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You searched for: Publication year rev 7985-2015 Remove constraint Publication year rev: 7985-2015 Subject term charcoal Remove constraint Subject term: charcoal
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1. 14C data and the early colonization of Northwest South America: A critical assessment

Author:
Miguel Delgado; Francisco Javier Aceituno; Gustavo Barrientos
Source:
Quaternary international 2015 v.363 pp. 55-64
ISSN:
1040-6182
Subject:
carbon; charcoal; data collection; databases; human settlements; provenance; radiocarbon dating; radionuclides; research projects; selection criteria; Colombia
Abstract:
... The aim of this paper is to make a critical appraisal of the available ¹⁴C dataset from Northwest South America (Colombia) corresponding to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition (ca. 12,000–8000 ¹⁴C years BP). The first step in the study was to assemble from both published and unpublished sources an exhaustive database of ¹⁴C dates (n = 85), recording data regarding the environmental setting and spa ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.quaint.2014.09.011

2. 8000years of vegetation dynamics and environmental changes of a unique inland peat ecosystem of the Jambi Province in Central Sumatra, Indonesia

Author:
Siria Biagioni; Valentyna Krashevska; Yudhi Achnopha; Asmadi Saad; Supiandi Sabiham; Hermann Behling
Source:
Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology 2015 v.440 pp. 813-829
ISSN:
0031-0182
Subject:
Durio; El Nino; Elaeis guineensis; Pandanus; aerobic conditions; air; carbon; carbon sequestration; carbon sinks; charcoal; climate; climate change; drainage; ecological function; ecosystems; fire frequency; forest communities; freshwater; logging; paleoecology; palynology; peat; peatlands; plantations; pollen; rain forests; sediments; spores; swamps; trees; water table; watersheds; Indonesia
Abstract:
... Despite their importance as global carbon sinks, peatlands of Southeast Asia have been rarely studied and our current knowledge of the dynamics and ecology of these ecosystems remains incomplete. Paleoecological and palynological multi-proxy analyses including analysis of pollen, spores, charcoal, testate amoebae and sediments were carried out on a 733cm-long core taken from the Air Hitam peatland ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.048

3. A 2500-yr late Holocene multi-proxy record of vegetation and hydrologic changes from a cave guano-clay sequence in SW Romania

Author:
Bogdan P. Onac; Simon M. Hutchinson; Anca Geantă; Ferenc L. Forray; Jonathan G. Wynn; Alexandra M. Giurgiu; Ioan Coroiu
Source:
Quaternary Research 2015 v.83 pp. 437-448
ISSN:
0033-5894
Subject:
Chiroptera; Gaura; animal manures; charcoal; clay; climate; forests; humans; iron; land use; manganese; pollen; pollution load; roosting behavior; sediment yield; sediments; stable isotopes; streams; vegetation cover; zirconium; Romania
Abstract:
... We provide sedimentological, geochemical, mineral magnetic, stable carbon isotope, charcoal, and pollen-based evidence from a guano/clay sequence in Gaura cu Muscă Cave (SW Romania), from which we deduced that from ~1230 BC to ~AD 1240 climate oscillated between wet and dry. From ~1230 BC to AD 1000 the climate was wetter than the present, prompting flooding of the cave, preventing bats from roost ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.yqres.2015.01.007

4. A 5000-year pollen and plant macrofossil record from the Osogovo Mountain, Southwestern Bulgaria: Vegetation history and human impact

Author:
Maria Lazarova; Elena Marinova; Spassimir Tonkov; Ian Snowball
Source:
Review of palaeobotany and palynology 2015 v.223 pp. 1-9
ISSN:
0034-6667
Subject:
Abies alba; Acer; Carpinus; Corylus; Fagus sylvatica; Pinus nigra; Pinus sylvestris; Quercus; Tilia; Ulmus; air; altitude; anthropogenic activities; broadleaved trees; charcoal; climate change; conifers; forests; humidity; paleoecology; palynology; peatlands; pollen; ravines; river valleys; soil; topographic slope; woodlands; Bulgaria
Abstract:
... Pollen and plant macrofossil analyses were performed on a sequence 105cm deep obtained from a peat bog (1750m) that is located above the present timber-line in the Osogovo Mountain, Southwestern Bulgaria. The palaeovegetation reconstruction, supported by a radiocarbon chronology, revealed the vegetation dynamics and human impact during the last 5000years. The peat bog formed when a coniferous belt ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.08.005

5. A NMR-based, non-targeted multistep metabolic profiling revealed l-rhamnitol as a metabolite that characterised apples from different geographic origins

Author:
Satoru Tomita; Tadashi Nemoto; Yosuke Matsuo; Toshihiko Shoji; Fukuyo Tanaka; Hiroyuki Nakagawa; Hiroshi Ono; Jun Kikuchi; Mayumi Ohnishi-Kameyama; Yasuyo Sekiyama
Source:
Food chemistry 2015 v.174 pp. 163-172
ISSN:
0308-8146
Subject:
apples; aspartic acid; charcoal; chromatography; climate; cultivars; discriminant analysis; fructose; glucose; least squares; metabolites; metabolomics; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; principal component analysis; storage time; sucrose; Japan; New Zealand
Abstract:
... This study utilises 1H NMR-based metabolic profiling to characterise apples of five cultivars grown either in Japan (Fuji, Orin, and Jonagold) or New Zealand (Fuji, Jazz, and Envy). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear separation between the Fuji–Orin–Jonagold class and the Jazz–Envy class, primarily corresponding to the differences in sugar signals, such as sucrose, glucose, and fruc ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.028

6. A Quarter-Century of Change Without Fire: The High-Elevation Pitch Pine Community on Panther Knob, Pendleton County, West Virginia

Author:
Howard Lauren F.
Source:
Castanea 2015 v.80 no.3 pp. 193-210
ISSN:
0008-7475
Subject:
Carex; Pinus rigida; age structure; animals; bark; charcoal; cluster analysis; community structure; fire scars; ground cover plants; mineral soils; models; multidimensional scaling; nutrients; plant characteristics; plant communities; plateaus; principal component analysis; seedlings; shrubs; tree and stand measurements; trees; Appalachian region; West Virginia
Abstract:
... The Panther Knob Preserve is important in the Central Appalachians because it is the region's largest high-elevation pitch pine (Pinus rigida) community, containing numerous rare and threatened plants and animals. Plant community structure and evidence of fire in 2008 were quantified to (a) document successional changes since 1985, and (b) test the hypothesis of pitch pine regeneration failure wit ...
DOI:
10.2179/15-052

7. A charcoal record of Holocene woodland succession from sandstone rock shelters of North Bohemia (Czech Republic)

Author:
Jan Novák; Jiří Svoboda; Petr Šída; Jan Prostředník; Petr Pokorný
Source:
Quaternary international 2015 v.366 pp. 25-36
ISSN:
1040-6182
Subject:
Fagus; Picea; Pinus sylvestris; botanical composition; broadleaved trees; charcoal; human settlements; pollen analysis; sandstone; valleys; woodlands; woody plants; Czech Republic
Abstract:
... Archaeological excavations at North-Bohemian sandstone rock shelters have uncovered complex evidence of intermittent human presence since the Late Palaeolithic to recent times. In this paper, we investigate the history of Holocene woodlands based on charcoal assemblages from stratified sandy accumulations under archaeologically investigated rock shelters. In total, we carried out anthracological a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.042

8. A facile synthesis of Fe3O4–charcoal composite for the sorption of a hazardous dye from aquatic environment

Author:
Md. Juned K. Ahmed; M. Ahmaruzzaman
Source:
Journal of environmental management 2015 v.163 pp. 163-173
ISSN:
0301-4797
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; absorption; aquatic environment; aqueous solutions; bottom ash; carbon; charcoal; chemical precipitation; energy recovery; industrial applications; magnetic separation; magnetite; methanol; methylene blue; microwave radiation; porous media; sorption isotherms; spectroscopy; surface area; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... Herein, we synthesized Fe3O4–charcoal composite using chemical precipitation technique and utilized it for the sorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution. The synthesized composite was characterized by Infra-red spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The compo ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.011

9. A late‐Quaternary perspective on atmospheric pCO2, climate, and fire as drivers of C4‐grass abundance

Author:
Michael A. Urban; David M. Nelson; F. Alayne Street-Perrott; Dirk Verschuren; Feng Sheng Hu
Source:
Ecology 2015 v.96 no.3 pp. 642-653
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
C4 plants; carbon; carbon dioxide; charcoal; climate; ecosystems; environmental factors; grains; grasses; grasslands; isotopes; lakes; lowlands; models; pollen; rain; savannas; sediments; spatial variation; temperature; temporal variation; treeline; Kenya
Abstract:
... Various environmental factors, including atmospheric CO₂ (pCO₂), regional climate, and fire, have been invoked as primary drivers of long‐term variation in C₄ grass abundance. Evaluating these hypotheses has been difficult because available paleorecords often lack information on past C₄ grass abundance or potential environmental drivers. We analyzed carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C) of individual grain ...
DOI:
10.1890/14-0209.1

10. A multi-proxy record of hydroclimate, vegetation, fire, and post-settlement impacts for a subalpine plateau, central Rocky Mountains, U.S.A

Author:
Lesleigh Anderson; Andrea Brunelle; Robert S Thompson
Source:
Holocene v.25 no.6 pp. 932-943
ISSN:
1477-0911
Subject:
Artemisia; Holocene epoch; anthropogenic activities; bison; charcoal; climate; climate change; coniferous forests; ecosystems; geochemistry; isotopes; lakes; landscapes; models; oxygen; pollen; population distribution; sediments; steppes; watersheds; Colorado; Rocky Mountain region
Abstract:
... Apparent changes in vegetation distribution, fire, and other disturbance regimes throughout western North America have prompted investigations of the relative importance of human activities and climate change as potential causal mechanisms. Assessing the effects of Euro-American settlement is difficult because climate changes occur on multi-decadal to centennial time scales and require longer time ...
DOI:
10.1177/0959683615574583

11. A plant microfossil record of Late Quaternary environments and human activity from Rano Aroi and surroundings, Easter Island

Author:
M. Horrocks; W. T. Baisden; M. A. Harper; M. Marra; J. Flenley; D. Feek; S. Haoa-Cardinali; E. D. Keller; L. González Nualart; T. Edmunds Gorman
Source:
Journal of paleolimnology 2015 v.54 no.4 pp. 279-303
ISSN:
0921-2728
Subject:
Arecaceae; Broussonetia papyrifera; Colocasia esculenta; Eunotia; Lycopodium; Musa; Potamogeton; Sisyrinchium; Sophora; altitude; arthropods; bananas; burning; carbon; charcoal; forests; horticulture; humans; limnology; microfossils; models; phytoliths; pollen; sediments; shrublands; soil profiles; starch; taro; terraces; wetlands; Pacific Ocean Islands
Abstract:
... To investigate past vegetation change and human activity at the highest elevations on Easter Island, this study examines pollen, phytoliths, diatoms, starch and arthropods preserved in sediment/soil profiles from Rano Aroi crater, and another, newly described wetland in the adjacent, much smaller Rano Aroi Iti depression. A Bayesian age–depth model for Rano Aroi provides adequate certainty for the ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10933-015-9852-4

12. Acacia mearnsii industry overview: current status, key research and development issues

Author:
Julian Moreno Chan; Philip Day; John Feely; Rob Thompson; Keith M Little; Craig H Norris
Source:
Southern forests 2015 v.77 no.1 pp. 19-30
ISSN:
2070-2639
Subject:
Acacia mearnsii; adhesives; bark; beverages; charcoal; consumers (people); exports; farmers; flocculants; forests; fuelwood; hardwood; harvesting; income; kraft pulping; land ownership; leather industry; markets; mechanization; pests; planting; prices; pulp; research and development; silviculture; tannins; trees; vegetables; wages and remuneration; wood chips; wood density; Brazil; China; India; South Africa
Abstract:
... Acacia mearnsii De Wild (black wattle) is an important plantation species for tannin production and woodchip exports in South Africa and Brazil. This study provides an updated overview of the black wattle industries in both countries, including planted areas and land ownership, silviculture and management, bark extract production, woodchip exports, as well as key research and development issues. T ...
DOI:
10.2989/20702620.2015.1006907

13. Activated carbon production by co-carbonization of feathers using water-soluble phenolic resin under controlled graphitization

Author:
Yutaka Kawahara; Noboru Ishibashi; Kazuyoshi Yamamoto; Hiroyuki Wakizaka; Norio Iwashita; Seiji Kenjo; Goro Nishikawa
Source:
Sustainable materials and technologies 2015 v.4 pp. 18-23
ISSN:
2214-9937
Subject:
activated carbon; charcoal; feathers; liquefaction; phenolic resins; surface area; water solubility
Abstract:
... We attempted to use feathers for the production of activated carbon (AC). A water-soluble resol-type phenolic resin was hybridized to prevent the liquefaction of the feathers and to control the graphitization degree of charcoal. The hybridization could effectively increase the yield of charcoal over 30% and maintained the graphitization degree at approximately 0.1, suitable for the production of A ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.susmat.2015.06.001

14. Adsorption Pollution Leather Tanning Industry Wastewater by Chitosan Coated Coconut Shell Active Charcoal

Author:
M. Lasindrang; H. Suwarno; S.D. Tandjung; H.N. Kamiso
Source:
Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2015 v.3 pp. 241-247
ISSN:
2210-7843
Subject:
active sites; adsorbents; adsorption; analysis of variance; anions; biochemical oxygen demand; biosorbents; charcoal; chemical oxygen demand; chitosan; chromium; coatings; coconuts; leather tanning; pH; tanneries; wastewater
Abstract:
... Besides having advantages, Chitosan as biosorbent has also disadvantages. . Chitosan is very soluble in low pH so it cannot adsorb Cr (total) at low pH. It is due to active site (amine group) of chitosan undergo protonation and its adsorption capability is easily influenced by anions in waters. The research studied use of chitosan coating active charcoal of coconut shell to increase adsorption cap ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.01.047

15. Adsorption–synergic biodegradation of diesel oil in synthetic seawater by acclimated strains immobilized on multifunctional materials

Author:
Xin Wang; Xuejiang Wang; Mian Liu; Yunjie Bu; Jing Zhang; Jie Chen; Jianfu Zhao
Source:
Marine pollution bulletin 2015 v.92 no.1-2 pp. 195-200
ISSN:
0025-326X
Subject:
Brevundimonas; Pseudomonas; adhesion; adsorption; bacteria; bamboos; biodegradation; charcoal; diesel fuel; enrichment culture; graphene; immobilized cells; oils; perlite; plankton; polysaccharides; remediation; ribosomal DNA; salt tolerance; seawater; sequence analysis; water pollution
Abstract:
... Using enrichment culture technique, three isolates marked as ODB-1, ODB-2 and ODB-3, were selected from oil contaminated seawater. 16S rDNA gene sequencing indicated that ODB-1 affiliated with Pseudomonas sp. while ODB-2 and ODB-3 affiliated with Brevundimonas sp. Subsequently, the bacterial cells were immobilized on the surface of expanded graphite (EG), expanded perlite (EP) and bamboo charcoal ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.033

16. Air gasification of rice husk in bubbling fluidized bed reactor with bed heating by conventional charcoal

Author:
J.P. Makwana; Asim Kumar Joshi; Gaurav Athawale; Dharminder Singh; Pravakar Mohanty
Source:
Bioresource technology 2015 v.178 pp. 45-52
ISSN:
0960-8524
Subject:
air; carbon; ceramics; charcoal; cold; fluidized beds; fuels; gasification; heat; renewable energy sources; rice hulls; sand; temperature
Abstract:
... An experimental study of air gasification of rice husk was conducted in a bench-scale fluidized bed gasifier (FBG) having 210mm diameter and 1600mm height. Heating of sand bed material was performed using conventional charcoal fuel. Different operating conditions like bed temperature, feeding rate and equivalence ratio (ER) varied in the range of 750–850°C, 25–31.3kg/h, and 0.3–0.38, respectively. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.111

17. All about yew: on the trail of Taxus baccata in southwest Europe by means of integrated palaeobotanical and archaeobotanical studies

Author:
Paloma Uzquiano; Ethel Allué; Ferran Antolín; Francesc Burjachs; Llorenç Picornel; Raquel Piqué; Lydia Zapata
Source:
Vegetation history and archaeobotany 2015 v.24 no.1 pp. 229-247
ISSN:
0939-6314
Subject:
Taxus baccata; altitude; anthropology; charcoal; climatic factors; fruits; humans; livestock; paleobotany; people; pollen; seeds; traditions; trees; vegetation; Balearic Islands; France; Spain
Abstract:
... This paper reviews the palaeobiogeography of Taxus baccata (yew) and the human social customs and traditions relating to this tree in southwest Europe. Pollen and archaeobotanical (charcoal, seeds and manufactured tools) evidence supplemented by some data from ethnographical sources have been considered in an integrated approach focused on the Holocene. The geographical scope covers northern Spain ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00334-014-0475-x

18. Amino sugars reflect microbial residues as affected by clay mineral composition of artificial soils

Author:
Geertje J. Pronk; Katja Heister; Ingrid Kögel-Knabner
Source:
Organic geochemistry 2015 v.83-84 pp. 109-113
ISSN:
0146-6380
Subject:
biomarkers; charcoal; ferrihydrite; fungi; galactosamine; glucosamine; illite; microbial activity; microbial communities; mineral content; montmorillonite; muramic acid; quartz; soil organic matter; soil structure; sugar content; texture
Abstract:
... Microbial residues are important contributors to soil organic matter (SOM). However, the effect of mineral composition on microbial activity and thereby SOM development is not well understood. Here, we used artificial soils composed of four different mixtures containing illite, montmorillonite, ferrihydrite and charcoal to study the effect of mineral composition on SOM development. In addition, si ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.03.007

19. An improved method for BTEX extraction from charcoal

Author:
Raffaele Cucciniello; Antonio Proto; Federico Rossi; Nadia Marchettini; Oriana Motta
Source:
Analytical methods 2015 v.7 no.11 pp. 4811-4815
ISSN:
1759-9679
Subject:
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene); activated carbon; analytical methods; benzene; carbon disulfide; charcoal; ethylbenzene; methylene chloride; samplers; solvents; toluene; toxic substances; xylene
Abstract:
... In this paper we propose a simple procedure for the extraction of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes) from activated charcoal. For this purpose synthetic samples were prepared in a laboratory and real samples were collected in a polluted environment using passive sampling. The proposed extraction procedure is based on the use of an appositely designed Soxhlet apparatus, dimensions of ...
DOI:
10.1039/c5ay00828j

20. Analysis of Czech Subsidies for Solid Biofuels

Author:
Anna Mardoyan; Petr Braun
Source:
International journal of green energy 2015 v.12 no.4 pp. 405-408
ISSN:
1543-5083
Subject:
air; biofuels; carbon markets; charcoal; coal; energy; energy conservation; ethics; income; prices; subsidies; Czech Republic
Abstract:
... Limits set by the Kyoto protocol brings Czech Republic billions of EUR from carbon emissions trading. The Ministry of Environment wants to invest the aforementioned revenue into energy savings and other projects like subsidies on the purchase of stoves for solid biofuels in regions with the most polluted air. Surprisingly, charcoal is not supported. Robust analysis of solid biofuels was made accor ...
DOI:
10.1080/15435075.2013.841163

21. Anthropogenically driven decline and extinction of Sapotaceae on Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands, East Polynesia)

Author:
Jennifer M Huebert
Source:
Holocene v.25 no.6 pp. 1039-1046
ISSN:
1477-0911
Subject:
Planchonella; anthropogenic activities; archaeobotany; birds; charcoal; extinction; frugivores; geographical distribution; islands; lowland forests; paleoecology; pollen; rats; seed predation; valleys; wood; French Polynesia; Polynesia
Abstract:
... The native forests of the central and eastern Pacific Islands were extensively modified by Polynesian settlers, but our understanding of these processes is generalised. In the first large study of anthropogenic forest change in the Marquesas Islands, the identification of two members of the Sapotaceae family in prehistoric archaeological charcoal assemblages was notable. Extant species from this f ...
DOI:
10.1177/0959683615574868

22. Antibiotic susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila strains isolated from hospital water systems in Southern Italy

Author:
Osvalda De Giglio; Christian Napoli; Grazia Lovero; Giusy Diella; Serafina Rutigliano; Giuseppina Caggiano; Maria Teresa Montagna
Source:
Environmental Research 2015 v.142 pp. 586-590
ISSN:
0013-9351
Subject:
Legionella pneumophila; agar; alpha-ketoglutaric acid; antibiotic resistance; azithromycin; cefotaxime; charcoal; ciprofloxacin; doxycycline; drugs; hospitals; legionellosis; levofloxacin; minimum inhibitory concentration; monitoring; moxifloxacin; patients; rifampicin; serotypes; therapeutics; tigecycline; yeast extract; Italy
Abstract:
... The purpose of this study was to describe the susceptibility of environmental strains of Legionella spp. to 10 antimicrobials commonly used for legionellosis therapy. A study of environmental strains could be useful to timely predict the onset of antibiotic resistance in the environment before it is evidenced in clinical specimens.The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 100 environmental L ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.envres.2015.08.013

23. Antidiarrheal activity of cashew GUM, a complex heteropolysaccharide extracted from exudate of Anacardium occidentale L. in rodents

Author:
Thiago S.L. Araújo; Douglas S. Costa; Nayara A. Sousa; Luan K.M. Souza; Simone de Araújo; Ana Patrícia Oliveira; Francisca Beatriz M. Sousa; Durcilene A. Silva; André L.R. Barbosa; José Roberto S.A. Leite; Jand Venes R. Medeiros
Source:
Journal of ethnopharmacology 2015 v.174 pp. 299-307
ISSN:
0378-8741
Subject:
Anacardium occidentale; Castanea; antidiarrheal effect; bark; cashew gum; charcoal; chlorides; cholera; diarrhea; drugs; gastrointestinal transit; intestines; ions; leaves; mice; models; rats; receptors; roots; secretion; traditional medicine; trees; Brazil
Abstract:
... Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) is commonly known as the cashew tree. It is native to tropical America and extracts of the leaves, bark, roots, chestnut net and exudate have been traditionally used in northeast Brazil for the treatment of various diseases. The exudate of the cashew tree (cashew gum) has been exploited by locals since ancient times for multiple applications, including the ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.020

24. Antidiarrheal activity of fractions from aqueous extract of Detarium senegalense

Author:
Fatimah Saka Sanni; Hajja Gana Hamza; Patrick Azubuike Onyeyili
Source:
Herba Polonica 2015 v.61 no.2 pp. 30-40
ISSN:
0018-0599
Subject:
Detarium senegalense; antidiarrheal effect; atropine; bark; body weight; butanol; castor oil; charcoal; chloroform; defecation; diarrhea; ethyl acetate; flavonoids; gastrointestinal motility; intestines; methanol; rats; tannins
Abstract:
... The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fractions of the aqueous crude extract of Detarium senegalense stem bark on castor oil-induced diarrhea. Castor oilinduced diarrhea, gastrointestinal motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling methods were used to evaluate the antidiarrheal effects of the fractions. Castor oil was used to induce diarrhea and the effect of all the fra ...
DOI:
10.1515/hepo-2015-0013

25. Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. leaves in female albino rats

Author:
M.T. Yakubu; S.S. Salimon
Source:
Journal of ethnopharmacology 2015 v.163 pp. 135-141
ISSN:
0378-8741
Subject:
Mangifera indica; adenosinetriphosphatase; alkaloids; anthraquinones; antidiarrheal effect; body weight; cardiac glycosides; charcoal; diarrhea; drugs; enzyme activity; females; flavonoids; gastrointestinal transit; leaf extracts; leaves; models; rats; saponins; secondary metabolites; small intestine; sodium; steroids; tannins; traditional medicine; water content
Abstract:
... Mangifera indica L. leaves have a long history of indigenous use, as an antidiarrhoeal agent among others, without any scientific study that has substantiated or refuted this claim. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine the secondary metabolites in the aqueous extract of Mangifera indica leaves and its acclaimed antidiarrhoeal activity in rats.The aqueous leaf extract of Mangifera in ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.060

26. Antioxidant property and chemical profile of pyroligneous acid from pineapple plant waste biomass

Author:
Sindhu Mathew; Zainul Akmar Zakaria; Nur Fashya Musa
Source:
Process Biochemistry 2015 v.50 pp. 1985-1992
ISSN:
1359-5113
Subject:
gallic acid; ketones; sugars; pyrolysis; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; methylene chloride; phenol; aldehydes; biomass; ethers; lipids; charcoal; esters; pineapples; superoxide anion; antioxidant activity; lignin; leaves; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Abstract:
... Pyroligneous acid was produced by subjecting the stem and leaves of pineapple plants from a local plantation area to slow pyrolysis in a charcoal kiln for 48h. The concentrated pyroligneous acid from pineapple plant waste biomass (CPAP: Concentrated pyroligneous acid from pineapple waste biomass) and its dichloromethane extract (DCPAP: Dichloromethane extract of concentrated pyroligneous acid from ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.procbio.2015.07.007

27. Archaeobotanical analysis of plant use at Kamennyi Ambar, a Bronze Age fortified settlement of the Sintashta culture in the southern Trans-Urals steppe, Russia

Author:
Lisa Rühl; Christoph Herbig; Astrid Stobbe
Source:
Vegetation history and archaeobotany 2015 v.24 no.3 pp. 413-426
ISSN:
0939-6314
Subject:
Betula; Pinus sylvestris; cattle; charcoal; construction materials; crops; farming systems; forage; fuels; good agricultural practices; herding; horses; meadows; metallurgy; palynology; plant age; riparian areas; steppes; trees; wild plants; wood; woodlands; Russia
Abstract:
... This paper presents the results of plant macro-remain and charcoal analyses from a fortified settlement of the Sintashta archaeological culture in the southern Trans-Urals, Russia. The work was carried out within the scope of a German/Russian research project and represents the first systematic studies on Bronze Age plant material in the region. Previous archaeological and archaeozoological invest ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00334-014-0506-7

28. Archaeobotanical and isotopic evidence of Early Bronze Age farming activities and diet in the mountainous environment of the South Caucasus: a pilot study of Chobareti site (Samtskhe–Javakheti region)

Author:
Erwan Messager; Estelle Herrscher; Lucie Martin; Eliso Kvavadze; Inga Martkoplishvili; Claire Delhon; Kakha Kakhiani; Giorgi Bedianashvili; Antonio Sagona; Liana Bitadze; Modwene Poulmarc'h; André Guy; David Lordkipanidze
Source:
Journal of archaeological science 2015 v.53 pp. 214-226
ISSN:
0305-4403
Subject:
C3 plants; Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccon; altitude; archaeobotany; bones; carbon; charcoal; diet; feces; herding; hexaploidy; meat; mountains; nitrogen; phytoliths; pollen; seeds; stable isotopes; wheat; Caucasus region
Abstract:
... Recent excavation at the site of Chobareti (1615 m a.s.l., South Caucasus Mountains) reveals an important Kura-Araxes settlement and eleven burials so far, for which a first multi-proxies approach was conducted to understand both exploitation of plants and human dietary practices in this mountainous area. Thanks to the excavation of several pits, in 2011, a well-reasoned sampling for archaeobotani ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jas.2014.10.014

29. Arctic tundra fires: natural variability and responses to climate change

Author:
Feng Sheng Hu; Philip E Higuera; Paul Duffy; Melissa L Chipman; Adrian V Rocha; Adam M Young; Ryan Kelly; Michael C Dietze
Source:
Frontiers in ecology and the environment 2015 v.13 no.7 pp. 369-377
ISSN:
1540-9295
Subject:
burning; carbon; charcoal; climate change; ecosystems; fire regime; fires; issues and policy; lakes; managers; sediments; summer; temperature; tundra
Abstract:
... Anthropogenic climate change may result in novel disturbances to Arctic tundra ecosystems. Understanding the natural variability of tundra‐fire regimes and their linkages to climate is essential in evaluating whether tundra burning has increased in recent years. Historical observations and charcoal records from lake sediments reveal a wide range of fire regimes in Arctic tundra, with fire‐return i ...
DOI:
10.1890/150063

30. Assessment of elemental and NROM/TENORM hazard potential from non-nuclear industries in North Sinai, Egypt

Author:
A. F. El-Mekawy; H. M. Badran; M. K. Seddeek; T. Sharshar; T. Elnimr
Source:
Environmental monitoring and assessment 2015 v.187 no.9 pp. 583
ISSN:
0167-6369
Subject:
aluminum; cement; charcoal; chromium; coal; cobalt; combustion; environmental impact; gamma radiation; gypsum; iron; kaolin; limestone; manganese; mining; nickel; people; pollution; radionuclides; raw materials; sampling; sludge; spectroscopy; strontium; zinc; Egypt
Abstract:
... Non-nuclear industries use raw materials containing significant levels of naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). The processing of these materials may expose workers engaged in or even people living near such sites to technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive material (TENORM) above the natural background. Inductively coupled plasma and gamma ray spectrometry have been use ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10661-015-4813-y

31. Assessment of the BTEX concentrations and reactivity in a confined parking area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Author:
Barbara Prestes de Castro; Gladson de Souza Machado; Glauco Favila Bauerfeldt; Julio Domingos Nunes Fortes; Eduardo Monteiro Martins
Source:
Atmospheric environment 2015 v.104 pp. 22-26
ISSN:
1352-2310
Subject:
BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene); adsorbents; air quality; atmospheric chemistry; benzene; charcoal; emissions; ethylbenzene; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; solvents; toluene; volatile compounds; xylene; Brazil
Abstract:
... In this work, the contribution of evaporative emissions from light passenger vehicles to the degradation of the air quality was investigated on the basis of the indoor quantification of the monoaromatic volatile compounds Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes (BTEX), specifically, a confined shopping mall parking area in the northern zone of Rio de Janeiro, a site that represents the reality ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.013

32. Assessment of the irrigation feasibility of low-cost filtered municipal wastewater for red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L cv. Surma)

Author:
Gokul Chandra Biswas; Animesh Sarkar; Md H. Rashid; Monirul Hassan Shohan; Mirajul Islam; Qingyue Wang
Source:
International soil and water conservation research 2015 v.3 no.3 pp. 239-252
ISSN:
2095-6339
Subject:
Amaranthus tricolor; Food and Agriculture Organization; arsenic; bricks; charcoal; copper; electrical conductivity; filtration; fish; gravel; heavy metals; hospitals; households; iron; irrigation; kitchens; lead; leaves; manganese; markets; municipal wastewater; nylon; pH; plant growth; ponds; rice hulls; rivers; sand; sawdust; seed germination; sewage; soil; total dissolved solids; water conservation; wood; zinc; Bangladesh
Abstract:
... Because of the scarcity of clean water, treated wastewater potentially provides an alternative source for irrigation. In the present experiment, the feasibility of using low-cost filtered municipal wastewater in the irrigation of red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L cv. Surma) cultivation was assessed. The collected municipal wastewater from fish markets, hospitals, clinics, sewage, and kitchens of ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.07.001

33. Assessment of two different types of sample for the early detection and isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter in broiler farms

Author:
Saulo Urdaneta; Roser Dolz; Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar
Source:
Avian pathology 2015 v.44 no.2 pp. 103-105
ISSN:
1465-3338
Subject:
Campylobacter; agar; birds; cefoperazone; charcoal; farms; flocks; necropsy; transportation
Abstract:
... In order to assess the optimal method for the early detection and isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter in broilers at farm level, two types of samples were compared: caecal contents obtained by necropsy and cloacal swabs transported in charcoal Amies medium. The study was conducted in five batches of broilers from five different farms, where weekly samples (caecal contents and cloacal swabs) fr ...
DOI:
10.1080/03079457.2015.1006576

34. Asymbiotic seed germination and in vitro seedling development of Paphiopedilum spicerianum: An orchid with an extremely small population in China

Author:
Ying Chen; Uromi Manage Goodale; Xu-Li Fan; Jiang-Yun Gao
Source:
Global ecology and conservation 2015 v.3 pp. 367-378
ISSN:
2351-9894
Subject:
seed germination; acetic acid; testa; sodium hypochlorite; wild plants; seedlings; ecology; fluorescein diacetate; charcoal; Paphiopedilum; bananas; leaves; China
Abstract:
... Paphiopedilum spicerianum is listed as one of the country’s Wild Plants with Extremely Small Populations (PSESP). Procedures were developed for asymbiotic seed germination and seedling development aimed at producing seedlings for reintroduction. The highest germination was achieved in RECW with a 24 h dark cycle after pretreatment with 1% NaOCl for 40 min after 30 days from germination. However, t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.gecco.2015.01.002

35. Baking sunflower hulls within an aluminum envelope in a common laboratory oven yields charcoal

Author:
Pablo Maximiliano Arnal
Source:
MethodsX 2015 v.2 pp. 198-203
ISSN:
2215-0161
Subject:
air; aluminum; baking; biomass; carbonization; charcoal; educational institutions; macropores; micropores; ovens; scientists; sunflower hulls
Abstract:
... Charcoals have been widely used by scientist to research the removal of contaminants from water and air. One key feature of charcoal is that it keeps macropores from the parent material – though anisotropically contracted – and can even develop meso- and micropores. However, the controlled thermochemical conversion of biomass into charcoal at laboratory scale normally requires special setups which ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.mex.2015.03.009
PubMed:
26150989
PubMed Central:
PMC4487715

36. Bamboo charcoal by-products as sources of new insecticide and acaricide

Author:
Pinwei Wang; Huidong Maliang; Caihong Wang; Jianyi Ma
Source:
Industrial crops and products 2015 v.77 pp. 575-581
ISSN:
0926-6690
Subject:
Aphis glycines; Empoasca; Panonychus citri; acute toxicity; aqueous solutions; bamboos; bioassays; byproducts; charcoal; dermal exposure; dicofol; dietary exposure; factories; females; field experimentation; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; greenhouses; guinea pigs; imidacloprid; lethal concentration 50; lethal dose 50; males; manufacturing; mortality; pests; phenolic compounds; propargite; rabbits; rats; tea; vinegars; China
Abstract:
... Bamboo tar, a dark-brown residue of the precipitated part obtained by setting the crude bamboo vinegar for 6 months or by distilling the crude bamboo vinegar under a reduced pressure, was collected from ten bamboo charcoal factories in China. All samples were analyzed by GC–MS for various concentration of phenolic derivatives (the concentration varying from 13.93% to 61.8%) and the highest total p ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.09.004

37. Bioconversion of Birch Wood Hemicellulose Hydrolyzate to Xylitol

Author:
Masahiro Miura; Yasutaka Shimotori; Hisayuki Nakatani; Akira Harada; Masakazu Aoyama
Source:
Applied biochemistry and biotechnology 2015 v.176 no.3 pp. 947-955
ISSN:
0273-2289
Subject:
Candida magnoliae; acetic acid; biotransformation; hemicellulose; Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica; phenols; furfural; sorption; sulfuric acid; wood; xylose; byproducts; xylitol; yeasts; anion exchange resins; charcoal; acid hydrolysis; oxygen; hydrolysates
Abstract:
... A sugar solution containing 42.9 g l⁻¹ of xylose was prepared from the wood of Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) by hydrolysis with 3 % sulfuric acid with a liquor-to-solid ratio of 4 (g g⁻¹) at 120 °C for 1 h. During the acid hydrolysis, undesirable by-products were generated, such as acetic acid, furfural, and low-molecular-weight phenols, which inhibit bioconversion of xyl ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12010-015-1604-4

38. Biocultural Diversity of Sarangani Province, Philippines: An Ethno-Ecological Analysis

Author:
Florence Lasalita Zapico; Catherine Hazel Aguilar; Angelie Abistano; Josephine Carino Turner; Lolymar Jacinto Reyes
Source:
Rice science 2015 v.22 no.3 pp. 138-146
ISSN:
1672-6308
Subject:
charcoal; ecosystems; environmental degradation; farm size; food security; highlands; indigenous knowledge; indigenous peoples; logging; mining; planting; rice; traditional farming; villages; Philippines
Abstract:
... This paper discussed effects of lowland-associated influences on upland ecology, food security and biocultural diversity in the Sarangani farming communities of the Philippines. In the uplands of Sarangani Province, the conservation of traditional rice varieties, the centrality of rice in tribal life, and the continued observance of planting rituals attest to its cultural significance and convey a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.rsci.2015.05.018

39. Bioframe synthesis of NF–TiO₂/straw charcoal composites for enhanced adsorption-visible light photocatalytic degradation of RhB

Author:
Xin Wang; Xuejiang Wang; Jianfu Zhao; Jie Chen; Jing Zhang; Jingke Song; Jiayu Huang
Source:
RSC advances 2015 v.5 no.82 pp. 66611-66620
ISSN:
2046-2069
Subject:
absorption; carbon; catalysts; charcoal; chemical degradation; composite materials; crystallites; irradiation; light; mineralization; photocatalysis; physicochemical properties; pollution control; porosity; sol-gel processing; straw; synergism; titanium dioxide
Abstract:
... N–F codoped TiO₂/straw charcoal composites (NF–TiO₂/SC) were synthesized using a simple, bioframe-assisted sol–gel method and confirmed by XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, N₂ adsorption–desorption, Raman, FT-IR, XPS, and UV-vis DRS measurements. It has been found that the as-synthesized catalysts formed a 3D-hierarchical structure with carbon framework after calcination. The physicochemical properties, such as ...
DOI:
10.1039/c5ra10639g

40. Biomass as blast furnace injectant – Considering availability, pretreatment and deployment in the Swedish steel industry

Author:
Chuan Wang; Pelle Mellin; Jonas Lövgren; Leif Nilsson; Weihong Yang; Hassan Salman; Anders Hultgren; Mikael Larsson
Source:
Energy conversion and management 2015 v.102 pp. 217-226
ISSN:
0196-8904
Subject:
biomass; carbon dioxide; charcoal; coal; energy; energy conservation; energy use and consumption; furnaces; greenhouse gas emissions; heat; industry; limestone; models; pyrolysis; slags; steel; wood; Sweden
Abstract:
... We have investigated and modeled the injection of biomass into blast furnaces (BF), in place of pulverized coal (PC) from fossil sources. This is the easiest way to reduce CO2 emissions, beyond efficiency-improvements. The considered biomass is either pelletized, torrefied or pyrolyzed. It gives us three cases where we have calculated the maximum replacement ratio for each. It was found that charc ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.enconman.2015.04.013

41. Birds, charcoal and cattle: Bird community responses to human activities in an oak forest landscape shaped by charcoal extraction

Author:
Elisa Maya-Elizarrarás; Jorge E. Schondube
Source:
Forest ecology and management 2015 v.335 pp. 118-128
ISSN:
0378-1127
Subject:
Quercus; cattle; charcoal; forests; fuelwood; grazing; habitat conservation; habitats; humans; landscapes; migratory birds; shrubs; species diversity; summer; trees; tropics; Mexico
Abstract:
... Oak forests around the world have been widely used to obtain firewood and produce charcoal and like other habitats have been affected by the increasing development of livestock activities. Oak forests from western Mexico are one of the five priority habitats for the conservation of birds at a continental level and are the repository of the highest number of endemic bird species in this megadiverse ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foreco.2014.09.024

42. Bulk derivatization and cation exchange restricted access media-based trap-and-elute liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of trace estrogens in serum

Author:
Jana Beinhauer; Liangqiao Bian; Hui Fan; Marek Šebela; Maciej Kukula; Jose A. Barrera; Kevin A. Schug
Source:
Analytica chimica acta 2015 v.858 pp. 74-81
ISSN:
0003-2670
Subject:
ambient temperature; analytical chemistry; bioactive properties; cation exchange; cattle; charcoal; derivatization; detection limit; estriol; estrone; fetal bovine serum; humans; liquid chromatography; quality control; solid phase extraction; tandem mass spectrometry
Abstract:
... Estrone (E1), estradiols (α/β-E2), and estriol (E3) are four major metabolically active estrogens exerting strong biological activities at very low circulating concentrations. This paper reports a sensitive and efficient method with automated, on-line clean-up and detection to determine trace estrogens in a small volume of serum samples using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem ma ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.aca.2014.11.032

43. Burning characteristics of low-cost safety charcoal briquettes made from wood residues and soil for domestic use

Author:
M. Meincken; S. Funk
Source:
Agroforestry systems 2015 v.89 no.2 pp. 357-363
ISSN:
0167-4366
Subject:
agroforestry; briquettes; burning; charcoal; coal; cooking; decline; energy; fire hazard; soil; temperature; wood residues
Abstract:
... Handmade charcoal briquettes made from harvesting residues and soil were tested for their burning characteristics. The soil was added as a fire retarder to decrease the maximum burning temperature and temperature decline rate. In this way the danger of fire to the surroundings is minimized and the potential usefulness, e.g. for cooking purposes, is maximized. Briquettes with different coal to soil ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10457-014-9772-8

44. Carbon emission reductions by substitution of improved cookstoves and cattle mosquito nets in a forest-dependent community

Author:
Somanta Chan; Nophea Sasaki; Hiroshi Ninomiya
Source:
Global ecology and conservation 2015 v.4 pp. 434-444
ISSN:
2351-9894
Subject:
burning; carbon; carbon markets; case studies; cattle; charcoal; cooking; cooking stoves; deforestation; developing countries; discount rate; ecology; economic incentives; emissions; energy; forests; fuelwood; households; insects; livelihood; mosquito nets; people; surveys; Cambodia
Abstract:
... Collection of fuelwood and its inefficient use for cooking and protecting animals from insects contribute to forest degradation and deforestation in developing countries. Assessment of fuelwood dependency can provide a basis for introducing effective measures for reducing emissions and fuelwood collection without compromising the basic needs of local people. Using a community located in Phnom Tben ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.gecco.2015.08.007

45. Carbon monoxide poisoning as a cause of death in Wuhan, China: A retrospective six-year epidemiological study (2009–2014)

Author:
Feng Li; Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan; Sihai Liu; Haipeng Jia; Hongjun Li; Yizhong Hu; Zhaohui Wang; Wen Huang
Source:
Forensic science international 2015 v.253 pp. 112-118
ISSN:
0379-0738
Subject:
accidents; burning; carbon monoxide poisoning; case studies; charcoal; coal; death; epidemiological studies; etiology; females; incidence; males; physicians; retrospective studies; suicide; China
Abstract:
... Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a common cause of death globally, and case reports and empirical studies on CO poisoning are widely examined. However, to the authors’ knowledge, CO poisoning deaths in the mainland China are scarcely studied. Therefore, this study aims to explore the incidence trend of CO poisoning deaths that occurred in Wuhan – a mega city in Central China – for a six-year peri ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.007

46. Carbon neutral merchant pig iron in Brazil: Alternatives that allow decoupling from deforestation

Author:
Thiago Fonseca Morello
Source:
Energy for Sustainable Development 2015 v.27 pp. 93-104
ISSN:
0973-0826
Subject:
carbon; charcoal; climate; climate change; deforestation; emissions; forest plantations; international trade; iron; kilns; prices; pyrolysis; Brazil
Abstract:
... Brazilian merchant pig iron (MPI) mills, even those relying exclusively on charcoal, are at least as harmful to the global climate as the coal-based competitors they confront in international trade. However, when timber from deforestation is replaced by sustainably managed forest plantations, a carbon neutral process emerges. Yet the cost of growing trees can be large enough to discourage mills fr ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.esd.2015.04.008

47. Cesium adsorption from aqueous solutions onto Japanese oak charcoal II: effects of metal ions eluted from the charcoal

Author:
Shigeru Yamauchi; Takayuki Yamagishi; Kazuko Kirikoshi; Mitsuyoshi Yatagai
Source:
Journal of wood science 2015 v.61 no.2 pp. 185-191
ISSN:
1435-0211
Subject:
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; activated carbon; ion exchange chromatography; aqueous solutions; wood; calcium; Quercus mongolica; cesium; magnesium; potassium; charcoal; sodium; Quercus serrata; metal ions; washing; adsorption
Abstract:
... The major metal elements contained in Japanese oak (Quercus serrata Thunb. and/or Quercus crispula Blume) charcoal (OC) and activated charcoal (AC) were identified by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The eluted amounts of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium ions from OC and AC were measured using ion chromatography. We attempted to demineralize OC and AC by water-washing, and then determined ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10086-014-1450-y

48. Characteristics of PM2.5 emitted from different cooking activities in China

Author:
Yun-Chun Li; Man Shu; Steven Sai Hang Ho; Chuan Wang; Jun-Ji Cao; Ge-Hui Wang; Xian-Xiang Wang; Kun Wang; Xiao-Qing Zhao
Source:
Atmospheric research 2015 v.166 pp. 83-91
ISSN:
0169-8095
Subject:
aerosols; boiling; burning; business enterprises; cafeterias; carbon; charcoal; chemical composition; cities; coal; combustion; cooking quality; emissions; fish; food safety; frying; meat; oils; particulates; principal component analysis; raw materials; roasting; soil; stainless steel; toxicity; urban areas; variance; China
Abstract:
... PM2.5 samples were collected from five different cooking activities, namely, meat roasting, cafeteria frying, fish roasting, snack-street boiling, and cafeteria boiling in Ya’an, China. Their chemical compositions were investigated. The PM2.5 concentrations in the cooking samples were 2.5–9.6 times higher than those in the corresponding backgrounds. Meat roasting produced the highest amount of PM2 ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.06.010

49. Charcoal and pollen analysis: Examples of Holocene fire dynamics in Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula

Author:
Francesc Burjachs; Isabel Expósito
Source:
Catena 2015 v.135 pp. 340-349
ISSN:
0341-8162
Subject:
Pinus; anthropogenic activities; biomass; charcoal; dry environmental conditions; ecological succession; forests; latitude; microclimate; palynology; pollen; rain; trees; wildfires; Balearic Islands; Iberian Peninsula; Mediterranean region
Abstract:
... The present study focuses on charcoal particles (a component of vegetal ashes, Bodí et al., 2014) counted during palynological analysis. The absolute frequencies of this microcharcoal have been correlated with pollen percentages of resprouts, mesic trees, Pinus or AP (arboreal pollen), in order to observe patterns in the spread of wildfires, dynamic changes in plant succession, and possible cyclic ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.catena.2014.10.006

50. Charcoal production in the Argentine Dry Chaco: Where, how and who?

Author:
Carla V. Rueda; Germán Baldi; Ignacio Gasparri; Esteban G. Jobbágy
Source:
Energy for Sustainable Development 2015 v.27 pp. 46-53
ISSN:
0973-0826
Subject:
geographical distribution; dry forests; poverty; roads; production technology; deforestation; charcoal; land cover; population density; kilns; people; biomass; remote sensing; Argentina
Abstract:
... Charcoal production has been widespread in the past and is still common where poor societies and dry forests coexist. For the Dry Chaco in South America, one of the largest remaining dry forests of the world, we describe the geographical distribution, type of production systems, environmental and social context and output of charcoal based on remote sensing (charcoal kiln detection); together with ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.esd.2015.04.006

51. Charcoal usage in medieval and modern times in the Harz Mountains Area, Central Germany: Wood selection and fast overexploitation of the woodlands

Author:
Hannes Knapp; Oliver Nelle; Wiebke Kirleis
Source:
Quaternary international 2015 v.366 pp. 51-69
ISSN:
1040-6182
Subject:
Acer; Fagus; Picea abies; altitude; anthropogenic activities; charcoal; dominant species; forests; fuels; mountains; national parks; planting; wood; woodlands; Germany
Abstract:
... Anthracological analysis is increasingly used to reconstruct natural and anthropogenic woodland dynamics. Here, we combine macro-charcoal records from charcoal production sites (kiln sites) with such from archaeological sites to elucidate past forest composition and its dependency on past fuel economy and human resource management.The anthracological investigations of seven medieval smelting sites ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.quaint.2015.01.053

52. Charcoal‐inferred Holocene fire and vegetation history linked to drought periods in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Author:
Wannes Hubau; Jan Van den Bulcke; Joris Van Acker; Hans Beeckman
Source:
Global change biology 2015 v.21 no.6 pp. 2296-2308
ISSN:
1354-1013
Subject:
charcoal; climate; drought; ecosystems; fire regime; fires; landscapes; palynology; rain forests; savannas; soil; woodlands; Democratic Republic of the Congo
Abstract:
... The impact of Holocene drought events on the presumably stable Central African rainforest remains largely unexplored, in particular the significance of fire. High‐quality sedimentary archives are scarce, and palynological records mostly integrate over large regional scales subject to different fire regimes. Here, we demonstrate a direct temporal link between Holocene droughts, palaeofire and veget ...
DOI:
10.1111/gcb.12844

53. Chemical characterization and fuel properties of wood and bark of two oaks from Oaxaca, Mexico

Author:
Faustino Ruiz-Aquino; Marcos M. González-Peña; Juan I. Valdez-Hernández; Ursula S. Revilla; Angélica Romero-Manzanares
Source:
Industrial crops and products 2015 v.65 pp. 90-95
ISSN:
0926-6690
Subject:
Quercus; ash content; bark; biopolymers; charcoal; fuels; hardwood; heartwood; heat; hemicellulose; lignin; pulp; sapwood; suberin; water solubility; wood properties; Mexico
Abstract:
... Herein, we describe the chemical composition of sapwood, heartwood and bark of Quercus laurina and Q. crassifolia, from Ixtlán de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico. We also report on the fuel characteristics of wood, bark and charcoal for these species. There was no significant difference in lignin (24.9–25.5%), α-cellulose (47.6–47.9%), and hemicellulose (22.4–23.2%) contents between Q. crassifolia and Q. l ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.11.024

54. Ciliatoxicity in human primary bronchiolar epithelial cells after repeated exposure at the air–liquid interface with native mainstream smoke of K3R4F cigarettes with and without charcoal filter

Author:
Michaela Aufderheide; Stefanie Scheffler; Shigeaki Ito; Shinkichi Ishikawa; Makito Emura
Source:
Experimental and toxicologic pathology 2015 v.67 no.7-8 pp. 407-411
ISSN:
0940-2993
Subject:
cellulose acetate; charcoal; chronic exposure; cigarettes; cilia; clinical trials; environmental factors; epithelial cells; epithelium; humans; models; smoke; volatile organic compounds
Abstract:
... Mucociliary clearance is the primary physical mechanism to protect the human airways against harmful effects of inhaled particles. Environmental factors play a significant role in the impairment of this defense mechanism, whereas cigarette smoke is discussed to be one of the clinically most important causes.Impaired mucociliary clearance in smokers has been connected to changes in ciliated cells s ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.etp.2015.04.006

55. Climate and biomass control on fire activity during the late-glacial/early-Holocene transition in temperate ecosystems of the upper Rhone valley (France)

Author:
Élise Doyen; Boris Vannière; Damien Rius; Carole Bégeot; Laurent Millet
Source:
Quaternary research 2015 v.83 no.1 pp. 94-104
ISSN:
0033-5894
Subject:
biomass; charcoal; climate; ecosystems; fire frequency; forests; lakes; pollen analysis; temperature; France
Abstract:
... The main objective of this study is to document paleofire activity during the late-glacial/early-Holocene transition in temperate ecosystems. For this purpose, we cored lakes Paladru and Moras (Rhone valley, France) and quantified sedimentary charcoal accumulation rate and fire frequency. To assess the role of climate and vegetation in paleofire activity, charcoal data were compared to vegetation ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.yqres.2014.08.004

56. Climate change and the agricultural history of a mid-elevation Andean montane forest

Author:
Mark B Bush; Nicole A Sublette Mosblech; Warren Church
Source:
Holocene v.25 no.9 pp. 1522-1532
ISSN:
1477-0911
Subject:
Europeans; agricultural history; altitude; ancient lakes; calcite; charcoal; climate change; corn; fossils; habitats; humans; montane forests; pollen; sediments; shorelines; social change; Andes region; Peru
Abstract:
... The steep, wet, forested, slopes of the mid-elevation Andes have often been dismissed as inimical to human occupation. A lack of ancient lakes in these habitats has limited the availability of paleoecologists to contribute to this discussion. Here, we present fossil pollen and charcoal data from Lake Pomacochas in northern Peru, which is a 70-m-deep lake lying at 2100 m a.s.l. We present a c. 3500 ...
DOI:
10.1177/0959683615585837

57. Climate, vegetation, and human influences on late-Holocene fire regimes in the Sanjiang plain, northeastern China

Author:
Zhenqing Zhang; Jingjing Zhong; Xianguo Lv; Shouzheng Tong; Guoping Wang
Source:
Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology 2015 v.438 pp. 1-8
ISSN:
0031-0182
Subject:
charcoal; climate; climate change; fire frequency; fire regime; fires; humans; monsoon season; peat; pollen; summer; vegetation; China
Abstract:
... Understanding the fire evolution history and its driving mechanisms can provide useful insights into the fire regimes and their potential impacts in the future. Here, we present a well-dated peat profile with high-resolution charcoal and pollen records to reconstruct the fire and vegetation history in the Sanjiang Plain over the last 6000yr. The regional and local fire frequencies were reconstruct ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.07.028

58. Climate-driven past fires in central Sicily

Author:
L. Sadori; A. Masi; C. Ricotta
Source:
Plant biosystems 2015 v.149 no.1 pp. 166-173
ISSN:
1724-5575
Subject:
Quercus; biofuels; biomass; charcoal; climate; fire behavior; flammability; forests; lacustrine sediments; pollen; wildfires; Sicily
Abstract:
... Wildfires in the Mediterranean basin are very important even if their causes and dynamics are not always fully understood. Fire occurrence is driven by several factors, such as the availability of fuel and the amount of biomass. In the Mediterranean basin, the seasonality of climate and its influence on vegetation plays an important role on flammability. Short-term fire dynamics and its relationsh ...
DOI:
10.1080/11263504.2014.992996

59. Co-products from a biofuel production chain in crop disease management: A review

Author:
Ugo De Corato; Catello Pane; Giovanni Luigi Bruno; Fernando Antonio Cancellara; Massimo Zaccardelli
Source:
Crop protection 2015 v.68 pp. 12-26
ISSN:
0261-2194
Subject:
agricultural wastes; biodiesel; bioethanol; biomass; charcoal; composting; composts; coproducts; disease control; employment; farming systems; fuel production; glycerol; pathogens; plant protection; pyrolysis; soil; soil-borne diseases; sustainable agriculture
Abstract:
... The economic importance of biofuel industrial production chains will increase in the coming years and will be a promising source of co-products that are useful for sustainable farming systems. However, the use of co-products that are obtained from the biofuel production chains, especially for crop disease management, is an under-explored area in the research community. The liquid and solid co-prod ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.cropro.2014.10.025

60. Colonization of Legionella species in Turkish baths in hotels in Alanya, Turkey

Author:
Haluk Erdogan; Hande Arslan
Source:
Environmental monitoring and assessment 2015 v.187 no.5 pp. 235
ISSN:
0167-6369
Subject:
Legionella pneumophila; agar; agglutination; charcoal; cycloheximide; filtration; glycine (amino acid); heat treatment; latex; polymyxins; serotypes; tap water; vancomycin; yeast extract; Turkey (country)
Abstract:
... This study evaluated the prevalence of Legionella species in water samples collected from Turkish baths in hotels in Alanya, Turkey, from August 2003 to September 2013. Water samples were collected in 100-mL sterile containers and then concentrated by filtration. Heat treatment was used to eliminate other microorganisms from the samples, which were then spread on Legionella-selective-buffered char ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10661-015-4444-3

61. Combined Effect of Pyrolysis Pressure and Temperature on the Yield and CO2 Gasification Reactivity of Acacia Wood in macro-TG

Author:
Noumi Eric S.; Blin Joel; Valette Jeremy; Rousset Patrick
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2015 v.29 no.11 pp. 7301-7308
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
Acacia; carbon dioxide; charcoal; gasification; models; prediction; pyrolysis; reducing agents; statistical analysis; temperature; wood
Abstract:
... This work examines the effect of both absolute pressure (range 1–6 bar) and peak temperature (range 350–800 °C) during pyrolysis of acacia wood in a macro-TG on the yield and CO₂ gasification reactivity of the resulting charcoal. A central composite design was used for the experiments. The results of statistical analyses showed satisfactory agreement between the experimental results (charcoal yiel ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01454

62. Comparison Between Sensory and Nephelometric Evaluations of Tannin Fractions Obtained by Ultrafiltration of Red Wines

Author:
Pierrick Rébénaque; André Rawyler; Marc-Olivier Boldi; Pascale Deneulin
Source:
Chemosensory perception 2015 v.8 no.1 pp. 33-43
ISSN:
1936-5802
Subject:
astringency; charcoal; data analysis; drying; experimental design; grapes; molecular weight; mouthfeel; polymerization; polyphenols; polyvinylpyrrolidone; red wines; tannins; ultrafiltration; varieties; wine quality
Abstract:
... INTRODUCTION: Although the assessment of red wine quality relies primarily on a sensory description of tannins, it may be usefully completed by some knowledge of the physicochemical properties of these tannins. The present study has a double aim: (1) to gain insight into the sensory properties of subpopulations of proanthocyanidic tannins of different molecular sizes (obtained through several ultr ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12078-015-9175-x

63. Comparison of different sampling types across the rearing period in broiler flocks for isolation ofCampylobacter spp.

Author:
S. Ingresa-Capaccioni; S. González-Bodí; E. Jiménez-Trigos; F. Marco-Jiménez; P. Catalá; S. Vega; C. Marin
Source:
Poultry science 2015 v.94 no.4 pp. 766-771
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
Campylobacter; agar; cefoperazone; charcoal; cloaca; deoxycholic acid; farms; feces; flocks; gastrointestinal diseases; humans
Abstract:
... Campylobacter is the most common bacterial cause of human gastrointestinal disease in most developed countries. It is generally accepted that poultry products are a significant source of foodborneCampylobacter infections in humans. Assessing the effectiveness of any potential intervention at farm level requires monitoring of theCampylobacter status of broiler flocks, using appropriate sampling met ...
DOI:
10.3382/ps/pev023

64. Cooking fuel preferences among Ghanaian Households: An empirical analysis

Author:
Amin Karimu
Source:
Energy for Sustainable Development 2015 v.27 pp. 10-17
ISSN:
0973-0826
Subject:
charcoal; cooking; crop residues; demographic statistics; education; electricity; fuelwood; household income; households; infrastructure; issues and policy; kerosene; liquid petroleum gas; poverty; probability; urbanization; Ghana
Abstract:
... This paper investigated the key factors influencing the choice of cooking fuels in Ghana. Results from the study indicated that education, income, urban location and access to infrastructure were the key factors influencing household's choice of the main cooking fuels (fuelwood, charcoal and liquefied petroleum gas). The study also found that, in addition to household demographics and urbanization ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.esd.2015.04.003

65. Criminals by necessity: the risky life of charcoal transporters in Malawi

Author:
Harriet Elizabeth Smith; Felix Eigenbrod; Dalitso Kafumbata; Malcolm D. Hudson; Kate Schreckenberg
Source:
Forests, trees and livelihoods 2015 v.24 no.4 pp. 259-274
ISSN:
2164-3075
Subject:
capital; charcoal; cities; employment opportunities; energy; environmental impact; industry; issues and policy; livelihood; men; poverty; resource management; risk; socioeconomics; supply chain; surveys; transporters; urban population; women; Malawi
Abstract:
... The charcoal industry in sub-Saharan Africa plays a substantial role providing growing urban populations with domestic energy. However, concerns about its environmental impacts have led to punitive policies, resulting in the criminalisation of charcoal-based livelihoods. One factor constraining the development of more effective policy approaches is limited data on the impacts of regulations on the ...
DOI:
10.1080/14728028.2015.1062808

66. Cryopreservation of Coelogyne dayanum seeds by vitrification

Author:
M. H. Hakim; C. A. M. Elwon; M. N. Norzahan; R. Ripin; Z. A. Aziz
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2015 no.1078 pp. 53-60
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Coelogyne; charcoal; cryopreservation; culture media; germination; kinetin; leaves; nitrogen; peptones; seedlings; seeds; sucrose; vitrification
Abstract:
... The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of vitrification technique for cryopreservation of Coelogyne dayanum seeds. Seeds from green capsules were precultured on solid media supplemented with sucrose at concentrations of 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 M for 3 days and dehydrated in PVS2 solution for 0, 3, 5 and 8 h at 0°C before storage in liquid nitrogen for 1 week. Survival was determined t ...

67. Cs promoted Fe₅C₂/charcoal nanocatalysts for sustainable liquid fuel production

Author:
Ji Chan Park; Dong Hyun Chun; Jung-Il Yang; Ho-Tae Lee; Sungjun Hong; Geun Bae Rhim; Sanha Jang; Heon Jung
Source:
RSC advances 2015 v.5 no.55 pp. 44211-44217
ISSN:
2046-2069
Subject:
Fischer-Tropsch reaction; catalysts; charcoal; fuel production; iron; liquids; nanomaterials; oils
Abstract:
... Cs promoted Fe₅C₂/charcoal nanocatalysts bearing small iron carbide particles of 8.5 and 14 nm were prepared through a simple melt-infiltration process and a wetness impregnation method; the resulting materials showed very high CO conversion (>95%) and good selectivity, especially at Cs/Fe = 0.025, resulting in a high liquid oil productivity (∼0.4 gₗᵢq gcₐₜ⁻¹ h⁻¹) in high-temperature Fischer–Trops ...
DOI:
10.1039/c5ra03439f

68. CuO promoted Mn₂O₃-based materials for solid fuel combustion with inherent CO₂ capture

Author:
D. Hosseini; Q. Imtiaz; P. M. Abdala; S. Yoon; A. M. Kierzkowska; A. Weidenkaff; C. R. Müller
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry A 2015 v.3 no.19 pp. 10545-10550
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
carbon dioxide; charcoal; copper; coprecipitation; cupric oxide; fluidized beds; fuel combustion; manganese; manganese oxides; oxygen; oxygen partial pressure
Abstract:
... We experimentally demonstrate the promising redox and oxygen release characteristics of a novel bimetallic Cu–Mn oxygen carrier for chemical-looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) based CO₂ capture. The new material was prepared via a co-precipitation technique and showed a higher oxygen partial pressure than pure CuO and a higher oxygen carrying capacity than Mn₂O₃, thus, synergistically combining ...
DOI:
10.1039/c5ta01088h

69. Decentralized options for faecal sludge management in urban slum areas of Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of technologies, practices and end-uses

Author:
Swaib Semiyaga; Mackay A.E. Okure; Charles B. Niwagaba; Alex Y. Katukiza; Frank Kansiime
Source:
Resources, Conservation & Recycling 2015 v.104 pp. 109-119
ISSN:
0921-3449
Subject:
anaerobic digestion; biomass; charcoal; clay; composting; cooking; dewatering; fuelwood; groundwater; pollution; risk; sand; sanitation; sewage; sludge; solid wastes; traffic; Sub-Saharan Africa
Abstract:
... Faecal sludge (FS), a product from on-site sanitation systems, poses a management challenge in densely populated urban slums of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Currently, FS or its liquid fraction after dewatering is co-treated with sewage in conventional treatment plants. When dewatered, the solid stream is dried and stored further as the terminal treatment or is co-treated directly with organic solid ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.09.001

70. Detection of Arcobacter spp. in Mytilus galloprovincialis Samples Collected from Apulia Region

Author:
Elisabetta Bonerba; Anna Mottola; Antonio Parisi; Angela Di Pinto; Andrea Serraino; Giancarlo Bozzo; Federica Giacometti; Edmondo Ceci; Giuseppina Tantillo
Source:
Italian journal of food safety 2015 v.4 no.1 pp. -
ISSN:
2239-7132
Subject:
Arcobacter butzleri; Mytilus galloprovincialis; agar; amphotericin B; cefoperazone; charcoal; deoxycholic acid; disease outbreaks; food pathogens; foodborne illness; markets; microbial detection; mussels; polymerase chain reaction; ribosomal DNA; surveys; Italy
Abstract:
... The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. in 20 samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis purchased at fish markets in Apulia region. The detection of Arcobacter spp. was performed, after selective enrichment, on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate (mCCD) agar supplemented with Cefoperazone, Amphotericin B and Teicoplanin (CAT). In 6 out of the 20 tested samples the ...
DOI:
10.4081/ijfs.2015.4583
PubMed:
27800382
PubMed Central:
PMC5076626

71. Determination of electromagnetic shielding and antibacterial properties of multifunctional warp-knitted fabrics

Author:
Zhi-Cai Yu; Jian-Fei Zhang; Ching-Wen Lou; Hua-Ling He; An-Pang Chen; Jia-Horng Lin
Source:
The journal of the Textile Institute 2015 v.106 no.11 pp. 1203-1211
ISSN:
1754-2340
Subject:
Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; air quality; antibacterial properties; bacterial infections; bamboos; charcoal; cross infection; fabrics; functional properties; hospitals; industry; insulating materials; polyesters; protective clothing; risk; stainless steel; thermal properties; working conditions; yarns
Abstract:
... Electromagnetic (EM) radiation, bacterial cross-infection, and electrostatic discharge hazards in working environments produce risks in workplace safety in EM industries and hospitals. Although many kinds of EM-shielding fabrics have been produced, few studies have focused on their antibacterial and other functional characteristics. In this study, a series of multifunctional EM-shielding fabrics p ...
DOI:
10.1080/00405000.2014.984444

72. Determination of processes suitable for cotton stalk carbonization and torrefaction by partial combustion using a metal kiln

Author:
Ibrahim G. Harouna; Oumar Sanogo; Tizane Daho; Salifou K. Ouiminga; Abouzeidi Dan-Maza; Bernard Nana; Jean Koulidiati
Source:
Energy for sustainable development 2015 v.24 pp. 50-57
ISSN:
0973-0826
Subject:
air; burning; carbon; carbonization; charcoal; combustion; cooking; cotton; energy; furnaces; gasification; proximate composition; torrefaction
Abstract:
... In this work, the technical feasibility of cotton stalk carbonization and torrefaction was studied. A metallic homemade cylindrical furnace 60cm in diameter and 90cm in height was used for the experiments. A partial combustion process was used both for carbonization and torrefaction. Three carbonization methods were defined based on the amount of air supplied and cotton stalks introduced in the ki ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.esd.2014.12.003

73. Development and field testing of a miniaturized sampling system for simultaneous sampling of vapours and droplets

Author:
Dietmar Breuer; George C. Dragan; Claudia Friedrich; Carsten Möhlmann; Ralf Zimmermann
Source:
Environmental science 2015 v.17 no.2 pp. 278-287
ISSN:
2050-7895
Subject:
adsorption; aerosols; air; ambient temperature; boiling point; charcoal; diethylene glycol; droplets; evaporation; filters; hexadecane; humidity; ionization; laboratory experimentation; liquids; non-polar compounds; occupational health and safety; vapors; working conditions
Abstract:
... The sampling of semi volatiles (SV) in workplaces may lead to different results as measurements may be affected by sampling bias. The new European Standard EN 13936 defines “semi-volatiles” as substances with vapour pressures in the range between 0.001 and 100 Pa at room temperature. EN 13936 regulates the basic requirements for SV compounds that can occur as vapour and particle at the same time. ...
DOI:
10.1039/c4em00602j

74. Development of a Novel Chromogenic Medium for Improved Campylobacter Detection from Poultry Samples

Author:
Hajime Teramura; Mihoko Iwasaki; Hirokazu Ogihara
Source:
Journal of food protection 2015 v.78 no.9 pp. 1750-1755
ISSN:
0362-028X
Subject:
Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter jejuni; Escherichia coli; agar; bacteria; beta-lactamase; cefoperazone; cefoxitin; charcoal; deoxycholic acid; poultry; selective media
Abstract:
... The presence of expanded-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Escherichia coli is a common problem in the isolation of Campylobacter from poultry samples using conventional cefoperazone-based selective media. A novel chromogenic medium (CM-HT), based on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA), has been developed as a solution for improved Campylobacter detection from poultry samp ...
DOI:
10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-115

75. Development of carbon adsorbents with high surface acidic and basic group contents from phosphoric acid activation of xylitol

Author:
Hai Liu; Jian Zhang; Li Jiang; Yan Kang; Cheng Cheng; Zizhang Guo; Chenglu Zhang
Source:
RSC advances 2015 v.5 no.99 pp. 81220-81228
ISSN:
2046-2069
Subject:
Raman spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; activated carbon; adsorbents; adsorption; charcoal; desorption; free radicals; nickel; nitrogen; phosphates; phosphoric acid; physicochemical properties; pyrolysis; scanning electron microscopy; surface area; temperature; titration; xylitol
Abstract:
... The present paper evaluated the feasibility of synthetizing activated carbons from xylitol with phosphoric acid activation at mild temperatures. Activation temperature (250–450 °C) and phosphoric acid to xylitol impregnation ratio (0.2–3 wt%) were varied during the synthesis of xylitol-based activated carbon, and the effects of these parameters on the textural and chemical properties of the final ...
DOI:
10.1039/c5ra14579a

76. Discarding the evidence: The place of natural resources stewardship in the creation of the Peel Island Lazaret Midden, Moreton Bay, southeast Queensland

Author:
Anne Ross; Shane Coghill; Brian Coghill
Source:
Quaternary International 2015 v.385 pp. 177-190
ISSN:
1040-6182
Subject:
case studies; charcoal; food consumption; fuelwood; human behavior; manufacturing; oysters; people; shellfish; windbreaks; Queensland
Abstract:
... Middens are created from the discard of natural resources, collected by people for consumptive purposes: mainly subsistence, but also for artefact manufacture (e.g. stone, bone and shell artefacts); warmth and/or shelter (e.g. firewood [charcoal] and timber windbreaks); or for ceremony. Taphonomic processes act on the discarded cultural materials to modify the evidence originally deposited by the ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.003

77. Distribution of macro charcoal from forest fires in shallow soils of the Northern Alps

Author:
Oliver Sass; Stefanie Kloss
Source:
Journal of soils and sediments 2015 v.15 no.4 pp. 748-758
ISSN:
1439-0108
Subject:
Leptosols; charcoal; forest fires; limestone; models; particle size; soil horizons; soil sampling; Alps region; Austria
Abstract:
... PURPOSE: In our study area in the Northern Limestone Alps (Austria), forest fires are rare; however, they may be stand-replacing and can trigger severe erosion. The aim of our study was to find out if where and to which extent charcoal is stored in the Rendzic Leptosols of the affected slopes and if the charcoal can be used to reconstruct earlier forest fires. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We took soil s ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11368-014-0954-9

78. Distribution, biomass and local importance of tamarind trees in south-western Madagascar

Author:
Tahiry Ranaivoson; Katja Brinkmann; Bakolimalala Rakouth; Andreas Buerkert
Source:
Global ecology and conservation 2015 v.4 pp. 14-25
ISSN:
2351-9894
Subject:
Tamarindus indica; allometry; biogeography; biomass; charcoal; ecology; equations; global positioning systems; interviews; land management; livelihood; people; planning; regression analysis; remote sensing; shifting cultivation; surveys; tamarinds; tree and stand measurements; trees; villages; wood; Madagascar
Abstract:
... The multipurpose tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) tree is important for people’s livelihood and considered as sacred in the Mahafaly region of south-western Madagascar. However, the ongoing overexploitation of this species has caused a decline of tamarind trees. In this study, the species distribution, changes in tamarind biomass and the role of traditional taboos for the conservation of this speci ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.gecco.2015.05.004

79. Dolní Věstonice IIa: Gravettian microstratigraphy, environment, and the origin of baked clay production in Moravia

Author:
Jiří Svoboda; Šárka Hladilová; Ivan Horáček; Jozef Kaiser; Miroslav Králík; Jan Novák; Martin Novák; Petr Pokorný; Sandra Sázelová; Libuše Smolíková; Tomáš Zikmund
Source:
Quaternary international 2015 v.359-360 pp. 195-210
ISSN:
1040-6182
Subject:
ceramics; charcoal; clay; forests; molluscs; pollen; stratigraphy; vertebrates
Abstract:
... Creating an overall scheme of Gravettian stratigraphy and chronology in the Middle Danube area is a matter of current debate. This paper addresses the formation of microstratigraphies at large open-air sites, evidence of the earliest Gravettian occupation in the Dolní Věstonice-Pavlov area, and occurrence of early ceramics from this context. The case presented here is a complex early Gravettian mi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.048

80. Drivers of land use/land cover changes in Munessa-Shashemene landscape of the south-central highlands of Ethiopia

Author:
Mengistie Kindu; Thomas Schneider; Demel Teketay; Thomas Knoke
Source:
Environmental monitoring and assessment 2015 v.187 no.7 pp. 452
ISSN:
0167-6369
Subject:
charcoal; cutting; data collection; fuelwood; geographic information systems; highlands; issues and policy; land cover; land use change; landscapes; literacy; livestock; models; people; population growth; quantitative analysis; ranching; regression analysis; sustainable development; woody plants; Ethiopia
Abstract:
... Understanding drivers of changes in land use/land cover (LULC) is essential for modeling future dynamics or development of management strategies to ameliorate or prevent further decline of natural resources. In this study, an attempt has been made to identify the main drivers behind the LULC changes that had occurred in the past four decades in Munessa-Shashemene landscape of the south-central hig ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10661-015-4671-7

81. Dye sequestration using agricultural wastes as adsorbents

Author:
Kayode Adesina Adegoke; Olugbenga Solomon Bello
Source:
Water resources and industry 2015 v.12 pp. 8-24
ISSN:
2212-3717
Subject:
adsorbents; adsorption; adverse effects; agricultural wastes; charcoal; chemical precipitation; color; decolorization; dyes; effluents; oxidation; pH; pigments; solutes; surveys; wastewater
Abstract:
... Color is a visible pollutant and the presence of even minute amounts of coloring substance makes it undesirable due to its appearance. The removal of color from dye-bearing effluents is a major problem due to the difficulty in treating such wastewaters by conventional treatment methods. The most commonly used methods for color removal are biological oxidation and chemical precipitation. However, t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.wri.2015.09.002

82. Early Paleogene wildfires in peat-forming environments at Schöningen, Germany

Author:
Brittany E. Robson; Margaret E. Collinson; Walter Riegel; Volker Wilde; Andrew C. Scott; Richard D. Pancost
Source:
Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology 2015 v.437 pp. 53-62
ISSN:
0031-0182
Subject:
burning; charcoal; climate; fossils; fuels (fire ecology); humidity; industry; lignite; oxygen; particle size; peat; rain; wildfires; Germany
Abstract:
... Wildfire activity in early Paleogene greenhouse conditions can be used as an analogue to gauge the effect of future warming trends on wildfire in the current climate system. Inertinite (fossil charcoal in coal) from 11 autochthonous early Paleogene lignite seams from the Schöningen mine (Germany) was quantified using macerations, in situ pillars and industry standard crushed samples. A new three t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.07.016

83. Early human impact (5000–3000 BC) affects mountain forest dynamics in the Alps

Author:
Christoph Schwörer; Daniele Colombaroli; Petra Kaltenrieder; Fabian Rey; Willy Tinner; Amy Austin
Source:
journal of ecology 2015 v.103 no.2 pp. 281-295
ISSN:
0022-0477
Subject:
paleoecology; grazing; pastoralism; treeline; anthropogenic activities; altitude; pollen; forests; sediments; pastures; ordination techniques; Picea abies; ecosystems; people; land use change; spores; fossils; Abies alba; climate change; species diversity; abandoned land; Pinus cembra; logging; Larix decidua; meadows; long term effects; charcoal; Alps region
Abstract:
... The resilience, diversity and stability of mountain ecosystems are threatened by climatic as well as land‐use changes, but the combined effects of these drivers are only poorly understood. We combine two high‐resolution sediment records from Iffigsee (2065 m a.s.l.) and Lauenensee (1382 m a.s.l.) at different elevations in the Northern Swiss Alps to provide a detailed history of vegetational chang ...
DOI:
10.1111/1365-2745.12354

84. Ecosystem engineer unleashed: Prosopis juliflora threatening ecosystem services?

Author:
Yohannes Ayanu; Anke Jentsch; Detlef Müller-Mahn; Simone Rettberg; Clemens Romankiewicz; Thomas Koellner
Source:
Regional environmental change 2015 v.15 no.1 pp. 155-167
ISSN:
1436-3798
Subject:
Prosopis juliflora; agricultural land; arid lands; case studies; charcoal; cotton; ecosystem engineers; ecosystem services; environmental impact; farms; fuelwood; introduced plants; land degradation; lifestyle; livelihood; people; sustainable land management; wetlands; Ethiopia
Abstract:
... The introduction of fast-growing plant species has been a strategy worldwide to combat problems arising from land degradation. Prosopis juliflora is an ecosystem engineer that was introduced to Ethiopia in the 1970s to address erosion problems but has subsequently become an important invader. This paper analyzes the spread of P. juliflora in Baadu, located in the middle Awash Basin of Ethiopia, qu ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10113-014-0616-x

85. Effect of Thermal Treatment on Meat Proteins with Special Reference to Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines (HAAs)

Author:
Muhammad Asim Shabbir; Ali Raza; Faqir Muhammad Anjum; Moazzam Rafiq Khan; Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
Source:
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 2015 v.55 no.1 pp. 82-93
ISSN:
1549-7852
Subject:
DNA; aromatic amines; biochemical pathways; black pepper; carcinogens; charcoal; cooked foods; deep fat frying; enzymes; essential amino acids; flavor; grilling; heat treatment; ingredients; iron; meat; minerals; mutagenicity; nutrients; nutrition science; physicochemical properties; polyunsaturated fatty acids; protein sources; protein structure; proteins; roasting; selenium; temperature; texture; vitamins; zinc
Abstract:
... Meat is one of the most imperative protein sources available with respect to its production and consumption. It is the richest source of some valuable nutrients like proteins, essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals like iron, zinc, and selenium. Thermal treatment produces conformational changes in protein structure as well as flavor, texture, and appearance, and ...
DOI:
10.1080/10408398.2011.647122

86. Effect of Thermal Treatments on the Formation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Various Meats

Author:
A. Raza; M.A. Shabbir; M.I. Khan; H.A.R. Suleria; S. Sultan
Source:
Journal of food processing and preservation 2015 v.39 no.4 pp. 376-383
ISSN:
0145-8892
Subject:
aromatic amines; beef; carcinogenicity; carcinogens; charcoal; chickens; cooked foods; copper; deep fat frying; diet; grilling; heat treatment; high performance liquid chromatography; humans; iron; magnesium; mortality; mutagenicity; mutton; risk factors; roasting; sodium; solid phase extraction; temperature; zinc
Abstract:
... Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), the potential mutagens/carcinogens, are formed during cooking meat at higher temperature. The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of various cooking methods, i.e., pan frying, deep frying, charcoal grilling and roasting, on the formation of HAAs in three different types of meat, i.e., beef, chicken and mutton. Physicochemical analysis of thermall ...
DOI:
10.1111/jfpp.12242

87. Effect of biochar on plant growth

Author:
Rodney Helliwell
Source:
Arboricultural journal 2015 v.37 no.4 pp. 238-242
ISSN:
2168-1074
Subject:
Acer pseudoplatanus; arboriculture; biochar; growing media; mineral fertilizers; nutrients; organic matter; plant growth; seedlings
Abstract:
... This paper describes a small experiment involving the growth of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) seedlings in nine different growing media, four of which included “biochar”. In a growing medium with very few nutrients or organic matter, the addition of biochar had no apparent effect on plant growth. However, in combination with added organic matter and inorganic fertiliser, the addition of biochar r ...
DOI:
10.1080/03071375.2015.1125601

88. Effect of different cytokinins and activated charcoal for the shoot multiplication in Vitis vinifera L. 'Thompson seedless'

Author:
M. F. Khalilsaraie; N. T. Meti; G. S. Karibasappa
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2015 v. no.1083 pp. 397-402
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Vitis vinifera; activated carbon; benzyladenine; callus; charcoal; cultivars; cytokinins; genotype; grapes; in vitro regeneration; micropropagation; planting; rooting; rootstocks; thidiazuron; zeatin
Abstract:
... The magnitude of demand for planting material in grape, mainly for rootstock genotypes indicates that micropropagation is inevitably necessary for their mass scale propagation, which has been a well-established methodology for in vitro regeneration of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Here we present an efficient and optimized protocol for rapid in vitro regeneration of grapevine cultivar ‘Thompson ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1083.50

89. Effect of oxidants on photoelectrocatalytic decolourization using α-Fe₂O₃/TiO₂/activated charcoal plate nanocomposite under visible light

Author:
Baharak Ayoubi-Feiz; Soheil Aber; Mohsen Sheydaei
Source:
RSC advances 2015 v.5 no.25 pp. 19368-19378
ISSN:
2046-2069
Subject:
activated carbon; charcoal; chemical oxygen demand; chlorates; decolorization; ferric oxide; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; hydrogen peroxide; light; mineralization; nanocomposites; oxidants; photocatalysis; titanium dioxide; total organic carbon; wastewater treatment
Abstract:
... The present study is to investigate the effect of oxidants H₂O₂, S₂O₈²⁻, BrO₃⁻, ClO₃⁻ and IO₄⁻ with different concentrations on photoelectrocatalytic decolourization of Lanasol yellow 4G (LY4G) as a model contaminant using α-Fe₂O₃/TiO₂/activated charcoal plate (ACP) nanocomposite under visible light. In this system, the decolourization efficiency increased with increasing BrO₃⁻, ClO₃⁻ and IO₄⁻ dos ...
DOI:
10.1039/c4ra15889j

90. Effect of wood charcoal contents on the adsorption property, structure, and morphology of mesoporous activated carbon fibers derived from wood liquefaction process

Author:
Xiaojun Ma; Fan Zhang; Liqing Wei
Source:
Journal of materials science 2015 v.50 no.4 pp. 1908-1914
ISSN:
0022-2461
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; activated carbon; adsorption; carbon fibers; charcoal; liquefaction; scanning electron microscopy; surface area; wood
Abstract:
... Wood-based mesoporous activated carbon fibers (C-WACF) were prepared using wood charcoal (WC) as an additive. C-WACF with different WC contents (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 %) was characterized by N₂adsorption, SEM, XRD, and XPS. With more WC added, the BET specific surface area and total volume of C-WACF showed upsurge and reached a maxima at WC = 1 %, when WC > 1 % a diminishing trend was seen. Th ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10853-014-8754-6

91. Effects of activated charcoal and quebracho tannin amendments on soil properties in irrigated organic vegetable production under arid subtropical conditions

Author:
M. Ingold; H. Dietz; A. Sradnick; R. G. Joergensen; E. Schlecht; A. Buerkert
Source:
Biology and fertility of soils 2015 v.51 no.3 pp. 367-377
ISSN:
0178-2762
Subject:
activated carbon; alluvial soils; application rate; charcoal; diet; field experimentation; goat manure; goats; irrigation; manure spreading; mineral fertilizers; mixing; nitrogen; nitrogen content; pH; semiarid zones; soil amendments; soil organic carbon; soil properties; tannins; vegetable growing; Oman
Abstract:
... In many arid and semi-arid regions, irrigated vegetable production leads to major carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses owing to high turnover rates. The goal of this experiment was therefore to test two amendments, activated charcoal and quebracho tannins, in their ability to stabilize soil organic carbon (SOC) from goat manure application in order to enhance nutrient and water retention. To this en ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00374-014-0982-z

92. Elephant grass biorefineries: towards a cleaner Brazilian energy matrix?

Author:
Carlos Frederico Fontoura; Luiz E. Brandão; Leonardo Lima Gomes
Source:
Journal of cleaner production 2015 v.96 pp. 85-93
ISSN:
0959-6526
Subject:
electricity; economic feasibility; energy; natural gas; uncertainty; markets; models; power generation; market prices; oils; biorefining; Cenchrus purpureus; charcoal; biofuels; coal; power plants; commercialization; biomass; ethanol
Abstract:
... As of 2012, the share of the Brazilian domestic energy supplied by renewable energy was 42.4%, the highest among all major economies in the world. Nonetheless, there are opportunities to increase this share even further. One such opportunity is the adoption of biorefineries that could represent a viable and sustainable alternative to replace the need for oil, coal, natural gas and other non-renewa ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.062

93. Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds and Greenhouse Gases from the Aerobic Bioremediation of Soils Contaminated with Diesel

Author:
Marcio Gonçalves Franco; Sergio Machado Corrêa; Marcia Marques; Daniel Vidal Perez
Source:
Water, air, and soil pollution 2015 v.226 no.3 pp. 2349
ISSN:
0049-6979
Subject:
aerobic conditions; bacteria; bioremediation; carbon dioxide; charcoal; chemical analysis; detectors; diesel fuel; emissions; gas chromatography; gases; glass; greenhouse gases; methane; nitrous oxide; pollutants; polluted soils; syringes; volatile organic compounds
Abstract:
... Bioremediation is one of the most frequently used treatments for reducing high levels of organic contaminants from soil. This article complements previous work on the anaerobic bioremediation of soils contaminated with diesel, which has revealed the generation of high levels of greenhouse gases and volatile organic compounds by anaerobic bacteria activation. Unlike anaerobic methods that generate ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11270-015-2349-y

94. Estimation of Brazilian charcoal properties using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometry coupled with multivariate analysis

Author:
Rafaela M. R. Bezerra; Ana C. O. Neves; Alexandre S. Pimenta; Kássio M. G. Lima
Source:
Analytical methods 2015 v.7 no.13 pp. 5695-5701
ISSN:
1759-9679
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; algorithms; ash content; charcoal; least squares; models; prediction; t-test
Abstract:
... The aim of the present work was to estimate fixed-carbon, volatile matter and ash contents in Brazilian commercial charcoal by using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy together with multivariate calibration methods. Several multivariate calibration techniques, including partial least squares (PLS), interval partial least squares (iPLS), and genetic algo ...
DOI:
10.1039/c5ay01135c

95. Evaluation of radon adsorption characteristics of a coconut shell-based activated charcoal system for radon and thoron removal applications

Author:
N. Karunakara; K. Sudeep Kumara; I. Yashodhara; B.K. Sahoo; J.J. Gaware; B.K. Sapra; Y.S. Mayya
Source:
Journal of environmental radioactivity 2015 v.142 pp. 87-95
ISSN:
0265-931X
Subject:
activated carbon; adsorption; air; charcoal; coconuts; heat; ionization; radionuclides; radon; thorium; uranium; India
Abstract:
... Radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn), and their decay products contribute a major fraction (more than 50%) of doses received from ionisation radiation in public domain indoor environments and occupation environments such as uranium mines, thorium plants, and underground facilities, and are recognised as important radiological hazardous materials, which need to be controlled. This paper presents studies o ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.12.017

96. Evaluation of short-rotation coppicing fuelwood production systems for Papua New Guinea

Author:
I.K. Nuberg; B. Gunn; M. Tavune; A. Sumareke; O. Kravchuk
Source:
Biomass and bioenergy 2015 v.78 pp. 126-139
ISSN:
0961-9534
Subject:
Eucalyptus grandis; Eucalyptus pellita; Eucalyptus robusta; Eucalyptus tereticornis; alternative crops; burning; charcoal; coppicing; fuelwood; highlands; markets; models; production technology; sweet potatoes; trees; Papua New Guinea
Abstract:
... A 2 year short-rotation coppicing (SRC) fuelwood production system was evaluated, at 2 tree densities (3333 and 6666 trees ha−1) for the Western Highlands Province (WHP) and National Capital District (NCD) of Papua New Guinea. Of the 10 species tested, the best production of firewood was from Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus robusta in WHP and Eucalyptus tereticornis in the NCD, with values of 2. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.04.010

97. Experimental Investigation of the Carbothermal Reduction of ZnO Using a Beam-Down, Gravity-Fed Solar Reactor

Author:
Koepf Erik E.; Advani Suresh G.; Prasad Ajay K.; Steinfeld Aldo
Source:
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2015 v.54 no.33 pp. 8319-8332
ISSN:
1520-5045
Subject:
Fagus; ceramics; charcoal; energy conversion; engineering; temperature; tiles; vapors; zinc; zinc oxide
Abstract:
... Carbothermal reduction of ZnO with beech charcoal has been performed in a directly irradiated, beam-down, continuously gravity-fed, 10 kW solar thermochemical receiver–reactor using a high-flux solar simulator. Upon reaching mean cavity temperatures between 1113 and 1446 K, a mixture of ZnO powder and charcoal particles was fed continuously from hoppers into the axisymmetric reactor to create a mo ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.5b01249

98. Experimental Investigation on the Gasification Kinetic Model of a Char Particle in Supercritical Water

Author:
Jin Hui; Zhao Xiao; Guo Liejin; Zhu Chao; Wei Wenwen
Source:
Energy & Fuels 2015 v.29 no.12 pp. 8053-8057
ISSN:
1520-5029
Subject:
activation energy; bamboos; biomass; carbon; charcoal; gasification; kinetics; models; quartz; temperature
Abstract:
... Supercritical water gasification technology has bright prospects because it can convert biomass into hydrogen-rich gaseous products in an effective and clean way. The devolatilization process is relatively fast, and char conversion is the rate-determining step in the whole gasification process. To discuss the kinetic model of char gasification in supercritical water, the quartz tube reactor was ad ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b02014

99. Exploring the Early Anthropocene Burning Hypothesis and Climate-Fire Anomalies for the Eastern U.S.

Author:
Marc D. Abrams; Gregory J. Nowacki
Source:
Journal of sustainable forestry 2015 v.34 no.1-2 pp. 30-48
ISSN:
1540-756X
Subject:
Picea; Pinus; Quercus; burning; charcoal; climate; coastal plains; cooling; ecology; fires; forests; humans; lightning; sustainable forestry; trees; Eastern United States
Abstract:
... This review explores the long-term role of climate versus human activity on vegetation and fire dynamics in the eastern U.S. Early Holocene warming resulted in a conversion of Picea (boreal) to temperate Quercus and Pinus forests when indigenous populations were sparse but charcoal abundances were relatively high, underscoring the importance of climate. Pyrogenic trees also dominated during the mi ...
DOI:
10.1080/10549811.2014.973605

100. Exploring the relationship between Aboriginal population indices and fire in Australia over the last 20,000years

Author:
Alan N. Williams; Scott D. Mooney; Scott A. Sisson; Jennifer Marlon
Source:
Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology 2015 v.432 pp. 49-57
ISSN:
0031-0182
Subject:
El Nino; anthropogenic activities; charcoal; climate change; data collection; environmental impact; fire regime; humans; land management; landscapes; paleoecology; people; Australia
Abstract:
... The extent of prehistoric human impact on the environment is a contentious topic in various palaeo-environmental sciences. The long history of humans in Australia and its extensive fire-prone biota makes this continent a key research area for better characterization of prehistoric human–fire interactions. Here we use statistically robust cross-correlation of archaeological radiocarbon data (n=4102 ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.030