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- Author:
- Jin, Yanxia; Wang, Xinping; Zhang, Yafeng; Pan, Yanxia; Hu, Rui
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- C3 plants; C4 plants; Reaumuria soongorica; Salsola passerina; air temperature; arithmetics; canopy; ecosystems; field experimentation; gas exchange; growing season; leaf area; leaves; lysimeters; net radiation; photosynthesis; population characteristics; shrubs; stomatal conductance; vapor pressure deficit; vegetation; China
- Abstract:
- ... Quantifying the water balance within areas with sparse vegetation requires frequent measurement of transpiration in water-limited, arid, desert ecosystems. Field experiments were conducted in Shapotou, northwestern China, to examine the feasibility of up-scaling the transpiration of C3 and C4 xerophytic shrubs (Reaumuria soongorica and Salsola passerina, respectively) from th ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060813
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060813
- Author:
- Zhang, Jing; Wang, Zhenhua; Luo, Xiong
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- algorithms; models; soil sampling; soil texture; soil water; soil water characteristic; system optimization; water content
- Abstract:
- ... This paper employs an optimization algorithm called the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) for the parameter estimation of the soil water retention curve model. The SSA simulates the behavior of searching for food of the salp swarm and manages to find the optimal solutions for optimization problems. In this paper, parameter estimation of the van Genuchten model based on nine soil samples, covering eight s ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060815
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060815
- Author:
- He, Songjie; Xu, Y. Jun
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- calcium carbonate; coprecipitation; desorption; estuaries; freshwater; inorganic phosphorus; land use; river flow; rivers; saline water; salinity; sediments; stream channels; summer; total phosphorus; total suspended solids; watersheds; Gulf of Mexico
- Abstract:
- ... This study aims to evaluate recent total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) transport from three coastal rivers—the Calcasieu, Mermentau, and Vermilion Rivers—that drain watersheds with varied agriculture intensities (21%, 67%, and 61%, respectively) into the northern Gulf of Mexico, one of the world’s largest summer hypoxic zones. The study also examined th ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060816
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060816
- Author:
- Villamar, Cristina-Alejandra; Vera-Puerto, Ismael; Rivera, Diego; De la Hoz, Felipe
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- animal density; climate change; feeds; food crops; forests; grain crops; grasslands; irrigated farming; issues and policy; livestock; livestock production; long term effects; municipal wastewater; non-food crops; nutrients; physicochemical properties; wastewater treatment; water reuse; water shortages; Chile
- Abstract:
- ... Chile is an agricultural power, but also one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change and water shortage. About 50% of the irrigated agriculture land in Chile is in the central zone, thanks to its agricultural-climatic characteristics that provide an adequate water supply (100–4000 m3/s). However, the vulnerability scenario in this zone is high due to the seasonal availability of w ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060817
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060817
- Author:
- Shao, Guangwen; Guan, Yiqing; Zhang, Danrong; Yu, Baikui; Zhu, Jie
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- Soil and Water Assessment Tool model; atmospheric precipitation; basins; climate; data collection; grasses; hydrometeorology; land use change; planning; shrubs; soil water; stream flow; t-test; temperature; time series analysis; water management; watersheds; wind speed; China
- Abstract:
- ... The Hailiutu River basin is a typical semi-arid wind sandy grass shoal watershed in northwest China. Climate and land use have changed significantly during the period 1970–2014. These changes are expected to impact hydrological processes in the basin. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test and sequential t-test analysis of the regime shift method were used to detect the trend and shifts of the hyd ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060814
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060814
- Author:
- Li, Qiong; Luo, Zhicai; Zhong, Bo; Zhou, Hao
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- algorithms; atmospheric precipitation; case studies; climate; energy flow; equations; evapotranspiration; hydrologic cycle; mathematical models; soil water; subwatersheds; temperature; temporal variation; Yangtze River
- Abstract:
- ... Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the water cycle, and it plays an important role in global water exchange and energy flow. However, accurate estimation and numerical simulation of regional ET remain difficult. In this work, based on the water balance equation, an improved regional ET estimating approach was developed by using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), daily ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060812
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060812
- Author:
- Nair, Sudeep; Hashim, Hafiz; Hannon, Louise; Clifford, Eoghan
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- European Union; buildings; carbon; carbon dioxide; case studies; energy; greenhouse gas emissions; heat; models; residential housing; solar energy; water conservation
- Abstract:
- ... Within the European Union, buildings account for around 40% of the energy use and 36% of CO2 emissions, thus representing a significant challenge in the context of recent EU directives that require all new buildings to be nearly zero-energy by 2020. Reduced consumption of water, and hot water in particular, provides a significant opportunity to reduce energy consumption. While there hav ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060810
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060810
- Author:
- Ehteram, Mohammad; Binti Othman, Faridah; Mundher Yaseen, Zaher; Abdulmohsin Afan, Haitham; Falah Allawi, Mohammed; Bt. Abdul Malek, Marlinda; Najah Ahmed, Ali; Shahid, Shamsuddin; P. Singh, Vijay; El-Shafie, Ahmed
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- algorithms; case studies; decision making; disasters; equations; floods; hydrologic models; prediction; water resources; United Kingdom; United States
- Abstract:
- ... Flood prediction and control are among the major tools for decision makers and water resources planners to avoid flood disasters. The Muskingum model is one of the most widely used methods for flood routing prediction. The Muskingum model contains four parameters that must be determined for accurate flood routing. In this context, an optimization process that self-searches for the optimal values o ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060807
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060807
- Author:
- Maier, Nadine; Breuer, Lutz; Chamorro, Alejandro; Kraft, Philipp; Houska, Tobias
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- General Circulation Models; climate; climate change; ecosystems; floodplains; habitats; hydrology; parameter uncertainty; uncertainty analysis; Germany; Rhine River
- Abstract:
- ... Floodplains are highly complex and dynamic systems in terms of their hydrology. Thus, they harbor highly specialized floodplain plant species depending on different inundation characteristics. Climate change will most likely alter those characteristics. This study investigates the potential impact of climate change on the inundation characteristics of a floodplain of the Rhine River in Hesse, Germ ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060809
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060809
- Author:
- Ji, Changming; Yu, Hongjie; Wu, Jiajie; Yan, Xiaoran; Li, Rui
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- algorithms; hysteresis; models; water flow; water power; water quantity
- Abstract:
- ... Currently research on joint operation of a large reservoir and its re-regulating reservoir focuses on either water quantity regulation or water head regulation. The accuracy of relevant models is in need of improvement if the influence of factors such as water flow hysteresis and the aftereffect of tail water level variation are taken into consideration. In this paper, given the actual production ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060808
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060808
- Author:
- Zou, Changjun; Yin, Yong
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- equations; fluid mechanics; mathematical theory; simulation models
- Abstract:
- ... With the continuous development of fluid simulation theory and technology, there are increasingly higher requirements for simulation of complex fluid interaction. Fluid simulation based on the Eulerian method is limited by the grid resolution, and the sawtooth phenomenon occurs near the obstacle boundary. To enhance the fluid interaction performance with complex obstacle, an advanced fluid interac ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060811
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060811
- Author:
- Kazakis, Nerantzis
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- aquifers; basins; groundwater; hydraulic resistance; surface area; vadose zone; water table; Greece
- Abstract:
- ... Coastal aquifer salinization is usually related to groundwater overexploitation and water table decline. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) can be applied as a measure to reverse and prevent this phenomenon. A detailed literature review was performed to identify the various methods and parameters commonly used to determine suitable sites of MAR application. Based on the review results, a new multi-cri ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060804
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060804
- Author:
- Aslan, Asli; Cole, Zachariah; Bhattacharya, Anunay; Oyibo, Oghenekpaobor
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- Escherichia coli; ampicillin; antibiotic resistance; bacteria; chlorination; ciprofloxacin; disinfection; drugs; effluents; guidelines; irrigation; issues and policy; minimum inhibitory concentration; monitoring; pathogens; rain; sewage; sulfamethoxazole; tetracycline; wastewater treatment; water reuse
- Abstract:
- ... Providing safe water through water reuse is becoming a global necessity. One concern with water reuse is the introduction of unregulated contaminants to the environment that cannot be easily removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The occurrence of ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli through the treatment stages of a WWTP (ra ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060805
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060805
- Author:
- Chen, Siyu; Fang, Guohua; Huang, Xianfeng; Zhang, Yuhong
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- algorithms; artificial intelligence; models; monitoring; prediction; water pollution; water quality; water supply
- Abstract:
- ... Prediction of water quality which can ensure the water supply and prevent water pollution is essential for a successful water transfer project. In recent years, with the development of artificial intelligence, the backpropagation (BP) neural network has been increasingly applied for the prediction and forecasting field. However, the BP neural network frame cannot satisfy the demand of higher accur ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060806
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060806
- Author:
- Chen, Yulong; Meng, Qingxiang; Zhang, Jianwei
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- cement; hydraulic fracturing; mathematical theory
- Abstract:
- ... This study focused on the effects of the notch angle, notch length, and injection rate on hydraulic fracturing. True triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted with 300 × 300 × 300 mm cement mortar blocks. The test results showed that the fracture initiation pressure decreased as the notch length and injection rate increased, whereas, the fracture initiation pressure decr ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060801
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060801
- Author:
- Zheng, Yu; Chen, Sidian; Qin, Huapeng; Jiao, Jiu Jimmy
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- aquifers; case studies; coastal water; drainage; dry season; finite element analysis; groundwater; groundwater flow; groundwater recharge; hydraulic conductivity; land cover; models; risk; runoff; sea level; seasonal variation; stormwater management; streams; subsurface flow; urban areas; urbanization; water conservation; water table; watersheds; wet season; China
- Abstract:
- ... Increasing impervious land cover has great impacts on groundwater regimes in urbanized areas. Low impact development (LID) is generally regarded as a sustainable solution for groundwater conservation. However, the effects of LID on the spatial-temporal distribution of groundwater are not yet fully understood. In this case study, a coupled Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Finite Element Subs ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060803
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060803
- Author:
- Kinouchi, Tsuyoshi; Yamamoto, Gakuji; Komsai, Atchara; Liengcharernsit, Winai
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- El Nino; basins; climate; data collection; meteorological data; monsoon season; rain; regression analysis; summer; surface temperature; water management; watersheds; Pacific Ocean; Thailand
- Abstract:
- ... For better water resources management, we proposed a method to estimate basin-scale seasonal rainfall over selected areas of the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand, from existing climate indices that represent variations in the Asian summer monsoon, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, and sea surface temperatures (SST) in the Pacific Ocean. The basin-scale seasonal rainfall between 1965 and 20 ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060800
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060800
- Author:
- Cong, Xin; Xu, Zhenghe; Wang, Tong
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- basins; corn; cotton; groundwater; groundwater recharge; irrigated farming; irrigation management; kriging; surface water; water resources; water table
- Abstract:
- ... Bromide was used as tracer in the Weishan Irrigated District to determine the groundwater recharge as well as to evaluate the impacts of different irrigation basin locations, irrigation regimes, and crop types on the recharge. The comprehensive recharge coefficient and the Kriging Spatial Interpolation methods were used to distinguish the effects of precipitation and surface water irrigation on th ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060799
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060799
- Author:
- Manfreda, Salvatore; Iacobellis, Vito; Gioia, Andrea; Fiorentino, Mauro; Kochanek, Krzysztof
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- anthropogenic activities; climate change; climatic factors; drought; floods; watersheds
- Abstract:
- ... High and low flows and associated floods and droughts are extreme hydrological phenomena mainly caused by meteorological anomalies and modified by catchment processes and human activities. They exert increasing on human, economic, and natural environmental systems around the world. In this context, global climate change along with local fluctuations may eventually trigger a disproportionate respon ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060802
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060802
- Author:
- Ilyas, Huma; Masih, Ilyas; van der Hoek, Jan Peter
- Source:
- Water 2018 v.10 no.6
- ISSN:
- 2073-4441
- Subject:
- World Health Organization; byproducts; chlorination; chlorine; disinfection; drinking water; electrochemistry; haloacetic acids; hydrogen peroxide; irradiation; oxidants; ozone; swimming pools; toxicity; ultraviolet radiation; water quality
- Abstract:
- ... This paper presents a comprehensive and critical comparison of 10 disinfection methods of swimming pool water: chlorination, electrochemically generated mixed oxidants (EGMO), ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, UV/chlorine, UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), UV/H2O2/chlorine, ozone (O3)/chlorine, O3/H2O2/chlorine, O3 ...
- DOI:
- 10.3390/w10060797
-
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10060797