaminated with bioaccumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs). The growing number of cases coupled with the high toxicity of CTXs makes their reliable detection and quantification of paramount importance. Three commonly occurring ciguatoxins, P-CTX-1, 2 and 3 from five different ciguatoxic ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.021

2. Assessment of emerging biotoxins (pinnatoxin G and spirolides) at Europe's first marine reserve: Lough Hyne

Author:
McCarthy, Moira; Bane, Vaishali; García-Altares, María; van Pelt, Frank N.A.M.; Furey, Ambrose; O'Halloran, John
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 202-209
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
adsorption; algae; coasts; marine toxins; temporal variation; Ireland
Abstract:
... Active and passive sampling methods were employed over a four-month period, at a site off the South-West coast of Ireland, to characterise the occurrence of cyclic imines in the water column. The marine toxins 13-desmethyl-SPXC, 20-methyl SPXG toxins and pinnatoxin G were detected using active sampling from Diaion HP-20 resin. Seven water depths were sampled to determine stratification of the toxi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.007

3. Bothropoides pauloensis venom effects on isolated perfused kidney and cultured renal tubular epithelial cells

Author:
Marinho, Aline D.; Morais, Isabel C.O.; Lima, Dânya B.; Jorge, Antônio R.C.; Jorge, Roberta J.B.; Menezes, Ramon R.P.P.B.; Mello, Clarissa P.; Pereira, Gustavo J.S.; Silveira, João A.M.; Toyama, Marcos H.; Orzáez, Mar; Martins, Alice M.C.; Monteiro, Helena S.A.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 126-133
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Bothrops; apoptosis; caspases; cell viability; cytotoxicity; epithelial cells; flow cytometry; glomerular filtration rate; inhibitory concentration 50; kidneys; membrane potential; mitochondrial membrane; morbidity; mortality; nephrotoxicity; propidium; snake bites; sodium; transportation; venoms
Abstract:
... Snake envenomation (Bothrops genus) is common in tropical countries and acute kidney injury is one of the complications observed in Bothrops snakebite with relevant morbidity and mortality. Here, we showed that Bothropoides pauloensis venom (BpV) decreased cell viability (IC50 of 7.5 μg/mL). Flow cytometry with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that cell death occurred predominantly by apoptos ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.031

4. Brown spider (Loxosceles genus) venom toxins: Evaluation of biological conservation by immune cross-reactivity

Author:
Buch, Daniela Regina; Souza, Fernanda Nunes; Meissner, Gabriel Otto; Morgon, Adriano Marcelo; Gremski, Luiza Helena; Ferrer, Valéria Pereira; Trevisan-Silva, Dilza; Matsubara, Fernando Hitomi; Boia-Ferreira, Mariana; Sade, Youssef Bacila; Chaves-Moreira, Daniele; Gremski, Waldemiro; Veiga, Silvio Sanches; Chaim, Olga Meiri; Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 154-166
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Loxosceles; accidents; antiserum; blood serum; cross reaction; epitopes; humans; hyaluronoglucosaminidase; immunoassays; metalloproteinases; therapeutics; toxins; venoms; Brazil
Abstract:
... Loxosceles spiders are responsible for serious human envenomations worldwide. The collection of symptoms found in victims after accidents is called loxoscelism and is characterized by two clinical conditions: cutaneous loxoscelism and systemic loxocelism. The only specific treatment is serum therapy, in which an antiserum produced with Loxosceles venom is administered to the victims after spider a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.041

5. cDNA cloning and expression of Contractin A, a phospholipase A2-like protein from the globiferous pedicellariae of the venomous sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus

Author:
Hatakeyama, Tomomitsu; Higashi, Erika; Nakagawa, Hideyuki
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 46-52
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Echinoidea; Escherichia coli; amino acids; complementary DNA; muscle contraction; nucleotide sequences; phospholipase A2; predators; proteins; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; sequence homology; signal peptide; smooth muscle; toxicity; transcription (genetics)
Abstract:
... Venomous sea urchins contain various biologically active proteins that are toxic to predators. Contractin A is one such protein contained within the globiferous pedicellariae of the venomous sea urchin Toxopneustes pileolus. This protein exhibits several biological activities, such as smooth muscle contraction and mitogenic activity. N-terminal amino acid residues of Contractin A have been determi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.040

6. Characterization of the antinociceptive effect of PhTx3-4, a toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer, in models of thermal, chemical and incisional pain in mice

Author:
da Silva, Juliana Figueira; Castro-Junior, Célio José; Oliveira, Sara Marchesan; Dalmolin, Gerusa Duarte; Silva, Cássia Regina; Vieira, Luciene Bruno; Diniz, Danuza Montijo; Cordeiro, Marta do Nascimento; Ferreira, Juliano; Souza, Alessandra Hubner; Gomez, Marcus Vinícius
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 53-61
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Phoneutria nigriventer; adverse effects; analgesic effect; calcium channels; cerebrospinal fluid; formalin test; glutamate receptors; glutamic acid; hypersensitivity; ischemia; locomotion; mice; models; morphine; neuroprotective effect; pain; peptides; prototypes; venoms
Abstract:
... Venom-derived peptides constitute a unique source of drug prototypes for the pain management. Many of them can modulate voltage-gated calcium channels that are central in the processing of pain sensation. PhTx3-4 is a peptide isolated from Phoneutria nigriventer venom, which blocks high voltage-activated calcium channels with low specificity, thereby leading to neuroprotection in models of ischemi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.043

7. Characterizing Tityus discrepans scorpion venom from a fractal perspective: Venom complexity, effects of captivity, sexual dimorphism, differences among species

Author:
D'Suze, Gina; Sandoval, Moisés; Sevcik, Carlos
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 62-72
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Tityus; algorithms; captive animals; environmental factors; gender; quantitative analysis; reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography; sexual dimorphism; venoms
Abstract:
... A characteristic of venom elution patterns, shared with many other complex systems, is that many their features cannot be properly described with statistical or euclidean concepts. The understanding of such systems became possible with Mandelbrot's fractal analysis. Venom elution patterns were produced using the reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with 1 mg of venom. One r ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.034

8. Clinical features of serum sickness after Australian snake antivenom

Author:
Ryan, Nicole M.; Downes, Michael A.; Isbister, Geoffrey K.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 181-183
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Pseudechis; adrenal cortex hormones; analgesia; antibodies; antihistamines; antiserum; antivenoms; blood serum; females; immune response; immune system; knees; legs; morbidity; muscles; nausea; pain; patients; prednisone; pruritus; snakes
Abstract:
... Serum sickness is a delayed immune reaction in which the immune system responds to a protein in antiserum as a potentially harmful substance and mounts an IgG-mediated antibody response. A 32 year-old female patient had systemic envenoming following a bite by a red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus). She was treated with Tiger snake antivenom and recovered over 24 h and did not develop ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.012

9. Cobra venom cytotoxins; apoptotic or necrotic agents?

Author:
Ebrahim, Karim; Shirazi, Farshad H.; Mirakabadi, Abbas Zare; Vatanpour, Hossein
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 134-140
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
acridine orange; antineoplastic activity; apoptosis; caspase-3; cathepsins; cell proliferation; chromatography; cisplatin; cytosol; cytotoxicity; cytotoxins; ethidium; flow cytometry; homeostasis; inhibitory concentration 50; necrosis; polypeptides; staining; venoms
Abstract:
... Organs homeostasis is controlled by a dynamic balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis. Failure to induction of apoptosis has been implicated in tumor development. Cytotoxin-I (CTX-I) and cytotoxin-II (CTX-II) are two physiologically active polypeptides found in Caspian cobra venom. Anticancer activity and mechanism of cell death induced by these toxins have been studied. The toxins were p ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.017

10. Effect of geographical variation of Echis ocellatus, Naja nigricollis and Bitis arietans venoms on their neutralization by homologous and heterologous antivenoms

Author:
Sánchez, Andrés; Coto, Jorge; Segura, Álvaro; Vargas, Mariángela; Solano, Gabriela; Herrera, María; Villalta, Mauren; Estrada, Ricardo; Gutiérrez, José María; León, Guillermo
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 80-83
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Bitis arietans; Echis; Naja; antivenoms; geographical variation; neutralization; venoms; Cameroon
Abstract:
... Two antivenoms prepared by using Echis ocellatus, Bitis arietans and Naja nigricollis venoms from different locations in sub-Saharan Africa were compared for their neutralizing ability. Both antivenoms were similarly effective in the neutralization of the venoms of the three species from different locations. However in the case of E. ocellatus venom, antivenom prepared using venom from Nigerian sp ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.001

11. Effects of long-term administration of Senna occidentalis seeds on the hematopoietic tissue of rats

Author:
Teles, A.V.F.F.; Fock, R.A.; Górniak, S.L.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 73-79
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Senna occidentalis; bone marrow; crops; diet; erythrocyte count; hemosiderin; humans; hyperplasia; long term effects; males; poisonous plants; rats; reticulocytes; seeds; spleen; toxicity
Abstract:
... Senna occidentalis (S. occidentalis) is a toxic leguminous plant that contaminates crops and has been shown to be toxic to several animal species. All parts of the plant are toxic, but most of the plant's toxicity is due to its seeds. Despite its toxicity, S. occidentalis is widely used for therapeutic purposes in humans. The aim of the present work was to investigate, for the first time, the effe ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.042

12. European viper envenomation recorded by French poison control centers: A clinical assessment and management study

Author:
Jollivet, V.; Hamel, J.F.; de Haro, L.; Labadie, M.; Sapori, J.M.; Cordier, L.; Villa, A.; Nisse, P.; Puskarczyk, E.; Berthelon, L.; Harry, P.; Boels, D.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 97-103
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Viperidae; anaphylaxis; death; heparin; immunotherapy; molecular weight; morbidity; neurotoxicity; patients; prospective studies; risk; venoms; France
Abstract:
... Immunotherapy is the gold standard treatment for patients bitten by European vipers in France; it significantly decreases morbidity, frequency and severity of complications and length of stay. A national prospective study was performed by all Poison Control Centers (PCC) to validate the emergency protocol for viper envenomations.This prospective study included all cases of viper bites in France, t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.039

13. First report of spumigin production by the toxic Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae cyanobacterium

Author:
Sanz, Miriam; Dörr, Felipe Augusto; Pinto, Ernani
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 15-18
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Cyanobacteria; mass spectrometry; peptides; toxicity
Abstract:
... High resolution mass spectrometry investigation of an extract of the toxic cyanobacterium Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae ITEP-024 led to the discovery of four new spumigin congeners. The structures for these peptides were postulated on the basis of accurate mass data and isotopic pattern information of both full scan and product ion spectra. This is the first reported evidence of spumigins on S ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.019

14. First report of the toxigenic Nitzschia navis-varingica (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from Tebrau Straits, Johor, Malaysia

Author:
Suriyanti, S.N.P.; Usup, Gires
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 257-263
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Nitzschia; brackish water; cage culture; cages; domoic acid; high performance liquid chromatography; phytoplankton; screening; seafoods; toxicity; water salinity; Malaysia
Abstract:
... Screening of the occurrence of potentially toxic diatoms was carried out at two sites of cage cultures in Tebrau Straits, Johor. Phytoplankton samples from Sungai Pendas and Teluk Sengat were collected using a 20 μm mesh plankton net and salinity was recorded in-situ. Nitzschia and Pseudo-nitzschia cells were isolated and established into clonal cultures. All cultures were tested for domoic acid u ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.017

15. Identification and molecular characterization of five putative toxins from the venom gland of the snake Philodryas chamissonis (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)

Author:
Urra, Félix A.; Pulgar, Rodrigo; Gutiérrez, Ricardo; Hodar, Christian; Cambiazo, Verónica; Labra, Antonieta
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 19-31
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Dipsadidae; Elapidae; Viperidae; anticoagulants; genes; humans; metalloproteinases; natriuretic peptides; proteolysis; serine proteinases; signal peptide; snakes; toxins; venoms; Chile
Abstract:
... Philodryas chamissonis is a rear-fanged snake endemic to Chile. Its bite produces mild to moderate symptoms with proteolytic and anti-coagulant effects. Presently, the composition of the venom, as well as, the biochemical and structural characteristics of its toxins, remains unknown. In this study, we cloned and reported the first full-length sequences of five toxin-encoding genes from the venom g ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.032

16. Identification of okadaic acid binding protein 2 in reconstituted sponge cell clusters from Halichondria okadai and its contribution to the detoxification of okadaic acid

Author:
Konoki, Keiichi; Okada, Kayo; Kohama, Mami; Matsuura, Hiroki; Saito, Kaori; Cho, Yuko; Nishitani, Goh; Miyamoto, Tomofumi; Fukuzawa, Seketsu; Tachibana, Kazuo; Yotsu-Yamashita, Mari
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 38-45
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Porifera; amino acid sequences; binding proteins; detection limit; genes; genomics; nylon; okadaic acid; penicillins; production functions; ribosomal DNA; streptomycin
Abstract:
... Okadaic acid (OA) and OA binding protein 2 (OABP2) were previously isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai. Because the amino acid sequence of OABP2 is completely different from that of protein phosphatase 2A, a well-known target of OA, we have been investigating the production and function of OABP2. In the present study, we hypothesized that OABP2 plays a role in the detoxification of ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.026

17. Jararhagin disruption of endothelial cell anchorage is enhanced in collagen enriched matrices

Author:
Baldo, C.; Lopes, D.S.; Faquim-Mauro, E.L.; Jacysyn, J.F.; Niland, S.; Eble, J.A.; Clissa, P.B.; Moura-da-Silva, A.M.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 240-248
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
apoptosis; basement membrane; cell culture; collagen; endothelial cells; fibronectins; hemorrhage; hydrolysis; in vivo studies; integrins; ischemia; metalloproteinases; snakes; venoms
Abstract:
... Hemorrhage is one of the most striking effects of bites by viper snakes resulting in fast bleeding and ischemia in affected tissues. Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are responsible for hemorrhagic activity, but the mechanisms involved in SVMP-induced hemorrhage are not entirely understood and the study of such mechanisms greatly depends on in vivo experiments. In vivo, hemorrhagic SVMPs acc ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.016

18. Morphological and histological characterization of production structures, storage and distribution of venom in the parasitic wasp Bracon vulgaris

Author:
Alves, Thiago J.S.; Wanderley-Teixeira, Valéria; Teixeira, Álvaro A.C.; Alves, Luiz C.; Araújo, Breno C.; Barros, Eduardo M.; Cunha, Franklin M.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 104-107
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Bracon; bites and stings; chitin; epithelium; hosts; paralysis; parasitic wasps; venoms
Abstract:
... It was described the morphology and histological composition of the structures related to production, storage and distribution of Bracon vulgaris venom, a wasp that parasite their hosts after the inoculation of a venom which causes irreversible paralysis. Were found 22 glandular filaments, coated with secretory epithelium associated with a reservoir coated internally by a chitin layer and external ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.006

19. Multi-copy venom genes hidden in de novo transcriptome assemblies, a cautionary tale with the snakelocks sea anemone Anemonia sulcata (Pennant, 1977)

Author:
Macrander, Jason; Broe, Michael; Daly, Marymegan
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 184-188
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Anthozoa; genes; transcriptome; venoms
Abstract:
... Using a partial transcriptome of the snakelocks anemone (Anemonia sulcata) we identify toxin gene candidates that were incorrectly assembled into several Trinity components. Our approach recovers hidden diversity found within some toxin gene families that would otherwise go undetected when using Trinity, a widely used program for venom-focused transcriptome reconstructions. Unidentified hidden tra ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.038

20. On-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of cyanotoxins in algal blooms

Author:
Fayad, Paul B.; Roy-Lachapelle, Audrey; Duy, Sung Vo; Prévost, Michèle; Sauvé, Sébastien
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 167-175
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
World Health Organization; algal blooms; cylindrospermopsin; detection limit; guidelines; lakes; liquid chromatography; microcystin-LR; phenylalanine; solid phase extraction; surface water; system optimization; tandem mass spectrometry; Quebec
Abstract:
... An analytical method based on on-line SPE-LC-HESI-MS/MS has been developed for the detection and quantification of eight selected cyanotoxins in algal bloom waters that include mycrocystins, anatoxin-a and cylindrospermopsin. The injection volume was 2 mL according to the expected concentration of cyanotoxins in matrix. The method provides an analysis time of 7 min per sample, acceptable recovery ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.010