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1. Mating patterns of Gammarus lacustris (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) from three populations across a gradient on the Tibetan Plateau

Author:
Yu, T. L.; Chen, J. B.
Source:
The Italian journal of zoology 2013 v.80 no.4 pp. 608-613
ISSN:
1748-5851
Subject:
Gammarus; body size; dimorphism; fecundity; females; males; microhabitats; population; random mating; sexual selection; zoology; China
Abstract:
... The large-male mating advantage and size-assortative mating are two different size-based patterns which deviate from random mating in Gammarus species. The size-assortative pairing in gammarid amphipods may have arisen for microhabitat segregation, loading constraints, sexual selection, or a combination of them. This study investigated the mating patterns of Gammarus lacustris from three populatio ...
DOI:
10.1080/11250003.2013.849295

2. Sexual dimorphism and female reproductive cycle in the scincid lizard Trachylepis vittata (Olivier, 1804) in Lebanon (Reptilia: Scincidae)

Author:
Nassar, Fida; Challita, Marie; Sadek, Riyad; Hraoui-Bloquet, Souad
Source:
Zoology in the Middle East 2013 v.59 no.4 pp. 297-301
ISSN:
2326-2680
Subject:
Trachylepis; adults; altitude; body size; females; hibernation; lizards; males; parturition; pregnancy; sexual dimorphism; Lebanon
Abstract:
... Sexual dimorphism and the female reproductive cycle were studied in a population of the viviparous lizard Trachylepis vittata at 2000 m a.s.l. on Mount Sannine, Lebanon. Females have larger body sizes than males and males have relatively larger heads than females. Females reach maturity at 56 mm snout-vent length. They spend at least six months in hibernation, from October to March. Adult females ...
DOI:
10.1080/09397140.2013.868130

3. A New Species of Milk Frog of the Genus Trachycephalus tschudi (Anura, Hylidae) from the Amazonian Rainforest

Author:
Gordo, Marcelo; Toledo, Luis Felipe; Suárez, Pablo; Kawashita-Ribeiro, Ricardo Alexandre; Ávila, Robson Waldemar; Morais, Drausio Honório; Nunes, Ivan
Source:
Herpetologica 2013 v.69 no.4 pp. 466-479
ISSN:
1938-5099
Subject:
Hylidae; arms (limbs); body size; bones; breeds; canopy; color; females; frogs; head; heart rate; males; milk; new species; rain; rain forests; tadpoles; texture; Amazonia
Abstract:
... We describe a new species of Trachycephalus from the Amazon Rain Forest, which is morphologically similar to T. resinifictrix (Goeldi). This new species is characterized by a medium body size for species in the genus (males snout–vent length [SVL] 57.9–74.3 mm, females SVL 74.4–84.9 mm); skin of the head not co-ossified with underlying dermal bones; dorsal skin texture, including that of the head, ...
DOI:
10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-11-00086

4. Diet, Reproduction, and Sexual Dimorphism in the Vine Snake, Chironius fuscus (Serpentes: Colubridae), from Brazilian Amazonia

Author:
Nascimento, Loana Pastana; Siqueira, Débora Mendes; Santos-Costa, Maria Cristina dos
Source:
South american journal of herpetology 2013 v.8 no.3 pp. 168-174
ISSN:
1808-9798
Subject:
Anura; Colubridae; adults; body size; breeding; diet; eggs; eyes; females; head; ingestion; juveniles; males; risk; sexual dimorphism; sexual maturity; snakes; tail; vines; Amazonia
Abstract:
... Diet, reproductive patterns, and sexual dimorphism are described of Chironius fuscus from Brazilian Amazonia based on the analysis of museum specimens (n = 120 for diet and reproduction; n = 333 for dimorphism). The diet was composed primarily of anurans. No relationship was found between snake body size and prey type, and the species showed no preference for direction of prey ingestion, probably ...
DOI:
10.2994/SAJH-D-13-00017.1

5. Dominance, not kinship, determines individual position within the communal roosts of a cooperatively breeding bird

Author:
Napper, Clare J.; Sharp, Stuart P.; McGowan, Andrew; Simeoni, Michelle; Hatchwell, Ben J.
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2013 v.67 no.12 pp. 2029-2039
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
birds; body size; evolution; females; flocks; heat; kin selection; kinship; males; sex ratio
Abstract:
... Kin selection has played an important role in the evolution and maintenance of cooperative breeding behaviour in many bird species. However, although relatedness has been shown to affect the investment decisions of helpers in such systems, less is known about the role that kin discrimination plays in other contexts, such as communal roosting. Individuals that roost communally benefit from reduced ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-013-1613-7

6. Feeding habits of the sand lizard, Lacerta agilis, from North-Western Italian Alps

Author:
Crovetto, Federico; Salvidio, Sebastiano
Source:
Folia zoologica 2013 v.62 no.4 pp. 264-268
ISSN:
0139-7893
Subject:
Formicidae; Lacerta agilis; adults; body size; diet; eating habits; females; juveniles; lizards; males; Alps region; Italy
Abstract:
... The dietary habits of a population of the sand lizard Lacerta agilis were studied in the Alpine valley Stura di Demonte, Northwestern Italy. The faecal contents of 33 adults (16 females and 17 males) and 8 juveniles were analysed. There were negligible sexual differences in terms of trophic diversity and of the overall diet based on taxonomic prey categories. Juveniles had a lower prey diversity v ...
DOI:
10.25225/fozo.v62.i4.a3.2013

7. Morphological and Echolocation Call Variation in Malagasy Trident Bats, Triaenops Dobson, 1871 (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae)

Author:
Ramasindrazana, Beza; Goodman, Steven M.; Rakotondramanana, C. Fabienne; Schoeman, M. Corrie
Source:
Acta chiropterologica 2013 v.15 no.2 pp. 431-439
ISSN:
1733-5329
Subject:
Chiroptera; adults; allometry; arms (limbs); bioacoustics; body size; females; indigenous species; intraspecific variation; males; new genus; niches; phylogeny; sexual dimorphism; sympatry
Abstract:
... Patterns of interspecific and intraspecific variation in the three endemic species of Malagasy Triaenops bats were investigated using morphology and bioacoustics. Adult bats were captured at different localities across the island, measured, and their echolocation calls recorded. On average, male T. auritus and T. furculus have shorter forearms (47.0 and 44.0 mm, respectively) and emit higher frequ ...
DOI:
10.3161/150811013X679053

8. No Sexual Size-Dimorphism In the Eastern Spiny Lizard, Sceloporus spinosus, from Guadalcázar, San Luis Potosi, Mexico

Author:
Ramírez-Bautista, Aurelio; Smith, Geoffrey R; Leyte-Manrique, Adrian; Hernández-Salinas, Uriel
Source:
The Southwestern naturalist 2013 v.58 no.4 pp. 505-508
ISSN:
0038-4909
Subject:
Sceloporus; body size; females; head; legs; lizards; males; phylogeny; sexual dimorphism; Mexico
Abstract:
... Sexual dimorphism in the genus Sceloporus has historically been relatively well studied; however, there is little understanding of how patterns of sexual size dimorphism might vary within species and how that might affect our ability to generalize about the evolution of sexual size-dimorphism in Sceloporus and other organisms. We examined sexual size-dimorphism in a population of Sceloporus spinos ...
DOI:
10.1894/0038-4909-58.4.505

9. Nutrition during sexual maturation affects competitive ability but not reproductive productivity in burying beetles

Author:
Hopwood, Paul E.; Moore, Allen J.; Royle, Nick J.; Blanckenhorn, Wolf
Source:
Functional ecology 2013 v.27 no.6 pp. 1350-1357
ISSN:
0269-8463
Subject:
Nicrophorus vespilloides; adulthood; adults; body size; early development; females; food availability; juveniles; larvae; long term effects; longevity; males; phenotype; resource allocation; sexual maturity
Abstract:
... Food availability can be unpredictable. When food becomes more abundant following a period of low food availability, developing larvae or juveniles often allocate resources preferentially towards increasing growth. This has important long‐term effects on adult phenotypes and longevity. Despite the importance of strategic resource allocation during early development, few studies have examined how c ...
DOI:
10.1111/1365-2435.12137

10. Ontogeny of sexual size dimorphism in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)

Author:
Swanson, Eli M.; McElhinny, Teresa L.; Dworkin, Ian; Weldele, Mary L.; Glickman, Stephen E.; Holekamp, Kay E.
Source:
Journal of mammalogy 2013 v.94 no.6 pp. 1298-1310
ISSN:
1545-1542
Subject:
Crocuta crocuta; adolescence; adults; body size; diet; females; life history; males; mammals; mortality; ontogeny; rare species; sexual dimorphism; sexual maturity; weaning; Kenya
Abstract:
... Body size and growth rate are among the most important traits characterizing an organism, influencing niche occupancy, life-history patterns, mortality rates, and many other fitness components. Sexual size dimorphism is common among animals; in most species females are on average larger than males. In contrast, male mammals are usually larger on average than females of the same species, and the sp ...
DOI:
10.1644/12-MAMM-A-277.1

11. Role of Body Size In the Competition for Mates By Males of Centris pallida (Anthophorinae: Hymenoptera)

Author:
Alcock, John
Source:
The Southwestern naturalist 2013 v.58 no.4 pp. 427-430
ISSN:
0038-4909
Subject:
Apoidea; Centris; body size; females; males; Arizona
Abstract:
... Previous studies in central Arizona have shown that males of the bee Centris pallida fight for access to emerging receptive females and that larger males have greater mating success. Based on these results, larger-than-average males were predicted to be seen digging for emerging females, particularly if they were observed fighting with other males for control of a digging site. As predicted, large ...
DOI:
10.1894/0038-4909-58.4.427

12. Sexual Dimorphism and Feeding Ecology of Diamond-backed Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin)

Author:
Underwood, Elizabeth B.; Bowers, Sarah; Guzy, Jacquelyn C.; Lovich, Jeffrey E.; Taylor, Carole A.; Gibbons, J. Whitfield; Dorcas, Michael E.
Source:
Herpetologica 2013 v.69 no.4 pp. 397-404
ISSN:
1938-5099
Subject:
Littorina; Malaclemys terrapin; Spartina alterniflora; Uca; biomechanics; body size; crabs; females; grasses; grazing; intraspecific competition; jaws; males; muscles; predators; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection; skull; snails; turtles
Abstract:
... Natural and sexual selection are frequently invoked as causes of sexual size dimorphism in animals. Many species of turtles, including the Diamond-backed Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin), exhibit sexual dimorphism in body size, possibly enabling the sexes to exploit different resources and reduce intraspecific competition. Female terrapins not only have larger body sizes but also disproportionately ...
DOI:
10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-00033

13. Sexual Dimorphism, Habitat Use and Molt in Wintering Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in the Lagoa do Peixe, Southern Brazil

Author:
Scherer, Angelo L.; Scherer, Janete F. M.; Petry, Maria V.; Valiati, Victor H.
Source:
Waterbirds 2013 v.36 no.4 pp. 438-447
ISSN:
1524-4695
Subject:
Lagoa; adults; body size; color; estuaries; females; fish; habitat preferences; habitats; head; juveniles; males; molting; plumage; sex determination; sex determination analysis; sexual dimorphism; Brazil
Abstract:
... Sexual dimorphism is the phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species, characterized by different body size and plumage. Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger, n = 44 adults, n = 14 juveniles) were captured between December 2010 and April 2012 with mist nets during the non-breeding period in the Lagoa do Peixe estuary, southern Brazil. Black Skimmers showed conspicuous sexual size ...
DOI:
10.1675/063.036.0401

14. Sexually dichromatic coloration reflects size and immunocompetence in female Spanish terrapins, Mauremys leprosa

Author:
Ibáñez, Alejandro; Marzal, Alfonso; López, Pilar; Martín, José
Source:
Naturwissenschaften 2013 v.100 no.12 pp. 1137-1147
ISSN:
0028-1042
Subject:
Emydidae; antigens; body size; color; females; immune response; immunocompetence; males; phytohemagglutinin; sexual selection; turtles
Abstract:
... Many studies have shown the importance of colorful ornamentation in mate choosiness or intrasexual conflict. However, research on color ornaments has focused mainly on birds, lizards or fish, but remains practically unknown in other animal groups such as turtles. In addition, female ornaments and their relation with sexual selection also remain almost unknown. Here, we measured the coloration of t ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00114-013-1118-2
PubMed:
24253419

15. Sexual size dimorphism in anurans fails to obey Rensch’s rule

Author:
Liao, Wen Bo; Zeng, Yu; Zhou, Cai Quan; Jehle, Robert
Source:
Frontiers in zoology 2013 v.10 no.1 pp. 10
ISSN:
1742-9994
Subject:
Anura; body size; data collection; dimorphism; females; life history; males; phylogeny
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is related to ecology, behaviour and life history of organisms. Rensch’s rule states that SSD increases with overall body size in species where males are the larger sex, while decreasing with body size when females are larger. To test this rule, we analysed literature as well as own data on male and female body size in anurans (39 species and 17 genera). We ...
DOI:
10.1186/1742-9994-10-10
PubMed:
23496925
PubMed Central:
PMC3599542

16. Showing Red: Male Coloration Signals Same-Sex Rivals in an Australian Water Dragon

Author:
Baird, Troy A.; Baird, Teresa D.; Shine, Richard
Source:
Herpetologica 2013 v.69 no.4 pp. 436-444
ISSN:
1938-5099
Subject:
aggression; body size; color; females; gender differences; habitats; lizards; males; sexual dimorphism
Abstract:
... Sexually dimorphic coloration that plays a role in social signaling during stereotypical displays is well known in lizards. Previous studies on a large Australian agamid lizard (Eastern Water Dragon, Intellagama lesueurii) documented male-biased sex differences in ventral coloration, but males were not observed to use postures that displayed their ventral surfaces. Male resource-holding potential ...
DOI:
10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-12-00079R1

17. Body size and shape variation in Ground Beetle Carabus aeruginosus F.-W., 1822 (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

Author:
Sukhodolskaya, R. A.; Eremeeva, N. I.
Source:
Contemporary problems of ecology 2013 v.6 no.6 pp. 609-615
ISSN:
1995-4255
Subject:
Carabidae; biotopes; body size; dimorphism; environmental factors; females; linear models; males; meadows; morphometry; statistics
Abstract:
... Morphometric variation in Ground Beetle Carabus aeruginosus F.-W. was studied. Beetles were sampled in different habitats in the gradient of disturbance: Kemerovo city, its suburbs and natural biotopes outside the city. We used multidimensional statistics (linear models, PCA and MDS) to show that all environmental factors (anthropogenic press, biotope vegetation) contributed significantly into the ...
DOI:
10.1134/S1995425513060127

18. Call intensity is a repeatable and dominant acoustic feature determining male call attractiveness in a field cricket

Author:
Nandi, Diptarup; Balakrishnan, Rohini
Source:
Animal behaviour 2013 v.86 no.5 pp. 1003-1012
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Gryllidae; acoustics; animal behavior; body size; correlation; females; males; phonotaxis; sexual selection; spatial distribution
Abstract:
... Acoustic signal variation and female preference for different signal components constitute the prerequisite framework to study the mechanisms of sexual selection that shape acoustic communication. Despite several studies of acoustic communication in crickets, information on both male calling song variation in the field and female preference in the same system is lacking for most species. Previous ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.003

19. Male–male contests for mates, sexual size dimorphism, and sex ratio in a natural population of a solitary parasitoid

Author:
Macedo, Margarete V.; Monteiro, Ricardo F.; Silveira, Mariana P.; Mayhew, Peter J.
Source:
Behavioural processes 2013 v.100 pp. 1-8
ISSN:
0376-6357
Subject:
Eurytoma; body size; dimorphism; females; life history; males; parasitoids; sex allocation; sex ratio; variance
Abstract:
... Understanding how different behavioural and life history traits interact is fundamental to developing ethological theory. Here we study the interaction of male–male competition for mates and sexual size dimorphism in a solitary wasp, with implications for sex allocation. In Hymenoptera, females are normally larger than males suggesting that males do not benefit as much as females from larger size. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.beproc.2013.07.003

20. Nitrate affects courting and breathing but not escape performance in adult newts

Author:
Secondi, J.; Lepetz, V.; Cossard, G.; Sourice, S.
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2013 v.67 no.11 pp. 1757-1765
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
adults; anaerobiosis; body size; breathing; breeding; courtship; females; males; oxygen; pollution; population characteristics; predation; risk; salamanders and newts; sexual selection; steroid metabolism
Abstract:
... The increasing spread of contaminants in the environment affects the behaviour of individuals and can be predicted to modify population characteristics in the long run. It is thus crucial to investigate the effect of contaminants on fitness-related traits. Nitrate is a major pollutant that disrupts oxygen fixation and steroid metabolism and is expected to affect adult behaviour. In water breeding ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-013-1583-9

21. Reproductive effort and success of wild female mallards: Does male quality matter?

Author:
Sheppard, Jennifer L.; Clark, Robert G.; Devries, James H.; Brasher, Michael G.
Source:
Behavioural processes 2013 v.100 pp. 82-90
ISSN:
0376-6357
Subject:
Anas platyrhynchos; additive effect; body size; breeding; color; ducks; females; male effect; males; mating behavior; mating systems; nests; plumage; prediction; waterfowl; yearlings
Abstract:
... In accordance with the differential allocation hypothesis, females are expected to increase their reproductive investment when mated to high-quality males. In waterfowl, reproductive, investment increased when captive female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were mated to more attractive males, but information for wild ducks is lacking. Studies of waterfowl mating systems have focused primarily on the ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.beproc.2013.07.024

22. The individual counts: within sex differences in foraging strategies are as important as sex‐specific differences in masked boobies Sula dactylatra

Author:
Sommerfeld, Julia; Kato, Akiko; Ropert‐Coudert, Yan; Garthe, Stefan; Hindell, Mark A.
Source:
Journal of avian biology 2013 v.44 no.6 pp. 531-540
ISSN:
0908-8857
Subject:
body condition; body size; chicks; ecology; females; flight; foraging; gender differences; global positioning systems; locomotion; males; sexual dimorphism
Abstract:
... Understanding how animals allocate their foraging time is a central question in behavioural ecology. Intrinsic factors, such as body mass and size differences between sexes or species, influence animals’ foraging behaviour, but studies investigating the effects of individual differences in body mass and size within the same sex are scarce. We investigated this in chick‐rearing masked boobies Sula ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1600-048X.2013.00135.x

23. Sperm competition drives the evolution of suicidal reproduction in mammals

Author:
Fisher, Diana O.; Dickman, Christopher R.; Jones, Menna E.; Blomberg, Simon P.
Source:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013 v.110 no.44 pp. 17910-17914
ISSN:
0027-8424
Subject:
insectivores; die-off; life history; arthropods; predators; mammals; ovulation; insects; adrenal cortex hormones; males; Metatheria; testes; females; breeding season; energy; copulation; photoperiod; immune system; sperm competition; sexual selection; body size; latitude; habitats; Australia; Papua New Guinea; South America
Abstract:
... Suicidal reproduction (semelparity) has evolved in only four genera of mammals. In these insectivorous marsupials, all males die after mating, when failure of the corticosteroid feedback mechanism elevates stress hormone levels during the mating season and causes lethal immune system collapse (die-off). We quantitatively test and resolve the evolutionary causes of this surprising and extreme life ...
DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1310691110
PubMed:
24101455
PubMed Central:
PMC3816400

24. Population ecology of Psammobates oculifer in a semi-arid environment

Author:
Keswick, Toby; Hofmeyr, Margaretha D.
Source:
African journal of herpetology 2013 v.62 no.2 pp. 63-77
ISSN:
2153-3660
Subject:
life history; drought; summer; sexual dimorphism; adults; arid zones; males; sex ratio; population density; body condition; females; winter; autumn; herpetology; population size; survival rate; reproductive behavior; tortoises; regression analysis; semiarid zones; environmental factors; spring; body size; South Africa
Abstract:
... We studied the ecology of Psammobates oculifer over 13 months near Kimberley, South Africa, to ascertain if the population's life history traits conform to chelonian patterns in arid environments. Capture rates were highest in spring and lowest in winter when environmental conditions were respectively most and least favourable for tortoise activity. Body condition did not change from autumn to spr ...
DOI:
10.1080/21564574.2013.786761

25. Hunting behaviour and breeding performance of northern goshawks Accipiter gentilis, in relation to resource availability, sex, age and morphology

Author:
Penteriani, Vincenzo; Rutz, Christian; Kenward, Robert
Source:
Naturwissenschaften 2013 v.100 no.10 pp. 935-942
ISSN:
0028-1042
Subject:
Accipiter gentilis; birds; body size; breeding; data collection; females; food availability; foraging; males; rabbits; reproductive performance; winter
Abstract:
... Animal territories that differ in the availability of food resources will require (all other things being equal) different levels of effort for successful reproduction. As a consequence, breeding performance may become most strongly dependent on factors that affect individual foraging where resources are poor. We investigated potential links between foraging behaviour, reproductive performance and ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00114-013-1093-7
PubMed:
23995242

26. Indices of Anseriform body shape based on the relative size of major skeletal elements and their relationship to reproductive effort

Author:
Hughes, Austin L.; Battley, Phil
Source:
Ibis 2013 v.155 no.4 pp. 835-846
ISSN:
0019-1019
Subject:
Anseriformes; adults; body size; females; femur; food animals; males; models; phylogeny; sternum; variance; waterfowl
Abstract:
... To assess whether relative clutch mass (RCM) in Anseriformes (wildfowl or waterfowl) is constrained by body shape, principal components (PCs) of size‐adjusted measurements of five major skeletal elements of adult males and females of 60 species of Anseriformes provided indices of body shape. PC1 accounted for 69.8% of the variance and contrasted anterior elements (cranium and sternum) to posterior ...
DOI:
10.1111/ibi.12087

27. Phenotypic variation of Forest Thrushes Turdus lherminieri in Guadeloupe: evidence for geographic differentiation at fine spatial scale

Author:
Arnoux, Emilie; Eraud, Cyril; Thomas, Alban; Cavallo, François; Garnier, Stéphane; Faivre, Bruno
Source:
Journal of ornithology 2013 v.154 no.4 pp. 977-985
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
Turdus; birds; body size; feathers; females; forests; gene flow; interspecific variation; males; models; phenotypic plasticity; Guadeloupe
Abstract:
... Spatial differentiation in avian models has been extensively studied at a coarse scale for both theoretical and conservation purposes. Yet, studies at a finer spatial scale are also particularly relevant in birds because their dispersal ability may be much more reduced than expected. In the Forest Thrush Turdus lherminieri, we studied morphological characters commonly used to assess differentiatio ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-013-0965-0

28. Song performance and elaboration as potential indicators of male quality in Java sparrows

Author:
Kagawa, Hiroko; Soma, Masayo
Source:
Behavioural processes 2013 v.99 pp. 138-144
ISSN:
0376-6357
Subject:
Padda oryzivora; animal communication; body size; coevolution; correlation; females; males; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Bird songs have evolved under sexual selection pressure. Songs include multiple features that are subject to female preference, but recent comparative research has indicated evolutionary tradeoffs between song performance and complexity in some species. Trill, a repetition of the same sound, is a performance-related song trait; higher trill performance can be achieved at the cost of song complexit ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.beproc.2013.07.012

29. Does Size Matter? Factors Influencing the Spatial Ecology of Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes (Crotalus oreganus oreganus) in Central California

Author:
Putman, Breanna J.; Lind, Craig; Taylor, Emily N.
Source:
Copeia 2013 v.2013 no.3 pp. 485-492
ISSN:
0045-8511
Subject:
animals; males; gender differences; spring; body size; Crotalus; breeding season; summer; population ecology; mating systems; females; home range; California
Abstract:
... The spatial ecology of animals is influenced by a combination of factors. Spatial ecology parameters are commonly calculated for rattlesnakes of the genus Crotalus, but they are highly variable within and among populations and species. Rattlesnake movements can be influenced by sex, body size, season, and abiotic factors, but the relative importance of each still remains unknown. We quantified asp ...
DOI:
10.1643/CE-12-048

30. Comparison of Two Life History Strategies after Impoundment of a Historically Anadromous Stock of Columbia River Redband Trout

Author:
Holecek, Dean E.; Scarnecchia, Dennis L.
Source:
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 2013 v.142 no.5 pp. 1157-1166
ISSN:
1548-8659
Subject:
Oncorhynchus mykiss; age structure; body size; demographic statistics; drainage; fecundity; females; fish; hydrograph; life history; males; migratory behavior; sex ratio; sexual maturity; spawning; streams; Columbia River; Idaho
Abstract:
... In this study we collected information on abundance, age structure, migration, and exploitation to characterize the population demographics and reproductive characteristics of a historically anadromous Columbia River Redband Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri population now isolated in a southwestern Idaho reservoir and limited to resident and adfluvial life histories. We estimated there were 3,9 ...
DOI:
10.1080/00028487.2013.799520

31. Consequences of snowy winters on male mating strategies and reproduction in a mountain ungulate

Author:
Apollonio, Marco; Brivio, Francesca; Rossi, Iva; Bassano, Bruno; Grignolio, Stefano
Source:
Behavioural processes 2013 v.98 pp. 44-50
ISSN:
0376-6357
Subject:
ungulates; females; population; snowpack; autumn; Capra ibex; arthropods; winter; males; environmental factors; snow; species recruitment; body size; predation; genetic variation; mating behavior; adverse effects; breeding season
Abstract:
... Alternative mating tactics (AMTs) are intrasexual variants in mating behaviour of several species ranging from arthropods to mammals. Male AMTs coexist between and within populations. In particular, male ungulates rarely adopt just one tactic throughout their lifetime. Tactics commonly change according to internal factors (age, body size, condition) and external conditions (weather, resources, pre ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.beproc.2013.05.001

32. Geographic variation in morphology of Dark-eyed Juncos and implications for population divergence

Author:
Ferree, Elise D.
Source:
The Wilson journal of ornithology 2013 v.125 no.3 pp. 454-470
ISSN:
1559-4491
Subject:
Junco hyemalis; body size; breeding; color; environmental factors; evolution; feathers; females; genetic variation; geographical variation; hybrids; males; sexual dimorphism; tail
Abstract:
... Geographic variation in morphology that develops among closely related populations can help drive genetic divergence, and eventually speciation, when those morphological traits are the basis for social interactions that influence reproduction. The North American Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis) complex is an interesting case in speciation. The numerous subspecies have distinct breeding ranges and ...
DOI:
10.1676/12-179.1

33. Maternal Provisioning Trade-Off Strategies of Agalychnis callidryas

Author:
Yeager, Charles R.; Gibbons, Megan E.
Source:
Journal of Herpetology 2013 v.47 no.3 pp. 459-465
ISSN:
0022-1511
Subject:
Agalychnis callidryas; amphibians; body size; breeding; clutch size; correlation; eggs; females; hatching; males; progeny
Abstract:
... The trade-offs associated with maternal provisioning strategies in amphibians are well documented. Relevant studies typically demonstrate that female body size is correlated positively with provisioning of resources to offspring; females may augment offspring resources by increasing the size of the clutch or increasing individual egg size. Alternatively, females may practice one or more alternativ ...
DOI:
10.1670/12-073

34. Measurements of octopus arm elongation: Evidence of differences by body size and gender

Author:
Mazzolai, Barbara; Margheri, Laura; Dario, Paolo; Laschi, Cecilia
Source:
Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 2013 v.447 pp. 160-164
ISSN:
0022-0981
Subject:
Octopus vulgaris; biomechanics; body size; energy conservation; females; invertebrates; males; methodology; t-test
Abstract:
... This study describes a new method for the measurement of Octopus vulgaris arm elongation ability and presents the first preliminary data on sex- and size-related differences. Developing an apparatus targeted to obtain in vivo, non-invasive and direct measurements of one arm at a time, we measured arm elongations of 19 octopuses (O. vulgaris) of both sexes to reach an object at the end of a tube. B ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jembe.2013.02.025

35. Social structure in a family group of Guanaco (Lama guanicoe, Ungulate): Is female hierarchy based on ‘prior attributes’ or ‘social dynamics’?

Author:
Correa, Loreto A.; Zapata, Beatriz; Samaniego, Horacio; Soto-Gamboa, Mauricio
Source:
Behavioural processes 2013 v.98 pp. 92-97
ISSN:
0376-6357
Subject:
Lama guanicoe; body condition; body size; calves; females; males; reproduction; social structure; weight gain
Abstract:
... Social life involves costs and benefits mostly associated with how individuals interact with each other. The formation of hierarchies inside social groups has evolved as a common strategy to avoid high costs stemming from social interactions. Hierarchical relationships seem to be associated with different features such as body size, body condition and/or age, which determine dominance ability (‘pr ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.beproc.2013.05.003

36. Description of Two New Nematode Species, Parasites of the Mississippi Paddlefish Polyodon spathula (Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae)

Author:
Moravec, František; Kuchta, Roman
Source:
The Journal of parasitology 2013 v.99 no.4 pp. 680-685
ISSN:
0022-3395
Subject:
Camallanus; Polyodon spathula; body size; circulatory system; drainage; esophagus; females; fish; males; parasites; rivers; sclerotization; tail; British Columbia; California; Mississippi; Mississippi River; Montana
Abstract:
... Two new nematode species are described from the paddlefish Polyodon spathula (Walbaum) (Polyodontidae, Acipenseriformes) from the Mississippi River drainage, United States, based on specimens previously deposited in the U.S. National Parasite Collection. Those specimens were Camallanus polyodontis n. sp. (Camallanidae) from the host (site of infection not given) collected in the Yellowstone River, ...
DOI:
10.1645/13-180.1

37. Evaluation of Darwin's fecundity advantage hypothesis in Parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata

Author:
 , Omkar; Afaq, Uzma
Source:
Insect science 2013 v.20 no.4 pp. 531-540
ISSN:
1672-9609
Subject:
Parthenium; Zygogramma bicolorata; adults; assortative mating; body size; eggs; fecundity; females; genes; males; parents; progeny; proteins; reproductive performance; viability
Abstract:
... In the Parthenium beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), variation in body size exists between and within the sexes. The females are larger than the males. Darwin (1874) proposed the fecundity advantage hypothesis, that is, large‐sized females produce more progeny, with subsequent studies supporting, as well as, refuting the hypothesis. Thus, in order to evaluate whet ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01510.x

38. Selection for early emergence, longevity and large body size in wingless, sib-mating ant males

Author:
Kureck, Ilka M.; Nicolai, Beate; Foitzik, Susanne
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2013 v.67 no.8 pp. 1369-1377
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
body size; females; longevity; males; nests; sexual selection; spermatozoa
Abstract:
... Sexual selection has led to male morphologies and behaviours that either increase male attractiveness or their success in male–male competition. We investigated male traits under selection in the ant Hypoponera opacior, in which wingless males mate with pupal queens inside their natal colony and guard their partners for hours. The lack of female choice and fights among adult males makes this speci ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-013-1566-x

39. Structure of the Loggerhead Turtle Assemblage in Okinawan Waters Estimated from Variation in Body Size and Blood Profile

Author:
Kawazu, Isao; Maeda, Konomi; Kino, Masakatsu; Oka, Shin-Ichiro
Source:
Current herpetology 2013 v.32 no.2 pp. 190-196
ISSN:
1881-1019
Subject:
Caretta caretta; blood plasma; body size; calcium; cholesterol; females; males; nesting; protein content; sexual maturity; tail; triacylglycerols; turtles; vitellogenesis
Abstract:
... In order to estimate the structure of the loggerhead turtle assemblage in Okinawan waters, we measured the straight carapace length (SCL) and sexed 35 loggerhead turtles captured by set net between 2007 and 2011. Sexual maturity in females was determined on the basis of plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, and calcium concentrations. Of the 35 captured loggerhead turtles, 18 turtles we ...
DOI:
10.5358/hsj.32.190

40. Acoustic Features of the Weeping Lizard's Distress Call

Author:
Labra, Antonieta; Silva, Gabriela; Norambuena, Fernanda; Velásquez, Nelson; Penna, Mario
Source:
Copeia 2013 v.2013 no.2 pp. 206-212
ISSN:
0045-8511
Subject:
bioacoustics; body size; distress; females; lizards; males; predation; predators; risk; ultrasonics; vocalization
Abstract:
... The study of acoustic communication in lizards has been restricted and mainly focused on Gekkota. The rest of the lizards, Unidentata, are generally considered voiceless, although there are sparse reports on vocal sound production in members of different families. We analyzed the spectro-temporal characteristics of the distress calls emitted by the Unidentata lizard, Liolaemus chiliensis (the weep ...
DOI:
10.1643/CE-12-026

41. Dorsal body pigmentation and sexual dimorphism in the marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum)

Author:
Pokhrel, L.R.; Karsai, I.; Hamed, M.K.; Laughlin, T.F.
Source:
Ethology, ecology & evolution 2013 v.25 no.3 pp. 214-226
ISSN:
1828-7131
Subject:
Ambystoma; adults; body size; females; head; linear models; males; morphometry; neck; pigmentation; salamanders and newts; sexual dimorphism; waist
Abstract:
... Marbled salamanders (Ambystoma opacum) have individually variable dorsal pigmentation patterns. But it is unclear whether or not dorsal pigmentation is associated with variables such as body size and sex. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the body size variables and sex are important predictors of the coverage of dorsal body white pigmentation in adult marbled salamanders. We evaluate the ...
DOI:
10.1080/03949370.2013.767858

42. Nest site use by two freshwater Rhinogobius gobies inhabiting Lake Biwa in Japan

Author:
Takahashi, Daisuke
Source:
Ichthyological research 2013 v.60 no.3 pp. 263-267
ISSN:
1341-8998
Subject:
Rhinogobius; body size; fecundity; females; freshwater; interspecific competition; lakes; males; nesting sites; nests; sympatry; Japan
Abstract:
... In Lake Biwa, Japan, nest site use by two freshwater gobies, Rhinogobius kurodai and Rhinogobius sp. BW, found in sympatry and with male parental care, was investigated. The underside area of nest stones in R. kurodai was larger than in Rhinogobius sp. BW. In neither species was there a significant relationship between body size of guarding males and underside area of nest stones. Female fecundity ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10228-013-0336-0

43. Phenotypic differences in body size, body condition and circulating carotenoids between hybrid and “pure” red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) in the wild

Author:
Casas, F.; Mougeot, F.; Ferrero, M. E.; Sánchez-Barbudo, I.; Dávila, J. A.; Viñuela, J.
Source:
Journal of ornithology 2013 v.154 no.3 pp. 803-811
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
females; hybrids; partridges; physiological state; Alectoris rufa; males; allopatry; blood plasma; body size; carotenoids; rural areas; Alectoris chukar; eggs; body condition; economic impact; introgression; Spain
Abstract:
... In the last decades, the release of large numbers of farmed-reared birds became a widespread management practice for game species. The red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) is a quarry species with a high economic impact in rural areas of southwest Europe. In order to increase productivity and produce heavier birds, farmed red-legged partridges have often been hybridized with Chukar partridges (A. ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-013-0947-2

44. Weapons or mating signals? Claw shape and mate choice in a fiddler crab

Author:
Callander, Sophia; Kahn, Andrew T.; Maricic, Tim; Jennions, Michael D.; Backwell, Patricia R. Y.
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2013 v.67 no.7 pp. 1163-1167
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
body size; claws; courtship; crabs; females; males; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Males often possess traits, such as horns, claws, and tusks, which are used during male–male combat. Studies suggest that selection has fine tuned these weapons to improve their effectiveness and that the shape of these weapons provides cues for males to assess the strength of rivals. Similarly, females might also assess a male’s weaponry to determine his value as a mate. The largest weapon relati ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-013-1541-6

45. Is geographical variation in the size of Australian shorebirds consistent with hypotheses on differential migration?

Author:
Nebel, Silke; Rogers, Ken G.; Minton, Clive D. T.; Rogers, Danny I.
Source:
Emu 2013 v.113 no.2 pp. 99-111
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Charadriiformes; age structure; ambient temperature; beak; birds; body size; breeding sites; climate; evolution; females; geographical distribution; geographical variation; males; morphometry; prediction; zoogeography; Australia
Abstract:
... In differential migrants the members of different age-classes or sex travel to geographically separate non-breeding areas. Here, we test five competing hypotheses explaining differential migration using more than 40 000 records of 22 species of shorebirds (Charadriiformes) occurring at two non-breeding areas at different distance from the breeding grounds and that also differ in climate. We showed ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU12076

46. Absolute and Relative Secondary-Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Morphology: A Multivariate Test of the ‘Big Mother’ Hypothesis

Author:
Stevens, Richard D.; Johnson, Mary E.; McCulloch, Eve S.
Source:
Acta chiropterologica 2013 v.15 no.1 pp. 163-170
ISSN:
1733-5329
Subject:
Artibeus; biogeography; body size; females; geographical distribution; males; reproductive success; sexual dimorphism; weight gain
Abstract:
... In many bat species, average body size of females is larger than males. One common explanation is that larger females exhibit greater reproductive success. One avenue whereby increased size could positively affect fitness is by improving aerodynamic performance. We examined secondary sexual size dimorphism in wing elements of Artibeus lituratus. In particular we examined absolute differences, rela ...
DOI:
10.3161/150811013X667966

47. Age and Gender Affect Epiphyseal Closure in White-tailed Deer

Author:
Flinn, Emily B.; Strickland, Bronson K.; Demarais, Stephen; Christiansen, David
Source:
Southeastern naturalist 2013 v.12 no.2 pp. 297-306
ISSN:
1528-7092
Subject:
Odocoileus virginianus; body size; deer; females; humerus; males; metacarpus; morphometry; phenotype; radiography
Abstract:
... Timing of epiphyseal closure determines length of long bones and thus body size, but factors affecting epiphyseal closure in Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) have not been conclusively quantified. We collected morphometric data and radiographic images of the distal humerus, proximal radius, distal radius, and metacarpus on approximately 0.5-, 1.5-, 2.5-, and 3.5-year-old optimally nouris ...
DOI:
10.1656/058.012.0205

48. Chemosensory discrimination of social cues mediates space use in snakes, Cryptophis nigrescens (Elapidae)

Author:
Scott, Mitchell L.; Whiting, Martin J.; Webb, Jonathan K.; Shine, Richard
Source:
Animal behaviour 2013 v.85 no.6 pp. 1493-1500
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Elapidae; animal behavior; body size; females; habitats; males; odors; predators; psychosocial factors; snakes; temperature
Abstract:
... Snakes have traditionally been viewed as solitary, asocial animals whose habitat use is driven by temperature, prey and predators. However, recent studies suggest that snake spatial ecology may also be socially mediated. We examined the influence of conspecific chemical cues on refuge selection in a small nocturnal snake (the small-eyed snake) that engages in male contest competition. Females pref ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.04.003

49. Comparative study of the reproductive biology of two congeneric and introduced goby species: implications for management strategies

Author:
Guo, Zhiqiang; Cucherousset, Julien; Lek, Sovan; Li, Zhongjie; Zhu, Fengyue; Tang, Jianfeng; Liu, Jiashou
Source:
Hydrobiologia 2013 v.709 no.1 pp. 89-99
ISSN:
0018-8158
Subject:
body size; control methods; eggs; females; gonadosomatic index; invasive species; lakes; life history; males; reproductive traits; sex ratio; sexual dimorphism; China
Abstract:
... A full understanding of life history characteristics of invasive species is a fundamental prerequisite for the development of management strategies. Two introduced goby species (Rhinogobius cliffordpopei and Rhinogobius giurinus) have established highly abundant populations in Lake Erhai (China). In the present study, we examined the reproductive biology of these two species with the aim of improv ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10750-012-1439-8

50. Effect of a Parasitic Nematode, Chondronema passali Leidy (Incertae sedis), on the Size and Strength of the Horned Passalus, Odontotaenius disjunctus Illiger (Coleoptera: Passalidae)

Author:
Cox, Devin; Davis, Andrew K.
Source:
The Coleopterists' bulletin 2013 v.67 no.2 pp. 179-185
ISSN:
0010-065X
Subject:
Nematoda; Odontotaenius disjunctus; adults; body size; body weight; digital images; females; males; nematode infections; nematode larvae; parasites; wood logs; Georgia
Abstract:
... The horned passalus, Odontotaenius disjunctus (Illiger), is host to a variety of parasites, including a little-studied nematode, Chondronema passali (Leidy), that can number in the thousands in a single beetle. We attempted to determine the effects of this parasite on two measures of host fitness, physical strength and body size of adult beetles collected from hardwood logs at two sites in Georgia ...
DOI:
10.1649/0010-065X-67.2.179

51. Effect of the primary host for production of both sexes on the mating interaction in an autoparasitoid species

Author:
Dai, P.; Liu, L. Z.; Ruan, C. C.; Zang, L. S.; Wan, F. H.
Source:
BioControl 2013 v.58 no.3 pp. 331-339
ISSN:
1386-6141
Subject:
Bemisia tabaci; Encarsia; Trialeurodes vaporariorum; body size; females; hosts; insect pests; males; nymphs; parasitism; parasitoids
Abstract:
... Encarsia sophia (Girault and Dodd) is an autoparasitoid in the hymenopteran family Aphelinidae. The females develop as primary parasitoids on whitefly nymphs (primary hosts), whereas the males develop as hyperparasitoids on their own species or on other primary parasitoid species (secondary hosts). The autoparasitoids not only parasitise whiteflies but also kill them with strong host-feeding capac ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10526-012-9494-7

52. Experience affects mating behavior, but does not impact parental reproductive allocation in a lizard

Author:
Warner, Daniel A.; Kelly, Clint D.; Lovern, Matthew B.
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2013 v.67 no.6 pp. 973-983
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Anolis; body size; eggs; females; lizards; males; mating behavior; paternal effect; spermatozoa; steroids
Abstract:
... Investment into reproduction is influenced by multiple factors and varies substantially between males and females. Theory predicts that males should adjust their ejaculate size or quality in response to variation in female experience or phenotypic quality. In addition, sperm investment by males may also be influenced by their own status and experience. Although such adjustments of male ejaculate s ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-013-1523-8

53. Infection patterns of Paradollfusnema amphisbaenia (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) in a population of Amphisbaena wuchereri (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Minas Gerais state, south-eastern Brazil, and its relations with host size, sex and fat body mass

Author:
Filogonio, R.; Toledo, G.M.; Anjos, L.A.; Rajão, B.; Galdino, C.A.B.; Nascimento, L.B.
Source:
Journal of helminthology 2013 v.87 no.2 pp. 135-140
ISSN:
1475-2697
Subject:
Cosmocercidae; Squamata; body size; correlation; fat body; females; large intestine; males; new host records; parasites; small intestine; stomach; Brazil
Abstract:
... Specimens (n= 41) of the amphisbaenid Amphisbaena wuchereri taken from a population in Minas Gerais state, south-eastern Brazil, were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. A single nematode species was found, Paradollfusnema amphisbaenia. This was a new host record for this nematode species. This parasite was encountered in the large intestine (prevalence of 100%), in the stomach (prevalence of ...
DOI:
10.1017/S0022149X11000794
PubMed:
22216748

54. Intra- and intersexual selection on male body size in the annual killifish Austrolebias charrua

Author:
Passos, Carlos; Tassino, Bettina; Loureiro, Marcelo; Rosenthal, Gil G.
Source:
Behavioural processes 2013 v.96 pp. 20-26
ISSN:
0376-6357
Subject:
Austrolebias charrua; body size; females; life history; male effect; males; mating behavior; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Since many traits are involved in both female mating decisions and male contest outcomes, female mate choice and male competition can act in concert to intensify sexual selection on male traits, or in opposition to weaken it. In the sexually dimorphic annual killifish, Austrolebias charrua, we evaluated the effect of male body size on female mate choice, male–male competition, and their interactio ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.beproc.2013.01.008

55. Male wing color properties predict the size of nuptial gifts given during mating in the Pipevine Swallowtail butterfly (Battus philenor)

Author:
Rajyaguru, Parth K.; Pegram, Kimberly V.; Kingston, Alexandra C. N.; Rutowski, Ronald L.
Source:
Naturwissenschaften 2013 v.100 no.6 pp. 507-513
ISSN:
0028-1042
Subject:
Battus philenor; animals; body size; butterflies; color; copulation; correlation; females; males; spermatophores; wings
Abstract:
... In many animals, males bear bright ornamental color patches that may signal both the direct and indirect benefits that a female might accrue from mating with him. Here we test whether male coloration in the Pipevine Swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor, predicts two potential direct benefits for females: brief copulation duration and the quantity of materials the male passes to the female during ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00114-013-1046-1
PubMed:
23644511

56. Sexual Dimorphism in Head Shape, Relative Head Width, and Body Size of Eurycea aquatica and Eurycea cirrigera

Author:
Alcorn, Michael A.; Deitloff, Jennifer; Graham, Sean P.; Timpe, Elizabeth K.
Source:
Journal of Herpetology 2013 v.47 no.2 pp. 321-327
ISSN:
0022-1511
Subject:
Plethodontidae; body size; females; habitat preferences; head; males; salamanders and newts; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection
Abstract:
... We examined variation in body size, head width, and head shape between males and females of two ecologically distinct species of plethodontid salamanders, Eurycea aquatica (Brownback Salamander) and Eurycea cirrigera (Southern Two-lined Salamander). Female-biased sexual dimorphism in body size occurred in E. cirrigera but not in E. aquatica. Male-biased sexual dimorphism in relative head width occ ...
DOI:
10.1670/11-317

57. Sexual Dimorphism in the Alligator Lizard Gerrhonotus infernalis (Sauria: Anguidae): Implications for Sexual Selection

Author:
García-Bastida, Margarita; Lazcano, David; McBrayer, Lance D.; Mercado-Hernández, Roberto
Source:
The Southwestern naturalist 2013 v.58 no.2 pp. 202-208
ISSN:
0038-4909
Subject:
agonistic behavior; allometry; body size; ecology; females; head; lizards; males; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection; Mexico; Southeastern United States; Texas
Abstract:
... Sexual dimorphism is common in many clades of reptiles. The Texas alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus infernalis) is a lizard distributed in North America, from Texas in the southern United States to the state of San Luis Potosí in central Mexico. Very little data exist on the presence of sexual dimorphism and on the ecology of this species, particularly in Mexico. We document sexual dimorphism in a pop ...
DOI:
10.1894/0038-4909-58.2.202

58. Wing Characteristics and Spring Arrival Date in Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica

Author:
Matyjasiak, Piotr; Olejniczak, Izabela; Boniecki, Paweł; Møller, Anders Pape
Source:
Acta ornithologica 2013 v.48 no.1 pp. 81-92
ISSN:
0001-6454
Subject:
Hirundo rustica; birds; body condition; body size; body weight; breeding; breeding sites; females; flight; males; spring; survival rate; variance; wings; Africa; Poland
Abstract:
... Flight morphology traits affect flight performance and energetic demands, and hence they are of special importance for migratory birds. It is believed that high wing aspect ratio (ratio of wing span squared to wing area) and low wing loading (ratio of body weight to wing area) both reduce the energetic costs of flight, thus allowing for enduring flight and fast migration. We addressed this topic i ...
DOI:
10.3161/000164513X670025

59. Notes on Michael Schülke’s pselaphine collections from China. – Tyrini. II. Genus Megatyrus Hlaváč & Nomura (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)

Author:
Yin, Zi-Wei; Li, Li-Zhen
Source:
ZooKeys 2013 v.301 pp. 107-112
ISSN:
1313-2970
Subject:
Staphylinidae; body size; female genitalia; females; males; new species; palps; scientific illustration; taxon descriptions; China
Abstract:
... Two new species of the tyrine genus Megatyrus Hlaváč & Nomura, Megatyrus schuelkei Yin & Li, sp. n. (based on two males) and Megatyrus tengchongensis Yin & Li, sp. n. (based on one female), from Yunnan, Southwest China are described, illustrated and distinguished from allied species. The body size, form of maxillary palpi, male and female genital structures, and distributional patterns are used to ...
DOI:
10.3897/zookeys.301.4912

60. Comparative Morphology and Morphometry of Six Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from China

Author:
LI, Jing-jing; TANG, Qing-bo; BAI, Run-e; LI, Xiao-min; JIANG, Jin-wei; ZHAI, Qing; YAN, Feng-ming
Source:
Journal of integrative agriculture 2013 v.12 no.5 pp. 846-852
ISSN:
2095-3119
Subject:
Bemisia tabaci; adults; biotypes; body size; compound eyes; cotton; females; genitalia; instars; males; microscopes; morphometry; pupae; China
Abstract:
... Morphology and morphometry of six biotypes (B, Q, Cv, ZHJ-1, ZHJ-2 and ZHJ-3) of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from China on cotton plants were studied by using microscopes. Nymphal body sizes and characters were measured and observed, especially on the 4th instar (pupal case), including the vasiform orifice, operculum, lingula, length and thickness of anterior and posterior wax margins, width of tho ...
DOI:
10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60303-2

61. Evolution of mating systems and sexual size dimorphism in North American cyprinids

Author:
Pyron, M.; Pitcher, T. E.; Jacquemin, S. J.
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2013 v.67 no.5 pp. 747-756
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Cyprinidae; body size; dimorphism; females; fish; males; mating systems; models; phylogeny; spawning; sperm competition; testes
Abstract:
... Mating systems evolve with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in many animals. Mating systems with males larger than females occur when males compete for female access or guard territories, while mating systems with group mating tend to occur in species where females are the same size or larger than males. In addition to variation in SSD with mating system, sperm competition varies among mating systems ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-013-1498-5

62. Sexual size dimorphism and allometry in Liolaemus of the L. laurenti group (Sauria: Liolaemidae): Morphologic lability in a clade of lizards with different reproductive modes

Author:
Cabrera, María P.; Scrocchi, Gustavo J.; Cruz, Félix B.
Source:
Zoologischer Anzeiger 2013 v.252 no.3 pp. 299-306
ISSN:
0044-5231
Subject:
allometry; body size; fecundity; females; lizards; males; phylogeny; reproductive performance; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Sexual size dimorphism is a common aspect in animals and different hypotheses to this regard were generated. Additionally, Rensch's rule is an empirical pattern that states that the degree of sexual size dimorphism is more pronounced in species with larger males, and less pronounced in those with larger females. We studied the body size differences, Rensch's rule and sexual dimorphism in morpholog ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jcz.2012.08.003

63. Social regulation of electric signal plasticity in male Brachyhypopomus gauderio

Author:
Gavassa, Sat; Roach, James P.; Stoddard, Philip K.
Source:
Journal of comparative physiology 2013 v.199 no.5 pp. 375-384
ISSN:
0340-7594
Subject:
aggression; animal communication; body size; females; fish; males
Abstract:
... In animal communication, the social context that elicits particular dynamic changes in the signal can provide indirect clues to signal function. Female presence should increase the expression of male signal traits relevant for mate-choice, while male presence should promote the enhancement of traits involved in male-male competition. The electric fish Brachyhypopomus gauderio produces a biphasic e ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00359-013-0801-2
PubMed:
23579464

64. Prenatal exposure to stressful life events is associated with masculinized anogenital distance (AGD) in female infants

Author:
Barrett, Emily S.; Parlett, Lauren E.; Sathyanarayana, Sheela; Liu, Fan; Redmon, J. Bruce; Wang, Christina; Swan, Shanna H.
Source:
Physiology & behavior 2013 v.114-115 pp. 14-20
ISSN:
0031-9384
Subject:
animal models; biomarkers; body size; cohort studies; females; humans; infants; life events; males; pregnancy; pregnant women; progeny; rodents
Abstract:
... In animal models, prenatal stress programs reproductive development in the resulting offspring, however little is known about effects in humans. Anogenital distance (AGD) is a commonly used, sexually dimorphic biomarker of prenatal androgen exposure in many species. In rodents, prenatally stressed males have shorter AGD than controls (suggesting lower prenatal androgen exposure), whereas prenatall ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.004
PubMed:
23499769
PubMed Central:
PMC3650607

65. Is a reduction in the individual vigilance of mothers a key evolutionary driver of group formation in white rhinos?

Author:
Shrader, Adrian M.; Post, Julie F.; Hagenah, Nicole; Bateman, Philip W.
Source:
African zoology 2013 v.48 no.1 pp. 109-114
ISSN:
2224-073X
Subject:
Rhinocerotidae; adults; body size; calves; females; grasses; group size; males; mothers; predation; risk
Abstract:
... A key benefit and evolutionary driver of group living is reduced predation risk. In white rhinos, groups comprise adult females, their calves and one to six unrelated subadults. Subadults benefit from group living through exposure to novel areas, and protection from territorial males (i.e. ‘buddy system’). In contrast, it is unclear whether mothers benefit from group living. To determine if they b ...
DOI:
10.1080/15627020.2013.11407573

66. Females prefer males with superior fighting abilities but avoid sexually harassing winners when eavesdropping on male fights

Author:
Bierbach, David; Sassmannshausen, Vanessa; Streit, Bruno; Arias-Rodriguez, Lenin; Plath, Martin
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2013 v.67 no.4 pp. 675-683
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Poecilia; body size; females; fish; males; sexual behavior
Abstract:
... Selection imposed by male competition (intrasexual selection) and female choice (intersexual selection) can be con- or discordant. Specifically, females may or may not prefer mating with dominant males, and direct costs of interacting with dominant (and possibly more harassing) males have been suggested to explain avoidance of dominant males. Here, we exemplify that inter- and intrasexual selectio ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-013-1487-8

67. Is a Reduction in the Individual Vigilance of Mothers a Key Evolutionary Driver of Group Formation in White Rhinos?

Author:
Shrader, Adrian M.; Post, Julie F.; Hagenah, Nicole; Bateman, Philip W.
Source:
African zoology 2013 v.48 no.1 pp. 109-114
ISSN:
1562-7020
Subject:
Rhinocerotidae; adults; body size; calves; females; grasses; group size; males; mothers; predation; risk
Abstract:
... A key benefit and evolutionary driver of group living is reduced predation risk. In white rhinos, groups comprise adult females, their calves and one to six unrelated subadults. Subadults benefit from group living through exposure to novel areas, and protection from territorial males (i.e. ‘buddy system’). In contrast, it is unclear whether mothers benefit from group living. To determine if they b ...
DOI:
10.3377/004.048.0117

68. Nest-Box Acquisition is Related to Plumage Coloration in Male and Female Prothonotary Warblers (Protonotaria citrea)

Author:
Beck, Michelle L.
Source:
The Auk 2013 v.130 no.2 pp. 364-371
ISSN:
1938-4254
Subject:
birds; body size; breeding; color; females; males; mating behavior; nest boxes; nesting sites; plumage
Abstract:
... In numerous avian species, males and females display ornaments that could act as signals in interactions with conspecifics. Much of the research on these ornaments has focused on mutual mate choice and intrasexual competition between males. However, few studies have examined female and male ornamentation simultaneously in the context of intrasexual competition and the acquisition of breeding resou ...
DOI:
10.1525/auk.2013.12157

69. Reproductive consequences of host age in a desert flea

Author:
LIBERMAN, VICTORIA; KHOKHLOVA, IRINA S.; DEGEN, A. ALLAN; KRASNOV, BORIS R.
Source:
Parasitology 2013 v.140 no.4 pp. 461-470
ISSN:
1469-8161
Subject:
Meriones; Siphonaptera; body size; eggs; females; hosts; imagos; juveniles; males; progeny; reproductive performance; rodents; starvation
Abstract:
... We tested for the effect of age of a rodent host (Meriones crassus) on reproductive performance of fleas in terms of number and quality of offspring and predicted that fleas would perform better on juvenile and old than on subadult and adult hosts. The number of flea offspring was evaluated via egg and new imago production, while their quality was estimated via duration of development, resistance ...
DOI:
10.1017/S0031182012001904
PubMed:
23253937

70. Testing Bergmann’s rule and the Rosenzweig hypothesis with craniometric studies of the South American sea lion

Author:
Sepúlveda, Maritza; Oliva, Doris; René Duran, L.; Urra, Alejandra; Pedraza, Susana N.; Majluf, Patrícia; Goodall, Natalie; Crespo, Enrique A.
Source:
Oecologia 2013 v.171 no.4 pp. 809-817
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
Otariidae; air temperature; biogeography; body size; females; fish; food availability; geographical variation; islands; latitude; life history; longitude; males; skull; Argentina; Brazil; Chile; Falkland Islands; Peru; Uruguay
Abstract:
... We tested the validity of Bergmann’s rule and Rosenzweig’s hypothesis through an analysis of the geographical variation of the skull size of Otaria flavescens along the entire distribution range of the species (except Brazil). We quantified the sizes of 606 adult South American sea lion skulls measured in seven localities of Peru, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, and the Falkland/Malvinas Islands. Geogr ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-012-2462-1
PubMed:
23053224

71. Consequences of paternal care on pectoral fin allometry in a desert-dwelling fish

Author:
van Lieshout, Emile; Svensson, P. Andreas; Wong, Bob B. M.
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2013 v.67 no.3 pp. 513-518
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Gobiidae; allometry; anaerobic conditions; body size; females; fins; fish; head; males; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Positive static allometry is a scaling relationship where the relative size of traits covaries with adult body size. Traditionally, positive allometry is thought to result from either altered physiological requirements at larger body size or from strongly condition-dependent allocation under sexual selection. Yet, there are no theoretical reasons why positive allometry cannot evolve in fitness-rel ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-012-1470-9

72. Ecology of Thamnodynastes hypoconia in Subtropical–Temperate South America

Author:
Bellini, Gisela P.; Arzamendia, Vanesa; Giraudo, Alejandro R.
Source:
Herpetologica 2013 v.69 no.1 pp. 67-79
ISSN:
1938-5099
Subject:
Dipsadidae; body size; feeds; females; floodplains; frogs; habitat preferences; lizards; males; natural history; parturition; phylogeny; predation; rivers; seasonal variation; sexual dimorphism; sexual maturity; snakes; summer; taxonomy; wetlands; South America
Abstract:
... The ecology of the genus Thamnodynastes has received little study, and problems with its taxonomy have generated imprecise and incorrect data. We analyzed the reproductive biology, sexual dimorphism, feeding ecology, habitat use, and seasonal activity of Thamnodynastes hypoconia in its subtropical–temperate area of distribution. We discuss its main ecological traits in light of the competition and ...
DOI:
10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-12-00027

73. Ecology of the Rough-tailed Gecko, Cyrtopodion scabrum (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in the Suez Canal Zone, Egypt

Author:
Ibrahim, Adel A.
Source:
Journal of Herpetology 2013 v.47 no.1 pp. 148-155
ISSN:
0022-1511
Subject:
Diptera; Gekkonidae; Hymenoptera; air temperature; arthropods; autumn; body size; diet; energy; females; foraging; head; home range; lizards; males; nesting; reproduction; sexual dimorphism; spring; winter; Egypt
Abstract:
... Field observations and lab studies were carried out on the Rough-tailed Gecko (Cyrtopodion scabrum) in the Suez Canal Zone to assess sexual size dimorphism, activity, habitat selection, growth rate, diet, and reproduction. Cyrtopodion scabrum showed no significant sexual difference in body size and head shape characters. The lizard's maximum activity was in autumn and the minimum in winter, with p ...
DOI:
10.1670/11-151

74. Effects of predation by the copepod Mesocyclops ogunnus on the sex ratios of mosquito Aedes albopictus

Author:
Cardôso, Helton Charllys Batista; da Silva, Bruna Queiroz; de Assis, Thiago Brandão; Lopez, Luiz Carlos Serramo
Source:
Hydrobiologia 2013 v.705 no.1 pp. 55-61
ISSN:
0018-8158
Subject:
Aedes albopictus; Mesocyclops; body size; ecosystems; females; insect larvae; males; mosquito control; predation; predators; sex ratio
Abstract:
... Cyclopoid copepods are important predators in many aquatic ecosystems and have been used as biological agents in successful programs to control mosquito larvae. However, the impacts of this predation on adult mosquito populations are still poorly understood. The present study compared the sex ratios and body sizes (measured as wing length) of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes emerging from recipients co ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10750-012-1379-3

75. Testosterone production, sexually dimorphic morphology, and digit ratio in the dark-eyed junco

Author:
Cain, Kristal E.; Bergeon Burns, Christine M.; Ketterson, Ellen D.
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2013 v.24 no.2 pp. 462-469
ISSN:
1045-2249
Subject:
Junco hyemalis; adulthood; adults; body size; embryogenesis; estrogens; females; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; males; phenotype; sexual dimorphism; songbirds; steroid hormones; tail; testosterone
Abstract:
... The hormonal environment an individual experiences during development can have lasting effects on behavior, morphology, and physiology. However, measuring endogenous hormone exposure during early embryonic development and relating it to adult phenotype has proved to be challenging. The relative length of digit 2 to digit 4 (2D:4D) in adults is thought to reflect the relative concentration of andro ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/ars186

76. Genetic relatedness does not predict racoon social network structure

Author:
Hirsch, Ben T.; Prange, Suzanne; Hauver, Stephanie A.; Gehrt, Stanley D.
Source:
Animal behaviour 2013 v.85 no.2 pp. 463-470
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Procyon lotor; adults; animal behavior; body size; females; home range; kinship; males; mammals; models; radio frequency identification; social networks; urban population; Illinois
Abstract:
... Social assortativity, preferentially associating with certain individuals, is a widespread behaviour among a diverse range of taxa. Animals often choose to associate with other individuals based on characteristics such as sex, age, body size, rank and genetic relatedness. These preferences can scale up to shape the overall social structure of an animal group or population. We investigated possible ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.011

77. Maintenance of body‐size variation and host range in the orange‐tip butterfly: evidence for a trade‐off between adult life‐history traits

Author:
DAVIES, W. JAMES; SACCHERI, ILIK J.
Source:
Ecological entomology 2013 v.38 no.1 pp. 49-60
ISSN:
0307-6946
Subject:
Alliaria petiolata; Cardamine; adults; body size; butterflies; evolution; females; host plants; host range; males; phytophagous insects; progeny; regression analysis; United Kingdom
Abstract:
... 1. The evolution of host range and preference in phytophagous insects is driven by a female's oviposition choice impacting her offspring's fitness. Analysis of the fitness of progeny on different host plants has commonly been restricted to the performance of immature stages. However, since host use can affect adult size, it is important to measure the ongoing effects of host choice on the resultin ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01402.x

78. Promiscuity and elongated sperm storage organs work cooperatively as a cryptic female choice mechanism in an earwig

Author:
Kamimura, Yoshitaka
Source:
Animal behaviour 2013 v.85 no.2 pp. 377-383
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Euborellia; animal behavior; body size; burrows; copulation; female genitalia; females; male genitalia; males; mathematical models; paternity; sons; spermatozoa; storage organs
Abstract:
... Female genitalia often show complex morphologies that cannot be explained by sperm reception and storage functions. However, our understanding of the forces underlying genital exaggeration in females is limited. Female earwigs, Euborellia plebeja, are promiscuous and their highly elongated sperm storage organs allow only partial removal and displacement of stored sperm by shorter male genitalia, r ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.11.010

79. Sexual segregation in red deer: is social behaviour more important than habitat preferences?

Author:
Alves, Joana; Alves da Silva, António; Soares, Amadeu M.V.M.; Fonseca, Carlos
Source:
Animal behaviour 2013 v.85 no.2 pp. 501-509
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Cervus elaphus; adults; age structure; animal behavior; autumn; body size; dimorphism; females; food availability; habitat preferences; habitats; males; peers; social behavior; vertebrates
Abstract:
... Sexual segregation among vertebrates is a common phenomenon, usually assumed to be associated with sexual body size dimorphism and explained by differences in habitat use or social behaviours. Various hypotheses explain sexual segregation in terms of social or habitat factors. The factors controlling sexual segregation are as yet unclear and the hypotheses put forward to explain it have generated ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.018

80. Biometry of adult rosalia longicorn Rosalia alpina (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from the Polish Carpathians: a preliminary study

Author:
Michalcewicz, Jakub; Ciach, Michał
Source:
Polskie pismo entomologiczne 2013 v.81 no.4 pp. 311-320
ISSN:
0032-3780
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Rosalia alpina; Ulmus glabra; adults; biometry; body size; breeding; elytra; females; forest management; forests; habitats; host plants; males; national parks; Poland
Abstract:
... .The body size of xylophagous beetles is determined by the host plant species, as well as by the amount and quality of breeding material. Consequently, the biometric traits of adults can be used as an indicator of the attractiveness of the breeding material and the quality of a habitat. The paper presents selected biometric traits of rosalia longicorn Rosalia alpina (L.) imagines in three populati ...
DOI:
10.2478/v10200-012-0011-1

81. Population dynamics of the fiddler crab Uca iranica (Ocypodidae) on Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf

Author:
Kamrani, Ehsan; Shayesteh, Farideh; Nordhaus, Inga; Saeedi, Hanieh; Diele, Karen
Source:
Acta oecologica 2013
ISSN:
1146-609X
Subject:
Uca; allometry; body size; body weight; breeding; correlation; crabs; eggs; environmental factors; females; males; mortality; population dynamics; rain; sex ratio; summer; temperature; Iran; Persian Gulf
Abstract:
... Uca iranica is restricted to the Persian Gulf and is one of Iran's most abundant fiddler crab species. Its biology, however, is poorly known. A population of U. iranica was studied in a planted mangrove stand on Qeshm Island, including its size and sex structure, the crabs handedness, growth, mortality, reproductive biology, the relation between crab density and environmental factors, and breeding ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.actao.2013.01.008

82. Age, body size and growth pattern of Argenteohyla siemersi pederseni (Anura: Hylidae) in northeastern Argentina

Author:
Cajade, Rodrigo; Marangoni, Federico; Gangenova, Elena
Source:
Journal of natural history 2013 v.47 no.3-4 pp. 237-251
ISSN:
1464-5262
Subject:
Hylidae; age structure; body size; females; longevity; males; reproduction; Argentina
Abstract:
... In this study we analysed the body size, age structure, age at maturity, longevity and growth pattern of Argenteohyla siemersi pederseni in north-eastern Argentina using skeletochronological methods. Body size was sexually dimorphic; females were significantly larger and heavier than males, regardless of age. As A. s. pederseni is an explosive breeder with only one reproductive episode per year, w ...
DOI:
10.1080/00222933.2012.743614

83. Environmental effects on anuran call design: what we know and what we need to know

Author:
Erdtmann, L.K.; Lima, A.P.
Source:
Ethology, ecology & evolution 2013 v.25 no.1 pp. 1-11
ISSN:
1828-7131
Subject:
Anura; absorption; acoustics; birds; body size; females; males; mammals; phylogeny; prediction; sexual selection; territoriality; vegetation structure
Abstract:
... Long-range acoustic signals are subject to a variety of evolutionary pressures, such as sexual selection, species recognition, body-size constraints, physiological constraints, and natural selection by environmental constraints. Anuran advertisement calls are long-range acoustic signals with two essential functions: to attract females, and to defend a territory against other males. However, the en ...
DOI:
10.1080/03949370.2012.744356

84. Assortative mating by size without a size-based preference: the female-sooner norm as a mate-guarding criterion

Author:
Galipaud, Matthias; Bollache, Loïc; Dechaume-Moncharmont, François-Xavier
Source:
Animal behaviour 2013 v.85 no.1 pp. 35-41
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Crustacea; animal behavior; assortative mating; body size; females; males; mating behavior; molting; reproduction; sexual selection
Abstract:
... The study of size-assortative mating, or homogamy, is of great importance in speciation and sexual selection. However, the proximate mechanisms that lead to such patterns are poorly understood. Homogamy is often thought to come from a directional preference for larger mates. However, many constraints affect mating preferences and understanding the causes of size assortment requires a precise evalu ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.09.038

85. Complex latitudinal variation in the morphology of the kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes kumadai associated with host use and climatic conditions

Author:
Baba, Yuki G.; Walters, Richard J.; Miyashita, Tadashi
Source:
Population ecology 2013 v.55 no.1 pp. 43-51
ISSN:
1438-3896
Subject:
Araneae; adults; body size; climatic factors; females; latitude; males; statistical analysis; Japan
Abstract:
... We examined complex geographical patterns in the morphology of a kleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes kumadai, across its distributional range in Japan. To disentangle biotic and abiotic factors underlying morphological variation, latitudinal trends were investigated in two traits, body size and relative leg length, across separate transition zones for host use and voltinism. Statistical analyses rev ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10144-012-0334-5

86. Diet selection and seasonal dietary switch of a large sexually dimorphic herbivore

Author:
Shannon, Graeme; Mackey, Robin L.; Slotow, Rob
Source:
Acta oecologica 2013 v.46 pp. 48-55
ISSN:
1146-609X
Subject:
Loxodonta africana; adults; body size; diet; dry season; feces; females; forage; foraging; grasses; grasslands; habitats; herbivores; males; progeny; temporal variation; wet season; woody plants; South Africa
Abstract:
... Although diet selection and the physiological adaptations of grazers and browsers have been widely studied, much less is known about mixed-feeders that target both grass and woody species. The ability to switch diet allows the individual to respond to spatial and temporal changes in forage abundance and quality, providing a key mechanism for large herbivores to exploit heterogeneous environments. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.actao.2012.10.013

87. Incongruence between the sexes in preferences for body and dorsal fin size in Xiphophorus variatus

Author:
MacLaren, R. David; Fontaine, Adam
Source:
Behavioural processes 2013 v.92 pp. 99-106
ISSN:
0376-6357
Subject:
Xiphophorus variatus; body size; fecundity; females; fins; fish; males; retina
Abstract:
... Female preference for male fin enhancements in poeciliid fishes may be driven by a preexisting perceptual bias for increased male lateral projection area (LPA). This hypothesis suggests that a male with enlarged body and/or fin size projects a larger image onto the female's retina at a given viewing distance, eliciting a greater sensory and thus behavioral response out of the female than a smaller ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.013

88. Influences of sex, ontogeny and body size on the thermal ecology of Liolaemus lutzae (Squamata, Liolaemidae) in a restinga remnant in southeastern Brazil

Author:
Maia-Carneiro, Thiago; Rocha, Carlos Frederico Duarte
Source:
Journal of thermal biology 2013 v.38 no.1 pp. 41-46
ISSN:
0306-4565
Subject:
Squamata; adults; ambient temperature; body size; body temperature; coasts; death; females; forage; juveniles; lizards; males; microhabitats; ontogeny; risk; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection; Brazil
Abstract:
... Variations in body temperature (Tb) of lizards can be partially explained by intrinsic factors such as sex, ontogeny and body size. Liolaemus lutzae is a lizard species restricted to restingas in the Brazilian coast in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Herein, we studied sexual dimorphism and influences of sex, ontogeny, and body size to the Tb of L. lutzae. Adult males were larger than adult females, ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jtherbio.2012.10.004

89. Morphology of Bluntnose Minnow Pimephales Notatus (Cyprinidae) Covaries with Habitat in a Central Indiana Watershed

Author:
Jacquemin, Stephen J.; Martin, Erika; Pyron, Mark
Source:
The American midland naturalist 2013 v.169 no.1 pp. 137-146
ISSN:
0003-0031
Subject:
Pimephales notatus; body size; correlation; discriminant analysis; environmental factors; females; habitats; head; hydrology; males; morphometry; peduncle; phenotypic plasticity; principal component analysis; sexual dimorphism; streams; watersheds; Indiana
Abstract:
... Morphological variation of taxa frequently is correlated with local environmental variation. We tested for covariation in morphology and environmental variables in bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus from 10 sites in central Indiana. We used principal components analysis (PCA) to summarize local environmental variation and geomorphic morphometrics (procrustes method and relative warp analysis) to ...
DOI:
10.1674/0003-0031-169.1.137

90. Progeny sex ratios in a short-lived lizard: seasonal invariance despite sex-specific effects of hatching date on fitness

Author:
Urbach, Davnah; Cox, Robert M.; Calsbeek, Ryan
Source:
Evolutionary ecology 2013 v.27 no.1 pp. 205-220
ISSN:
0269-7653
Subject:
Anolis; body size; breeding season; evolution; females; hatching; lizards; males; progeny; sex ratio; time series analysis
Abstract:
... When fitness returns are sex-specific, selection should favor the facultative adjustment of offspring sex ratios. Seasonal shifts in offspring sex ratios are predicted to be particularly beneficial in short-lived, sexually dimorphic species in which hatching date is linked to adult size, which is related to fitness in a sex-specific fashion. We used four time series of hatching dates and progeny s ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10682-012-9575-1

91. Stable isotopes reveal variable foraging behaviour in a colony of the Imperial Shag Phalacrocorax atriceps: differences between ages, sexes and years

Author:
Michalik, Andreas; McGill, Rona A. R.; van Noordwijk, Hendrika J.; Masello, Juan F.; Furness, Robert W.; Eggers, Till; Quillfeldt, Petra
Source:
Journal of ornithology 2013 v.154 no.1 pp. 239-249
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
Phalacrocorax; adults; body size; breeding; breeding season; diet study techniques; females; food webs; foraging; immatures; intraspecific variation; males; seabirds; sexual dimorphism; stable isotopes; Falkland Islands
Abstract:
... Stable isotope analysis (SIA) is used in the study of trophic relationships in food webs, being also a powerful tool for the study of intraspecific diet segregation. Unlike short-term data from most conventional diet studies, SIA can also provide information about times when seabirds stay out at sea and are thus not easily accessible. Imperial Shags Phalacrocorax atriceps are resident seabirds sho ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-012-0890-7

92. The relationship between brood size and prey selection in a Peregrine Falcon population located in a strategic region on the Western European Flyway

Author:
Zuberogoitia, Iñigo; Martínez, José Enrique; González-Oreja, José Antonio; Calvo, José Francisco; Zabala, Jabi
Source:
Journal of ornithology 2013 v.154 no.1 pp. 73-82
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
probability; nests; birds of prey; males; rain; body size; breeding season; Falco peregrinus; females; falcons; Spain
Abstract:
... In raptors, brood size seems to be closely related to the size of prey brought to the nest, the delivery rate and the degree of parental effort. In the case of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus), any increase in the size of prey is considered to be linked to the increased role of the female in hunting. We investigated the possible effects of differences between sexes in prey composition on the b ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-012-0872-9

93. Age, Growth, and Reproductive Biology of Cownose Rays in Chesapeake Bay

Author:
Fisher, Robert A.; Call, Garrett C.; Grubbs, R. Dean
Source:
Marine and coastal fisheries 2013 v.5 pp. 224-235
ISSN:
1942-5120
Subject:
Argopecten irradians; Rhinoptera bonasus; animal age; animal growth; aquaculture; benthic organisms; body size; embryo (animal); fecundity; females; gestation period; growth models; life history; males; overfishing; oysters; predation; predatory fish; pregnancy; sexual maturity; shellfish; Chesapeake Bay; North Carolina
Abstract:
... The Cownose Ray Rhinoptera bonasus is an opportunistic predator of benthic invertebrates and has had a long history of negative interactions with commercial shellfish industries. Most recently, Cownose Rays have been implicated in negatively affecting the recovery of bay scallop Argopecten irradians stocks in North Carolina and oyster restoration and commercial aquaculture efforts in Chesapeake Ba ...
DOI:
10.1080/19425120.2013.812587

94. Compensatory Growth of the Sandbar Shark in the Western North Atlantic Including the Gulf of Mexico

Author:
Romine, J. G.; Musick, J. A.; Johnson, R. A.
Source:
Marine and coastal fisheries 2013 v.5 pp. 189-199
ISSN:
1942-5120
Subject:
Carcharhinus; animal age; body size; compensatory growth; females; growth models; males; overfishing; population dynamics; sexual maturity; sharks; surveys; Atlantic Ocean; Gulf of Mexico
Abstract:
... The number of Sandbar Sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus in the western North Atlantic Ocean has experienced a drastic decline since the early 1980s, reaching a minimum during the early 1990s. Catch rates in the early 1990s were a mere 25% of those during the 1980s. According to several fishery-independent surveys, the low point in Sandbar Shark abundance followed a period of high exploitation. Growth m ...
DOI:
10.1080/19425120.2013.793631

95. Diet composition changes correlated with body size in the Smooth snake, Coronella austriaca, inhabiting lowland heath in southern England

Author:
Reading, Christopher; Jofré, Gabriela
ISSN:
0173-5373
Subject:
Bufonidae; Colubridae; Lacertidae; Muridae; Soricidae; adults; body size; diet; feces; females; habitats; heathlands; juveniles; males; prey species; sexual maturity; small mammals; snakes; summer; England
Abstract:
... The diet of Smooth snakes (Coronella austriaca) inhabiting lowland heath in southern England was studied over a nine-year period (2004-2012) by analysing 226 faecal samples obtained from 19 females and 41 males of varying age/size from juveniles to sexually mature adults. The main prey species belonged to the families Lacertidae (48%), Soricidae (32%) and Muridae (13%) with the remaining 7% compri ...
DOI:
10.1163/15685381-00002899

96. Melanin-based colouration as a potential indicator of male quality in the lizard Zootocavivipara (Squamata: Lacertidae)

Author:
Vroonen, Jessica; Vervust, Bart; Van Damme, Raoul
ISSN:
0173-5373
Subject:
Lacertidae; body condition; body size; color; females; immune response; lizards; males; parasite load; pigments; sexual dimorphism
Abstract:
... In many animals, aspects of colouration are hypothesized to convey information on the body condition or quality of individuals. This idea has been tested primarily for the carotenoid-based component of body colouration. The significance of other pigments in this context has received far less attention. In the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara, the degree of black patterning on the ventrum and throat ...
DOI:
10.1163/15685381-00002916

97. No sexual dimorphism in limb muscles of a frog not engaging in amplexus

Author:
Zhang, Lixia; Zhao, Yunyun; Yang, Jie; Lu, Xin; Chen, Xiaohong
ISSN:
1570-7555
Subject:
Anura; body size; coevolution; females; frogs; hindlimbs; males; muscles; prediction; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Sexual dimorphism in limb muscles is widespread among anurans, with males having stronger limbs than females. This phenomenon has been interpreted in the context of intrasexual selection: 1) the robust forelimb muscles in males are associated with amplexus, in which the male tries to grasp the female tightly, and also with rejection of rivals’ attempts at taking over, and 2) massive hindlimb muscl ...
DOI:
10.1163/15707563-00002421

98. Reproduction of the Blacktip Shark in the Gulf of Mexico

Author:
Baremore, Ivy E.; Passerotti, Michelle S.
Source:
Marine and coastal fisheries 2013 v.5 pp. 127-138
ISSN:
1942-5120
Subject:
Carcharhinus limbatus; animal age; animal ovaries; body size; data collection; fecundity; females; fisheries; litter size; males; parturition; pregnancy; progeny; pups; sharks; Gulf of Mexico
Abstract:
... Reproductive and age data were collected for Blacktip Sharks Carcharhinus limbatus in the Gulf of Mexico from fishery-dependent and -independent sources from 2006 to 2011 for stock assessment. A total of 757 Blacktip Sharks were sampled for reproductive analysis (399 females, 358 males), of which 741 were aged. Additional length and age data from a previous age and growth study on Blacktip Sharks ...
DOI:
10.1080/19425120.2012.758204

99. Reproductive Biology of the Cownose Ray in the Charlotte Harbor Estuarine System, Florida

Author:
Poulakis, Gregg R.
Source:
Marine and coastal fisheries 2013 v.5 pp. 159-173
ISSN:
1942-5120
Subject:
periodicity; life history; subtropics; embryo (animal); ovulation; animal ovaries; fisheries management; parturition; males; testes; females; breeding season; estuaries; vitellogenesis; epididymis; zoogeography; Rhinoptera bonasus; climate change; pregnancy; migratory species; sexual maturity; gestation period; body size; mating behavior; birth weight; Atlantic Ocean; Florida; Gulf of Mexico
Abstract:
... The Cownose Ray Rhinoptera bonasus is an abundant species in the western Atlantic Ocean, including the Gulf of Mexico, but its reproductive biology is not completely known because of the difficulty of obtaining year-round samples in large portions of its range where the species is migratory. To address this knowledge gap, Cownose Rays were studied in a subtropical estuarine system where rays are a ...
DOI:
10.1080/19425120.2013.795509

100. Reproductive Biology of the Cuban Dogfish in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

Author:
Jones, Lisa M.; Driggers, William B.; Hoffmayer, Eric R.; Hannan, Kristin M.; Mathers, Alyssa N.
Source:
Marine and coastal fisheries 2013 v.5 pp. 152-158
ISSN:
1942-5120
Subject:
Squalus; autumn; body size; continental shelf; developmental stages; embryo (animal); females; males; mothers; ova; pregnancy; sexual maturity; summer; vitellogenesis; Gulf of Mexico
Abstract:
... Within the northern Gulf of Mexico, the Cuban Dogfish Squalus cubensis is the most frequently encountered squalid in continental shelf and slope waters. Despite the relatively high abundance of Cuban Dogfish in the region, there is a dearth of information regarding even the most basic aspects of the species' biology. Furthermore, what has been reported is conflicting and of questionable utility. F ...
DOI:
10.1080/19425120.2013.768572