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You searched for: Publication year rev 7990-2010 Remove constraint Publication year rev: 7990-2010 Subject term X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Remove constraint Subject term: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Text availability Citation in PubAg Remove constraint Text availability: Citation in PubAg
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1. A facile strategy to modify TiO2 nanoparticles via surface‐initiated ATRP of styrene

Author:
Wenping Wang; Hengming Cao; Guojun Zhu; Peng Wang
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.8 pp. 1782-1790
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; catalysts; chemical structure; glass transition temperature; molecular weight; nanocomposites; nanoparticles; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; polymerization; polystyrenes; scanning electron microscopy; styrene; thermal properties; titanium dioxide; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... A core‐shell hybrid nanocomposites, possessing a hard core of nano titanium dioxide (n‐TiO₂) and a soft shell of brushlike polystyrene (PS), were successfully prepared by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at 90 °C in anisole solution using CuBr/PMDETA as the catalyst, in the presence of sacrificial initiator. FTIR, ¹H NMR, XPS, TEM, SEM, TGA, and DSC were used to determ ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.23946

2. Arsenic adsorption on Ti-pillared montmorillonite

Author:
Na, Ping; Jia, Xiumin; Yuan, Bin; Li, Yuan; Na, Jiyu; Chen, Yuchen; Wang, Linshuang
Source:
Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology 2010 v.85 no.5 pp. 708-714
ISSN:
0268-2575
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; adsorption; aqueous solutions; arsenic; arsenites; chemical reactions; drinking water; ionic strength; ions; models; montmorillonite; pH; pollution; sorption isotherms; temperature; water purification
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Arsenic pollution in drinking water has been found in most countries. Arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)) are two major forms of inorganic arsenic species, and the latter is the more toxic. The removal of arsenic ions from water has attracted increased attention, and therefore further understanding and development of techniques for removal of arsenic ions are required.RESULTS: Adso ...
DOI:
10.1002/jctb.2360

3. Biological synthesis of platinum nanoparticles using Diopyros kaki leaf extract

Author:
Song, Jae Yong; Kwon, Eun-Yeong; Kim, Beom Soo
Source:
Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 2010 v.33 no.1 pp. 159-164
ISSN:
1615-7591
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-radiation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; culture media; ions; leaf extracts; nanoparticles; particle size; platinum; reducing agents; temperature; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... The leaf extract of Diopyros kaki was used as a reducing agent in the ecofriendly extracellular synthesis of platinum nanoparticles from an aqueous H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O solution. A greater than 90% conversion of platinum ions to nanoparticles was achieved with a reaction temperature of 95°C and a leaf broth concentration of >10%. A variety of methods was used to characterize the platinum nanoparticles syn ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00449-009-0373-2

4. Changes caused by heat treatment in chemical composition and some physical properties of acacia hybrid sapwood

Author:
Vu Manh Tuong; Jian Li
Source:
Holzforschung 2010 v.65 no.1 pp. 67-72
ISSN:
1437-434X
Subject:
Acacia; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; absorption; chemical composition; heat treatment; hybrids; lignin; nitrogen; sapwood; temperature; wood
Abstract:
... Acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium×auriculiformis) sapwood was heat-treated in nitrogen under laboratory conditions for 2–6 h at 210°C–230°C. Chemical composition and physical properties including water absorption and swelling were examined. The results showed that these properties were reduced significantly by heat treatment, and there is an interactive effect of temperature and time on them. Chemical ...
DOI:
10.1515/hf.2010.118

5. Chromatographic characterisation of ordered mesoporous silicas. Part II: Acceptor-donor properties

Author:
Grajek, H.; Paciura-Zadrożna, J.; Witkiewicz, Z.
Source:
Journal of chromatography 2010 v.1217 no.18 pp. 3116-3127
ISSN:
0021-9673
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; adsorbents; energy; gas chromatography
Abstract:
... The ordered mesoporous siliceous materials: MCM41C16, MCM41C16-SH and MCM41C16-NH₂ (known as MCMs) having different surface functionalities were studied by inverse gas chromatography to characterise their acceptor-donor properties. The DN values denoting the donor number in the Gutmann scale and the AN* values denoting the acceptor number in the Riddle-Fowkes scale have been chosen in the estimati ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.029

6. Combined use of X-ray photoelectron and Mössbauer spectroscopic techniques in the analytical characterization of iron oxidation state in amphibole asbestos

Author:
Fantauzzi, Marzia; Pacella, Alessandro; Atzei, Davide; Gianfagna, Antonio; Andreozzi, Giovanni B.; Rossi, Antonella
Source:
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2010 v.396 no.8 pp. 2889-2898
ISSN:
1618-2642
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; asbestos; cytotoxicity; iron; mortality; oxidation; reactive oxygen species; respiratory tract diseases; sampling; Italy; South Africa; United States
Abstract:
... Asbestos fibers are an important cause of serious health problems and respiratory diseases. The presence, structural coordination, and oxidation state of iron at the fiber surface are potentially important for the biological effects of asbestos because iron can catalyze the Haber-Weiss reaction, generating the reactive oxygen species ⋅OH. Literature results indicate that the surface concentration ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00216-010-3576-0

7. Cycloaddition of benzyne to SWCNT: towards CNT-based paddle wheels

Author:
Alejandro Criado; Maria José Gómez-Escalonilla; Jose Luis G. Fierro; Antonio Urbina; Diego Peña; Enrique Guitián; Fernando Langa
Source:
Chemical communications 2010 v.46 no.37 pp. 7028-7030
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
Raman spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; chemical communication; chemical compounds; cycloaddition reactions; thermogravimetry; transmission electron microscopy; wheels
Abstract:
... The cycloaddition of benzyne to SWCNT has been carried out for the first time. Raman spectroscopy, TGA, HR-TEM, UV-vis-NIR as well as XPS have been used for products characterization. ...
DOI:
10.1039/c0cc01907k

8. Determination of accessible amino groups on surfaces by chemical derivatization with 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isothiocyanate and XPS/NEXAFS analysis

Author:
Graf, Nora; Lippitz, Andreas; Gross, Thomas; Pippig, Falko; Holländer, Andreas; Unger, Wolfgang E. S.
Source:
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2010 v.396 no.2 pp. 725-738
ISSN:
1618-2642
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; absorption; biochemical compounds; carbon; derivatization; gold; polyethylene; sampling; silicon
Abstract:
... The determination of amino groups on surfaces capable of binding biomolecules is important for the understanding and optimization of technologically relevant coupling processes. In this study, three different types of amino-functionalized model surfaces, amino thiolate on Au, amino siloxane on Si, and polyethylene (PE) foils and films reacted with 1,2-diaminoethane (DAE) were derivatized with 3,5- ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00216-009-3233-7

9. Dopant effect and characterization of polypyrrole-cellulose composites prepared by in situ polymerization process

Author:
Ding, Chunyue; Qian, Xueren; Yu, Gang; An, Xianhui
Source:
Cellulose 2010 v.17 no.6 pp. 1067-1077
ISSN:
0969-0239
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; acids; atomic force microscopy; cellulose; chlorides; grains; infrared spectroscopy; naphthalene; polymerization; pulp fiber; scanning electron microscopy; sodium
Abstract:
... Polypyrrole (PPy)-cellulose composites were prepared by in situ polymerization of pyrrole in pulp suspension using ferric chloride as an oxidant. Some sulfonic compounds including p-toluenesulfonic acid and its sodium salt (PTSA and PTSA-Na), benzenesulfonic acid (BSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid and its sodium salt (DBSA and DBSA-Na), 2-naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA) and 9,10-anthraquinone-2-s ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10570-010-9442-6

10. Fabrication of uniform anatase TiO₂ particles exposed by {001} facets

Author:
Xue Yan Ma; Zhi Gang Chen; Sandy Budi Hartono; Hai Bo Jiang; Jin Zou; Shi Zhang Qiao; Hua Gui Yang
Source:
Chemical communications 2010 v.46 no.35 pp. 6608-6610
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
EDTA (chelating agent); X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; chemical communication; chemical reactions; scanning electron microscopy; titanium dioxide; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... Uniform anatase TiO₂ particles exposed by {001} facets were successfully synthesized by using EDTA together with F as morphology controlling agents. The crystallographic structure as well as the growth mechanism of anatase TiO₂ particles was investigated systematically by XRD, SEM, TEM and XPS, respectively. ...
DOI:
10.1039/c0cc01473g

11. Formaldehyde removal by Rayon-based activated carbon fibers modified by P-aminobenzoic acid

Author:
Rong, Haiqin; Liu, Zhenyu; Wu, Qilin; Pan, Ding; Zheng, Jingtang
Source:
Cellulose 2010 v.17 no.1 pp. 205-214
ISSN:
0969-0239
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; activated carbon; adsorption; formaldehyde; nitrogen; p-aminobenzoic acid; rayon; surface area
Abstract:
... We impregnated Rayon-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) by p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and systematically investigated their porous structure, surface chemistry, and formaldehyde removal behavior. Using standard nitrogen adsorption analysis, we found that the specific surface area, the micropore volume, and the total pore volume decreased with increasing concentration of PABA. Through elemental a ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10570-009-9352-7

12. Hard nanocomposite comprising stereoregular syndiotactic polypropylene with chemically bonded gold nanoparticles

Author:
Yeh, Jie-Ru; Tseng, Fu-Yuan; Yeh, Je-Yuan; Tsai, Jing-Cherng; Tsiang, Raymond Chien-Chao
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.20 pp. 4400-4407
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; absorption; adverse effects; catalytic activity; chemical bonding; chemical structure; melting point; nanocomposites; nanogold; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; polypropylenes; temperature; thermal degradation; thermal stability; thiols; wavelengths
Abstract:
... An effective method to synthesize directly a hard composite material containing uniformly dispersed nanogold particles chemically bonded with a stereospecific, crystalline polymer matrix has been developed. Syndiotactic polypropylene was synthesized and functionalized to have a hydroxyl terminal group (sPPOH) via a metallocene catalysis with a selective chain transfer. Next, sPPOH was activated to ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.24227

13. Identifying reaction intermediates and catalytic active sites through in situ characterization techniques

Author:
Andrew J. Foster; Raul F. Lobo
Source:
Chemical Society reviews 2010 v.39 no.12 pp. 4783-4793
ISSN:
1460-4744
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray absorption spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; active sites; catalysts; catalytic activity; infrared spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Abstract:
... This tutorial review centers on recent advances and applications of experimental techniques that help characterize surface species and catalyst structures under in situ conditions. We start by reviewing recent applications of IR spectroscopy of working catalysis, emphasizing newer approaches such as Sum Frequency Generation and Polarization Modulation-infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. T ...
DOI:
10.1039/c0cs00016g

14. Immobilization of Pd nanoparticles with functional ionic liquid grafted onto cross-linked polymer for solvent-free Heck reaction

Author:
Gang Liu; Minqiang Hou; Jiyuan Song; Tao Jiang; Honglei Fan; Zhaofu Zhang; Buxing Han
Source:
Green chemistry 2010 v.12 no.1 pp. 65-69
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; alkenes; arylation; bromine; catalysts; catalytic activity; composite polymers; crosslinking; green chemistry; ionic liquids; nanoparticles; organoiodine compounds; palladium; thermogravimetry; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... 1-Aminoethyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide ([VAIM]Br) grafted on the cross-linked polymer polydivinylbenzene (PDVB) was synthesized. The copolymers were used as a support to immobilize palladium nanoparticles. The catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( ...
DOI:
10.1039/b913182e

15. Influence of compatibilizing agent molecular structure on the mechanical properties of phosphate glass fiber-reinforced PLA composites

Author:
Haque, Papia; Barker, Ian A.; Parsons, Andrew; Thurecht, Kristofer J.; Ahmed, Ifty; Walker, Gavin S.; Rudd, Christopher D.; Irvine, Derek J.
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.14 pp. 3082-3094
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; chemical structure; glass; glass fibers; mechanical properties; molecular weight; phosphates; polylactic acid
Abstract:
... Eight compatibilizing agents were studied to investigate their effect on the quality of the interface between a phosphate glass fiber and a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix. After application of the agents via dip-coating, the fibers were Soxhlet extracted to remove any unreacted compatibilizer. To assess the interface quality, single fiber tensile tests of treated fibers and interfacial shear stren ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.24086

16. Lipase immobilization on smectite nanoclays: Characterization and application to the epoxidation of α-pinene

Author:
Tzialla, Aikaterini A.; Pavlidis, Ioannis V.; Felicissimo, Marcella P.; Rudolf, Petra; Gournis, Dimitrios; Stamatis, Haralambos
Source:
Bioresource technology 2010 v.101 no.6 pp. 1587-1594
ISSN:
0960-8524
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; thermal analysis; Pseudozyma antarctica; immobilized enzymes; hydrogen peroxide; clay; triacylglycerol lipase; smectite; nanoclays
Abstract:
... The immobilization of lipase B from Candida antarctica on smectite group nanoclays (Laponite, SWy-2 and Kunipia), as well as on their organically modified derivatives, was investigated. A combination of techniques, namely X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, X-ray photoelectron and FT-IR spectroscopy, was used for characterization of the novel immobilized biocatalyst. Structural and biochemical ch ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.023

17. Microbial reduction of selenium oxyanions by Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans

Author:
He, Qiang; Yao, Kai
Source:
Bioresource technology 2010 v.101 no.10 pp. 3760-3764
ISSN:
0960-8524
Subject:
Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans; X-radiation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; bacteria; biogeochemical cycles; bioremediation; biotransformation; detoxification (processing); heavy metals; radionuclides; selenium; toxicity
Abstract:
... Selenium oxyanions are toxic to living organisms at excessive levels. The accumulation of selenium in certain environments requires the development of efficient detoxification processes. In this study, we demonstrated the ability of two Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans strains to readily convert toxic Se(IV) to less toxic insoluble Se(0), as confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.065
PubMed:
20100657

18. Modification of multiwall carbon nanotubes via soap-free emulsion polymerization of acrylonitrile

Author:
Cheng, Zhenping; Pan, Qinmin; Rempel, Garry L.
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.10 pp. 2057-2062
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; X-radiation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; carbon nanotubes; coatings; emulsions; polyacrylonitrile; polymerization; scanning electron microscopy; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... A novel method for the synthesis of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-coated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via a simple soap-free emulsion polymerization is presented for the first time. The polymerization was initiated with conventional anionic ammonium persulfate (APS) at 65 °C. The modification of PAN on MWCNT surfaces was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoele ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.23969

19. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI): Aspects of the core-shell structure and reactions with inorganic species in water

Author:
Yan, Weile; Herzing, Andrew A.; Kiely, Christopher J.; Zhang, Wei-xian
Source:
Journal of contaminant hydrology 2010 v.118 no.3-4 pp. 96-104
ISSN:
0169-7722
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; chemical reduction; functional properties; hydrogen sulfide; hydroxides; iron; iron oxides; mercury; pollution; scanning electron microscopes; sorption; zinc
Abstract:
... Aspects of the core-shell model of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and their environmental implications were examined in this work. The structure and elemental distribution of nZVI were characterized by X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) with nanometer-scale spatial resolution in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The analysis provides unequivocal ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.09.003
PubMed:
20889228

20. New insights into anatase crystallization behavior in ionothermal synthesis of nanostructured TiO2

Author:
Yen Hui Liu; Min Chao Chang; Hsin Shao; Meng-Shun Huang; Arnold Chang-Mou Yang
Source:
Journal of materials science 2010 v.45 no.2 pp. 369-376
ISSN:
0022-2461
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; annealing; crystal structure; crystallization; hydrolysis; hydrophilicity; hydroxylation; ionic liquids; moieties; particle size; sol-gel processing; thermogravimetry; titanium; titanium dioxide; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... The anatase crystallization behaviors in ionothermal synthesis (sol–gel method containing ionic liquid) of nanostructured TiO₂ were studied in this paper. It was found that the specific physical chemical characteristics of the water/ionic liquid mixture caused the formation path and crystallinity of anatase TiO₂ to depend on the H₂O/titanium dioxide precursor (titanium tetraisopropoxide, TIP) mola ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10853-009-3945-2

21. Non-destructive depth compositional profiles by XPS peak-shape analysis

Author:
López-Santos, M. C.; Yubero, F.; Espinós, J. P.; González-Elipe, A. R.
Source:
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2010 v.396 no.8 pp. 2757-2768
ISSN:
1618-2642
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; elasticity (mechanics); polymers; surfaces
Abstract:
... The measured peak shape and intensity of the photoemitted signal in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) experiments (elastic and inelastic parts included) are strongly correlated, through electron-transport theory, with the depth distribution of photoelectron emitters within the analyzed surface. This is the basis of so-called XPS peak-shape analysis (also known as the Tougaard method) for non- ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00216-009-3312-9

22. Novel superhydrophobic silica/poly(siloxane‐fluoroacrylate) hybrid nanoparticles prepared via two‐step surface‐initiated ATRP: Synthesis, characterization, and wettability

Author:
Yu, Hai‐Jiang; Luo, Zheng‐Hong
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.23 pp. 5570-5580
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; atomic force microscopy; contact angle; gel chromatography; hydrophobicity; nanocomposites; nanoparticles; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; polymerization; polymers; scanning electron microscopy; silica; wettability
Abstract:
... Poly(siloxane‐fluoroacrylate)‐grafted silica hybrid nanoparticles were prepared by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP). The silica nanoparticles with α‐bromo‐ester initiator group for copper‐mediated ATRP were prepared by the self‐assembled monolayers of (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and 2‐bromoisobutyrate bromide. Well‐defined diblock copolymer brushes consisting of ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.24371

23. Photo-crosslinked fluorinated thin films from azido-functionalized random copolymers

Author:
Al Akhrass, Samer; Damiron, Denis; Carrot, Géraldine; Drockenmuller, Eric
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.17 pp. 3888-3895
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; coatings; composite polymers; contact angle; crosslinking; differential scanning calorimetry; gel chromatography; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; silicon; styrene; thermogravimetry; ultraviolet radiation
Abstract:
... Random copolymers of styrene, p-azidomethylstyrene and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl methacrylate were prepared in two steps involving nitroxide-mediated radical copolymerization and azidation reaction and further characterized by ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR, size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Ultrathin films of these azidomethyl-functionalized fluo ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.24175

24. Photoassisted reduction of metal ions and organic dye by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in aqueous solution under anoxic conditions

Author:
Doong, Ruey-An; Hsieh, Tien-Chin; Huang, Chin-Pao
Source:
Science of the total environment 2010 v.408 no.16 pp. 3334-3341
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
anaerobic conditions; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; electrons; crystal structure; photolysis; methylene blue; titanium dioxide; silver; particle size; chemical speciation; transmission electron microscopy; oxidation; nanoparticles; metal ions; X-radiation
Abstract:
... The photoassisted reduction of metal ions and organic dye by metal-deposited Degussa P25 TiO₂ nanoparticles was investigated. Copper and silver ions were selected as the target metal ions to modify the surface properties of TiO₂ and to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ towards methylene blue (MB) degradation. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and tr ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.032
PubMed:
20447680

25. Plasma brominated polymer particles as grafting substrate for thiol-terminated telomers

Author:
Byström, Emil; Nordborg, Anna; Limé, Fredrik; Dinh, Ngoc Phuoc; Irgum, Knut
Source:
Journal of separation science 2010 v.33 no.11 pp. 1563-1570
ISSN:
1615-9306
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; bromination; bromine; cation exchange; chromatography; hydrolysis; proteins
Abstract:
... A combined surface activation and "grafting to" strategy was developed to convert divinylbenzene particles into weak cation exchangers suitable for protein separation. The initial activation step was based on plasma modification with bromoform, which rendered the particles amenable to further reaction with nucleophiles by introducing Br to a surface content of 11.2 atom-%, as determined by X-ray p ...
DOI:
10.1002/jssc.201000028
PubMed:
20432486

26. Preparation and characterization of the organic-inorganic hybrid membrane for biodiesel production

Author:
Shi, Wenying; He, Benqiao; Ding, Jincheng; Li, Jianxin; Yan, Feng; Liang, Xiaoping
Source:
Bioresource technology 2010 v.101 no.5 pp. 1501-1505
ISSN:
0960-8524
Subject:
artificial membranes; thermogravimetry; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; free fatty acids; catalysts; esterification; differential scanning calorimetry; fatty acid esters; polyvinyl alcohol; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; biodiesel; biomass; transmission electron microscopes
Abstract:
... A novel organic-inorganic hybrid membrane as heterogeneous acid catalyst for biodiesel production was prepared from zirconium sulfate (Zr(SO₄)₂) and sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol) (SPVA). The structure and properties of the hybrid catalytic membrane were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), transmis ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biortech.2009.07.014
PubMed:
19656676

27. Properties of superhydrophobic paper treated with rapid expansion of supercritical CO₂ containing a crystallizing wax

Author:
Werner, Oskar; Quan, Can; Turner, Charlotta; Pettersson, Bert; Wågberg, Lars
Source:
Cellulose 2010 v.17 no.1 pp. 187-198
ISSN:
0969-0239
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; carbon dioxide; cellulose; contact angle; hydrophobicity; paper; scanning electron microscopy; solvents; spraying
Abstract:
... Paper samples were rendered superhydrophobic with Alkyl Ketene Dimer using (1) Airblasting with cryo ground micro particles, (2) crystallizing from organic solvents and (3) spraying with Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) technique. The papers were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, contact angle to water measurements and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Advanc ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10570-009-9374-1

28. Separation and Determination of Monovalent and Divalent Cations by the Facile Propylsulfonic Acid Functionalized Silica Stationary Phase

Author:
Qiu, Hongdeng; Sun, Min; Niu, Jingang; Liu, Xia; Jiang, Shengxiang
Source:
Chromatographia 2010 v.71 no.5-6 pp. 355-359
ISSN:
0009-5893
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; calcium; cation exchange; cations; chromatography; magnesium; oxidation; silica; sodium; tap water
Abstract:
... A facile strong cation-exchange stationary phase based on propylsulfonic acid functionalized silica was prepared through the oxidation in situ of 3-mercaptopropyl silica and characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The phase was used to separate monovalent and divalent inorganic cations with strong acid as mobile phase. Simultaneous separation of alkali metals and ...
DOI:
10.1365/s10337-009-1442-z

29. Surface grafting on poly(ethylene terephthalate) track-etched microporous membrane by activation with trifluorotriazine: Application to the biofunctionalization with GRGDS peptide

Author:
Rerat, Vincent; Pourcelle, Vincent; Devouge, Sabrina; Nysten, Bernard; Marchand-Brynaert, Jacqueline
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.1 pp. 195-208
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; acetonitrile; air; atomic force microscopy; autoclaves; biocompatible materials; cell culture; contact angle; derivatization; gamma radiation; heat; hydrophilicity; ionization; polyethylene terephthalates; steam
Abstract:
... A two-step wet chemistry protocol has been developed for the surface derivatization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) track-etched membrane used as cell culturing support, that is, (a) activation by trifluorotriazine (1 M in acetonitrile (ACN), 30 °C, 3 h); (b) coupling to amine-terminated molecules, namely 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzylamine ((F)Tag), (L)-4,5-[³H]-lysine, and Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp- ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.23778

30. Synthesis and Characterization of the Hybrid Clay-Based Material Montmorillonite–Melanoidin: A Potential Soil Model

Author:
V. Vicente Vilas; B. Mathiasch; J. Huth; J. V. Kratz; S. Rubert de la Rosa; P. Michel; T. Schäfer
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 2010 v.74 no.6 pp. 2239-2245
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
montmorillonite; humic substances; soil organic matter; Maillard reaction; tyrosine; glutamic acid; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; elementary particles; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; thermal properties; organic compounds; spatial distribution; chemical structure; microstructure
Abstract:
... The study of the interactions among metals, minerals, and humic substances is essential in understanding the migration of inorganic pollutants in the geosphere. A considerable amount of organic matter in the environment is associated with clay minerals. To understand the role of organic matter in the environment and its association with clay minerals, a hybrid clay-based material (HCM), montmorill ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj2009.0454

31. Synthesis of well-defined polymer brushes on the surface of zinc antimonate nanoparticles through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization

Author:
Shanmugharaj, A.M.; Choi, Won Seok; Ryu, Sung Hun
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.22 pp. 5092-5099
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; antimony; dispersibility; methanol; molecular weight; nanoparticles; polymerization; polymethylmethacrylate; solvents; temperature; thermogravimetry; transmission electron microscopy; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; weight loss; zinc oxide
Abstract:
... Zinc antimonate nanoparticles consisting of antimony and zinc oxide were surface modified in a methanol solvent medium using triethoxysilane-based atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiating group (i.e.,) 6-(2-bromo-2-methyl) propionyloxy hexyl triethoxysilane. Successful grafting of ATRP initiator on the surface of nanoparticles was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis that shows a ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.24307

32. Thermal degradation behaviors of epoxy resin/POSS hybrids and phosphorus-silicon synergism of flame retardancy

Author:
Wang, Xin; Hu, Yuan; Song, Lei; Xing, Weiyi; Lu, Hongdian
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.6 pp. 693-705
ISSN:
0887-6266
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; air; combustion; crosslinking; differential scanning calorimetry; epoxides; free radicals; glass transition; heat; mass spectrometry; nitrogen; phosphorus; polymers; pyrolysis; scanning electron microscopy; silicon; synergism; temperature; thermal stability; thermogravimetry; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... Epoxy resin (EP)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) hybrids were prepared based on octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OVPOSS) and phosphorus-containing epoxy resin (PCEP). The PCEP was synthesized via the reaction between bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The structure and morphology of PCEP/OVPOSS hybrids were char ...
DOI:
10.1002/polb.21939

33. Thermosensitive graphene nanocomposites formed using pyrene-terminal polymers made by RAFT polymerization

Author:
Liu, Jingquan; Yang, Wenrong; Tao, Lei; Li, Dan; Boyer, Cyrille; Davis, Thomas P.
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.2 pp. 425-433
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; aqueous solutions; atomic force microscopy; graphene; nanocomposites; polymerization; polymers; temperature; thermogravimetry
Abstract:
... Thermosensitive graphene-polymer composites have been prepared by attaching poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) onto the basal plane of graphene sheets via π-π stacking. Pyrene-terminated PNIPAAm was synthesized using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization via a pyrene-functional RAFT agent. Aqueous solutions of the graphene-polymer composites were stable and ther ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.23802

34. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-functionalized silica particles and their application for hydrophilic interaction chromatography

Author:
Bui, Nhat Thi Hong; Verhage, Jeroen J.; Irgum, Knut
Source:
Journal of separation science 2010 v.33 no.19 pp. 2965-2976
ISSN:
1615-9306
Subject:
silica; hydrophilic interactions; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; surface area; organic acids and salts; polymerization; porosity; nucleotides; chromatography; anion exchange; reflectance
Abstract:
... A new method is presented for synthesizing a highly hydrophilic silica-based material for use in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Porous silica particles used as a starting substrate were modified with 3-bromopropyl trichlorosilane and grafted with glycidyl methacrylate by controlled ("living") atom transfer radical polymerization in order to introduce an oxirane-carrying reactive tentacle ...
DOI:
10.1002/jssc.201000154
PubMed:
21038457

35. A versatile surfactant-mediated synthetic route to gold/polyaniline derivative core/shell nanocomposites

Author:
Han, Jie; Liu, Yan; Wang, Lu; Guo, Rong
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.17 pp. 3903-3912
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; colloids; gold; nanocomposites; nanogold; nonionic surfactants; oxidants; polymerization; polymers
Abstract:
... This article describes a versatile two-step method for gold/polyaniline derivative core/shell nanocomposites with the aid of nonionic surfactant F127. First, F127 and monomer were introduced to gold colloids followed by the addition of oxidant to initiate the polymerization of monomer to afford a conducting polymer shell around each gold nanoparticle. Experimental parameters, such as kinds and con ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.24177

36. Adsorption behavior of γ-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane on copper foil

Author:
Toshio Ogawa; Takuya Nobuta
Source:
Journal of materials science 2010 v.45 no.3 pp. 771-776
ISSN:
0022-2461
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; adsorption; air; aqueous solutions; copper; foil; freeze drying; hydrolysis; polymers; silane
Abstract:
... The adsorption behavior of γ-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (γ-APS) on copper foil is investigated by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Copper foil is immersed in a diluted aqueous solution of γ-APS and dried in air. It is found that γ-APS is adsorbed onto the surface almost without hydrolysis. Further, the depth profile by XPS analysis shows that γ-APS is not hydrolyzed even in the insi ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10853-009-3999-1

37. Adsorption of block copolymers in nanoporous alumina

Author:
Karagiovanaki, Sotiria; Koutsioubas, Alexandros; Spiliopoulos, Nikolaos; Anastassopoulos, Dimitris L.; Vradis, Alexandros A.; Toprakcioglu, Chris; Siokou, Angeliki Elina
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.14 pp. 1676-1682
ISSN:
0887-6266
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; adsorption; aluminum oxide; composite polymers; physics; toluene
Abstract:
... We have studied the adsorption of end-attaching block copolymer chains inside the cylindrical pores of nanoporous alumina. Highly asymmetric PS-PEO block copolymers, with a small PEO anchoring block and a long PS dangling block, were allowed to adsorb onto porous alumina substrates with an average pore diameter of ~200 nm from toluene solution. The adsorption process was monitored using FTIR spect ...
DOI:
10.1002/polb.21972

38. Adsorptive removal of chloramphenicol from wastewater by NaOH modified bamboo charcoal

Author:
Fan, Ye; Wang, Bin; Yuan, Songhu; Wu, Xiaohui; Chen, Jing; Wang, Linling
Source:
Bioresource technology 2010 v.101 no.19 pp. 7661-7664
ISSN:
0960-8524
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; adsorbents; adsorption; bamboos; carbon; charcoal; chloramphenicol; surface area; wastewater
Abstract:
... This study described the adsorption of chloramphenicol (CAP) in wastewater on the renewable bioresource of bamboo charcoal (BC). Results showed that CAP adsorption on BC (Ln qe =1.272 Ln Ce +1.971) and H₂SO₄ modified BC (Ln qe =1.851 Ln Ce +0.659) were very slight, and on NaOH modified BC was significantly increased (Ln qe =0.344 Ln Ce +6.490). The adsorbents were characterized by N₂ adsorption-de ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.046
PubMed:
20457515

39. Air-tolerantly surface-initiated AGET ATRP mediated by iron catalyst from silica nanoparticles

Author:
Li, Qiang; Zhang, Lifen; Zhang, Zhengbiao; Zhou, Nianchen; Cheng, Zhenping; Zhu, Xiulin
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.9 pp. 2006-2015
ISSN:
0887-624X
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; ascorbic acid; catalysts; chemical composition; electron transfer; nanocomposites; nanoparticles; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; polymerization; polymers; reducing agents; silica; solvents; thermogravimetry
Abstract:
... Well-defined polymer-nanoparticle hybrids were prepared by a newly reported method: atom transfer radical polymerization using activators generated by electron transfer (AGET ATRP) mediated by iron catalyst. The kinetics of the surface-initiated AGET ATRP of methyl methacrylate from the silica nanoparticles, which was mediated by FeCl₃/triphenylphosphine as a catalyst complex, ascorbic acid as a r ...
DOI:
10.1002/pola.23968

40. An unusual common ion effect promotes dissolution of metal salts in room-temperature ionic liquids: a strategy to obtain ionic liquids having organic–inorganic mixed cations

Author:
C. Chiappe; M. Malvaldi; B. Melai; S. Fantini; U. Bardi; S. Caporali
Source:
Green chemistry 2010 v.12 no.1 pp. 77-80
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; ambient temperature; anions; cations; electrochemistry; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; green chemistry; ionic liquids; metal ions; nitrates
Abstract:
... A simple strategy has been reported to prepare new ionic liquids with binary systems of organic–inorganic cations exploiting the common ion effect, i.e. dissolving metal salts with organic or inorganic anions (bistriflylimide or nitrate) in ionic liquids bearing the same anions. The resulting concentrated solutions of metal cations in ionic environments, which may have great potential for electroc ...
DOI:
10.1039/b919111a

41. Analytical characterization of BCxNy films generated by LPCVD with triethylamine borane

Author:
Baake, Olaf; Hoffmann, Peter S.; Kosinova, Marina L.; Klein, Andreas; Pollakowski, Beatrix; Beckhoff, Burkhard; Fainer, Nadeshda I.; Trunova, Valentina A.; Ensinger, Wolfgang
Source:
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2010 v.398 no.2 pp. 1077-1084
ISSN:
1618-2642
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; absorption; ammonia; fluorescence; nitrogen; silicon; triethylamine; trimethylamine; vapors
Abstract:
... Triethylamine borane (TEAB) and He, N₂ or NH₃ were applied as additional reaction gases in the production of BCxNy layers by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). These layers were deposited on Si(100) wafers and characterized chemically by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and synchrotron radiation-based total-reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis combined with near-edge X-ray abs ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00216-010-3965-4

42. Antifouling poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration membranes containing amphiphilic comb polymer additive

Author:
Koh, Jong Kwan; Kim, Yong Woo; Ahn, Sung Hoon; Min, Byoung Ryul; Kim, Jong Hak
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2010 v.48 no.2 pp. 183-189
ISSN:
0887-6266
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; chlorine; contact angle; crystal structure; hydrophilicity; mechanical properties; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; polymerization; polymers; ultrafiltration
Abstract:
... An amphiphilic comb polymer consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-co-CTFE)] main chains and poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (POEM) side chains was synthesized using direct initiation of the chlorine atoms in CTFE units through atom transfer radical polymerization, as confirmed by ¹H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The P(VDF-co-CTFE)-g-POEM comb polymer was introduced ...
DOI:
10.1002/polb.21887

43. Antistatic Property of Polyacrylonitrile Fiber by Plasma-grafting Treatment

Author:
Gang Bai; Yanchun Liu
Source:
Textile research journal 2010 v.80 no.16 pp. 1658-1664
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; atmospheric pressure; fabrics; hydrophilicity; polyacrylonitrile; scanning electron microscopy; textile fibers; wettability
Abstract:
... Hydrophilic monomer was grafted onto polyacrylonitrile fiber using an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma technique. The degree of grafting was evaluated using a dyeing method. The treated surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The plasma-grafting treatment was found to introduce some amide, carboxyl and hy ...
DOI:
10.1177/0040517510363195

44. Application of angle-resolved X-ray photon electron spectroscopy for interface and layer growth studies demonstrated on Ti/Ta-based films deposited on SiO₂

Author:
Oswald, S.; Oswald, F.
Source:
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2010 v.396 no.8 pp. 2805-2812
ISSN:
1618-2642
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; silica
Abstract:
... X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the main methods for elemental and bonding-state characterization in the near-surface region. Applying it as angle-resolved XPS (ARXPS), it is promising for non-destructive depth profiling in the nanometre-thickness range. The challenges for the application of ARXPS are discussed for the early film growth of Ti and Ta on SiO₂ produced by in situ mag ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00216-009-3282-y

45. Biogenic N-P-codoped TiO₂: Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties

Author:
Han, Ting; Fan, Tongxiang; Chow, Suk-Kwun; Zhang, Di
Source:
Bioresource technology 2010 v.101 no.17 pp. 6829-6835
ISSN:
0960-8524
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; absorption; anions; cations; crops; crystals; irradiation; lamps; metals; nitrogen; oxides; phosphorus; red light; seeds
Abstract:
... Four typical kinds of crop seeds are studied as non-metallic bio-precursors to synthesize biogenic N-P-codoped TiO₂ (BNP-TiO₂). The as-prepared BNP-TiO₂ samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nitrogen-adsorption measurement and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results show that BNP-TiO₂ possesses single anatase phase with mesopore structures, and nitr ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.107

46. CF4 plasma and silver functionalized cotton

Author:
Marija Gorjanc; Vili Bukošek; Marija Gorenšek; Miran Mozetič
Source:
Textile research journal 2010 v.80 no.20 pp. 2204-2213
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
Enterococcus faecalis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; adhesion; antibacterial properties; atomic absorption spectrometry; color; cotton; cotton fabric; mechanical properties; mercerization; nanosilver; scanning electron microscopes; scanning electron microscopy; silver; textile fibers
Abstract:
... In an attempt to use minimal concentrations, initially, of silver nanoparticles for loading onto textiles and to achieve maximum concentrations on the material, CF₄ low-pressure plasma was used on bleached and mercerized cotton fabric. The concentrations of silver on the fabrics were determined by the ICP-MS method (inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry), the morphology of fiber surfaces wa ...
DOI:
10.1177/0040517510376268

47. Characterisation of amino acid modified cellulose surfaces using ToF-SIMS and XPS

Author:
Kalaskar, D. M.; Ulijn, R. V.; Gough, J. E.; Alexander, M. R.; Scurr, D. J.; Sampson, W. W.; Eichhorn, S. J.
Source:
Cellulose 2010 v.17 no.4 pp. 747-756
ISSN:
0969-0239
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; cellulose; cellulosic fibers; couplings; ions; leucine; mass spectrometry; phenylalanine
Abstract:
... Cellulosic fibrous networks are modified using 3 different amino acids; small (Glycine, Gly), aliphatic (Leucine, Leu) and aromatic (Phenylalanine, Phe). The effect of amino acid functionality on chemical coupling to cellulose fibres in terms of their coverage and packing density are investigated. Different amino acid modified cellulose networks are characterised by using Time of Flight Secondary ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10570-010-9413-y

48. Chemical and physical analysis of cotton fabrics plasma-treated with a low pressure DC glow discharge

Author:
Inbakumar, S.; Morent, R.; De Geyter, N.; Desmet, T.; Anukaliani, A.; Dubruel, P.; Leys, C.
Source:
Cellulose 2010 v.17 no.2 pp. 417-426
ISSN:
0969-0239
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; air; cellulosic fibers; chemical analysis; chemical substances; cotton fabric; lint cotton; physical properties; physicochemical properties; scanning electron microscopy; weight loss
Abstract:
... This paper focuses on the modification of cotton fabrics using a low pressure DC glow discharge obtained in air. The influence of different operating parameters such as treatment time, discharge power and operating pressure on the chemical and physical properties of the cotton fabrics is studied in detail. Surface analysis and characterization of the plasma-treated cotton fabrics is performed usin ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10570-009-9369-y

49. Chemical and structural characterization of carbon nanotube surfaces

Author:
Wepasnick, Kevin A.; Smith, Billy A.; Bitter, Julie L.; Howard Fairbrother, D.
Source:
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2010 v.396 no.3 pp. 1003-1014
ISSN:
1618-2642
Subject:
Raman spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; carbon nanotubes; derivatization; graphene; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... To utilize carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in various commercial and scientific applications, the graphene sheets that comprise CNT surfaces are often modified to tailor properties, such as dispersion. In this article, we provide a critical review of the techniques used to explore the chemical and structural characteristics of CNTs modified by covalent surface modification strategies that involve the dire ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00216-009-3332-5

50. Chemical and structural properties of carbonaceous products obtained by pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonisation of corn stover

Author:
Fuertes, A.B.; Arbestain, M. Camps; Sevilla, M.; Maciá-Agulló, J.A.; Fiol, S.; López, R.; Smernik, R.J.; Aitkenhead, W.P.; Arce, F.; Macias, F.
Source:
Soil research 2010 v.48 no.7 pp. 618-626
ISSN:
0004-9573
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; ash content; biochar; carbon sequestration; cation exchange capacity; corn stover; elemental composition; hydrochars; hydrothermal carbonization; image analysis; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; pH; pyrolysis; scanning electron microscopy; soil amendments
Abstract:
... The main properties of chars produced from corn stover, either by pyrolysis at 550°C (to produce biochar) or by hydrothermal carbonisation (to produce hydrochar), were studied. Carbonaceous materials were characterised by: SEM imaging, solid-state ¹³C NMR, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS. The following parameters were determined: elemental composition, cation exchange capacity, acid groups cont ...
DOI:
10.1071/SR10010