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... Generally, small peptides by themselves are weak to induce antibody responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are attractive candidates of vaccine adjuvants to improve their antigenicity. The covalent conjugation of TLR ligands with antigens to produce self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine is a promising approach. Based on the structure of TLR7/8 ligands, a series of synthetic amino acids 6-imidazoqu ...
Li Jiang; Ping Liu; Claudia Bank; Nicholas Renzette; Kristina Prachanronarong; Lutfu S. Yilmaz; Daniel R. Caffrey; Konstantin B. Zeldovich; Celia A. Schiffer; Timothy F. Kowalik; Jeffrey D. Jensen; Robert W. Finberg; Jennifer P. Wang; Daniel N.A. Bolon
Influenza A virus; active sites; drug resistance; drugs; hydrophobicity; influenza; mutation; oseltamivir; sialidase
Abstract:
... The therapeutic benefits of the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir are dampened by the emergence of drug resistance mutations in influenza A virus (IAV). To investigate the mechanistic features that underlie resistance, we developed an approach to quantify the effects of all possible single-nucleotide substitutions introduced into important regions of NA. We determined the experimental fitne ...
... Since the first report of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 virus in Egypt in 2011, the Egyptian poultry industry has suffered from unexpected economic losses as a result of the wide spread of LPAI H9N2. Hence, inactivated H9N2 vaccines have been included in the vaccination programs of different poultry production sectors. The optimal antigen content of avian influenza virus vaccines is e ...
... In order to minimize the damage from viral epidemics, early detection of the causative agent of a viral epidemic and prevention of its immediate spread are urgent social demands. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the utility of a Mach–Zehnder-type optical waveguide as a sensing device for influenza virus detection. However, it is impossible to detect a 100-nm-size virus using a sol-gel optica ...
Foot-and-mouth disease virus; Influenza A virus; RNA; antiviral agents; antiviral properties; blood serum; cattle; foot-and-mouth disease; guinea pigs; in vivo studies; models; oral administration; vaccination; vaccines; virus replication; Europe
Abstract:
... An antiviral containment strategy for foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks could support or replace current contingency plans in case of an outbreak in Europe and could spare many healthy animals from being pre‐emptively culled. Recently, substantial progress has been made towards the development of small molecule drugs that inhibit FMD virus (FMDV) replication in vitro. For the initial in vivo ...
Influenza A virus; avian influenza; biosecurity; business enterprises; disease models; flocks; genes; monitoring; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; risk; risk assessment; risk management; simulation models; slaughter; stakeholders; turkeys; United States
Abstract:
... Risk management decisions associated with live poultry movement during a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak should be carefully considered. Live turkey movements may pose a risk for disease spread. On the other hand, interruptions in scheduled movements can disrupt business continuity. The Secure Turkey Supply (STS) Plan was developed through an industry-government-academic collabor ...
Influenza A virus; emerging diseases; epidemiology; farms; human influenza; human population; humans; migratory behavior; monitoring; poultry; poultry industry; respiratory system; systematic review; wild birds; China
Abstract:
... The aim of this work was to explore the comparative epidemiology of influenza viruses, H5N1 and H7N9, in both bird and human populations. Specifically, the article examines similarities and differences between the two viruses in their genetic characteristics, distribution patterns in human and bird populations and postulated mechanisms of global spread. In summary, H5N1 is pathogenic in birds, whi ...
... Downstream processing and formulation of viral vaccines employs a large number of different unit operations to achieve the desired product qualities. The complexity of individual process steps involved, the need for time consuming studies towards the optimization of virus yields, and very high requirements regarding potency and safety of vaccines results typically in long lead times for the establ ...
... H9 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are major pathogens circulating in poultry and have resulted in great economic losses due to respiratory disease and reduced egg production. As similar symptoms are elicited by the two pathogens, it is difficult for their differential diagnosis. So far, no reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay has ...
Aequorea; Influenza A virus; antiviral agents; cell lines; green fluorescent protein; image analysis; influenza; nucleoproteins; protein transport; screening; sialidase; viral proteins; virus replication
Abstract:
... Two classes of antiviral drugs, M2 channel inhibitors and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors, are currently approved for the treatment of influenza; however, the development of resistance against these agents limits their efficacy. Therefore, the identification of new targets and the development of new antiviral drugs against influenza are urgently needed. The third nuclear export signal (NES3) of nucl ...
Weiping Cao; Justine S. Liepkalns; Ahmed O. Hassan; Ram P. Kamal; Amelia R. Hofstetter; Samuel Amoah; Jin Hyang Kim; Adrian J. Reber; James Stevens; Jacqueline M. Katz; Shivaprakash Gangappa; Ian A. York; Suresh K. Mittal; Suryaprakash Sambhara
Influenza A virus; animal models; antibodies; at-risk population; blood serum; cell-mediated immunity; hemagglutinins; human diseases; influenza; pandemic; vaccines; viruses
Abstract:
... Since the first case of human infection in March 2013, continued reports of H7N9 cases highlight a potential pandemic threat. Highly immunogenic vaccines to this virus are urgently needed to protect vulnerable populations who lack protective immunity. In this study, an egg- and adjuvant-independent adenoviral vector-based, hemagglutinin H7 subtype influenza vaccine (HAd-H7HA) demonstrated enhanced ...
DNA; Influenza A virus; anion exchange; binding capacity; cellulose; chromatography; digestion; humans; production technology; purification methods; salt tolerance; vaccines; viruses
Abstract:
... A simple membrane-based purification process for cell culture-derived influenza virus was established that relies on only two chromatographic unit operations to achieve the contamination limits required according to regulatory authorities. After clarification and concentration, a pseudo-affinity membrane adsorber (sulfated cellulose, SCMA) was applied for virus capture. The subsequent polishing st ...
... Avian influenza virus subtypes H₅, H₇, and H₉ related epidemics are accountable for huge losses to the poultry and avian industry in Pakistan. Well-timed and accurate diagnosis of subtype(s) concomitant with a specific epidemic allows a margin of prophylaxis to farmers through requisite vaccination. The current study was designed to develop and validate a rapid, accurate, and efficient diagnostic ...
Euphorbia; Influenza A virus; cytoplasm; dose response; drug resistance; fluorescent antibody technique; influenza; mechanism of action; mutation; nucleoproteins; oseltamivir; physiological transport; progeny; ribonucleoproteins; screening; sialidase; signal transduction; virion; viruses
Abstract:
... The need to develop anti-influenza drugs with novel antiviral mechanisms is urgent because of the rapid rate of antigenic mutation and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. We identified a novel anti-influenza molecule by screening 861 plant-derived natural components using a high-throughput image-based assay that measures inhibition of the influenza virus infection. 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D ...
Influenza A virus; epithelial cells; influenza; interleukin-6; messenger RNA; mitogen-activated protein kinase; people; secretion; toxicity; virus replication; viruses
Abstract:
... Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus are leading causes of acute lower respiratory infectious disease. Respiratory diseases caused by RSV and influenza A virus result in serious economic burden and life-threatening disease for immunocompromised people. With the revelation that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity in host cells is crucial for infection and replica ...
Influenza A virus; amino acid substitution; amino acids; ancestry; genes; genetic polymorphism; genetic techniques and protocols; hosts; humans; influenza; pandemic; pathogenicity; phenotype; point mutation; screening; viruses; wild birds; North America
Abstract:
... H9N2 influenza A viruses are on the list of potentially pandemic subtypes. Therefore, it is important to understand how genomic reassortment and genetic polymorphisms affect phenotypes of H9N2 viruses circulating in the wild bird reservoir. A comparative genetic analysis of North American H9N2 isolates of wild bird origin identified a naturally occurring reassortant virus containing gene segments ...
... Pigs are natural hosts for influenza A viruses, and the infection is widely prevalent in swine herds throughout the world. Current commercial influenza vaccines for pigs induce a narrow immune response and are not very effective against antigenically diverse viruses. To control influenza in pigs, the development of more effective swine influenza vaccines inducing broader cross-protective immune re ...
... Ambient cold temperature, as an abiotic stress, regulates the survival, stability, transmission, and infection of pathogens. However, the effect of cold temperature on the host receptivity to the pathogens has not been fully studied. In this study, the expression of terminal α-2,3- and α-2,6-sialic acids were increased in murine lung tissues, especially bronchial epithelium, by exposure to cold co ...
Jennifer Mullin; Muhammed S. Ahmed; Ravi Sharma; Navdeep Upile; Helen Beer; Priya Achar; Suttida Puksuriwong; Francesca Ferrara; Nigel Temperton; Paul McNamara; Teresa Lambe; Sarah C. Gilbert; Qibo Zhang
... Recent efforts have been focused on the development of vaccines that could induce broad immunity against influenza virus, either through T cell responses to conserved internal antigens or B cell response to cross-reactive haemagglutinin (HA). We studied the capacity of Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-vectored influenza vaccines to induce cross-reactive immunity to influenza virus in human nasophary ...
... To identify molecular features that confer enhanced H7N9 virulence in mammals, we independently generated three mouse-adapted variants of A/Shanghai/2/2013 (H7N9) by serial passage in mice. The mouse lethal doses (MLD50) of the mouse-adapted variants were reduced >1000–100000-fold when compared to the parental virus. Adapted variants displayed enhanced replication kinetics in vivo, and were capabl ...