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1. Effects of Drip Irrigation Models on Chemical Clogging under Saline Water Use in Hetao District, China

Author:
Zhangzhong, Lili; Yang, Peiling; Zheng, Wengang; Wang, Caiyuan; Zhang, Chong; Niu, Minglei
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
arid zones; calcium carbonate; flowering; fouling; freshwater; fruiting; irrigated farming; microirrigation; models; saline water; tomatoes; China
Abstract:
... Saline water is a major resource for agricultural irrigation in arid-semi arid regions, especially when it is combined with drip irrigation. However, highly saline water can easily cause clogging of the emitters in drip irrigation systems, adversely affecting crop growth. Hence, a 2a processing tomatoes drip irrigation study was conducted in Hetao irrigation district. The chemical clogging of the ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030345

2. Exploring the Role of Relational Practices in Water Governance Using a Game-Based Approach

Author:
Magnuszewski, Piotr; Królikowska, Karolina; Koch, Anna; Pająk, Michal; Allen, Craig; Chraibi, Victoria; Giri, Anil; Haak, Danielle; Hart, Noelle; Hellman, Michelle; Pan, Donald; Rossman, Nathan; Sendzimir, Jan; Sliwinski, Maggi; Stefańska, Joanna; Taillieu, Tharsi; Weide, Denise Marie; Zlatar, Ilonka
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
case studies; decision making; issues and policy; protocols; river valleys; stakeholders; surveys; water management
Abstract:
... The growing complexity and interdependence of water management processes requires the involvement of multiple stakeholders in water governance. Multi-party collaboration is increasingly vital at both the strategy development and implementation levels. Multi-party collaboration involves a process of joint decision-making among key stakeholders in a problem domain directed towards the future of that ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030346

3. Gas Exchanges and Stem Water Potential Define Stress Thresholds for Efficient Irrigation Management in Olive (<em>Olea europea</em> L.)

Author:
Marino, Giulia; Caruso, Tiziano; Ferguson, Louise; Marra, Francesco Paolo
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
Olea europaea; carbon dioxide; climate change; data collection; ecophysiology; environmental factors; genotype; irrigation rates; irrigation scheduling; leaves; olives; photosynthesis; stomatal conductance; water potential; water stress; water supply; water use efficiency
Abstract:
... With climate change and decreased water supplies, interest in irrigation scheduling based on plant water status is increasing. Stem water potential (ΨSWP) thresholds for irrigation scheduling in olive have been proposed, however, a physiologically-based evaluation of their reliability is needed. A large dataset collected at variable environmental conditions, growing systems, and genotyp ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030342

4. The Magnitude and Cost of Groundwater Metering and Control in Agriculture

Author:
Ursitti, Armando; Giannoccaro, Giacomo; Prosperi, Maurizio; De Meo, Emilio; de Gennaro, Bernardo C.
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
environmental enrichment; farmers; groundwater; groundwater extraction; irrigation management; operating costs; prices; Italy
Abstract:
... Volumetric pricing as envisaged within the Water Framework Directive (60/2000) is a considerable challenge in terms of irrigation in Mediterranean regions, since a large share of the water source is groundwater. Enforcing this pricing scheme involves systematic metering and control (M&C) systems with subsequent high costs. This paper aims to fill the gap in the literature related to the assess ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030344

5. Trading Natural Riparian Forests for Urban Shelterbelt Plantations—A Sustainability Assessment of the Kökyar Protection Forest in NW China

Author:
Missall, Siegmund; Abliz, Abdulla; Halik, Ümüt; Thevs, Niels; Welp, Martin
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
Populus; afforestation; agricultural extension; agroforestry; biodiversity; cities; desertification; dust; dust storms; ecosystem engineering; ecosystem services; evapotranspiration; household surveys; interviews; irrigation; irrigation water; orchards; protection forests; riparian forests; river water; rivers; shelterbelts; social welfare; stakeholders; sustainable development; urban areas; China
Abstract:
... Cities at the fringe of the Taklimakan desert in NW China are prone to dust and sand storms with serious consequences for human well-being. The Kökyar Protection Forest was established in the 1980s as an ecological engineering project with the intent of protecting the city of Aksu, NW China, from these impacts. It is designed as a combination of poplar shelterbelts and orchards, irrigated by river ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030343

6. Groundwater Chemistry Regulated by Hydrochemical Processes and Geological Structures: A Case Study in Tongchuan, China

Author:
Li, Xinyan; Wu, Hao; Qian, Hui; Gao, Yanyan
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
Permian period; aquifers; carbonates; case studies; cluster analysis; geochemistry; groundwater; groundwater flow; hydrochemistry; hydrogen; ion exchange; isotopes; mixing; oxygen; physicochemical properties; silicates; water quality; weathering; China
Abstract:
... Knowledge of hydrochemical processes in groundwater helps to identify the relationship between geochemical processes and groundwater quality as well as to understand the hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater, which is important for the sustainable management of groundwater resources. This study aims to identify the chemical characteristics of groundwater in the area of Tongchuan City, China. A t ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030338

7. Implementation of a Two-Source Model for Estimating the Spatial Variability of Olive Evapotranspiration Using Satellite Images and Ground-Based Climate Data

Author:
Fuentes-Peñailillo, Fernando; Ortega-Farías, Samuel; Acevedo-Opazo, César; Fonseca-Luengo, David
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
Landsat; Olea europaea; eddy covariance; evapotranspiration; growing season; latent heat flux; meteorological data; microirrigation; models; net radiation; olives; orchards; phenology; remote sensing; soil heat flux
Abstract:
... A study was carried out to evaluate the potential use of the two-source Shuttleworth and Wallace (SW) model to compute the intra-orchard spatial variability of actual evapotranspiration (ET) of olive trees using satellite images and ground-based climate data. The study was conducted in a drip-irrigated olive orchard using satellite images (Landsat 7 ETM+), which were acquired on clear sky days dur ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030339

8. Real-Time Flood Control by Tree-Based Model Predictive Control Including Forecast Uncertainty: A Case Study Reservoir in Turkey

Author:
Uysal, Gökçen; Alvarado-Montero, Rodolfo; Schwanenberg, Dirk; Şensoy, Aynur
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
branches; case studies; decision making; flood control; models; stream flow; trees; uncertainty; Turkey (country)
Abstract:
... Optimal control of reservoirs is a challenging task due to conflicting objectives, complex system structure, and uncertainties in the system. Real time control decisions suffer from streamflow forecast uncertainty. This study aims to use Probabilistic Streamflow Forecasts (PSFs) having a lead-time up to 48 h as input for the recurrent reservoir operation problem. A related technique for decision m ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030340

9. Uncertainty Analysis of the Water Scarcity Footprint Based on the AWARE Model Considering Temporal Variations

Author:
Lee, Jong Seok; Lee, Min Hyeok; Chun, Yoon-Young; Lee, Kun Mo
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
crop production; hydrologic data; models; probability distribution; rice; temporal variation; uncertainty; uncertainty analysis; water shortages; watersheds; Korean Peninsula
Abstract:
... The purpose of this paper is to compare the degree of uncertainty of the water scarcity footprint using the Monte Carlo statistical method and block bootstrap method. Using the hydrological data of a water drainage basin in Korea, characterization factors based on the available water remaining (AWARE) model were obtained. The uncertainties of the water scarcity footprint considering temporal varia ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030341

10. A Review of Permeable Pavement Clogging Investigations and Recommended Maintenance Regimes

Author:
Razzaghmanesh, Mostafa; Beecham, Simon
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
bitumen; cleaning; climatic factors; concrete; infiltration rate; pavements; rain; rain intensity; United States
Abstract:
... Understanding clogging mechanisms in permeable pavements can help optimize the required maintenance regime. In this review paper, methods for investigating clogging mechanisms are described. These include surface infiltration methods, the use of embedded sensors, and the development of modelling tools. Previously conducted surface infiltration tests indicate the importance of the age of a permeabl ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030337

11. Comparison of Public Perception in Desert and Rainy Regions of Chile Regarding the Reuse of Treated Sewage Water

Author:
Segura, Daniela; Carrillo, Valentina; Remonsellez, Francisco; Araya, Marcelo; Vidal, Gladys
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
drinking water; men; municipal wastewater; public opinion; sewage treatment; surveys; water shortages; women; Chile
Abstract:
... The objective of this study was to compare the public perception in desert and rainy regions of Chile regarding the reuse of treated sewage water. The methodology of this study consisted of applying a survey to the communities of San Pedro de Atacama (desert region) and Hualqui (rainy region) to identify attitudes about the reuse of sewage water. The survey was applied directly to men and women, 1 ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030334

12. Land Use and Land Cover Changes (LULCC), a Key to Understand Soil Erosion Intensities in the Maritsa Basin

Author:
Ozsahin, Emre; Duru, Umit; Eroglu, Ilker
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation; basins; land degradation; land use and land cover maps; remote sensing; risk; soil erosion; temporal variation; uncertainty; Europe
Abstract:
... Soil erosion is a major environmental and economic concern affecting all continents around the world. Soil loss facilitates land degradation, threatening both agricultural and natural environments in continental Europe. The overall objective of the present study is to reveal temporal changes of erosion risk in the Maritsa Basin, and also assess the temporal effects of land use and land cover chang ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030335

13. Occurrence Probabilities of Wet and Dry Periods in Southern Italy through the SPI Evaluated on Synthetic Monthly Precipitation Series

Author:
Caloiero, Tommaso; Sirangelo, Beniamino; Coscarelli, Roberto; Ferrari, Ennio
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
Monte Carlo method; atmospheric precipitation; databases; models; rain gauges; stochastic processes; Italy; Mediterranean region
Abstract:
... The present article investigates dry and wet periods in a large area of the Mediterranean basin. First, a stochastic model was applied to a homogeneous database of monthly precipitation values of 46 rain gauges in five regions of southern Italy. In particular, after estimating the model parameters, a set of 104 years of monthly precipitation for each rain gauge was generated by means of a Monte Ca ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030336

14. Applicability of Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement in a Tea Estate Catchment: The Pussellawa Case Study

Author:
Weerakoon, G. M. P. R.; Jinadasa, K. B. S. N.; Herath, G. B. B.; Mowjood, M. I. M.; Ng, W. J.
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
agricultural runoff; agricultural watersheds; ammonium nitrogen; biochemical oxygen demand; boiling; case studies; coliform bacteria; constructed wetlands; drainage; fecal bacteria; human population; models; nitrate nitrogen; nutrients; pesticides; streams; subsurface flow; tea; total suspended solids; water quality; Sri Lanka
Abstract:
... Water in agricultural catchments is prone to pollution from agricultural runoff containing nutrients and pesticides, and contamination from the human population working and residing therein. This study examined the quality of water in a drainage stream which runs through a congested network of ‘line houses’ (low-income housing, typically found arranged in straight ‘lines’ on estates) in the tea es ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030332

15. A Thermodynamical Approach for Evaluating Energy Consumption of the Nanofiltration-Crystallization Process on Selective Separation of Chloride and Sulfate

Author:
Du, Ming-yuan; Zeng, Lan-mu; Wang, Xiao-lin
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
crystallization; electrolytes; energy; industrialization; models; nanofiltration; reverse osmosis; salinity; sodium chloride; sodium sulfate; thermodynamics; wastewater; wastewater treatment
Abstract:
... Nanofiltration (NF) coupling processes have been applied to treat high salinity wastewater in many studies. The main reason that affects the industrialization of the wastewater treatment is the high cost, which is mainly caused by the energy consumption of the entire system. Therefore, how to evaluate the energy consumption of different process configurations is an important issue. In this work, a ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030331

16. Case Study on Water Quality Improvement in Xihu Lake through Diversion and Water Distribution

Author:
Zhang, Minxi; Dolatshah, Azam; Zhu, Wenlong; Yu, Guoliang
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
case studies; environmental health; eutrophication; lakes; pollutants; turbidity; water distribution; water quality
Abstract:
... Eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs is a serious environmental problem that has damaged ecosystem health worldwide. Water diversion is one of the most popular methods for improving the water quality in shallow lakes, as it dilutes pollutants in and diverts them out of the lake. However, simple diversion without rational water distribution cannot significantly enhance water exchange in the entir ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030333

17. Human Aspects of Water Management at Impoverished Settlements. The Case of Doornkop, Soweto

Author:
Robina-Ramírez, Rafael; Sañudo-Fontaneda, Luis A.
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; case studies; ethics; least squares; sanitation; wastewater; water management; water policy; South Africa
Abstract:
... Since 1996, the South African government has undertaken a considerable project to fulfil the proclaimed right of citizens to access sufficient water and sanitation (Government of South Africa, 1996) through traditional water management and water governance. However, democracy has not yet provided significant improvements to informal dwellers. Doornkop (Soweto) is a clear example of a community fig ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030330

18. Analysis of Drought Intensity and Trends Using the Modified SPEI in South Korea from 1981 to 2010

Author:
Bae, Seungjong; Lee, Sang-Hyun; Yoo, Seung-Hwan; Kim, Taegon
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
Food and Agriculture Organization; autumn; drought; equations; evapotranspiration; probability; water management; winter; South Korea
Abstract:
... The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of drought, such as intensity and trends, based on SPEI (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index) at 8 stations in South Korea from 1981 to 2010. The traditional SPEI is based on the Thornthwaite equation for estimating evapotranspiration; SPEI_th. However, a standard of agricultural water management in Korea suggests the FAO Penm ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030327

19. Dynamic Management of Water Storage for Flood Control in a Wetland System: A Case Study in Texas

Author:
Leon, Arturo S.; Tang, Yun; Chen, Duan; Yolcu, Ahmet; Glennie, Craig; Pennings, Steven C.
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
case studies; coastal plains; cost benefit analysis; drainage channels; ecosystem services; ecosystems; flood control; rain; water storage; wetlands; Texas
Abstract:
... In this study, we assess the costs and benefits of dynamic management of water storage to improve flood control in a system of wetlands. This management involves releasing water from wetlands ahead of (e.g., a few hours or days before) a rainfall event that is forecasted to produce flooding. Each project site may present different challenges and topographical conditions, however as long as there i ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030325

20. Evaluating Regime Change of Sediment Transport in the Jingjiang River Reach, Yangtze River, China

Author:
He, Li; Chen, Dong; Zhang, Shiyan; Liu, Meng; Duan, Guanglei
Source:
Water 2018 v.10 no.3
ISSN:
2073-4441
Subject:
dams (hydrology); equations; hydrograph; rivers; sediment transport; sediments; stream channels; suspended sediment; China; Yangtze River
Abstract:
... The sediment regime in the Jingjiang river reach of the middle Yangtze River has been significantly changed from quasi-equilibrium to unsaturated since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Vertical profiles of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and sediment flux can be adopted to evaluate the sediment regime at the local and reach scale, respectively. However, the connection between ...
DOI:
10.3390/w10030329