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1. Activity-Dependent Internalization of Smoothened Mediated by [beta]-Arrestin 2 and GRK2

Author:
Chen, Wei; Ren, Xiu-Rong; Nelson, Christopher D.; Barak, Larry S.; Chen, James K.; Beachy, Philip A.; de Sauvage, Frederic; Lefkowitz, Robert J.
Source:
Science 2004 v.306 no.5705 pp. 2257-2260
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
G-protein coupled receptors; agonists; antagonists; cell membranes; cyclopamine; endocytosis; green fluorescent protein; mammals; phosphorylation
Abstract:
... Binding of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) to Patched (Ptc) relieves the latter's tonic inhibition of Smoothened (Smo), a receptor that spans the cell membrane seven times. This initiates signaling which, by unknown mechanisms, regulates vertebrate developmental processes. We find that two molecules interact with mammalian Smo in an activation-dependent manner: G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) lead ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1104135

2. Principles of pharmacodynamics and their applications in veterinary pharmacology

Author:
Lees, P.; Cunningham, F.M.; Elliott, J.
Source:
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics 2004 v.27 no.6 pp. 397-414
ISSN:
0140-7783
Subject:
veterinary drugs; pharmacology; structure-activity relationships; physicochemical properties; receptors; drug toxicity; agonists; antagonists
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00620.x
PubMed:
15601436

3. Artificial spawning of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.); differences between the effects of reproduction in females of Hungarian, Polish and French origin treated with carp pituitary homogenate or [D-Tle6, ProNHEt9] GnRH (Lecirelin)

Author:
Brzuska, E.
Source:
Aquaculture research 2004 v.35 no.14 pp. 1318-1327
ISSN:
1355-557X
Subject:
fish eggs; Cyprinus carpio; egg weight; freshwater fish; ovulation; pituitary gland; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; carp; freshwater aquaculture; females; synthetic hormones; provenance; metoclopramide; fish culture; genetic variation; spawning; agonists; France; Hungary; Poland
Abstract:
... The investigation concerned the reproduction effects in carp females of the Hungarian strain 8, Polish strain 2 and French strain F of ovulation stimulation with carp pituitary homogenate (0.3 mg kg-1 and after 12 h 2.7 mg kg-1) or [D-Tle(6), ProNHEt(9)]GnRH (Lecirelin) with metoclopramide (15 μg kg-1 and 10 mg kg-1 respectively). The ovulation stimulators did not affect the weight of eggs (expres ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01153.x

4. Functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) in skin homeostasis

Author:
Di-Poï, Nicolas; Michalik, Liliane; Desvergne, Béatrice; Wahli, Walter
Source:
Lipids 2004 v.39 no.11 pp. 1093-1099
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
agonists; antagonists; cell differentiation; cell proliferation; gene targeting; hair follicles; homeostasis; hormone receptors; humans; in vitro studies; inflammation; lipogenesis; mice; permeability; skin diseases; transcription factors
Abstract:
... The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor family. Three isotypes (PPARα, PPARβ or δ, and PPARγ) with distinct tissue distributions and cellular functions have been found in vertebrates. All three PPAR isotypes are expressed in rodent and human skin. They were initially investigated for a possibl ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11745-004-1335-y

5. Synthesis and biological activity of Benzoxazole containing thiazolidinedione derivatives

Author:
Jeon, Raok; Park, SoYeon
Source:
Archives of pharmacal research 2004 v.27 no.11 pp. 1099-1105
ISSN:
0253-6269
Subject:
agonists; bioactive properties; glucose; lipid metabolism; receptors; thiazolidinediones
Abstract:
... The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a primary regulator of lipid metabolism. Potency for activation of PPARγ, one of a subfamily of PPARs, particularly mirrors glucose lowering activity. We prepared thiazolidinediones featuring benzoxazole moiety for subtype selective PPARγ activators. 5-[4-[2-(Benzoxazol-2-yl-alkylamino)ethoxy]benzyl]thiazo-lidine-2, 4-diones have been pre ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF02975111

6. Innervation of the substantia nigra

Author:
Misgeld, Ulrich
Source:
Cell and tissue research 2004 v.318 no.1 pp. 107-114
ISSN:
0302-766X
Subject:
agonists; calcium; dopamine; gamma-aminobutyric acid; innervation; neurons; receptors
Abstract:
... This review describes inputs to neurons in the substantia nigra and contrasts them with the action of agonists for the putative receptors through which they act. Special emphasis is placed on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) afferents. Dopamine released from the somato-dendritic compartment of dopamine neurons and endocannabinoids released from dopamine and GABA neurons serve as retrograde signals t ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00441-004-0918-2

7. Nelumbinis Semen reverses a decrease in 5-HT1A receptor binding induced by chronic mild stress, a depression-like symptom

Author:
Jang, Choon -Gon; Kang, Moonkyu; Cho, Jae -Han; Lee, Sun -Bok; Kim, Hyuntaek; Park, Soonkwon; Lee, Jinwoo; Park, Seong -Kyu; Hong, Moochang; Shin, Min Kyu; Shim, In -Sup; Bae, Hyunsu
Source:
Archives of pharmacal research 2004 v.27 no.10 pp. 1065-1072
ISSN:
0253-6269
Subject:
agonists; cortex; hippocampus; hypothalamus; rats; receptors; serotonin; sucrose
Abstract:
... Depression is associated with a dysfunctional serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system. More recently, several lines of evidence suggest that an important factor in the development of depression may be a deficit in the function and expression of 5-HT₁A receptors. The present study assessed ifNelumbinis Semen (N. s.) had an anti-depression effect through reversing a decrease in 5-HT₁A receptor ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF02975433

8. Induction and synchronisation of ovulation in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, by administration of emulsified buserelin (GnRHa) and its effects on egg quality

Author:
Arabaci, M.; Diler, I.; Sari, M.
Source:
Aquaculture 2004 v.237 no.1-4 pp. 475-484
ISSN:
0044-8486
Subject:
Oncorhynchus mykiss; trout; anadromous fish; spawning; fish eggs; ovulation; estrus synchronization; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; agonists; emulsifying; fish culture
Abstract:
... The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a water in oil (w/o) emulsion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist buserelin ([-Ser(tBu)6,Pro9-NEt]-GnRHa) in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (GnRHa-FIA) on the induction and synchronisation of ovulation in an early spawning strain (late August-September) of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Mature females were injected once with 0, 25, ...

9. Induction of spawning of cultured greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) using GnRHa implants

Author:
Mylonas, C.C.; Papandroulakis, N.; Smboukis, A.; Papadaki, M.; Divanach, P.
Source:
Aquaculture 2004 v.237 no.1-4 pp. 141-154
ISSN:
0044-8486
Subject:
fish culture; marine fish; metamorphosis; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; anadromous fish; fecundity; males; mariculture; Seriola dumerili; sperm motility; spawning; fertilization (reproduction); fish larvae; agonists; oocytes; females; vitellogenesis; Greece
Abstract:
... The objective of the current study was to examine the possibility of maturing Mediterranean greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) in culture at two different facilities in Greece and inducing spawning using gonadotropin releasing-hormone agonist (GnRHa) implants. Males in both stocks (n=8) were in spermiating condition in mid June, though sperm motility was low ranging between 5% and 30%, while mot ...

10. A neurohormonal role for serotonin in the control of locust oviducts

Author:
Lange, A.B.
Source:
Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology 2004 v.56 no.4 pp. 179-190
ISSN:
0739-4462
Subject:
Locusta migratoria; locusts; oviducts; muscle contraction; serotonin; hormonal regulation; dose response; innervation; receptors; agonists; antagonists; immunohistochemistry
Abstract:
... Serotonin increases the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contractions and leads to an increase in the basal tonus of the locust oviducts. These effects were dose-dependent and were seen on both the non-innnervated and innervated portion of the oviducts. Vertebrate type serotonin agonists and antagonists were used and the profile shows that the receptors on the non-innervated and innervated p ...
DOI:
10.1002/arch.20010
PubMed:
15274179

11. Serotonergic and dopaminergic influence of the duration of embryogenesis and intracapsular locomotion of <i>Lymnaea stagnalis </i>L.

Author:
Filla, Adrienn; Hiripi, L.; Elekes, K.
Source:
Acta biologica Hungarica 2004 v.55 no.1-4 pp. 315-321
ISSN:
0236-5383
Subject:
Lymnaea stagnalis; agonists; antagonists; apomorphine; chlorpromazine; dopamine; embryogenesis; enzymes; hatching; larvae; locomotion; piperazine; serotonin; snails; tryptamine; tyrosine
Abstract:
... The role of the dopaminergic and serotonergic system was studied during the embryonic development of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, with special attention to the effect of dopamine and serotonin as well as their agonists and antagonists on the rotation of the veliger larvae, and to the effect of precursors and inhibitors of the synthetizing enzymes on the duration of the embryonic life. ...
DOI:
10.1556/ABiol.55.2004.1-4.37

12. AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus

Author:
Minokoshi, Y.; Alquier, T.; Furukawa, N.; Kim, Y.B.; Lee, A.; Xue, B.; Mu, J.; Foufelle, F.; Ferre, P.; Birnbaum, M.J.
Source:
Nature 2004 v.428 no.6982 pp. 569-574
ISSN:
0028-0836
Subject:
hypothalamus; adenosine monophosphate; enzyme activity; hormonal regulation; leptin; insulin; glucose; nutrient availability; repletion; food intake; alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; receptors; agonists; mice
Abstract:
... Obesity is an epidemic in Western society, and causes rapidly accelerating rates of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), functions as a 'fuel gauge' to monitor cellular energy status. We investigated the potential role of AMPK in the hypothalamus in the regulation of food intake. Here we report that A ...
DOI:
10.1038/nature02440

13. How much pilocarpine contaminates pilocarpine-induced tick saliva?

Author:
Ribeiro, J.M.C.; Zeidner, N.S.; Ledin, K.; Dolan, M.C.; Mather, T.N.
Source:
Medical and veterinary entomology 2004 v.18 no.1 pp. 20-24
ISSN:
0269-283X
Subject:
Ixodes scapularis; Amblyomma americanum; ticks; salivary glands; salivation; agonists; pilocarpine; saliva; quantitative analysis
DOI:
10.1111/j.0269-283X.2003.0469.x
PubMed:
15009442

14. Characteristics of taurine release induced by free radicals in mouse hippocampal slices

Author:
Saransaari, P.; Oja, S. S.
Source:
Amino acids 2004 v.26 no.1 pp. 91-98
ISSN:
0939-4451
Subject:
adenosine; adults; agonists; antagonists; cell membranes; glutamic acid; hippocampus; hydrogen peroxide; hydroxylamine; ischemia; mice; neuroprotective effect; nitric oxide; receptors; taurine; transporters; tritium
Abstract:
... The release of the inhibitory neuromodulator taurine in the hippocampus is markedly enhanced under various neural cell-damaging conditions, including ischemia and exposure to free radicals. The properties and regulation of the release evoked by a medium containing free radicals was investigated in hippocampal slices from adult (3-month-old) and developing (7-day-old) mice, using a superfusion syst ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00726-003-0004-1

15. Ecdysone agonist‐inducible expression of a coat protein gene from tobacco mosaic virus confers viral resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis

Author:
Koo, Ja Choon; Asurmendi, Sebastian; Bick, Jennifer; Woodford‐Thomas, Terry; Beachy, Roger N.
Source:
plant journal 2004 v.37 no.3 pp. 439-448
ISSN:
0960-7412
Subject:
Arabidopsis; Cauliflower mosaic virus; Tobacco mosaic virus; agonists; disease resistance; ecdysone; gene expression; genes; greenhouses; protein synthesis; soil drenching; transgenic plants; viruses
Abstract:
... Constitutive expression of a gene encoding tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) in transgenic plants confers resistance to infection by TMV and related tobamoviruses. Here, we examined resistance to TMV by temporal and quantitative control of TMV Cg CP (CgCP) gene expression using a simple, methoxyfenozide‐inducible system in Arabidopsis plants. By soil drenching with a commercial ecdysone ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01869.x
PubMed:
14731262

16. GnRH agonist treatment on day 12 post-mating to improve reproductive performance in goats

Author:
Cam, Mehmet Akif; Kuran, Mehmet
Source:
Small ruminant research 2004 v.52 no.1-2 pp. 169-172
ISSN:
0921-4488
Subject:
agonists; birth weight; breeding season; goats; gonadotropin-releasing hormone; kidding rate; litter size; reproductive performance
Abstract:
... Reproductive performance was determined in GnRH (4 μg synthetic GnRH agonist, buserelin, receptal; n=37) and saline (control, n=38) treated (i.m.) does on day 12 post-mating during the breeding season. Kidding rate was higher in the GnRH treated group (87%) compared to the control (68%) group (P<0.05). The does in the GnRH group had more twins (P<0.01) and consequently a higher total number of kid ...
DOI:
10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00201-3