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- Author:
- Shipley, Rebecca; Wright, Edward; Lean, Fabian Z. X.; Selden, David; Horton, Daniel L.; Fooks, Anthony R.; Banyard, Ashley C.
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- Chiroptera; RNA; Rabies lyssavirus; cross immunity; encephalitis; genome; glycoproteins; humans; prototypes; rabies; vaccines; viruses
- Abstract:
- ... Rabies is a fatal encephalitis caused by an important group of viruses within the Lyssavirus genus. The prototype virus, rabies virus, is still the most commonly reported lyssavirus and causes approximately 59,000 human fatalities annually. The human and animal burden of the other lyssavirus species is undefined. The original reports for the novel lyssavirus, Kotalahti bat lyssavirus (KBLV), were ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050947
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050947
- Author:
- Hui, Alvin; Altan, Eda; Slovis, Nathan; Fletcher, Caitlin; Deng, Xutao; Delwart, Eric
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- Anelloviridae; Circovirus; Equus; Hepacivirus; blood serum; capsid; elks; fever; genome; hepatitis; mares; metagenomics; new species; nucleotide sequences; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; swine
- Abstract:
- ... Circoviruses infect vertebrates where they can result in a wide range of disease signs or in asymptomatic infections. Using viral metagenomics we analyzed a pool of five sera from four healthy and one sick horse. Sequences from parvovirus-H, equus anellovirus, and distantly related to mammalian circoviruses were recognized. PCR identified the circovirus reads as originating from a pregnant mare wi ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050944
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050944
- Author:
- Ghassabian, Hanieh; Falchi, Federico; Timmoneri, Martina; Mercorelli, Beatrice; Loregian, Arianna; Palù, Giorgio; Alvisi, Gualtiero
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- DNA replication; DNA-directed DNA polymerase; Human betaherpesvirus 5; bioavailability; computer simulation; dimerization; gene expression; protein subunits; terminase; therapeutics; toxicity; virus replication; viruses
- Abstract:
- ... Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading cause of severe diseases in immunocompromised individuals, including AIDS patients and transplant recipients, and in congenitally infected newborns. The utility of available drugs is limited by poor bioavailability, toxicity, and emergence of resistant strains. Therefore, it is crucial to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention. Among the latter, ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050941
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050941
- Author:
- Bergmann, Michèle; Freisl, Monika; Zablotski, Yury; Khan, Md Anik Ashfaq; Speck, Stephanie; Truyen, Uwe; Hartmann, Katrin
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- Canine morbillivirus; adults; antibody detection; antibody formation; dogs; neutralization tests; vaccination; vaccines
- Abstract:
- ... Re-vaccinations against canine distemper virus (CDV) are commonly performed in 3-year intervals. The study’s aims were to determine anti-CDV antibodies in healthy adult dogs within 28 days of vaccination against CDV, and to evaluate factors associated with the presence of pre-vaccination antibodies and with the antibody response to vaccination. Ninety-seven dogs, not vaccinated within 1 year befor ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050945
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050945
- Author:
- Cain, Georgia; Liu, Olivia; Whittington, Richard J.; Hick, Paul M.
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- DNA; Ostreid herpesvirus 1; death; disease control; dose response; genetic variation; genotype; models; monitoring; mortality; oysters; phenotype; viral load; virulence; Australia; France
- Abstract:
- ... Microvariant genotypes of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) are associated with mass mortality events of Pacific oysters in many countries. The OsHV-1 microvariant (µVar) emerged in France 2008 and caused significant economic losses as it became endemic and displaced the previously dominant OsHV-1 reference genotype. Recently, considerable genotypic variation has been described for OsHV-1 microvarian ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050946
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050946
- Author:
- Matsuura, Ryosuke; Lo, Chieh-Wen; Wada, Satoshi; Somei, Junichi; Ochiai, Heihachiro; Murakami, Takeharu; Saito, Norihito; Ogawa, Takayo; Shinjo, Atsushi; Benno, Yoshimi; Nakagawa, Masaru; Takei, Masami; Aida, Yoko
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- COVID-19 infection; RNA; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; aerosols; air; disinfection; genome; human health; human settlements; liquids; pandemic; pathogenicity; people; photocatalysis; photocatalysts; titanium dioxide; transmission electron microscopy; ultraviolet radiation; virion; viruses
- Abstract:
- ... SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19, which is a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted rapidly via contaminated surfaces and aerosols, emphasizing the importance of environmental disinfection to block the spread of virus. Ultraviolet C radiation and chemical compounds are effective for SARS-CoV-2 disinfection, but can only be applied in the absence of humans due to their toxicities. ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050942
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050942
- Author:
- Tomic, Adriana; Pollard, Andrew J.; Davis, Mark M.
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- Influenza A virus; T-lymphocytes; adaptive immunity; antibody formation; computational methodology; disease control; genetic factors; influenza; neutralizing antibodies; pandemic; vaccines; viruses
- Abstract:
- ... Understanding protective influenza immunity and identifying immune correlates of protection poses a major challenge and requires an appreciation of the immune system in all of its complexity. While adaptive immune responses such as neutralizing antibodies and influenza-specific T lymphocytes are contributing to the control of influenza virus, key factors of long-term protection are not well define ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050948
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050948
- Author:
- Rock, Daniel L.
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- African swine fever; Russia; disease control; economic analysis; etiological agents; exports; mortality; pork industry; swine; viruses; Africa; Caucasus region; China; South East Asia
- Abstract:
- ... African swine fever (ASF) is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic swine with mortality rates approaching 100%. Devastating ASF outbreaks and continuing epidemics starting in the Caucasus region and now in the Russian Federation, Europe, China, and other parts of Southeast Asia (2007 to date) highlight its significance. ASF strain Georgia-07 and its derivatives are now endemic in extensiv ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050943
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050943
- Author:
- Motlou, Thopisang P.; Williams, June; Venter, Marietjie
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- Shuni orthobunyavirus; arboviruses; children; congenital abnormalities; death; encephalitis; epidemiology; fever; genes; monitoring; mortality; nucleocapsid; phylogeny; reverse transcription; Nigeria; South Africa
- Abstract:
- ... The Orthobunyavirus genus, family Peribunyaviridae, contains several important emerging and re-emerging arboviruses of veterinary and medical importance. These viruses may cause mild febrile illness, to severe encephalitis, fetal deformity, abortion, hemorrhagic fever and death in humans and/or animals. Shuni virus (SHUV) is a zoonotic arbovirus thought to be transmitted by hematophagous arthropod ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050937
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050937
- Author:
- Turkki, Vesa; Alppila, Elisa; Ylä-Herttuala, Seppo; Lesch, Hanna P.
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- gene therapy; interferometry; light microscopy; virion; virology; viruses
- Abstract:
- ... Virus particle concentration is a critical piece of information for virology, viral vaccines and gene therapy research. We tested a novel nanoparticle counting device, “Videodrop”, for its efficacy in titering and characterization of virus particles. The Videodrop nanoparticle counter is based on interferometric light microscopy (ILM). The method allows the detection of particles under the diffrac ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050939
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050939
- Author:
- Roumani, Foteini; Azinheiro, Sarah; Sousa, Hugo; Sousa, Ana; Timóteo, Mafalda; Varandas, Tatiana; Fonseca-Silva, Daniela; Baldaque, Inês; Carvalho, Joana; Prado, Marta; Garrido-Maestu, Alejandro
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- COVID-19 infection; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; clinical examination; equipment; human resources; nucleic acids; people; reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification; viral load
- Abstract:
- ... SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, which has spread worldwide, affecting more than 200 countries, infecting over 140 million people in one year. The gold standard to identify infected people is RT-qPCR, which is highly sensitive, but needs specialized equipment and trained personnel. The demand for these reagents has caused shortages in certain countries. Isothermal nucleic ac ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050940
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050940
- Author:
- Hamer, Sarah A.; Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex; Zecca, Italo B.; Davila, Edward; Auckland, Lisa D.; Roundy, Christopher M.; Tang, Wendy; Torchetti, Mia Kim; Killian, Mary Lea; Jenkins-Moore, Melinda; Mozingo, Katie; Akpalu, Yao; Ghai, Ria R.; Spengler, Jessica R.; Barton Behravesh, Casey; Fischer, Rebecca S. B.; Hamer, Gabriel L.
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- COVID-19 infection; RNA; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; dogs; enzootic diseases; genome; humans; people; viruses; Texas
- Abstract:
- ... Understanding the ecological and epidemiological roles of pets in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for animal and human health, identifying household reservoirs, and predicting the potential enzootic maintenance of the virus. We conducted a longitudinal household transmission study of 76 dogs and cats living with at least one SARS-CoV-2-infected human in Texas and found that 17 pets from ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050938
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050938
- Author:
- Haberland, Annekathrin; Krylova, Oxana; Nikolenko, Heike; Göttel, Peter; Dallmann, Andre; Müller, Johannes; Weisshoff, Hardy
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- COVID-19 infection; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; autoantibodies; autoimmunity; calorimetry; circular dichroism spectroscopy; cross reaction; drugs; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; oligonucleotides; pandemic; patients; respiratory tract diseases; risk; therapeutics; titration
- Abstract:
- ... COVID-19 is a pandemic respiratory disease that is caused by the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are essential weapons that a patient with COVID-19 has to combat the disease. When now repurposing a drug, namely an aptamer that interacts with SARS-CoV-2 proteins for COVID-19 treatment (BC 007), which is, however, a neutraliz ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050932
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050932
- Author:
- Geldenhuys, Marike; Mortlock, Marinda; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Pawęska, Janusz T.; Weyer, Jacqueline; Markotter, Wanda
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- COVID-19 infection; Chiroptera; Orthocoronavirinae; ecosystems; humans; interphase; monitoring; pandemic; species diversity; wildlife; Africa
- Abstract:
- ... The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had devastating health and socio-economic impacts. Human activities, especially at the wildlife interphase, are at the core of forces driving the emergence of new viral agents. Global surveillance activities have identified bats as the natural hosts of diverse coronaviruses, with other domestic and wildlife animal species possibly acting ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050936
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050936
- Author:
- Pucci, Fabrizio; Rooman, Marianne
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; amino acid sequences; bioinformatics; evolution; genomics; humans; immune response; models; monitoring; pathogenicity; prediction; viruses
- Abstract:
- ... The understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving the fitness of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its mutational evolution is still a critical issue. We built a simplified computational model, called SpikePro, to predict the SARS-CoV-2 fitness from the amino acid sequence and structure of the spike protein. It contains three contributions: the inter-human transmissibility of the virus predicted from t ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050935
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050935
- Author:
- Asfor, Amin S.; Nazki, Salik; Reddy, Vishwanatha R.A.P.; Campbell, Elle; Dulwich, Katherine L.; Giotis, Efstathios S.; Skinner, Michael A.; Broadbent, Andrew J.
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- Infectious bursal disease virus; White Leghorn; chickens; cytokines; cytoskeleton; flocks; gene expression; guanosinetriphosphatase; inbred lines; infectious bursal disease; inflammation; macrophages; mortality; nicotinic receptors; sequence analysis; transcriptomics; viral load; virulence
- Abstract:
- ... In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. Within each experimental group, some i ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050933
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050933
- Author:
- Beatty, Julia A.; Hartmann, Katrin
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- Felidae; cats; medicine
- Abstract:
- ... Viral diseases play a very important role in feline medicine, and research on feline viruses and viral diseases is a well-established field that helps to safeguard the health of domestic cats and non-domestic felids, many of which are endangered [...] ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050923
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050923
- Author:
- Yadav, Pragya D.; Nyayanit, Dimpal A.; Majumdar, Triparna; Patil, Savita; Kaur, Harmanmeet; Gupta, Nivedita; Shete, Anita M.; Pandit, Priyanka; Kumar, Abhinendra; Aggarwal, Neeraj; Narayan, Jitendra; Vijay, Neetu; Kalawat, Usha; Sugunan, Attayur P.; Munivenkatappa, Ashok; Sharma, Tara; Devi, Sulochna; Majumdar, Tapan; Jaryal, Subhash; Bakshi, Rupinder; Joshi, Yash; Sahay, Rima; Shastri, Jayanti; Singh, Mini; Kumar, Manoj; Rawat, Vinita; Dutta, Shanta; Yadav, Sarita; Krishnasamy, Kaveri; Raut, Sharmila; Biswas, Debasis; Borkakoty, Biswajyoti; Verma, Santwana; Rani, Sudha; Deval, Hirawati; Patel, Disha; Turuk, Jyotirmayee; Malhotra, Bharti; Fomda, Bashir; Nag, Vijaylakshmi; Jain, Amita; Bhargava, Anudita; Potdar, Varsha; Cherian, Sarah; Abraham, Priya; Gopal, Anjani; Panda, Samiran; Bhargava, Balram
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; epidemiological studies; evolution; genomics; geographical distribution; mutants; virus transmission; viruses; India
- Abstract:
- ... The number of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) cases is increasing in India. This study looks upon the geographic distribution of the virus clades and variants circulating in different parts of India between January and August 2020. The NPS/OPS from representative positive cases from different states and union territories in India were collected every month through the ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050925
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050925
- Author:
- González-Domenech, Carmen María; Pérez-Hernández, Isabel; Gómez-Ayerbe, Cristina; Viciana Ramos, Isabel; Palacios-Muñoz, Rosario; Santos, Jesús
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- COVID-19 infection; Human immunodeficiency virus; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; disease course; health services; pandemic; prognosis; therapeutics; tuberculosis
- Abstract:
- ... By the middle of 2021, we are still immersed in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The concurrence of this new pandemic in regions where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infections possess the same epidemiological consideration, has arisen concerns about the prognosis, clinical manage ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050931
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050931
- Author:
- Nguyen, Kien; Chakraborty, Srirupa; Mansbach, Rachael A.; Korber, Bette; Gnanakaran, Sandrasegaram
- Source:
- Viruses 2021 v.13 no.5
- ISSN:
- 1999-4915
- Subject:
- COVID-19 infection; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; glycosylation; humans; mutation; pandemic; polysaccharides; quantitative analysis; respiratory tract diseases; therapeutics; vaccine development; viruses
- Abstract:
- ... COVID-19 is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. It has become a global pandemic and its frequent mutations may pose new challenges for vaccine design. During viral infection, the Spike RBD of SARS-CoV-2 binds the human host cell receptor ACE2, enabling the virus to enter the host cell. Both the Spike and ACE2 are densely glycosylated, and it is uncle ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/v13050927
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050927
