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1. Brown spider (Loxosceles genus) venom toxins: Evaluation of biological conservation by immune cross-reactivity

Author:
Buch, Daniela Regina; Souza, Fernanda Nunes; Meissner, Gabriel Otto; Morgon, Adriano Marcelo; Gremski, Luiza Helena; Ferrer, Valéria Pereira; Trevisan-Silva, Dilza; Matsubara, Fernando Hitomi; Boia-Ferreira, Mariana; Sade, Youssef Bacila; Chaves-Moreira, Daniele; Gremski, Waldemiro; Veiga, Silvio Sanches; Chaim, Olga Meiri; Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 154-166
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Loxosceles; accidents; antiserum; blood serum; cross reaction; epitopes; humans; hyaluronoglucosaminidase; immunoassays; metalloproteinases; therapeutics; venoms; Brazil;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... Loxosceles spiders are responsible for serious human envenomations worldwide. The collection of symptoms found in victims after accidents is called loxoscelism and is characterized by two clinical conditions: cutaneous loxoscelism and systemic loxocelism. The only specific treatment is serum therapy, in which an antiserum produced with Loxosceles venom is administered to the victims after spider a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.041

2. Electrochemical immunosensor based on bismuth nanocomposite film and cadmium ions functionalized titanium phosphates for the detection of anthrax protective antigen toxin

Author:
Sharma, Mukesh K.; Narayanan, J.; Upadhyay, Sanjay; Goel, Ajay K.
Source:
Biosensors & bioelectronics 2015 v.74 pp. 299-304
ISSN:
0956-5663
Subject:
anthrax toxin,   etc   ; Bacillus anthracis; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-radiation; antibodies; bioterrorism; bismuth; blood serum; cadmium; detection limit; dielectric spectroscopy; electrochemistry; energy-dispersive X-ray analysis; glassy carbon electrode; humans; immunoassays; immunosensors; ions; nanocomposites; nanoparticles; pH; phosphates; scanning electron microscopy; titanium; zeta potential;     Show all 26 Subjects
Abstract:
... Bacillus anthracis is a bioterrorism agent classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Herein, a novel electrochemical immunosensor for the sensitive, specific and easy detection of anthrax protective antigen (PA) toxin in picogram concentration was developed. The immunosensor consists of (i) a Nafion-multiwall carbon nanotubes–bismuth nanocomposite film modified glassy car ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.bios.2015.06.015

3. Identification and molecular characterization of five putative toxins from the venom gland of the snake Philodryas chamissonis (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)

Author:
Urra, Félix A.; Pulgar, Rodrigo; Gutiérrez, Ricardo; Hodar, Christian; Cambiazo, Verónica; Labra, Antonieta
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 19-31
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Dipsadidae; Elapidae; Viperidae; anticoagulants; genes; humans; metalloproteinases; natriuretic peptides; proteolysis; serine proteinases; signal peptide; snakes; venoms; Chile;     Show all 15 Subjects
Abstract:
... Philodryas chamissonis is a rear-fanged snake endemic to Chile. Its bite produces mild to moderate symptoms with proteolytic and anti-coagulant effects. Presently, the composition of the venom, as well as, the biochemical and structural characteristics of its toxins, remains unknown. In this study, we cloned and reported the first full-length sequences of five toxin-encoding genes from the venom g ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.032

4. Selective inhibition of cancer cells' proliferation by compounds included in extracts from Baltic Sea cyanobacteria

Author:
Felczykowska, Agnieszka; Pawlik, Anna; Mazur-Marzec, Hanna; Toruńska-Sitarz, Anna; Narajczyk, Magdalena; Richert, Malwina; Węgrzyn, Grzegorz; Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 1-10
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Anabaena; Leptolyngbya; Lyngbya; Microcystis aeruginosa; Nodularia; Phormidium; Pseudanabaena; Synechocystis; antineoplastic activity; bioactive compounds; biotechnology; breast neoplasms; cell death; ethanol; fibroblasts; humans; metabolites; microorganisms; neoplasm cells; uterine cervical neoplasms; Baltic Sea;     Show all 22 Subjects
Abstract:
... Cyanobacteria are a rich source of biologically active compounds used in pharmacology and biotechnology. Due to their high capacity of adaptation, which is reflected in the production of diverse metabolites, including toxins, these microorganisms are able to inhabit very different environments. In this work, water and ethanol extracts from 11 cyanobacterial strains derived from the Baltic Sea (Mic ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.030

5. Clinical differences between botulinum neurotoxin type A and B

Author:
Bentivoglio, Anna Rita; Del Grande, Alessandra; Petracca, Martina; Ialongo, Tamara; Ricciardi, Lucia
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 77-84
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; adverse effects; clinical trials; experimental design; humans; immune response; muscles; neurophysiology; packaging; serotypes; volunteers;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... In humans, the therapeutic use of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is well recognized and continuously expanding. Four BoNTs are widely available for clinical practice: three are serotype A and one is serotype B: onabotulinumtoxinA (A/Ona), abobotulinumtoxinA (A/Abo) and incobotulinumtoxinA (A/Inco), rimabotulinumtoxinB (B/Rima). A/Abo, A/Inco, A/Ona and B/Rima are all licensed worldwide for cervic ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.001

6. Inhibiting oral intoxication of botulinum neurotoxin A complex by carbohydrate receptor mimics

Author:
Lee, Kwangkook; Lam, Kwok-Ho; Kruel, Anna-Magdalena; Mahrhold, Stefan; Perry, Kay; Cheng, Luisa W.; Rummel, Andreas; Jin, Rongsheng
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 43-49
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; absorption; botulism; carbohydrate binding; constipation; crystal structure; epithelial cells; food contamination; hemagglutinins; human cell lines; humans; in vitro studies; ingestion; intestinal mucosa; lactulose; mice; paralysis; poisoning; polysaccharides; receptors; toxicity;     Show all 21 Subjects
Abstract:
... Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the disease botulism manifested by flaccid paralysis that could be fatal to humans and animals. Oral ingestion of the toxin with contaminated food is one of the most common routes for botulism. BoNT assembles with several auxiliary proteins to survive in the gastrointestinal tract and is subsequently transported through the intestinal epithelium into the general ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.003

7. Inhibiting oral intoxication of botulinum neurotoxin A complex by carbohydrate receptor mimics

Author:
Lee, Kwangkook; Lam, Kwok-Ho; Kruel, Anna-Magdalena; Mahrhold, Stefan; Perry, Kay; Cheng, Luisa W.; Rummel, Andreas; Jin, Rongsheng
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 no.A pp. 43-49
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; absorption; botulism; carbohydrate binding; constipation; crystal structure; disease control; epithelial cells; food contamination; galactose; hemagglutinins; human cell lines; humans; in vitro studies; in vivo studies; ingestion; intestinal mucosa; lactulose; mice; oral exposure; paralysis; poisoning; polysaccharides; prototypes; receptors; therapeutics; toxicity;     Show all 27 Subjects
Abstract:
... Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) cause the disease botulism manifested by flaccid paralysis that could be fatal to humans and animals. Oral ingestion of the toxin with contaminated food is one of the most common routes for botulism. BoNT assembles with several auxiliary proteins to survive in the gastrointestinal tract and is subsequently transported through the intestinal epithelium into the general ...
Handle:
10113/63148
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.003
PubMed:
26272706
PubMed Central:
PMC4658216
Chorus Open Access:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.003

8. In vivo onset and duration of action varies for botulinum neurotoxin A subtypes 1-5

Author:
Pellett, Sabine; Tepp, William H.; Whitemarsh, Regina C.M.; Bradshaw, Marite; Johnson, Eric A.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 37-42
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; amino acid sequences; botulism; enzyme kinetics; host specificity; humans; mice; motor neurons; paralysis; sequence analysis; serotypes;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... To date, over 40 subtypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been identified. BoNTs are classified into 7 serotypes distinguished primarily by their antigenic properties, but also characterized by their unique SNARE targets and cleavage sites, host specificity, and duration of action. Sequencing efforts in the last decade have identified several subtypes within the serotypes. Subtypes are curre ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.021
PubMed:
26130522
PubMed Central:
PMC4658214

9. Molecular basis of immunogenicity to botulinum neurotoxins and uses of the defined antigenic regions

Author:
Atassi, M.Z.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 50-58
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; antibodies; chickens; epitopes; horses; humans; immune response; mice; neurons; patients; synaptosomes; synthetic peptides; synthetic vaccines; vaccine development;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... Intensive research in this laboratory over the last 19 years has aimed at understanding the molecular bases for immune recognition of botulinum neurotoxin, types A and B and the role of anti-toxin immune responses in defense against the toxin. Using 92 synthetic 19-residue peptides that overlapped by 5 residues and comprised an entire toxin (A or B) we determined the peptides' ability to bind anti ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.003

10. Structure of the BoNT/A1 – receptor complex

Author:
Benoit, Roger M.; Frey, Daniel; Wieser, Mara M.; Thieltges, Katherine M.; Jaussi, Rolf; Capitani, Guido; Kammerer, Richard A.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 25-31
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; X-ray diffraction; botulism; humans; neurons;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Botulinum neurotoxin A causes botulism but is also used for medical and cosmetic applications. A detailed molecular understanding of BoNT/A – host receptor interactions is therefore fundamental for improving current clinical applications and for developing new medical strategies targeting human disorders. Towards this end, we recently solved an X-ray crystal structure of BoNT/A1 in complex with it ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.002

11. The long journey of botulinum neurotoxins into the synapse

Author:
Rummel, Andreas
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 9-24
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; Clostridium botulinum; SNARE proteins; botulism; cadherins; cell membranes; food contamination; gangliosides; hemagglutinins; humans; intestinal absorption; intestinal mucosa; membrane fusion; motor neurons; muscles; paralysis; physiological transport; synaptic vesicles; tight junctions;     Show all 19 Subjects
Abstract:
... Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) cause the disease botulism, a flaccid paralysis of the muscle. They are also very effective, widely used medicines applied locally in sub-nanogram quantities. BoNTs are released together with several non-toxic, associated proteins as progenitor toxin complexes (PCT) by Clostridium botulinum to become highly potent oral poisons ingested via contaminated food. They block ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.009

12. The thioredoxin reductase – Thioredoxin redox system cleaves the interchain disulphide bond of botulinum neurotoxins on the cytosolic surface of synaptic vesicles

Author:
Pirazzini, Marco; Tehran, Domenico Azarnia; Zanetti, Giulia; Lista, Florigio; Binz, Thomas; Shone, Clifford C.; Rossetto, Ornella; Montecucco, Cesare
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 32-36
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; SNARE proteins; disulfide bonds; drugs; humans; nerve endings; peripheral nerves; proteolysis; serotypes; synaptic vesicles; therapeutics; toxicity;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are Janus toxins, as they are at the same time the most deadly substances known and one of the safest drugs used in human therapy. They specifically block neurotransmission at peripheral nerves through the proteolysis of SNARE proteins, i.e. the essential proteins which are the core of the neuroexocytosis machinery. Even if BoNTs are traditionally known as seven main ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.019

13. Anaphylactoid reaction caused by sodium ceftriaxone in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi

Author:
Basile, Roberta Carvalho; Rivera, Gabriela Gomes; Del Rio, Lara Antoniassi; de Bonis, Talissa Camargo Mantovani; do Amaral, Gabriel Paiva Domingues; Giangrecco, Edson; Ferraz, Guilherme; Yoshinari, Natalino Hajime; Canola, Paulo Aléscio; Queiroz Neto, Antonio
Source:
BMC veterinary research 2015 v.11 no.1 pp. 197
ISSN:
1746-6148
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; ticks; tachycardia; blood transfusion; arthritis; ceftriaxone; hypotension; dexamethasone; metabolites; risk; anemia; eyelids; sodium; colon; colic; babesiosis; humans; laminitis; lameness; Borrelia burgdorferi; cryosurgery; forelimbs; histamine; Lyme disease; urticaria; bloat; intravenous injection; kinins; geldings; myocarditis; rheology; arachidonic acid; mares; edema; dyspnea; dermatitis;     Show all 36 Subjects
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Lyme borreliosis is a disease transmitted by ticks to mammals, especially in horses and humans. Caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, it can result in lameness, arthritis, carditis, dermatitis and neurological signs. Anaphylactoid reactions are severe responses caused by direct action of substances (drugs, toxins), which can pose risks to life. Still poorly documented in horses, ...
DOI:
10.1186/s12917-015-0478-6
PubMed:
26265349
PubMed Central:
PMC4534110

14. Darwin diagnosed?

Author:
Campbell, Anthony K.; Matthews, Stephanie B.
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 2015 v.116 no.4 pp. 964-984
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Parkinson disease; beta-galactosidase; chest; diabetes; evolution; galactose; glucose; heart; humans; ice; inflammatory bowel disease; intestines; lactose; lactose intolerance; microorganisms; milk; neoplasms; pain; England;     Show all 20 Subjects
Abstract:
... While waiting in lodgings to join H.M.S. Beagle just before Christmas 1831, Charles Darwin suffered chest pain and heart palpitations. On his return to England he began to suffer from a range of gut problems and systemic symptoms around the body, which were to plague him for the rest of his life. At least 40 conditions have been proposed to explain Darwin's illness, which left him disabled, someti ...
DOI:
10.1111/bij.12632

15. Inactivation of a diverse set of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef by high pressure processing

Author:
Sheen, Shiowshuh; Cassidy, Jennifer; Scullen, Butch; Sommers, Christopher
Source:
Food microbiology 2015 v.52 pp. 84-87
ISSN:
0740-0020
Subject:
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; Shiga-like toxin 1,   etc   ; food industry; foodborne illness; genes; ground beef; high pressure treatment; human diseases; humans; intimin; risk assessors; serotypes; virulence;     Show all 13 Subjects
Abstract:
... Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are regularly implicated in foodborne illness outbreaks and recalls of ground beef. In this study we determined the High Pressure Processing (HPP) D10 value (the processing conditions needed to reduce the microbial population by 1 log) of 39 STEC isolates, including the “big six” serovars, O104 and O157:H7. STEC isolates included those isolated from an ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.001

16. In vitro refolding and functional analysis of polyhistidine-tagged Buthus martensii Karsch antitumor-analgesic peptide produced in Escherichia coli

Author:
Cao, Qingxin; Lu, Wuguang; Cai, Xueting; Hu, Chunping; Wang, Chen; Ye, Juan; Yan, Huaijiang; Yang, Yang; Wang, Zhigang; Huo, Jiege; Liu, Yan; Yu, Ye; Ling, Changquan; Cao, Peng
Source:
Biotechnology letters 2015 v.37 no.12 pp. 2461-2466
ISSN:
0141-5492
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Buthus martensii; Escherichia coli; ganglia; hepatoma; humans; inclusion bodies; inhibitory concentration 50; mice; models; neurons; sodium;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... OBJECTIVES: To identify an efficient in vitro refolding method to generate highly active His₆-tagged scorpion toxin antitumor-analgesic peptide (AGAP) isolated from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies. RESULTS: N- and C-Terminal His₆-tagged recombinant (r) AGAP (NHᵢₛ₆-rAGAP and CHᵢₛ₆-rAGAP, respectively) were expressed in E. coli; the purification and refolding conditions were optimized. CHᵢₛ₆-rAGAP ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10529-015-1936-8

17. Monitoring in real time the cytotoxic effect of Clostridium difficile upon the intestinal epithelial cell line HT29

Author:
Valdés, Lorena; Gueimonde, Miguel; Ruas-Madiedo, Patricia
Source:
Journal of microbiological methods 2015 v.119 pp. 66-73
ISSN:
0167-7012
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; risk; human cell lines; humans; antibiotics; drugs; cytotoxicity; monitoring; models; Clostridium difficile; intestinal mucosa; patients; screening; median effective concentration; culture media; pathogens;     Show all 16 Subjects
Abstract:
... The incidence and severity of Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) has been increased not only among hospitalized patients, but also in healthy individuals traditionally considered as low risk population. Current treatment of CDI involves the use of antibiotics to eliminate the pathogen, although recurrent relapses have also been reported. For this reason, the search of new antimicrobials is a v ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.mimet.2015.09.022

18. Presence of zoonotic agents in engorged ticks and hedgehog faeces from Erinaceus europaeus in (sub) urban areas

Author:
Krawczyk, Aleksandra I; van Leeuwen, Arieke Docters; Jacobs-Reitsma, Wilma; Wijnands, Lucas M; Bouw, El; Jahfari, Setareh; van Hoek, Angela H A M; van der Giessen, Joke W B; Roelfsema, Jeroen H; Kroes, Michiel; Kleve, Jenny; Dullemont, Yolanda; Sprong, Hein; de Bruin, Arnout
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2015 v.8 no.1 pp. 210
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
Shiga toxin,   etc   ; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; Borrelia burgdorferi; Campylobacter jejuni; Cryptosporidium parvum; Erinaceus europaeus; Escherichia coli; Giardia lamblia; Ixodes hexagonus; Salmonella enterica; feces; hosts; humans; microorganisms; pathogens; polymerase chain reaction; public health; risk; ticks; urban areas; zoonoses; Netherlands;     Show all 22 Subjects
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are hosts for Ixodes hexagonus and I. ricinus ticks, which are vectors for zoonotic microorganisms. In addition, hedgehogs may carry several enteric zoonoses as well. It is unclear to what extent a presence of pathogens in hedgehogs poses a risk to public health, as information on the presence of zoonotic agents in hedgehogs in urban areas is re ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-015-0814-5
PubMed:
25885888
PubMed Central:
PMC4406014

19. Bio Prospecting the Enzymatic and Anticancer Potential of Spine Secretions of Marine Catfish (Plotosus lineatus)

Author:
Pachaiyappan, Abirami; Sadhasivam, Giji; Arumugam, Sundaramanickam; Muthuvel, Arumugam
Source:
Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 2015 v.5 no.6 pp. 406-418
ISSN:
2231-1874
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Plotosus lineatus; catfish; coasts; cytotoxicity; enzyme activity; human cell lines; humans; mucus; predators; venoms; India;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... Plotosus lineatus is the most common venomous catfish in the South east coast of India, which is a customary threat to fisherman. Earlier, numerous researches have been focused on skin mucus due to the lytic activity, whereas the spine venom which acts as a defensive mechanism to potential predators and primary cause of severe envenomation in humans has not been fully elucidated. Thus, our present ...
DOI:
10.1080/22311866.2016.1139466

20. A new Kunitz-type plasmin inhibitor from scorpion venom

Author:
Ding, Li; Wang, Xiaobo; Liu, Hongyan; San, Mingkui; Xu, Yue; Li, Jian; Li, Shan; Cao, Zhijian; Li, Wenxin; Wu, Yingliang; Chen, Zongyun
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.106 pp. 7-13
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Buthus martensii; chymotrypsin; drugs; elastase; humans; peptides; plasmin; structure-activity relationships; trypsin; venoms;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... Kunitz-type peptides from venomous animals are an important source of lead drug candidates towards human plasmin, a target of protease-associated diseases. However, no Kunitz-type plasmin inhibitor from venomous scorpion has been characterized. Here, we first investigated plasmin inhibiting activities of eight known Kunitz-type scorpion toxins Hg1, BmKTT-1, BmKTT-2, BmKTT-3, LmKTT-1a, LmKTT-1b, Lm ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.004

21. Cross-linked chitosan polymers as generic adsorbents for simultaneous adsorption of multiple mycotoxins

Author:
Zhao, Zhiyong; Liu, Na; Yang, Lingchen; Wang, Jianhua; Song, Suquan; Nie, Dongxia; Yang, Xianli; Hou, Jiafa; Wu, Aibo
Source:
Food control 2015 v.57 pp. 362-369
ISSN:
0956-7135
Subject:
T-2 toxin,   etc   ; adsorbents; adsorption; adverse effects; aflatoxin B1; chitosan; crosslinking; deoxynivalenol; fumonisin B1; gastrointestinal system; humans; models; ochratoxin A; pH; polymers; sorption isotherms; zearalenone;     Show all 17 Subjects
Abstract:
... The primary objective of this study was to synthesize three types of cross-linked chitosan polymers and further investigate their adsorption capability for multiple mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B1 (FB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin (T2). Among these synthetic adsorbents, cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde complex presented the ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.014

22. Discovery of toxin-encoding genes from the false viper Macropisthodon rudis, a rear-fanged snake, by transcriptome analysis of venom gland

Author:
Zhang, Zhixiao; Zhang, Xi; Hu, Tingsong; Zhou, Weiguo; Cui, Qinghua; Tian, Jing; Zheng, Ying; Fan, Quanshui
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.106 pp. 72-78
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; bioactive properties; databases; genes; high-throughput nucleotide sequencing; humans; metalloproteinases; snakes; transcriptome; transcriptomics; venoms; China;     Show all 12 Subjects
Abstract:
... Although rear-fanged snakes are often considered as non-threatening to humans, some species are lethal or medically hazardous. The toxin components and bioactivities of front-fanged snakes have been extensively studied; however, only limited research has explored the venoms of rear-fanged snakes. The false viper, Macropisthodon rudis, is widespread in southern China, but little is known about the ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.021

23. Environmental contaminants of emerging concern in seafood – European database on contaminant levels

Author:
Vandermeersch, Griet; Lourenço, Helena Maria; Alvarez-Muñoz, Diana; Cunha, Sara; Diogène, Jorge; Cano-Sancho, German; Sloth, Jens J.; Kwadijk, Christiaan; Barcelo, Damia; Allegaert, Wim; Bekaert, Karen; Fernandes, José Oliveira; Marques, Antonio; Robbens, Johan
Source:
Environmental Research 2015 v.143 pp. 29-45
ISSN:
0013-9351
Subject:
marine toxins,   etc   ; European Union; databases; drugs; endocrine-disrupting chemicals; flame retardants; food safety; humans; laws and regulations; marine environment; personal care products; plastics; pollution; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; public health; risk; seafoods; toxicity;     Show all 18 Subjects
Abstract:
... Marine pollution gives rise to concern not only about the environment itself but also about the impact on food safety and consequently on public health. European authorities and consumers have therefore become increasingly worried about the transfer of contaminants from the marine environment to seafood.So-called “contaminants of emerging concern” are chemical substances for which no maximum level ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.011

24. Experimental studies of microbial populations and incidence of zoonotic pathogens in the faeces of red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Author:
Gnat, S.; Trościańczyk, A.; Nowakiewicz, A.; Majer‐Dziedzic, B.; Ziółkowska, G.; Dziedzic, R.; Zięba, P.; Teodorowski, O.
Source:
Letters in applied microbiology 2015 v.61 no.5 pp. 446-452
ISSN:
0266-8254
Subject:
Shiga toxin,   etc   ; Cervus elaphus; Enterococcus faecium; Listeria monocytogenes; Staphylococcus aureus; Yersinia enterocolitica; agricultural land; bacteria; bacterial infections; beta-lactamase; deer; enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli; epidemiology; feces; hosts; humans; methicillin; pathogens; risk; screening; soil; species reintroduction; wild animals; wildlife; zoonoses; Hungary; Poland; Slovakia;     Show all 28 Subjects
Abstract:
... Wild animals can serve as hosts, amplifiers or reservoirs for various zoonotic diseases. Most species of deer in highly fragmented agricultural landscapes, search out maximum cover from intrusive human activity. Hence, the likelihood of zoonosis transmission is likely to increase the more humans and wildlife interact. In our study, we conducted a comparative analysis of bacteria isolated from the ...
DOI:
10.1111/lam.12471

25. Free Shiga toxin 1‐encoding bacteriophages are less prevalent than Shiga toxin 2 phages in extraintestinal environments

Author:
Grau‐Leal, Ferran; Quirós, Pablo; Martínez‐Castillo, Alexandre; Muniesa, Maite
Source:
Environmental microbiology 2015 v.17 no.11 pp. 4790-4801
ISSN:
1462-2912
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga-like toxin 1; Shiga-like toxin 2,   etc   ; DNA; Escherichia coli; bacteriophages; electron microscopy; feces; genes; humans; pathogenicity; river water; sludge; soil; virulent strains; wastewater;     Show all 16 Subjects
Abstract:
... Stx bacteriophages are involved in the pathogenicity of Stx‐producing Escherichia coli. Induction of the Stx phage lytic cycle increases Stx expression and releases Stx phages that reach extracellular environments. Stx phage family comprises different phages that harbour any stx subtype. Stx2 is closely related with severe disease and therefore previous studies focused on free Stx2 phages in extra ...
DOI:
10.1111/1462-2920.13053

26. Functional importance of the Gly cluster in transmembrane helix 2 of the Bordetella pertussis CyaA-hemolysin: Implications for toxin oligomerization and pore formation

Author:
Juntapremjit, Sirikran; Thamwiriyasati, Niramon; Kurehong, Chattip; Prangkio, Panchika; Shank, Lalida; Powthongchin, Busaba; Angsuthanasombat, Chanan
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.106 pp. 14-19
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Bordetella pertussis; Escherichia coli; erythrocytes; gene overexpression; hemolysins; hemolysis; humans; models; mutants; oligomerization; polymerase chain reaction; proteins; sheep; virulence; whooping cough;     Show all 16 Subjects
Abstract:
... Adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (CyaA) is a major virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis causing whooping cough in humans. We previously showed that two transmembrane helices (α2 and α3) in the hemolysin domain (CyaA-Hly) are crucially involved in hemolytic activity. Here, PCR-based substitutions were employed to investigate a potential involvement in hemolysis of a series of four Gly residues (Gly5 ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.006

27. Hybrids of Shigatoxigenic and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC/ETEC) Among Human and Animal Isolates in Finland

Author:
Nyholm, O.; Heinikainen, S.; Pelkonen, S.; Hallanvuo, S.; Haukka, K.; Siitonen, A.
Source:
Zoonoses and public health 2015 v.62 no.7 pp. 518-524
ISSN:
1863-1959
Subject:
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; Shiga-like toxin 1,   etc   ; Alces alces; carrier state; cattle; diarrhea; enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; enterotoxins; foodborne illness; genes; heat stability; human diseases; humans; hybrids; monitoring; pathogens; patients; polymerase chain reaction; serotypes; virulence; Finland;     Show all 21 Subjects
Abstract:
... Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) cause serious foodborne infections in humans. Total of 450 Shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) strains isolated from humans, animals and environment in Finland were examined by multiplex PCR targeting the virulence genes of various DEC pathogroups simultaneously. One per cent (3/291) of the human STEC and 14% (22/159) of the animal and environmental STEC had genes t ...
DOI:
10.1111/zph.12177

28. In Vitro Removal of T‐2 Toxin by Yeasts

Author:
Zou, Zhongyi; Sun, Jianli; Huang, Fei; Feng, Zhi; Li, Minji; Shi, Ruiting; Ding, Junxia; Li, Hongjun
Source:
Journal of food safety 2015 v.35 no.4 pp. 544-550
ISSN:
0149-6085
Subject:
T-2 toxin,   etc   ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; biotransformation; decontamination; feed industry; feeds; gastric juice; glucose; grain foods; humans; nutritive value; palatability; peptones; phosphates; small cereal grains; toxicity; washing; yeast extract; yeasts;     Show all 19 Subjects
Abstract:
... Five yeast strains were tested for their ability to remove T‐2 toxin from yeast extract peptone dextrose medium. The ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1221 (SC1221) was the strongest among five strains, and 36.50 ± 1.40% of T‐2 toxin was removed after incubation at 30C for 96 h. The mode of removal was physical binding rather than biotransformation. The total amount of T‐2 toxin released from vi ...
DOI:
10.1111/jfs.12204

29. Virulence Potential of Activatable Shiga Toxin 2d–Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Fresh Produce

Author:
Melton-Celsa, Angela R.; O'Brien, Alison D.; Feng, Peter C. H.
Source:
Journal of food protection 2015 v.78 no.11 pp. 2085-2088
ISSN:
0362-028X
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,   etc   ; beef; colitis; elastase; fresh produce; hemolytic uremic syndrome; humans; mice; mucus; pathogens; serotypes; toxicity; virulence;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... Shiga toxin (Stx)–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are food- and waterborne pathogens that are often transmitted via beef products or fresh produce. STEC strains cause both sporadic infections and outbreaks, which may result in hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. STEC strains may elaborate Stx1, Stx2, and/or subtypes of those toxins. Epidemiological evidence indicates that ...
DOI:
10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-180
PubMed:
26555533
PubMed Central:
PMC4835030

30. Sulfotransferase 1A1 Substrate Selectivity: A Molecular Clamp Mechanism

Author:
Cook, Ian; Wang, Ting; Leyh, Thomas S.
Source:
Biochemistry 2015 v.54 no.39 pp. 6114-6122
ISSN:
1520-4995
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; active sites; catalytic activity; humans; liver; metabolites; models; molecular dynamics; mutants; neutralization; oxygen; phenylalanine; primary amines; sulfotransferases; xenobiotics;     Show all 15 Subjects
Abstract:
... The human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) regulate hundreds, perhaps thousands, of small molecule metabolites and xenobiotics via transfer of a sulfuryl moiety (-SO₃) from PAPS (3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate) to the hydroxyls and primary amines of the recipients. In liver, where it is abundant, SULT1A1 engages in modifying metabolites and neutralizing toxins. The specificity of 1A1 is ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00406
PubMed:
26340710
PubMed Central:
PMC4870834

31. A case of human poisoning by grayanotoxins following honey ingestion: elucidation of the toxin profile by mass spectrometry

Author:
These, Anja; Bodi, Dorina; Uecker, Samuel; Reimers, Katharina; Ronczka, Stefan; Preiss-Weigert, Angelika; Lahrssen-Wiederholt, Monika
Source:
Food additives & contaminants 2015 v.32 no.10 pp. 1674-1684
ISSN:
1944-0057
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Ericaceae; dissociation; diterpenoids; food intake; honey; hospitals; humans; ionization; ions; mass spectrometry; natural toxicants; patients; poisoning; retail marketing; screening;     Show all 16 Subjects
Abstract:
... High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was applied for the detection of grayanotoxins (GrTx) in a contaminated honey sample. This sample was provided by a hospital due to a suspicion of intoxication after a patient had shown the typical symptoms of GrTx poisoning. Subsequent analysis proved the contamination with high amounts of GrTx and other toxins belonging to grayanane-type diterpenoids. Thi ...
DOI:
10.1080/19440049.2015.1042410

32. A bibenzyl from Dendrobium ellipsophyllum inhibits migration in lung cancer cells

Author:
Chaotham, Chatchai; Chanvorachote, Pithi
Source:
Natural medicines 2015 v.69 no.4 pp. 565-574
ISSN:
1340-3443
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; Dendrobium; Western blotting; cell division; cell movement; drug therapy; humans; integrins; lung neoplasms; metastasis; mortality; neoplasm cells; non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase; pseudopodia;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... Metastatic cancer cells have been shown to have aggressive behaviors accounting for the high incidence of chemotherapeutic failure and mortality. Because migration and invasion are crucial behaviors for cancer cell dissemination, promising compounds exhibiting potential antimigration effects are of interest for metastasis-based therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of a ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11418-015-0925-5

33. Anti‐infective immunoadhesins from plants

Author:
Wycoff, Keith; Maclean, James; Belle, Archana; Yu, Lloyd; Tran, Y; Roy, Chad; Hayden, Frederick
Source:
Plant biotechnology journal 2015 v.13 no.8 pp. 1078-1093
ISSN:
1467-7644
Subject:
anthrax toxin,   etc   ; Coronavirinae; Human rhinovirus; anthrax; bacteriophages; biotechnology; common cold; developmental stages; drugs; half life; humans; immunoglobulins; monoclonal antibodies; receptors; recombinant proteins; rheumatoid arthritis; tumor necrosis factor-alpha;     Show all 17 Subjects
Abstract:
... Immunoadhesins are recombinant proteins that combine the ligand‐binding region of a receptor or adhesion molecule with immunoglobulin constant domains. All FDA‐approved immunoadhesins are designed to modulate the interaction of a human receptor with its normal ligand, such as Etanercept (Enbrel®), which interferes with the binding of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) to the TNF‐alpha receptor and is us ...
DOI:
10.1111/pbi.12441
PubMed:
26242703
PubMed Central:
PMC4749143

34. Effect of Trace and Toxic Elements of Different Brands of Cigarettes on the Essential Elemental Status of Irish Referent and Diabetic Mellitus Consumers

Author:
Afridi, Hassan Imran; Talpur, Farah Naz; Kazi, Tasneem Gul; Brabazon, Dermot
Source:
Biological trace element research 2015 v.167 no.2 pp. 209-224
ISSN:
0163-4984
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; aluminum; arsenic; blood; cadmium; cigarettes; hairs; heavy metals; homeostasis; humans; lead; lungs; mercury; microwave treatment; nickel; patients; risk factors; selenium; smoking (habit); toxicity; wet digestion method; zinc; Ireland;     Show all 23 Subjects
Abstract:
... Cigarette smoking interferes with the metal homeostasis of the human body, which plays a crucial role for maintaining the health. A significant flux of heavy metals, among other toxins, reaches the lungs through smoking. In the present study, the relationship between toxic element (TE) exposure via cigarette smoking and diabetic mellitus incidence in population living in Dublin, Ireland is investi ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12011-015-0308-5

35. Of Mice and Men: European Precautionary Standards Challenged by Uncertainty

Author:
Roussary, Aurélie; Bouet, Bruno; Salles, Denis
Source:
Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics 2015 v.28 no.5 pp. 867-883
ISSN:
1187-7863
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; bioassays; ethics; humans; men; mice; politics; risk management; shellfish; uncertainty;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... For several years, the official European method for deciding whether or not shellfish were fit for human consumption was the mouse bioassay, which was eventually replaced by chemical testing. In this paper, we examine the process of this change, looking at how devices of social, technical, and organisational risk management were re-negotiated locally, nationally, and across the continent. We also ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10806-015-9561-z

36. Prevention of renal damage caused by Shiga toxin type 2: Action of Miglustat on human endothelial and epithelial cells

Author:
Girard, Magalí C.; Sacerdoti, Flavia; Rivera, Fulton P.; Repetto, Horacio A.; Ibarra, Cristina; Amaral, María M.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.105 pp. 27-33
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga-like toxin 1,   etc   ; Escherichia coli O157; biosynthesis; children; cytotoxicity; endothelial cells; epithelial cells; hemolytic uremic syndrome; humans; kidney cells; kidneys; patients; renal failure; therapeutics; tissues; Argentina;     Show all 17 Subjects
Abstract:
... Typical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is responsible for acute and chronic renal failure in children younger than 5 years old in Argentina. Renal damages have been associated with Shiga toxin type 1 and/or 2 (Stx1, Stx2) produced by Escherichia coli O157:H7, although strains expressing Stx2 are highly prevalent in Argentina. Human glomerular endothelial cells (HGEC) and proximal tubule epithelia ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.021

37. Nitration of indoxyl sulfate facilitates its cytotoxicity in human renal proximal tubular cells via expression of heme oxygenase-1

Author:
Ishima, Yu; Narisoko, Toru; Kragh-Hansen, Ulrich; Kotani, Shunsuke; Nakajima, Makoto; Otagiri, Masaki; Maruyama, Toru
Source:
Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2015 v.465 pp. 481-487
ISSN:
0006-291X
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Western blotting; cell viability; cyclic GMP; cytotoxicity; death; fluorescent antibody technique; heme oxygenase (biliverdin-producing); humans; ions; kidney cells; kidney diseases; nitrates; nitric oxide; oxygen; phenolic compounds; spectral analysis; sulfates; superoxide anion; tyrosine; unsaturated fatty acids;     Show all 21 Subjects
Abstract:
... Peroxynitrite, the reaction product of superoxide (O2−) and nitric oxide (NO), nitrates tyrosine residues, unsaturated fatty acids, cyclic guanosine monophosphate and other phenolics. We report herein that indoxyl sulfate (IS) is also nitrated by peroxynitrite in vitro and forms 2-nitro-IS, as determined from spectral characteristics and 1H-NMR. IS is one of the very important uremic toxins that a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.043

38. Characterization of illegal food items and identification of foodborne pathogens brought into the European Union via two major German airports

Author:
Beutlich, Janine; Hammerl, Jens Andre; Appel, Bernd; Nöckler, Karsten; Helmuth, Reiner; Jöst, Kristine; Ludwig, Marie-Luise; Hanke, Christine; Bechtold, Dirk; Mayer-Scholl, Anne
Source:
International journal of food microbiology 2015 v.209 pp. 13-19
ISSN:
0168-1605
Subject:
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,   etc   ; Brucella; Campylobacter; European Union; Listeria; Salmonella; Yersinia; airports; animal-based foods; bacteria; dairy products; disease outbreaks; food contamination; food pathogens; human health; humans; meat; microbiological quality; plate count; provenance; public health; risk; trade; Germany; Russia; Turkey (country);     Show all 26 Subjects
Abstract:
... Foods of animal origin brought illegally from third party countries into the European Community pose a risk for the introduction of diseases. This can lead to animal disease outbreaks with significant economic and social costs and subsequent severe trade restrictions. Further, disease outbreaks in humans due to illegally imported foods of animal origin have been described, yet, there are very few ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.017

39. Protective effects of flavonoids against microbes and toxins: The cases of hesperidin and hesperetin

Author:
Iranshahi, Mehrdad; Rezaee, Ramin; Parhiz, Hamideh; Roohbakhsh, Ali; Soltani, Fatemeh
Source:
Life sciences 2015 v.137 pp. 125-132
ISSN:
0024-3205
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Citrus; antimicrobial properties; antineoplastic activity; antioxidants; drug therapy; enzymes; hesperetin; hesperidin; humans; immune system; microorganisms; oxidants; plant pathogens; protective effect; radiotherapy; secondary metabolites; tissues; toxicity;     Show all 19 Subjects
Abstract:
... Many plants produce flavonoids as secondary metabolites. These organic compounds may be involved in the defense against plant-threatening factors, such as microbes and toxins. Certain flavonoids protect their origin source against plant pathogens, but they also exhibit potential healthy properties in human organisms. Hesperidin (Hsd) and its aglycone, hesperetin (Hst), are two flavonoids from the ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.lfs.2015.07.014

40. Development of an ELISA for the Detection of Azaspiracids

Author:
Samdal, Ingunn A.; Lovberg, Kjersti E.; Briggs, Lyn R.; Kilcoyne, Jane; Xu, Jianyan; Forsyth, Craig J.; Miles, Christopher O.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2015 v.63 no.35 pp. 7855-7861
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Azadinium spinosum; algae; analytical methods; antigens; coatings; cross reaction; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; foodborne illness; humans; metabolism; metabolites; mussels; polyclonal antibodies; screening; sheep; shellfish;     Show all 17 Subjects
Abstract:
... Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of biotoxins that cause food poisoning in humans. These toxins are produced by small marine dinoflagellates such as Azadinium spinosum and accumulate in shellfish. Ovine polyclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop an ELISA for quantitating AZAs in shellfish, algal cells, and culture supernatants. Immunizing antigens were prepared from synthetic fragments ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02513

41. Autophagy and tight junction proteins in the intestine and intestinal diseases

Author:
Hu, Chien-An A.; Hou, Yongqing; Yi, Dan; Qiu, Yinsheng; Wu, Guoyao; Kong, Xiangfeng; Yin, Yulong
Source:
Animal nutrition 2015 v.1 no.3 pp. 123-127
ISSN:
2405-6545
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; animal models; antigens; apoptosis; autophagy; bacteria; cell viability; diarrhea; enterocolitis; fungi; homeostasis; humans; inflammation; interleukin-13; interleukin-17; interleukin-6; intestinal mucosa; ions; lysosomes; malnutrition; necrosis; nutrient transport; pathogens; patients; permeability; proteins; recycling; solutes; tight junctions; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; viruses;     Show all 31 Subjects
Abstract:
... The intestinal epithelium (IE) forms an indispensible barrier and interface between the intestinal interstitium and the luminal environment. The IE regulates water, ion and nutrient transport while providing a barrier against toxins, pathogens (bacteria, fungi and virus) and antigens. The apical intercellular tight junctions (TJ) are responsible for the paracellular barrier function and regulate t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.aninu.2015.08.014

42. Detection of Clostridium botulinum in liquid manure and biogas plant wastes

Author:
Neuhaus, Jürgen; Schrödl, Wieland; Shehata, Awad A.; Krüger, Monika
Source:
Folia microbiologica 2015 v.60 no.5 pp. 451-456
ISSN:
0015-5632
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; Clostridium botulinum; biogas; botulism; cows; dairies; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; fermentation; fertilizers; health hazards; humans; liquid manure; longevity; risk; spore-forming bacteria; spores;     Show all 16 Subjects
Abstract:
... Biogas plants have been considered as a source for possible amplification and distribution of pathogenic bacteria capable of causing severe infections in humans and animals. Manure and biogas wastes could be sources for spore-forming bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum. In the present study, 24 liquid manure and 84 biogas waste samples from dairies where the majority of the cows suffered from c ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12223-015-0381-3

43. Virulence characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from food, humans and animals

Author:
Shen, Jinling; Rump, Lydia; Ju, Wenting; Shao, Jingdong; Zhao, Shaohua; Brown, Eric; Meng, Jianghong
Source:
Food microbiology 2015 v.50 pp. 20-27
ISSN:
0740-0020
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,   etc   ; cytotoxicity; flagellum; foods; human diseases; humans; intimin; serotypes; virulence;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... A total of 359 non-O157 STEC isolates from food, humans and animals were examined for serotypes, Shiga toxin subtypes and intimin subtypes. Isolates solely harboring stx2 from the three sources were selected for Vero cell cytotoxicity test. stx subtypes in eae negative isolates were more diverse than in eae positive isolates primarily carrying stx2a. Four eae subtypes (eaeβ,eaeε1,eaeγ1 and eaeγ2/θ ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fm.2015.02.007

44. A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach

Author:
Gerding, Johannes; Ali, Nurshad; Schwartzbord, Jeremy; Cramer, Benedikt; Brown, Dan L.; Degen, Gisela H.; Humpf, Hans-Ulrich
Source:
Mycotoxin research 2015 v.31 no.3 pp. 127-136
ISSN:
0178-7888
Subject:
HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin,   etc   ; acceptable daily intake; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin M1; biomarkers; deoxynivalenol; excretion; food availability; fumonisin B1; humans; metabolites; monitoring; ochratoxin A; zearalenone; Bangladesh; Caribbean; Germany; Haiti;     Show all 21 Subjects
Abstract:
... An improved “dilute and shoot” LC-MS/MS multibiomarker approach was used to monitor urinary excretion of 23 mycotoxins and their metabolites in human populations from Asia (Bangladesh), Europe (Germany), and the Caribbean region (Haiti). Deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), T-2-toxin (T-2), HT-2-toxin (HT-2), HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronide (HT-2-4-GlcA), fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), a ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12550-015-0223-9

45. A phenotypic in vitro model for the main determinants of human whole heart function

Author:
Stancescu, Maria; Molnar, Peter; McAleer, Christopher W.; McLamb, William; Long, Christopher J.; Oleaga, Carlota; Prot, Jean-Matthieu; Hickman, James J.
Source:
Biomaterials 2015 v.60 pp. 20-30
ISSN:
0142-9612
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; adverse effects; cardiac output; cardiomyocytes; disease models; humans; mechanism of action; norepinephrine; organ-on-a-chip; phenotype; prediction; stem cells; toxicology; verapamil;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... This article details the construction and testing of a phenotypic assay system that models in vivo cardiac function in a parallel in vitro environment with human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. The major determinants of human whole-heart function were experimentally modeled by integrating separate 2D cellular systems with BioMicroelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) constructs. The model features ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.04.035

46. Current evidence on the use of probiotics in liver diseases

Author:
Chávez-Tapia, Norberto C.; González-Rodríguez, Leticia; Jeong, MinSeung; López-Ramírez, Yanine; Barbero-Becerra, Varenka; Juárez-Hernández, Eva; Romero-Flores, Juan L.; Arrese, Marco; Méndez-Sánchez, Nahúm; Uribe, Misael
Source:
Journal of functional foods 2015 v.17 pp. 137-151
ISSN:
1756-4646
Subject:
bacterial toxins,   etc   ; bacteria; gastrointestinal system; hepatocytes; humans; immune response; immune system; inflammation; intestinal microorganisms; liver; liver diseases; pathogens; permeability; probiotics;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... The human gastrointestinal tract contains bacterial species that, among other functions, maintain a microbial barrier against potential pathogens and help regulate the immune response in the human body. The composition of gut microbiota and its variations hold an important role in the development of liver diseases. Under pathological conditions, bacterial components are released into the liver–gut ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.009

47. α‐Defensins partially protect human neutrophils against Panton‐Valentine leukocidin produced by Staphylococcus aureus

Author:
Cardot‐Martin, E.; Casalegno, J.S.; Badiou, C.; Dauwalder, O.; Keller, D.; Prévost, G.; Rieg, S.; Kern, W.V.; Cuerq, C.; Etienne, J.; Vandenesch, F.; Lina, G.; Dumitrescu, O.
Source:
Letters in applied microbiology 2015 v.61 no.2 pp. 158-164
ISSN:
0266-8254
Subject:
bacterial toxins,   etc   ; Staphylococcus aureus; anthropogenic activities; antibiotic resistance; antimicrobial peptides; calcium; cytotoxicity; cytotoxins; humans; innate immunity; methicillin; neutralization; neutrophils; pathogenesis; pneumonia;     Show all 15 Subjects
Abstract:
... α‐Defensins produced by neutrophils are important effector molecules of the innate immune system. In addition to their microbicidal effects, α‐defensins have the ability to neutralize bacterial toxins. Panton‐Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is the hallmark of community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus that produce PVL are responsible for severe diseases, inclu ...
DOI:
10.1111/lam.12438

48. Essential and Nonessential Element Translocation in Corn Cultivated Under Sewage Sludge Application and Associated Health Risk

Author:
Grotto, Denise; Batista, Bruno L.; Souza, Juliana M. O.; Carneiro, Maria F. H.; dos Santos, Diego; Melo, Wanderley J.; Barbosa, Fernando, Jr
Source:
Water, air, and soil pollution 2015 v.226 no.8 pp. 261
ISSN:
0049-6979
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Dietary Reference Intakes; Zea mays; arsenic; average daily intake; cadmium; copper; corn; cost effectiveness; fertilizers; humans; lead; mass spectrometry; mercury; molybdenum; nickel; risk; roots; selenium; sewage sludge; shoots; soil; soil amendments; toxicity; zinc;     Show all 25 Subjects
Abstract:
... Sewage sludge has been used as a fertilizer in agriculture, but human exposure to toxins due to crop exposure has been reported. This study evaluated the uptake of essential and nonessential elements from soil (exposed to sewage sludge) to roots, shoots, and grains of corn, aiming to estimate the daily intake corn consumption to assess the associated health risk. Corn plants were grown in soil ame ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11270-015-2527-y

49. Evidence for TLR4 and FcRγ–CARD9 activation by cholera toxin B subunit and its direct bindings to TREM2 and LMIR5 receptors

Author:
Phongsisay, Vongsavanh; Iizasa, Ei’ichi; Hara, Hiromitsu; Yoshida, Hiroki
Source:
Molecular Immunology 2015 v.66 pp. 463-471
ISSN:
0161-5890
Subject:
cholera toxin,   etc   ; Toll-like receptor 4; Vibrio cholerae; agonists; diarrhea; gangliosides; humans; interleukin-6; lectins; ligands; macrophages; monocytes; signal transduction; transcription factor NF-kappa B; vaccines; virulence;     Show all 16 Subjects
Abstract:
... Cholera toxin (CTX) is a virulent factor of Vibrio cholerae that causes life-threatening diarrheal disease. Its non-toxic subunit CTB has been extensively studied for vaccine delivery. In immune cells, CTB induces a number of signaling molecules related to cellular activation and cytokine production. The mechanisms by which CTB exerts its immunological effects are not understood. We report here th ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.008

50. Pathogenesis of amoebic encephalitis: Are the amoebae being credited to an ‘inside job’ done by the host immune response?

Author:
Baig, Abdul Mannan
Source:
Acta tropica 2015 v.148 pp. 72-76
ISSN:
0001-706X
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Acanthamoeba; Naegleria fowleri; antigens; blood-brain barrier; brain; brain damage; cytokines; delayed hypersensitivity; enzymes; humans; immune response; immune system; ingestion; meningoencephalitis; neurons; parasitology; pathogenesis; pathogens; patients; protists;     Show all 21 Subjects
Abstract:
... Pathogenic free living amoeba like Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris are known to cause fatal “amoebic meningoencephalitis” by acquiring different route of entries to the brain. The host immune response to these protist pathogens differs from each another, as evidenced by the postmortem gross and microscopic findings from the brains of the affected patients. Cited w ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.022