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1. Aesthetic use of BoNT: Options and outcomes

Author:
Gendler, Ellen; Nagler, Arielle
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 120-128
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; aesthetics; eyelids;     Show all 3 Subjects
Abstract:
... There are a multitude of uses for BoNT in the aesthetic realm. Efficacy has been shown in softening glabellar creases, crows feet, forehead rhytides, and in correcting facial asymmetries, including mild eyelid ptosis. Facial shape can be altered through injections of BoNT into masseter, and smiles can be altered with BoNT. Clinical examples of the above will be shown, as well as adverse outcomes w ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.023

2. Writer's cramp

Author:
Goldman, Jennifer G.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 98-104
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; pathophysiology; patients;     Show all 3 Subjects
Abstract:
... Writer's cramp is the most common form of focal, task-specific dystonia. Symptoms frequently evolve in the setting of repetitive hand movements and increased writing demands, and clinical presentations demonstrate a variety of different dystonic patterns of the upper extremity such as while writing or holding a writing utensil. However, why writer's cramp develops still remains much of a mystery. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.024

3. Engineering therapeutic proteins for cell entry: the natural approach

Author:
Guillard, Sandrine; Minter, Ralph R.; Jackson, Ronald H.
Source:
Trends in biotechnology 2015 v.33 no.3 pp. 163-171
ISSN:
0167-7799
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; biopharmaceuticals; engineering; proteins; therapeutics;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Owing to the challenges of cell entry, protein-based therapies have so far been restricted to extracellular targets, whereas intracellular targets have been almost exclusively addressed by small molecules. The specificity and potency of proteins would enable them to be effective intracellular drugs, provided that the proteins are delivered efficiently to appropriate intracellular compartments with ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.12.004

4. Clinical differences between A1 and A2 botulinum toxin subtypes

Author:
Kaji, Ryuji
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 85-88
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; randomized clinical trials; stroke;     Show all 3 Subjects
Abstract:
... All the type A botulinum toxins that have been clinically used are of subtype A1. We have developed low-molecular weight (150 k Dal) subtype A2 preparation (A2NTX) for clinical use. In the first-in-man study, the clinical efficacy of A2NTX was 1.5 times that of onabotulinumtoxinA (subtype A1) with similar time course and less spread of its action to a neighboring muscle.We have recently performed ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.025

5. Is it time for flexibility in botulinum inter-injection intervals?

Author:
Ojo, Oluwadamilola O.; Fernandez, Hubert H.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 72-76
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; immune response; patients; randomized clinical trials;     Show all 4 Subjects
Abstract:
... Based largely on old retrospective reports, the recommendation of injecting BoNT as infrequently as possible, with the lowest possible dose, was formed. While BoNT is inherently immunogenic, with improved production, most patients no longer develop immune resistance and poor response to BoNT is often due to other factors.In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) using abobotulinumtoxinA for cervical ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.037

6. Food safety aspects on ethnic foods: toxicological and microbial risks

Author:
Fusco, Vincenzina; Besten, Heidy MW den; Logrieco, Antonio F; Rodriguez, Fernando Perez; Skandamis, Panagiotis N; Stessl, Beatrix; Teixeira, Paula
Source:
Current opinion in food science 2015 v.6 pp. 24-32
ISSN:
2214-7993
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; allergens; food recalls; risk; traditional foods;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Ethnic foods are becoming popular worldwide. Nevertheless, foodborne outbreaks and food recalls due to the contamination of these foods with pathogenic agents, toxins, undeclared allergens and hazardous chemical compounds are increasing in recent years together with their growing popularity. In this context, ad hoc prevention and control strategies are needed, to assess and face the emerging micro ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.cofs.2015.11.010

7. Bacterial Backstabbing: EF-Tu, Brute?

Author:
Cabeen, Matthew T.; Losick, Richard
Source:
Cell 2015 v.163 pp. 537-539
ISSN:
0092-8674
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; metabolism; type VI secretion system;     Show all 3 Subjects
Abstract:
... Bacterial type VI secretion is an offensive and defensive weapon that utilizes a molecular warhead to inject toxins into neighboring cells. In this issue of Cell, Whitney et al. report a new class of toxin that disrupts the core metabolism of recipient cells and uncover a surprising requirement for EF-Tu. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.007

8. The Use of Polystyrene Beads to Prepare Arrayed Samples of Bacillus thuringiensis for Microscopic Examination

Author:
Ammons, David; Rampersad, Joanne
Source:
Current microbiology 2015 v.71 no.3 pp. 412-414
ISSN:
0343-8651
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Bacillus thuringiensis; bacteria; microscopy; polystyrenes; screening;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... A common activity in the global search for useful Cry toxins is the microscopic screening of bacterial colonies for the presence of Bacillus thuringiensis. High-throughput screens require that aliquots from large numbers of colonies be arrayed on a microscopic slide. However, precisely placing a small amount of bacteria on a slide, and at a density that is useful for microscopic examination, is bo ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00284-015-0870-2

9. Functional characterization of Val60, a key residue involved in the membrane-oligomerization of fragaceatoxin C, an actinoporin from Actinia fragacea

Author:
Morante, Koldo; Caaveiro, Jose M.M.; Viguera, Ana Rosa; Tsumoto, Kouhei; González-Mañas, Juan Manuel
Source:
FEBS letters 2015 v.589 pp. 1840-1846
ISSN:
0014-5793
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Anthozoa; oligomerization; permeability; point mutation;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Actinoporins are pore-forming toxins produced by different sea anemones that self-assemble within the membranes of their target cells and compromise their function as a permeability barrier. The recently published three-dimensional structures of two oligomeric complexes formed by fragaceatoxin C point to Val60 as a key residue involved in the oligomerization of the functional pore.To gain insight ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.febslet.2015.06.012

10. Exploration of endogenous substrate cleavage by various forms of botulinum neurotoxins

Author:
Guo, Jiubiao; Wang, Jinglin; Chan, Edward Waichi; Chen, Sheng
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.100 pp. 42-45
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; botulism; humans; neuromuscular disorders; serotypes;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Botulinum neurotoxins are the most potent protein neurotoxin known to human. The dual roles of BoNTs as both the causative agent of human botulism and a widely used protein-based therapeutic agent for treatment of numerous neuromuscular disorders/cosmetic uses make it an extremely hot topic of research. Biochemical characterization of these toxins was mainly confined to the recombinant light chain ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.04.008

11. Molecular Characterization of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile in a Northern Italian Hospital

Author:
De Rosa, Francesco G.; Cavallerio, Paolo; Corcione, Silvia; Parlato, Caterina; Fossati, Lucina; Serra, Roberto; Di Perri, Giovanni; Cavallo, Rossana
Source:
Current microbiology 2015 v.70 no.2 pp. 154-155
ISSN:
0343-8651
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Clostridium difficile; colitis; diarrhea; ribotypes; virulence;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Clostridium difficile is responsible for more than 90 % of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. The most important virulence factors are two toxins called enterotoxin A and cytotoxin B; some C. difficile strains contain the C. difficile binary toxin (CDT). The aim of our study was to prospectively analyze C. difficile clinical isolates in a single center to determi ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00284-014-0690-9
PubMed:
25245958

12. From Foe to Friend: Using Animal Toxins to Investigate Ion Channel Function

Author:
Kalia, Jeet; Milescu, Mirela; Salvatierra, Juan; Wagner, Jordan; Klint, Julie K.; King, Glenn F.; Olivera, Baldomero M.; Bosmans, Frank
Source:
Journal of Molecular Biology 2015 v.427 pp. 158-175
ISSN:
0022-2836
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; animals; ion channels; screening; venoms;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Ion channels are vital contributors to cellular communication in a wide range of organisms, a distinct feature that renders this ubiquitous family of membrane-spanning proteins a prime target for toxins found in animal venom. For many years, the unique properties of these naturally occurring molecules have enabled researchers to probe the structural and functional features of ion channels and to d ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.027
PubMed:
25088688
PubMed Central:
PMC4277912

13. Free-energy landscape of ion-channel voltage-sensor–domain activation

Author:
Delemotte, Lucie; Kasimova, Marina A.; Klein, Michael L.; Tarek, Mounir; Carnevale, Vincenzo
Source:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015 v.112 no.1 pp. 124-129
ISSN:
0027-8424
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; drugs; electrophysiology; models; molecular dynamics;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Voltage sensor domains (VSDs) are membrane-bound protein modules that confer voltage sensitivity to membrane proteins. VSDs sense changes in the transmembrane voltage and convert the electrical signal into a conformational change called activation. Activation involves a reorganization of the membrane protein charges that is detected experimentally as transient currents. These so-called gating curr ...
DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1416959112
PubMed:
25535341
PubMed Central:
PMC4291615

14. Virulence characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolates from food, humans and animals

Author:
Shen, Jinling; Rump, Lydia; Ju, Wenting; Shao, Jingdong; Zhao, Shaohua; Brown, Eric; Meng, Jianghong
Source:
Food microbiology 2015 v.50 pp. 20-27
ISSN:
0740-0020
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,   etc   ; cytotoxicity; flagellum; foods; human diseases; humans; intimin; serotypes; virulence;     Show all 10 Subjects
Abstract:
... A total of 359 non-O157 STEC isolates from food, humans and animals were examined for serotypes, Shiga toxin subtypes and intimin subtypes. Isolates solely harboring stx2 from the three sources were selected for Vero cell cytotoxicity test. stx subtypes in eae negative isolates were more diverse than in eae positive isolates primarily carrying stx2a. Four eae subtypes (eaeβ,eaeε1,eaeγ1 and eaeγ2/θ ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fm.2015.02.007

15. Free Shiga toxin 1‐encoding bacteriophages are less prevalent than Shiga toxin 2 phages in extraintestinal environments

Author:
Grau‐Leal, Ferran; Quirós, Pablo; Martínez‐Castillo, Alexandre; Muniesa, Maite
Source:
Environmental microbiology 2015 v.17 no.11 pp. 4790-4801
ISSN:
1462-2912
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga-like toxin 1; Shiga-like toxin 2,   etc   ; DNA; Escherichia coli; bacteriophages; electron microscopy; feces; genes; humans; pathogenicity; river water; sludge; soil; virulent strains; wastewater;     Show all 16 Subjects
Abstract:
... Stx bacteriophages are involved in the pathogenicity of Stx‐producing Escherichia coli. Induction of the Stx phage lytic cycle increases Stx expression and releases Stx phages that reach extracellular environments. Stx phage family comprises different phages that harbour any stx subtype. Stx2 is closely related with severe disease and therefore previous studies focused on free Stx2 phages in extra ...
DOI:
10.1111/1462-2920.13053

16. Ligand-induced expansion of the S1′ site in the anthrax toxin lethal factor

Author:
Maize, Kimberly M.; Kurbanov, Elbek K.; Johnson, Rodney L.; Amin, Elizabeth Ambrose; Finzel, Barry C.
Source:
FEBS letters 2015 v.589 no.24 pp. 3836-3841
ISSN:
0014-5793
Subject:
anthrax toxin,   etc   ; Bacillus anthracis; anthrax; cytotoxicity; exotoxins; zinc;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... The Bacillus anthracis lethal factor (LF) is one component of a tripartite exotoxin partly responsible for persistent anthrax cytotoxicity after initial bacterial infection. Inhibitors of the zinc metalloproteinase have been investigated as potential therapeutic agents, but LF is a challenging target because inhibitors lack sufficient selectivity or possess poor pharmaceutical properties. These st ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.febslet.2015.11.005
PubMed:
26578066
PubMed Central:
PMC4688111

17. Assessment of emerging biotoxins (pinnatoxin G and spirolides) at Europe's first marine reserve: Lough Hyne

Author:
McCarthy, Moira; Bane, Vaishali; García-Altares, María; van Pelt, Frank N.A.M.; Furey, Ambrose; O'Halloran, John
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.108 pp. 202-209
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
marine toxins,   etc   ; adsorption; algae; coasts; temporal variation; Ireland;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Active and passive sampling methods were employed over a four-month period, at a site off the South-West coast of Ireland, to characterise the occurrence of cyclic imines in the water column. The marine toxins 13-desmethyl-SPXC, 20-methyl SPXG toxins and pinnatoxin G were detected using active sampling from Diaion HP-20 resin. Seven water depths were sampled to determine stratification of the toxi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.10.007

18. An efficient transcriptome analysis pipeline to accelerate venom peptide discovery and characterisation

Author:
Prashanth, Jutty Rajan; Lewis, Richard J.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 282-289
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Conus; conotoxins; data collection; snails; transcriptome; transcriptomics;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Transcriptome sequencing is now widely adopted as an efficient means to study the chemical diversity of venoms. To improve the efficiency of analysis of these large datasets, we have optimised an analysis pipeline for cone snail venom gland transcriptomes. The pipeline combines ConoSorter with sequence architecture-based elimination and similarity searching using BLAST to improve the accuracy of s ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.012

19. Botulinum toxin and the treatment of headache: A clinical review

Author:
Finkel, Alan G.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 114-119
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; clinical trials; face; headache; migraine; neck; placebos; therapeutics;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... Since its discovery, Onabotulinum toxins have been tried for the treatment of various head, neck and face pain syndromes. The end result of controlled clinical trials was that there was not clear evidence for use in many of the common primary and secondary headaches. In chronic migraine, affecting 1–2% of the population, a fixed site and fixed dose treatment approach was shown to be superior to pl ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.008

20. Evidence-based review of safety and efficacy in cerebral palsy

Author:
Tilton, Ann Henderson
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 105-108
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; cerebral palsy; children; drug therapy; patients; risk;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... The introduction of botulinum toxin has been a major advance in the care of children with cerebral palsy. Clinically the positive effects of treatment with botulinum toxin are seen in patients with all levels of GMFCS. Botulinum toxin has been established in multiple studies to reduce spasticity in the upper and lower extremities, although there is some conflicting evidence regarding function. The ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.020

21. Structure of the BoNT/A1 – receptor complex

Author:
Benoit, Roger M.; Frey, Daniel; Wieser, Mara M.; Thieltges, Katherine M.; Jaussi, Rolf; Capitani, Guido; Kammerer, Richard A.
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.107 pp. 25-31
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; X-ray diffraction; botulism; humans; neurons;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Botulinum neurotoxin A causes botulism but is also used for medical and cosmetic applications. A detailed molecular understanding of BoNT/A – host receptor interactions is therefore fundamental for improving current clinical applications and for developing new medical strategies targeting human disorders. Towards this end, we recently solved an X-ray crystal structure of BoNT/A1 in complex with it ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.002

22. Bidirectional Transformation of a Metamorphic Protein between the Water-Soluble and Transmembrane Native States

Author:
Tanaka, Koji; Caaveiro, Jose M. M.; Tsumoto, Kouhei
Source:
Biochemistry 2015 v.54 no.46 pp. 6863-6866
ISSN:
1520-4995
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; cell death; detergents; membrane proteins; nanopores; physicochemical properties; thermodynamics;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... The bidirectional transformation of a protein between its native water-soluble and integral transmembrane conformations is demonstrated for FraC, a hemolytic protein of the family of pore-forming toxins. In the presence of biological membranes, the water-soluble conformation of FraC undergoes a remarkable structural reorganization generating cytolytic transmembrane nanopores conducive to cell deat ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01112

23. Environmental Toxicology: Considerations for Exotic Pets

Author:
Murphy, Lisa A.
Source:
Journal of exotic pet medicine 2015 v.24 no.4 pp. 390-397
ISSN:
1557-5063
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; animal-based foods; body size; ecotoxicology; pets;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Wherever companion exotic animals are housed, they may be exposed to potential toxins either inside or outside their primary enclosures. The relatively small body size of many exotic pets may increase their susceptibility to toxicants that they may encounter. Contaminants that are either absorbed by or deposited on the surfaces of plant- and animal-based food items or present in water may be subse ...
DOI:
10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.003

24. Differences in the toxin profiles of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) strains isolated from different geographic origins: Evidence of paralytic toxin, spirolide, and gymnodimine

Author:
Salgado, Pablo; Riobó, Pilar; Rodríguez, Francisco; Franco, José M.; Bravo, Isabel
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.103 pp. 85-98
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Alexandrium; paralytic shellfish poisoning; phylogeny; ribosomal RNA; Chile;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Among toxin-producing dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium, Alexandrium ostenfeldii is the only species able to produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, spirolides (SPXs) and gymnodimines (GYMs). In this study we characterized and compared three A. ostenfeldii strains isolated from the Baltic, Mediterranean, and southern Chile Seas with respect to their toxin profiles, morphology, a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.015

25. Remarkable Functional Convergence: Alarmone ppGpp Mediates Persistence by Activating Type I and II Toxin-Antitoxins

Author:
Gerdes, Kenn; Maisonneuve, Etienne
Source:
Molecular cell 2015 v.59 pp. 1-3
ISSN:
1097-2765
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Escherichia coli; GTPase-activating proteins; antitoxins; guanosinetriphosphatase; second messengers;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... In this issue of Molecular Cell, Verstraeten et al. (2015) demonstrate that the conserved GTPase Obg and the second messenger ppGpp mediate persistence by activation of a type I toxin-antitoxin module (hokB/sokB) in E. coli. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.molcel.2015.06.019

26. Strategies for improving the physiological relevance of human engineered tissues

Author:
Abbott, Rosalyn D.; Kaplan, David L.
Source:
Trends in biotechnology 2015 v.33 no.7 pp. 401-407
ISSN:
0167-7799
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; drugs; humans; in vitro culture; nutrition; tissue engineering; tissues;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... This review examines important robust methods for sustained, steady-state, in vitro culture. To achieve ‘physiologically relevant’ tissues in vitro additional complexity must be introduced to provide suitable transport, cell signaling, and matrix support for cells in 3D environments to achieve stable readouts of tissue function. Most tissue engineering systems draw conclusions on tissue functions ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.04.003

27. Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli O145:NM Bacteriophage vB_EcoM_AYO145A, a New Member of O1-Like Phages

Author:
Wang, Jiaying; Niu, Yan D.; Chen, Jinding; McAllister, Tim A.; Stanford, Kim
Source:
Genome Announcements 2015 v.3 no.3 pp. e00539-15
ISSN:
2169-8287
Subject:
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,   etc   ; Myoviridae; bacteriophages; genomics; nucleotide sequences;     Show all 5 Subjects
Abstract:
... Previously, bacteriophage vB_EcoM_AYO145A, which lyses Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O145:NM, was classified as an O1-like virus of the Myoviridae family. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this phage and a comparative genomic analysis with other known O1-like phages. ...
DOI:
10.1128/genomeA.00539-15

28. Clostridium perfringens type A–E toxin plasmids

Author:
Freedman, John C.; Theoret, James R.; Wisniewski, Jessica A.; Uzal, Francisco A.; Rood, Julian I.; McClane, Bruce A.
Source:
Research in microbiology 2015 v.166 no.4 pp. 264-279
ISSN:
0923-2508
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Clostridium perfringens; genes; loci; plasmids; transposons; virulence;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... Clostridium perfringens relies upon plasmid-encoded toxin genes to cause intestinal infections. These toxin genes are associated with insertion sequences that may facilitate their mobilization and transfer, giving rise to new toxin plasmids with common backbones. Most toxin plasmids carry a transfer of clostridial plasmids locus mediating conjugation, which likely explains the presence of similar ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.resmic.2014.09.004

29. Resolution of sub-nanosecond motions in botulinum neurotoxin endopeptidase: An evidence of internal flexibility Proteins and proteomics

Author:
Kumar, Raj; Cai, Shuowei; Ojadi, Emmanuel; Singh, Bal. R.
Source:
Biochimica et biophysica acta 2015 v.1854 no.5 pp. 321-326
ISSN:
1570-9639
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; crystal structure; fluorescence; paralysis; peripheral nervous system; viscosity;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most poisonous substances known to mankind, which act on the peripheral nervous system leading to flaccid paralysis. Although co-crystal structure of BoNT/A light chain (LC) reveals some unique features of the biological function of this molecule, structural characteristics in solution reveal its dynamic features, not available through the published crystal st ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.004

30. Structural biology of the Gram-negative bacterial conjugation systems

Author:
Ilangovan, Aravindan; Connery, Sarah; Waksman, Gabriel
Source:
Trends in microbiology 2015 v.23 no.5 pp. 301-310
ISSN:
0966-842X
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Gram-negative bacteria; exports; genetic conjugation; plasmids; proteins;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... Conjugation, the process by which plasmid DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another, is mediated by type IV secretion systems (T4SSs). T4SSs are versatile systems that can transport not only DNA, but also toxins and effector proteins. Conjugative T4SSs comprise 12 proteins named VirB1–11 and VirD4 that assemble into a large membrane-spanning exporting machine. Before being transported, the ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.tim.2015.02.012

31. Functional Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype H as a Hybrid of Known Serotypes F and A (BoNT F/A)

Author:
Kalb, Suzanne R.; Baudys, Jakub; Raphael, Brian H.; Dykes, Janet K.; Lúquez, Carolina; Maslanka, Susan E.; Barr, John R.
Source:
Analytical chemistry 2015 v.87 no.7 pp. 3911-3917
ISSN:
1520-6882
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; Clostridium botulinum; membrane proteins; monoclonal antibodies; peptides; serotypes;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... A unique strain of Clostridium botulinum (IBCA10-7060) was recently discovered which produces two toxins: botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotype B and a novel BoNT reported as serotype H. Previous molecular assessment showed that the light chain (LC) of the novel BoNT most resembled the bont of the light chain of known subtype F5, while the C-terminus of the heavy chain (HC) most resembled the bindi ...
DOI:
10.1021/ac504716v
PubMed:
25731972
PubMed Central:
PMC4522910

32. A literature revue: tan spot on wheat

Author:
Benslimane, H.
Source:
Bulletin OEPP 2015 v.45 no.1 pp. 52-65
ISSN:
0250-8052
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; chlorosis; epidemiology; necrosis; pathogens; races; wheat;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... Tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is a wheat disease found worldwide which can cause significant losses. This disease is characterized by typical symptoms: a necrotic spot surrounded by chlorosis halo. On the basis of its ability to produce chlorosis and/or necrosis symptoms on a differential host set. Eight races of this pathogen are currently recognized. These symptoms are the resu ...
DOI:
10.1111/epp.12191

33. An intermolecular electrostatic interaction controls the prepore-to-pore transition in a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin

Author:
Wade, Kristin R.; Hotze, Eileen M.; Kuiper, Michael J.; Morton, Craig J.; Parker, Michael W.; Tweten, Rodney K.
Source:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2015 v.112 no.7 pp. 2204-2209
ISSN:
0027-8424
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; electrostatic interactions; immune response; pathogenesis; pathogens; proteins; vertebrates;     Show all 7 Subjects
Abstract:
... β-Barrel pore-forming toxins (βPFTs) form an obligatory oligomeric prepore intermediate before the formation of the β-barrel pore. The molecular components that control the critical prepore-to-pore transition remain unknown for βPFTs. Using the archetype βPFT perfringolysin O, we show that E183 of each monomer within the prepore complex forms an intermolecular electrostatic interaction with K336 o ...
DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1423754112
PubMed:
25646411
PubMed Central:
PMC4343107

34. Defensive weapons and defense signals in plants: Some metabolites serve both roles

Author:
Maag, Daniel; Erb, Matthias; Köllner, Tobias G.; Gershenzon, Jonathan
Source:
BioEssays 2015 v.37 no.2 pp. 167-174
ISSN:
0265-9247
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; Aphidoidea; benzoxazinoids; callose; glucosinolates; herbivores; hormones; metabolites; pathogens;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... The defense of plants against herbivores and pathogens involves the participation of an enormous range of different metabolites, some of which act directly as defensive weapons against enemies (toxins or deterrents) and some of which act as components of the complex internal signaling network that insures that defense is timed to enemy attack. Recent work reveals a surprising trend: The same compo ...
DOI:
10.1002/bies.201400124

35. Survival and proliferation of the lysogenic bacteriophage CTXΦ in Vibrio cholerae

Author:
Fan, Fenxia; Kan, Biao
Source:
Virologica Sinica 2015 v.30 no.1 pp. 19-25
ISSN:
1674-0769
Subject:
cholera toxin,   etc   ; Vibrio cholerae; bacteriophages; cell proliferation; genes; virulent strains;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... The lysogenic phage CTXΦ of Vibrio cholerae can transfer the cholera toxin gene both horizontally (inter-strain) and vertically (cell proliferation). Due to its diversity in form and species, the complexity of regulatory mechanisms, and the important role of the infection mechanism in the production of new virulent strains of V. cholerae, the study of the lysogenic phage CTXΦ has attracted much at ...
DOI:
10.1007/s12250-014-3550-7

36. Growth effects of botulinum toxin type A injected unilaterally into the masseter muscle of developing rats

Author:
Park, Chanyoung; Park, Kitae; Kim, Jiyeon
Source:
Journal of Zhejiang University 2015 v.16 no.1 pp. 46-51
ISSN:
1673-1581
Subject:
botulinum toxin,   etc   ; muscles; rats; skeletal development; skull; China;     Show all 6 Subjects
Abstract:
... OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on mandible skeletal development by inducing muscle hypofunction. METHODS: Four-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (n=60) were divided into three groups: Group 1 animals served as controls and were injected with saline; Group 2 animals were injected unilaterally with BTX-A (the contralateral side was injected with saline); and Group 3 ...
DOI:
10.1631/jzus.B1400192
PubMed:
25559955
PubMed Central:
PMC4288944

37. Phage display as a novel promising antivenom therapy: A review

Author:
Roncolato, Eduardo Crosara; Campos, Lucas Benício; Pessenda, Gabriela; Costa e Silva, Luciano; Furtado, Gilvan Pessoa; Barbosa, José Elpidio
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.93 pp. 79-84
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; animals; antibodies; antivenoms; bacteriophages; neutralization; public health; therapeutics;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... In this work, we present recent advances in the use of phage display technology for the preparation of antivenoms for animal toxin neutralization. Even though classical antivenoms have been used since the early 20th century, envenomation remains a global public health problem. Recently, the phage display technique has been used in an attempt to circumvent some of the difficulties associated with t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.11.001

38. Venom gland transcriptomics for identifying, cataloging, and characterizing venom proteins in snakes

Author:
Brahma, Rajeev Kungur; McCleary, Ryan J.R.; Kini, R. Manjunatha; Doley, Robin
Source:
Toxicon 2015 v.93 pp. 1-10
ISSN:
0041-0101
Subject:
toxins,   etc   ; digestion; evolution; humans; proteins; snakes; transcriptomics; venoms;     Show all 8 Subjects
Abstract:
... Snake venoms are cocktails of protein toxins that play important roles in capture and digestion of prey. Significant qualitative and quantitative variation in snake venom composition has been observed among and within species. Understanding these variations in protein components is instrumental in interpreting clinical symptoms during human envenomation and in searching for novel venom proteins wi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.022

39. Study of the natural occurrence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosyl derivatives from field barley to malt by high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry

Author:
Lattanzio, Veronica M.T.; Ciasca, Biancamaria; Terzi, Valeria; Ghizzoni, Roberta; McCormick, Susan P.; Pascale, Michelangelo
Source:
Food additives & contaminants 2015 v.32 no.10 pp. 1647-1655
ISSN:
1944-0057
Subject:
HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin,   etc   ; barley; diacetoxyscirpenol; glucosides; malting; malting barley; mass spectrometry; neosolaniol; quantitative analysis; surveys;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... This paper reports a new method for the determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosylated derivatives in cereals, and some survey data aimed at obtaining more comprehensive information on the co-occurrence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their glucosylated derivatives in naturally contaminated cereal samples. For these purposes, barley samples originating from a Northern Italian area were ana ...
Handle:
10113/62208
DOI:
10.1080/19440049.2015.1048750

40. Tracing the metabolism of HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in barley by isotope-assisted untargeted screening and quantitative LC-HRMS analysis

Author:
Meng-Reiterer, Jacqueline; Varga, Elisabeth; Nathanail, Alexis V.; Bueschl, Christoph; Rechthaler, Justyna; McCormick, Susan P.; Michlmayr, Herbert; Malachová, Alexandra; Fruhmann, Philipp; Adam, Gerhard; Berthiller, Franz; Lemmens, Marc; Schuhmacher, Rainer
Source:
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2015 v.407 no.26 pp. 8019-8033
ISSN:
1618-2642
Subject:
HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin,   etc   ; barley; computer software; isomers; isotope labeling; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; metabolism; metabolites; screening;     Show all 11 Subjects
Abstract:
... An extensive study of the metabolism of the type A trichothecene mycotoxins HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin in barley using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is reported. A recently developed untargeted approach based on stable isotopic labelling, LC-Orbitrap-MS analysis with fast polarity switching and data processing by MetExtract software was combined with ta ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00216-015-8975-9
PubMed:
26335000
PubMed Central:
PMC4595538

41. Novel enzymatic synthesis of spacer-linked Pk trisaccharide targeting for neutralization of Shiga toxin

Author:
Kato, Tatsuya; Oizumi, Takahiro; Ogata, Makoto; Murakawa, Akiko; Usui, Taichi; Park, Enoch Y.
Source:
Journal of biotechnology 2015 v.209 pp. 50-57
ISSN:
0168-1656
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,   etc   ; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Trichoderma reesei; dissociation; endo-1,4-beta-glucanase; neutralization; receptors; trisaccharides;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... A novel alkyl spacer-conjugated derivative of Pk trisaccharide (Pk), one of the active receptors of Shiga toxins (Stxs; Stx1 and Stx2) produced by pathogenic Escherichia coli (STEC), was designed and synthesized by a combination of cellulase-mediated condensation from Trichoderma reesei and α1,4-galactosyltransferase (LgtC) from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The specific activity of N. gonorrhoeae LgtC w ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.403

42. Determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins from maize by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry

Author:
Busman, M.; Maragos, C.M.
ISSN:
1875-0710
Subject:
HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin,   etc   ; corn; ionization; isotope dilution technique; mass spectrometry; oat flour; quality control; quantitative analysis;     Show all 9 Subjects
Abstract:
... Direct analysis in real time (DART) ionisation coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) was used for the rapid quantitative analysis of T-2 toxin (T-2) and the related HT-2 toxin (HT-2), extracted from maize. Sample preparation procedures and instrument parameters were optimised to obtain sensitive and accurate determination of the toxins. The lowest calibration levels were 50 μg/kg for T-2 and 300 μg/kg ...
DOI:
10.3920/WMJ2014.1854

43. Mycotoxin profile of <i>Fusarium armeniacum</i> isolated from natural grasses intended for cattle feed

Author:
Nichea, M.J.; Cendoya, E.; Zachetti, V.G.L.; Chiacchiera, S.M.; Sulyok, M.; Krska, R.; Torres, A.M.; Chulze, S.N.; Ramirez, M.L.
ISSN:
1875-0710
Subject:
HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin,   etc   ; Fusarium; animal health; cattle feeds; diacetoxyscirpenol; fungi; grasses; metabolites; neosolaniol; rice; saprophytes; zearalenone; Argentina;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... Fusarium armeniacum has been found as a saprophyte on natural grasses devoted to cattle feed in Argentina. This species has been reported as highly toxigenic due to the production of trichothecenes type A, but the information available about its toxigenic profile is incomplete. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the toxigenic ability of 50 F. armeniacum isolates reco ...
DOI:
10.3920/WMJ2014.1770

44. Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assays for Screening of Shiga Toxin 1 and 2 Genes, Including All Known Subtypes, and Escherichia coli O26-, O111-, and O157-Specific Genes in Beef and Sprout Enrichment Cultures

Author:
Harada, Tetsuya; Iguchi, Atsushi; lyoda, Sunao; Seto, Kazuko; Taguchi, Masumi; Kumeda, Yuko
Source:
Journal of food protection 2015 v.78 no.10 pp. 1800-1811
ISSN:
0362-028X
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; Shiga-like toxin 1,   etc   ; agar; beef; food enrichment; genes; immunomagnetic separation; plasmids; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; screening; selective media; serotypes; superoxide anion;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... Shiga toxin family members have recently been classified using a new nomenclature into three Stx1 subtypes (Stx1a, Stx1c, and Stx1d) and seven Stx2 subtypes (Stx2a, Stx2b, Stx2c, Stx2d, Stx2e, Stx2f, and Stx2g). To develop screening methods for Stx genes, including all of these subtype genes, and Escherichia coli O26-, O111-, and O157-specific genes in laboratory investigations of Shiga toxin–prod ...
DOI:
10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-050

45. Inactivation of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in lean ground beef by gamma irradiation

Author:
Sommers, Christopher; Rajkowski, Kathleen T.; Scullen, O. Joseph; Cassidy, Jennifer; Fratamico, Pina; Sheen, Shiowshuh
Source:
Food microbiology 2015 v.49 pp. 231-234
ISSN:
0740-0020
Subject:
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; Shiga-like toxin 1; Shiga-like toxin 2,   etc   ; food irradiation; foodborne illness; gamma radiation; genes; ground beef; hemolysins; intimin; metagenomics; radiation resistance; risk assessors;     Show all 13 Subjects
Abstract:
... In this study the radiation resistance of 40 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolates which contained various combinations of the shiga toxin 1 (stx1), shiga toxin 2 (stx2), intimin (eae), and hemolysin (ehx) genes were determined. The STEC were suspended in lean ground beef and irradiated at 4 °C. D10 values, the radiation dose needed to reduce 1 log (90%) of a microorganism, ranged ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fm.2015.02.013

46. High Genotypic and Phenotypic Similarity Among Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli O111 Environmental and Outbreak Strains

Author:
Diodati, Michelle E.; Bates, Anne H.; Cooley, Michael B.; Walker, Samarpita; Mandrell, Robert E.; Brandl, Maria T.
Source:
Foodborne pathogens & disease 2015 v.12 no.3 pp. 235-243
ISSN:
1556-7125
Subject:
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; Shiga-like toxin 1; Shiga-like toxin 2,   etc   ; Geographical Locations; cellulose; correlation; epidemiology; fimbriae; food pathogens; foodborne illness; genes; pathotypes; phenotype; phylogeny; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis; serotypes;     Show all 16 Subjects
Abstract:
... Escherichia coli serogroup O111 is among the six most commonly reported non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC), which are emerging as important foodborne pathogens. We have assembled a collection of environmental and clinical strains of E. coli O111 from diverse sources and investigated various genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of these strains to gain a better understanding of th ...
DOI:
10.1089/fpd.2014.1887

47. A new pyrosequencing assay for rapid detection and genotyping of Shiga toxin, intimin and O157-specific rfbE genes of Escherichia coli

Author:
Goji, Noriko; Mathews, Amit; Huszczynski, George; Laing, Chad R.; Gannon, Victor P.J.; Graham, Morag R.; Amoako, Kingsley K.
Source:
Journal of microbiological methods 2015 v.109 pp. 167-179
ISSN:
0167-7012
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; Shiga-like toxin 1,   etc   ; DNA; Shigella; alleles; antigens; cost effectiveness; food industry; genotype; genotyping; humans; hygiene; intimin; microbiology; multigene family; rapid methods; screening; sequence analysis; serotypes; single nucleotide polymorphism; virulence;     Show all 22 Subjects
Abstract:
... Shiga toxin (stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination in food and water is one of the most recognized concerns and a major financial burden in human hygiene control worldwide. Rapid and highly reliable methods of detecting and identifying STEC causing gastroenteric illnesses are crucial to prevent foodborne outbreaks. A number of tests have been developed and commercialized to detect S ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.mimet.2014.12.003

48. Inactivation of a diverse set of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef by high pressure processing

Author:
Sheen, Shiowshuh; Cassidy, Jennifer; Scullen, Butch; Sommers, Christopher
Source:
Food microbiology 2015 v.52 pp. 84-87
ISSN:
0740-0020
Subject:
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli; Shiga-like toxin 1,   etc   ; food industry; foodborne illness; genes; ground beef; high pressure treatment; human diseases; humans; intimin; risk assessors; serotypes; virulence;     Show all 13 Subjects
Abstract:
... Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are regularly implicated in foodborne illness outbreaks and recalls of ground beef. In this study we determined the High Pressure Processing (HPP) D10 value (the processing conditions needed to reduce the microbial population by 1 log) of 39 STEC isolates, including the “big six” serovars, O104 and O157:H7. STEC isolates included those isolated from an ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.001

49. Serum Shiga toxin 2 values in patients during acute phase of diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Author:
He, Xiaohua; Quiñones, Beatriz; Loo, Maroeska Te; Loos, Sebastian; Scavia, Gaia; Brigotti, Maurizio; Levtchenko, Elena; Monnens, Leo
Source:
Acta Paediatrica 2015 v.104 no.12 pp. e564
ISSN:
0803-5253
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga-like toxin 2,   etc   ; Escherichia coli; bioassays; blood serum; children; diarrhea; endothelial cells; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; fluorescence; hemolytic anemia; patients; renal failure; serology; toxicity;     Show all 15 Subjects
Abstract:
... Aim: Shiga toxins are delivered via systemic circulation and are considered to be the cause of diarrhoea-associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), as they injure endothelial cells, particularly in the glomeruli. This study measured Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) in the serum of children affected in by HUS due to Stx2 producing Escherichia coli. Methods: The concentration of free Stx2 was measured in the ...
Handle:
10113/5678140
DOI:
10.1111/apa.13211

50. Virulence Potential of Activatable Shiga Toxin 2d–Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Fresh Produce

Author:
Melton-Celsa, Angela R.; O'Brien, Alison D.; Feng, Peter C. H.
Source:
Journal of food protection 2015 v.78 no.11 pp. 2085-2088
ISSN:
0362-028X
Subject:
Shiga toxin; Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli,   etc   ; beef; colitis; elastase; fresh produce; hemolytic uremic syndrome; humans; mice; mucus; pathogens; serotypes; toxicity; virulence;     Show all 14 Subjects
Abstract:
... Shiga toxin (Stx)–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are food- and waterborne pathogens that are often transmitted via beef products or fresh produce. STEC strains cause both sporadic infections and outbreaks, which may result in hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. STEC strains may elaborate Stx1, Stx2, and/or subtypes of those toxins. Epidemiological evidence indicates that ...
DOI:
10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-180
PubMed:
26555533
PubMed Central:
PMC4835030