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1. Achieving low return temperatures from district heating substations

Author:
Gadd, Henrik; Werner, Sven
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 59-67
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
assets; data collection; energy resources; environmental impact; heat; heating systems; primary energy; quality control; temperature; waste incineration
Abstract:
... District heating systems contribute with low primary energy supply in the energy system by providing heat from heat assets like combined heat and power, waste incineration, geothermal heat, wood waste, and industrial excess heat. These heat assets would otherwise be wasted or not used. Still, there are several reasons to use these assets as efficiently as possible, i.e., ability to compete, furthe ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.022

2. A first approach study on the desalination of sea water using heat transformers powered by solar ponds

Author:
Salata, F.; Coppi, M.
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 611-618
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
absorption; desalination; developing countries; economic feasibility; energy; freshwater; heat transfer; ponds; seawater; solar collectors; solar energy; temperature
Abstract:
... In many emerging countries over the past few years some phenomena, such as a better welfare state, industrial growth and a development in agriculture, led to a significant increasing of the demand concerning fresh water. In order to face this ever-growing demand, one of the possible solutions to counterbalance the lack of water resources, is the desalination of sea water. For this specific goal so ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.079

3. A novel high-energy-density positive electrolyte with multiple redox couples for redox flow batteries

Author:
Wu, Maochun; Liu, Mingyao; Long, Guifa; Wan, Kai; Liang, Zhenxing; Zhao, Tim S.
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 576-581
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
temperature; ions; diffusivity; energy density; iron; electrochemistry; carbon electrodes; oxidation; mass transfer; solubility; bromides; batteries
Abstract:
... Low energy density resulting from the limited solubility of conventional electroactive species in electrolyte solutions has been one of the most critical barriers in the viability of redox flow batteries. Here we report a novel positive electrolyte that consists of two redox couples, viz. Fe3+/Fe2+ and Br2/Br−. It is shown that both the capacity and energy density of this positive electrolyte are, ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.076

4. Castor plant for biodiesel, biogas, and ethanol production with a biorefinery processing perspective

Author:
Bateni, Hamed; Karimi, Keikhosro; Zamani, Akram; Benakashani, Fatemeh
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 14-22
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
alkali treatment; biodiesel; biogas; biorefining; castor bean cake; castor oil; energy crops; enzymatic hydrolysis; ethanol; ethanol production; fermentation; fuel production; hydroxyl radicals; leaves; methane production; methanol; plant residues; saccharification; sodium hydroxide; temperature; transesterification
Abstract:
... Whole parts of castor plant, as a non-edible energy crop, were used for multiple biofuels production. Extracted castor oil was used for biodiesel production by transesterification, whereas the castor plant residues, i.e., stem, seed cake, and leaves, were employed for ethanol and biogas production. Effects of operating conditions, including methanol to oil ratio, temperature, and reaction time on ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.005

5. Cycle performance study of ethyl fluoride in the refrigeration system of HFC-134a

Author:
Wu, M.; Yuan, X.R.; Xu, Y.J.; Qiao, X.G.; Han, X.H.; Chen, G.M.
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 1004-1009
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
air conditioning; automobiles; environmental performance; evaporation; fluorides; refrigeration; temperature
Abstract:
... In this paper, HFC-161 is proposed as a substitution of HFC-134a used in small automobile air-conditioning. According to the previous work, HFC-161 has some excellent thermal physical characteristics. Theoretical cycle analysis was firstly developed to analyze the feasibility of replacing HFC-134a with HFC-161 at evaporation temperatures ranging from −5°C to 10°C, and condensation temperatures ran ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.05.068

6. Decreased Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines by Microbial Treatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DA9 during the Air-Curing Process of Burley Tobacco

Author:
Wei, Xuetuan; Deng, Xiaowu; Cai, Dongbo; Ji, Zhixia; Wang, Changjun; Yu, Jun; Li, Jinping; Chen, Shouwen
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2014 v.62 no.52 pp. 12701-12706
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; ammonium chloride; burley tobacco; cell suspension culture; corn steep liquor; fermentation; glucose; human health; inoculum; leaves; magnesium sulfate; nitrate reduction; nitrites; nitrosamines; nucleotide sequences; pH; potassium dihydrogen phosphate; ribosomal DNA; sequence analysis; temperature; toxicity
Abstract:
... Tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) mainly consisting of N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are a group of toxic components threatening human health. To inhibit TSNA formation in tobacco leaves, a high nitrite reductive strain with low nitrate reduction ability was isolated and applied to tobacco ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf504084z

7. Development of a 3kW double-acting thermoacoustic Stirling electric generator

Author:
Wu, Zhanghua; Yu, Guoyao; Zhang, Limin; Dai, Wei; Luo, Ercang
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 866-872
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
cylinders; deformation; electric power; electricity generation; heat; helium; industrial wastes; mathematical models; solar energy; temperature; thermal stress
Abstract:
... In this paper, a double-acting thermoacoustic Stirling electric generator is proposed as a new device capable of converting external heat into electric power. In the system, at least three thermoacoustic Stirling heat engines and three linear alternators are used to build a multiple-cylinder electricity generator. In comparison with the conventional thermoacoustic electricity generation system, th ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.105

8. Effect of chemical and physical factors on germination capacity of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) seed depending on storage time

Author:
Sekutowski, Tomasz R.
Source:
Acta agrobotanica 2014 v.67 no.4 pp. 75-80
ISSN:
2300-357X
Subject:
Phalaris arundinacea; exposure duration; freezing; gibberellic acid; seed germination; seed treatment; soaking; storage time; sulfuric acid; temperature
Abstract:
... This paper presents the research results regarding the effect of temperature (-15oC) and sulfuric and gibberellic acids on germination capacity of 1-, 2- and 4-year-old seed of reed canary grass (P. arundinacea). According to the results obtained, the stimulatory and inhibitory effect of the above mentioned factors depended on seed age and the time of seed exposure. A significant increase in germi ...
DOI:
10.5586/aa.2014.045

9. Energy consumption analysis for CO2 separation using imidazolium-based ionic liquids

Author:
Xie, Yujiao; Zhang, Yingying; Lu, Xiaohua; Ji, Xiaoyan
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 325-335
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
absorption; carbon dioxide; cations; energy; enthalpy; heat; ionic liquids; models; solubility; temperature
Abstract:
... CO2 solubility in ionic liquids has been measured extensively in order to develop ionic liquid-based technology for CO2 separation. However, the energy consumption analysis has not been investigated well for such technology. In order to carry out the energy consumption analysis for CO2 separation using ionic liquids based on available experimental data, in this work, the experimental data of the C ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.046

10. Energy Landscapes, Folding Mechanisms, and Kinetics of RNA Tetraloop Hairpins

Author:
Chakraborty, Debayan; Collepardo-Guevara, Rosana; Wales, David J.
Source:
Journal of the American Chemical Society 2014 v.136 no.52 pp. 18052-18061
ISSN:
1520-5126
Subject:
messenger RNA; temperature
Abstract:
... RNA hairpins play a pivotal role in a diverse range of cellular functions, and are integral components of ribozymes, mRNA, and riboswitches. However, the mechanistic and kinetic details of RNA hairpin folding, which are key determinants of most of its biological functions, are poorly understood. In this work, we use the discrete path sampling (DPS) approach to explore the energy landscapes of two ...
DOI:
10.1021/ja5100756

11. Enhanced heat release analysis for advanced multi-mode combustion engine experiments

Author:
Ortiz-Soto, Elliott A.; Lavoie, George A.; Martz, Jason B.; Wooldridge, Margaret S.; Assanis, Dennis N.
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 465-479
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
algorithms; analytical methods; combustion; data collection; emissions; heat; models; pollutants; prediction; temperature
Abstract:
... Advanced combustion strategies, such as Homogeneous-Charge Compression-Ignition (HCCI) and Spark-Assisted HCCI or Spark-Assisted Compression-Ignition (SACI) hold considerable promise for improving engine efficiencies while maintaining low pollutant emissions, yet few models exist that accurately include the important chemical and physical mechanisms of these advanced combustion strategies. Further ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.038

12. Experimental and numerical study on non-concentrating and symmetric unglazed compound parabolic photovoltaic concentration systems

Author:
Bahaidarah, Haitham M.; Tanweer, Bilal; Gandhidasan, P.; Ibrahim, Nasiru; Rehman, Shafiqur
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 527-536
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
computer software; cooling; energy balance; engineering; equations; mathematical models; solar collectors; temperature
Abstract:
... Comparative study on flat photovoltaic (PV) string and symmetric compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) photovoltaic system has been presented in this paper. Two flat PV strings and two unglazed PV–CPC systems are considered. The cells of each of the flat PV and PV–CPC strings are subjected to cooling to reduce temperature. The performance of the two configurations with and without cooling is evalu ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.060

13. Experimental investigation on adsorption and electro-osmosis regeneration of macroporous silica gel desiccant

Author:
Zhang, Guiying; Tian, Changqing; Shao, Shuangquan
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 1010-1017
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
absorption; adsorption; cathodes; desiccants; droplets; plastic film; porous media; relative humidity; silica gel; temperature; water content; zeta potential
Abstract:
... In this paper, the possibility on electro-osmosis regeneration of macro-porous silica gel (MSG) desiccant has been investigated by testing the adsorption and electro-osmosis characteristic. The measured saturated moisture content of MSG is 113% in 300K temperature and 95% relative humidity. Its zeta potential is −10.92mV, which shows it has both good moisture absorption and electro-osmosis charact ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.087

14. FDI oriented modeling of an experimental SOFC system, model validation and simulation of faulty states

Author:
Sorce, A.; Greco, A.; Magistri, L.; Costamagna, P.
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 894-908
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
air; equations; fuels; model validation; models; temperature
Abstract:
... We present here a model we have established for a laboratory-size SOFC system. Model equations are presented and discussed, together with an extensive model validation, carried out in both steady state and transient operating conditions. The validated model is then used to simulate four classes of system faults, i.e. air leakage, fuel leakage, SOFC degradation and reformer degradation. When the di ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.074

15. Formation and Stability of d-Limonene Organogel-Based Nanoemulsion Prepared by a High-Pressure Homogenizer

Author:
Zahi, Mohamed Reda; Wan, Pingyu; Liang, Hao; Yuan, Qipeng
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2014 v.62 no.52 pp. 12563-12569
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
droplet size; homogenization; limonene; nanoemulsions; nonionic surfactants; polysorbates; stearic acid; storage time; temperature
Abstract:
... d-Limonene organogel-based nanoemulsion was prepared by high-pressure homogenization technology. The organogelator type had a major role on the formation of the formulations, in which stearic acid has given nanoemulsions with the smallest droplet size. The surfactant type and concentration also had an appreciable effect on droplet formation, with Tween 80 giving a mean droplet diameter (d ≈ 112 ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf5032108

16. Full-scale temperature response function (G-function) for heat transfer by borehole ground heat exchangers (GHEs) from sub-hour to decades

Author:
Li, Min; Li, Ping; Chan, Vincent; Lai, Alvin C.K.
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 197-205
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
backfilling; heat exchangers; heat transfer; models; temperature
Abstract:
... Heat transfer by borehole ground heat exchangers involves diverse time–space scales and thus imposes a significant challenge to geothermal engineers. In order to overcome this challenge, this paper develops an analytical full-scale model from the idea of matched asymptotic expansion. The full-scale model is a composite expression consisting of a composite-medium line-source solution (inner solutio ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.013

17. Graphene and carbon black nano-composite polymer absorbers for a pyro-electric solar energy harvesting device based on LiNbO3 crystals

Author:
Battista, Luigi; Mecozzi, Laura; Coppola, Sara; Vespini, Veronica; Grilli, Simonetta; Ferraro, Pietro
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 357-362
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
adsorption; coatings; crystals; electric power; electrical charges; energy; graphene; nanocomposites; polymers; solar energy; solar radiation; temperature; Italy
Abstract:
... A novel scheme for solar energy harvesting based on the pyro-electric effect has been demonstrated. The proposed harvester is based on an optical system focusing solar radiation onto a ferroelectric crystal (i.e. lithium niobate). The face exposed to the heating source is coated with a nanocomposite material (i.e. carbon black and graphene particles) that greatly improves the adsorption of solar r ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.035

18. In-cycle diesel low temperature combustion control based on SOC detection

Author:
Yang, Fuyuan; Wang, Jinli; Gao, Guojing; Ouyang, Minggao
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 77-88
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
algorithms; combustion; control methods; cylinders; temperature
Abstract:
... Challenges remain in diesel low temperature combustion implementation due to combustion inconsistency or instability. One possible solution is the introduction of closed-loop combustion control systems. In this paper, an in-cycle control method is proposed, which tries to bring the tricky combustion under control by reducing fluctuations of combustion center. Firstly, an SOC (Start of Combustion) ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.014

19. In-tube performance evaluation of an air-cooled condenser with liquid–vapor separator

Author:
Zhong, Tianming; Chen, Ying; Hua, Nan; Zheng, Wenxian; Luo, Xianglong; Mo, Songping
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 968-978
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
condensers; entropy; friction; heat transfer; heat transfer coefficient; mass transfer; perfluorocarbons; serpentine; temperature
Abstract:
... This study evaluates the thermal hydraulic performance of a novel liquid–vapor separation condenser (LSC). A series of experiments was performed to investigate the in-tube heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of the LSC with varying average refrigerant quality at constant mass flux. The results were compared with the performance of a serpentine condenser (SC) and a parallel-flow condenser ( ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.032

20. Investigation of pinacone hexahydrate as phase change material for thermal energy storage around 45°C

Author:
Rathgeber, Christoph; Schmit, Henri; Hennemann, Peter; Hiebler, Stefan
Source:
Applied energy 2014 v.136 pp. 7-13
ISSN:
0306-2619
Subject:
alkanes; batteries; calorimetry; corrosion; crystallization; dishwashers; dodecanoic acid; energy; enthalpy; heat pumps; melting; melting point; nitrates; temperature
Abstract:
... Phase change materials (PCM) with a transition temperature around 45°C can be used in various applications, e.g. as intermediate storages for heat pumps in space heating systems, for the thermal protection of battery systems or to increase the efficiency of dishwashers by preheating water. At that temperature level, typical PCMs are either salt hydrates or organic materials like paraffins and fatt ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.09.034