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81. Are We Overestimating Protistan Diversity in Nature?

Author:
Caron, David A.; Hu, Sarah K.
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.3 pp. 197-205
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
DNA; morphospecies; nucleotide sequences; protists; species richness; surveys
Abstract:
... Documenting the immense diversity of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms (protists) has been a formidable challenge for ecologists. These species were originally defined by morphological criteria, but shortcomings of the morphospecies concept, and a bewildering array of sizes and cellular attributes, has made constructing a taxonomy that is useful for ecologists nearly impossible. Consequently, ph ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.009

82. Ethnicity-Influenced Microbiota: A Future Healthcare Perspective

Author:
Dehingia, Madhusmita; Adak, Atanu; Khan, Mojibur R.
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.3 pp. 191-193
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
data collection; health services; humans; intestinal microorganisms; nationalities and ethnic groups; therapeutics; United States
Abstract:
... Global research is focused on understanding the factors affecting human gut microbiota vis-à-vis health. Brooks et al. [PLoS Biol. (2018) 16, e2006842] has reported a group of microbial taxa that vary across ethnicity in the USA (AGP and HMP data sets). Ethnicity-specific microbial signatures will aid in developing therapeutics for targeted microbiota modulation. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2019.01.002

83. Memory in Fungal Pathogens Promotes Immune Evasion, Colonisation, and Infection

Author:
Brown, Alistair J.P.; Gow, Neil A.R.; Warris, Adilia; Brown, Gordon D.
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.3 pp. 219-230
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
dogs; fungi; humans; immune evasion; immunity; lifestyle; memory; pathogens; prediction
Abstract:
... By analogy with Pavlov’s dogs, certain pathogens have evolved anticipatory behaviours that exploit specific signals in the human host to prepare themselves against imminent host challenges. This adaptive prediction, a type of history-dependent microbial behaviour, represents a primitive form of microbial memory. For fungal pathogens, adaptive prediction helps them circumvent nutritional immunity, ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.11.001

84. MicroRNAs at the Host–Bacteria Interface: Host Defense or Bacterial Offense

Author:
Aguilar, Carmen; Mano, Miguel; Eulalio, Ana
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.3 pp. 206-218
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
bacteria; cell communication; hosts; immune response; mammals; microRNA; neutralization; non-coding RNA; pathogens
Abstract:
... MicroRNAs are a class of small noncoding RNAs that act as major post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. They are currently recognized for their important role in the intricate interaction between host and bacterial pathogens, either as part of the host immune response to neutralize infection, or as a molecular strategy employed by bacteria to hijack host pathways for their own benefit. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.011

85. SAMHD1 Suppression of Antiviral Immune Responses

Author:
Chen, Shuliang; Bonifati, Serena; Qin, Zhihua; St. Gelais, Corine; Wu, Li
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.3 pp. 254-267
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
DNA; DNA replication; adaptive immunity; antibody formation; enzymes; inflammation; innate immunity; proteins; viruses
Abstract:
... SAMHD1 is a host triphosphohydrolase that degrades intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to a lower level that restricts viral DNA synthesis, and thus prevents replication of diverse viruses in nondividing cells. Recent progress indicates that SAMHD1 negatively regulates antiviral innate immune responses and inflammation through interacting with various key proteins in immune signali ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.09.009

86. Using Enteric Pathogens to Probe the Gut Microbiota

Author:
Spiga, Luisella; Winter, Sebastian E.
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.3 pp. 243-253
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
Salmonella Typhimurium; biochemical pathways; enteropathogens; host-pathogen relationships; inflammation; intestinal microorganisms; microbial communities
Abstract:
... Enteric pathogens have evolved to manipulate the interface between the host and commensal microbial communities, making these pathogenic organisms superb research tools to interrogate the function of the gut microbiota during inflammatory flares. Here, we provide an overview of conceptual insights gained from experimental infection with enteric pathogens, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhim ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.11.007

87. Bacterial Excretion of Cytoplasmic Proteins (ECP): Occurrence, Mechanism, and Function

Author:
Ebner, Patrick; Götz, Friedrich
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 176-187
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
cell walls; energy; eukaryotic cells; excretion; immune system; microorganisms; pathogenicity; pathogens; proteins; wastes
Abstract:
... The excretion of cytoplasmic and signal-peptide-less proteins (ECP) by microorganisms and eukaryotes remains a fascinating topic. In principle, it appears to be a waste of energy. However, it turns out that – extracellularly – some cytoplasmic proteins (CPs) exert a completely different function such as contributing to pathogenicity or evasion of the immune system. Such CPs have been referred to a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.006

88. Candida albicans

Author:
Wilson, Duncan
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 188-189
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
Candida albicans; immunity; iron; kidneys; liver; neutralization; pH; pathogens; plasma membrane; solubility; zinc
Abstract:
... [Display omitted]Pathogens often face zinc restriction due to the action of nutritional immunity – host processes which restrict microbial access to key micronutrients such as zinc and iron. Candida albicans scavenges environmental zinc via two pathways. The plasma membrane transporter Zrt2 is essential for zinc uptake and growth in acidic environments. Neutralisation to pH 7 severely decreases th ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.010

89. Contamination in Low Microbial Biomass Microbiome Studies: Issues and Recommendations

Author:
Eisenhofer, Raphael; Minich, Jeremiah J.; Marotz, Clarisse; Cooper, Alan; Knight, Rob; Weyrich, Laura S.
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 105-117
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
DNA; cross contamination; genome; high-throughput nucleotide sequencing; microbial biomass; microbial communities; microbiome; surveys
Abstract:
... Next-generation sequencing approaches in microbiome research have allowed surveys of microbial communities, their genomes, and their functions with higher sensitivity than ever before. However, this sensitivity is a double-edged sword because these tools also efficiently detect contaminant DNA and cross-contamination, which can confound the interpretation of microbiome data. Therefore, there is an ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.11.003

90. G-Quadruplexes: More Than Just a Kink in Microbial Genomes

Author:
Saranathan, Nandhini; Vivekanandan, Perumal
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 148-163
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
DNA; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Human herpesvirus 4; RNA; antigenic variation; bacteria; drug therapy; fungi; genes; immune evasion; nucleotide sequences; radiation resistance; virus replication; viruses
Abstract:
... G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures formed by guanine-rich DNA and RNA sequences. In this review we aim to provide an overview of the biological roles of G4s in microbial genomes with emphasis on recent discoveries. G4s are enriched and conserved in the regulatory regions of microbes, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Importantly, G4s in hepatitis B virus ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.011

91. Highly Pathogenic Avian H7N9 Influenza Viruses: Recent Challenges

Author:
Ma, Mai-Juan; Yang, Yang; Fang, Li-Qun
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 93-95
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
Orthomyxoviridae; avian influenza; birds; genotype; host range; humans; poultry; poultry industry; public health; virulence; viruses
Abstract:
... Novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9 viruses of the fifth epidemic wave infect humans and poultry. Recently, HPAI H7N9 viruses have evolved into different subtypes and genotypes, exhibited heightened virulence in mammals, and extended their host range, thereby posing a potential threat to public health and the poultry industry. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.11.008

92. Integrated Signaling Pathways Mediate Bordetella Immunomodulation, Persistence, and Transmission

Author:
Gestal, M.C.; Whitesides, L.T.; Harvill, E.T.
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 118-130
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
Bordetella; bacteria; immune system; immunomodulation; mice; pathogenesis; pathogens; signal transduction
Abstract:
... The mammalian immune system includes a sophisticated array of antimicrobial mechanisms. However, successful pathogens have developed subversive strategies to detect, modulate, and/or evade immune control and clearance. Independent disciplines study host immunology and bacterial pathogenesis, but interkingdom signaling between bacteria and host during natural infection remains poorly understood. An ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.09.010

93. New Insights into Measles Virus Brain Infections

Author:
Watanabe, Shumpei; Shirogane, Yuta; Sato, Yuma; Hashiguchi, Takao; Yanagi, Yusuke
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 164-175
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
Measles virus; brain; crystal structure; encephalitis; measles; neurodegenerative diseases; neurons; receptors; viruses
Abstract:
... Measles virus (MeV) may persist in the brain, causing fatal neurodegenerative diseases, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and measles inclusion-body encephalitis. However, the mechanism of MeV propagation in the brain remains unexplained because human neurons affected by the diseases do not express the known receptors for MeV. Recent studies have revealed that certain changes in the ectodomain ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.010

94. Planting the Microbiome

Author:
Spinler, Jennifer K.; Karri, Vivekanudeep; Hirschi, Kendal D.
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 90-93
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
gene expression; immunity; intestinal microorganisms; lipids; microRNA; microbiome; nanoparticles; nutritional intervention; planting
Abstract:
... Plant-derived microRNAs stabilized by species-specific lipid nanoparticles mediate interkingdom communication through bacterial intermediates and impact consumer health. Ingested by distinct gut bacteria, these microRNA-containing particles alter bacterial gene expression to affect host immunity. This three-kingdom interplay provides compelling approaches for health-directed dietary interventions ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.001

95. Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin’s Close Contacts Ensure the Kill

Author:
von Hoven, Gisela; Husmann, Matthias
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 89-90
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
Staphylococcus aureus; bacterial infections; bacterial toxins; epithelial cells; intercellular junctions; virulence
Abstract:
... The membrane pore-forming α-toxin is an important virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus. Target cells can remove pores from their surface, but recent work shows that α-toxin may undermine this self-defense by clinging to epithelial cell junctions. The findings could lead to the development of novel remedies against S. aureus infections. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.11.010

96. The Human Microbiome and Child Growth – First 1000 Days and Beyond

Author:
Robertson, Ruairi C.; Manges, Amee R.; Finlay, B. Brett; Prendergast, Andrew J.
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 131-147
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
child growth; conception; food security; gastrointestinal system; humans; infancy; microbial communities; microbiome; models
Abstract:
... The assembly of microbial communities within the gastrointestinal tract during early life plays a critical role in immune, endocrine, metabolic, and other host developmental pathways. Environmental insults during this period, such as food insecurity and infections, can disrupt this optimal microbial succession, which may contribute to lifelong and intergenerational deficits in growth and developme ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.09.008

97. Was the Mitochondrion Necessary to Start Eukaryogenesis?

Author:
Hampl, Vladimír; Čepička, Ivan; Eliáš, Marek
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.2 pp. 96-104
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
adenosine triphosphate; eukaryotic cells; evolution; genome; mitochondria; oxidative phosphorylation; phagocytosis; prokaryotic cells
Abstract:
... Arguments based on cell energetics favour the view that a mitochondrion capable of oxidative phosphorylation was a prerequisite for the evolution of other features of the eukaryotic cell, including increased volume, genome size and, eventually, phagotrophy. Contrary to this we argue that: (i) extant amitochondriate eukaryotes possess voluminous phagotrophic cells with large genomes; (ii) picoeukar ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.005

98. A Balancing Act: MDA5 in Antiviral Immunity and Autoinflammation

Author:
Dias Junior, Antonio Gregorio; Sampaio, Natalia G.; Rehwinkel, Jan
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.1 pp. 75-85
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
Picornaviridae; RNA; genes; immunity; interferons; mutation; neoplasm cells; proteins; viruses
Abstract:
... Induction of interferons during viral infection is mediated by cellular proteins that recognise viral nucleic acids. MDA5 is one such sensor of virus presence and is activated by RNA. MDA5 is required for immunity against several classes of viruses, including picornaviruses. Recent work showed that mutations in the IFIH1 gene, encoding MDA5, lead to interferon-driven autoinflammatory diseases. Tog ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.007

99. Antimicrobial Resistance Awareness and Games

Author:
Molnar, Andreea
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.1 pp. 1-3
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
antibiotic resistance; education; games
Abstract:
... Antibiotic resistance is an increasingly global problem that requires different approaches to be undertaken. This article argues that games could be used to complement existing antibiotic-resistance awareness campaigns as they have several characteristics that could help people engage with information. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.09.007

100. Bowel Biofilms: Tipping Points between a Healthy and Compromised Gut?

Author:
Tytgat, Hanne L.P.; Nobrega, Franklin L.; van der Oost, John; de Vos, Willem M.
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2019 v.27 no.1 pp. 17-25
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
bacterial communities; biofilm; biomarkers; colorectal neoplasms; digestive system diseases; digestive tract mucosa; human health; pathogens
Abstract:
... Bacterial communities are known to impact human health and disease. Mixed species biofilms, mostly pathogenic in nature, have been observed in dental and gastric infections as well as in intestinal diseases, chronic gut wounds and colon cancer. Apart from the appendix, the presence of thick polymicrobial biofilms in the healthy gut mucosa is still debated. Polymicrobial biofilms containing potenti ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.009