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You searched for: Publication Year 2016 Remove constraint Publication Year: 2016 Subject Malus domestica Remove constraint Subject: Malus domestica
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1. 'Honeycrisp' apple disorders: soft scald development and management

Author:
I. Hanrahan; J. McFerson
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1120 pp. 165-170
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; bitter pit; chilling injury; cold storage; consumer demand; cutting; markets; orchards; planting; scald diseases; temperature; Washington (state)
Abstract:
... Malus × domestica 'Honeycrisp' was first planted in Washington State, USA, in 1999. The growth of planted orchard area since then has been exponential and now totals over 5,000 ha. In the first decade of commercial production, the entire crop was shipped from storage within the first three months after harvest due to high consumer demand. Despite rapidly expanding production, market demand still g ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1120.24

2. A Review of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Disease in German Organic Apple Production

Author:
Roland W. S. Weber; Sybille Späth; Sascha Buchleither; Ulrich Mayr
Source:
Erwerbs-Obstbau 2016 v.58 no.2 pp. 63-79
ISSN:
0014-0309
Subject:
Malus domestica; Schizothyrium; apples; captan; cold storage; conidia; crop losses; crop production; cultivars; flowering; fruits; fungi; inoculum; integrated pest management; leachates; orchards; organic foods; organic production; plant organs; potassium bicarbonate; pruning; ripening; summer; trifloxystrobin; winter; Germany
Abstract:
... Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) fungi colonise the surface of a range of fruits, especially apple, without penetrating the cuticle. Economic damage results from the exclusion of severely affected fruit batches from being marketed as table apples. A study of SBFS was conducted in 2007–2012 in the two largest German apple production areas, i.e. the Lake Constance and Lower Elbe regions. The absence ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10341-016-0266-x

3. Agrobiological characteristics of apple (Malus domestica) cultivars

Author:
S. Dimitrova
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1139 pp. 197-202
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; cultivars; firmness; heat sums; planting; ripening; rootstocks; sugars; summer; total soluble solids; vegetation; winter; Bulgaria
Abstract:
... The study was conducted during the period 2010-2014 in an apple plantation of the Institute of Agriculture - Kyustendil (Bulgaria). The aim was to characterize five newly introduced apple cultivars under the conditions of the region. The apple trees (5 of each cultivar) were grafted on rootstock MM 106 and planted in 2002 at the distance 4.5×2.4 m. ‘Prima’ and ‘Granny Smith’ were used as standards ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1139.34

4. Alternative inoculum sources for fire blight: the potential role of fruit mummies and non‐host plants

Author:
S. Weißhaupt; L. Köhl; S. Kunz; M. Hinze; M. Ernst; A. Schmid; R. T. Voegele
Source:
Plant pathology 2016 v.65 no.3 pp. 470-483
ISSN:
0032-0862
Subject:
Erwinia amylovora; Malus domestica; autumn; bacteria; buds; crop production; epidemiology; epiphytes; growing season; inoculum; orchards; overwintering; pathogens; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; rootstocks; shoots; spring; trees; winter
Abstract:
... Fire blight is the most damaging bacterial disease in apple production worldwide. Cankers and symptomless infected shoots are known as sites for the overwintering of Erwinia amylovora, subsequently providing primary inoculum for infection in the spring. In the present work, further potential sources of inoculum were investigated. Real‐time PCR assays covering a 3‐year‐period classified 19·9% of sa ...
DOI:
10.1111/ppa.12431

5. Alternatives to phosphonates for fruit colouration

Author:
Michael M. Blanke; Achim Kunz
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.198 pp. 434-437
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
European Union; Malus domestica; apples; color; ethylene; firmness; fruit quality; grasses; horticulture; methionine; monosaccharides; mulches; oxylipins; pepper; phosphonates; plant protection; purchasing; starch; storage quality; strawberries; taste; tomatoes
Abstract:
... Red colouration is a prime consideration for the consumer when purchasing any fruit, whether tomato, pepper, strawberry or apple. Phosphonates, previously used to enhance fruit colouration e.g. in apple, have now been classified by the EU as plant protection agents, which implies scrutiny of treated fruit to residues.Therefore, two phosphonate-free, potentially colour enhancing agents, i.e. WuxalP ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2015.12.019

6. Analysis of transcripts differentially expressed between fruited and deflowered ‘Gala’ adult trees: a contribution to biennial bearing understanding in apple

Author:
B. Guitton; J. J. Kelner; J. M. Celton; X. Sabau; J. P. Renou; D. Chagné; E. Costes
Source:
BMC plant biology 2016 v.16 no.1 pp. 55
ISSN:
1471-2229
Subject:
Malus domestica; adults; apical meristems; apples; biogenesis; biosynthesis; buds; cell walls; data collection; flowering; gene expression regulation; lipids; mature plants; microarray technology; oxidative stress; perennials; proteins; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; quantitative trait loci; regulator genes; reproductive success; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; transmission electron microscopy; trees
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: The transition from vegetative to floral state in shoot apical meristems (SAM) is a key event in plant development and is of crucial importance for reproductive success. In perennial plants, this event is recurrent during tree life and subject to both within-tree and between-years heterogeneity. In the present study, our goal was to identify candidate processes involved in the repressi ...
DOI:
10.1186/s12870-016-0739-y
PubMed:
26924309
PubMed Central:
PMC4770685

7. Analysis of virus structure variants in before- and after-thermotherapy-treated apple plants

Author:
Guojun Hu; Zunping Zhang; Yafeng Dong; Xudong Fan; Fang Ren; Zhengnan Li; Jun Zhou
Source:
Journal of horticultural science & biotechnology 2016 v.91 no.5 pp. 536-541
ISSN:
2380-4084
Subject:
Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus; Apple mosaic virus; Apple stem grooving virus; Malus domestica; clones; haplotypes; plant diseases and disorders; plant viruses; single-stranded conformational polymorphism; temperature; thermotherapy; viral morphology; viruses
Abstract:
... Pre-thermotherapy apple plants and their homologous regenerated virus-infected apple plants were used to analyze the effect of high temperature on the structure of plant virus variants. The target bands of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) in the plants of the two populations were purified and cloned, and 16 positive clones of ...
DOI:
10.1080/14620316.2016.1186501

8. Anatomical study of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) roots under flooded condition

Author:
A. Tuladha; S. Ohtsuka; N. Nii
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 v. no.1110 pp. 85-90
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; Syzygium samarangense; aerenchyma; apples; cortex; endodermis; flooded conditions; flowering; lignin; root systems; roots; soil water; suberin; suberization; trees; vigor
Abstract:
... Flood-induced flowering is a common forcing technique used for off-season production of wax apples (Syzygium samarangense). Research on the effect of such imposed flood stress on roots is crucial to avoid permanent root damage of these perennial trees. Therefore, it is fundamental to study wax apple root response to flooding since tree vigor and steady production highly depend on maintaining a hea ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1110.13

9. Antagonistic potential of Pseudomonas graminis 49M against Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight

Author:
Artur Mikiciński; Piotr Sobiczewski; Joanna Puławska; Eligio Malusa
Source:
Archives of microbiology 2016 v.198 no.6 pp. 531-539
ISSN:
0302-8933
Subject:
DNA primers; Erwinia amylovora; Malus domestica; Pseudomonas graminis; agar; antibiotics; biofilm; drought tolerance; ferric chloride; glycerol; growth retardation; homoserine; host plants; lactones; pathogens; phyllosphere; poly(vinyl chloride); polymerase chain reaction; polystyrenes; regulator genes; secondary metabolites; siderophores; sucrose; Poland
Abstract:
... In a previous study (Mikiciński et al. in Eur J Plant Pathol, doi: 10.1007/s10658-015-0837-y , 2015), we described the characterization of novel strain 49M of Pseudomonas graminis, isolated from the phyllosphere of apple trees in Poland showing a good protective activity against fire blight on different organs of host plants. We now report investigations to clarify the basis for this activity. Str ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00203-016-1207-7
PubMed:
27002332
PubMed Central:
PMC4930463

10. Apple (Malus domestica) MdERF2 negatively affects ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening by suppressing MdACS1 transcription

Author:
Tong Li; Zhongyu Jiang; Lichao Zhang; Dongmei Tan; Yun Wei; Hui Yuan; Tianlai Li; Aide Wang
Source:
plant journal 2016 v.88 no.5 pp. 735-748
ISSN:
0960-7412
Subject:
Malus domestica; antagonists; apples; biosynthesis; ethylene; ethylene production; genes; ripening; transcription (genetics); transcription factors
Abstract:
... Ripening in climacteric fruit requires the gaseous phytohormone ethylene. Although ethylene signaling has been well studied, knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis is still limited. Here we show that an apple (Malus domestica) ethylene response factor, MdERF2, negatively affects ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening by suppressing the transcription of MdACS1, a gen ...
DOI:
10.1111/tpj.13289

11. Apple NPR1 homologs and their alternative splicing forms may contribute to SA and disease responses

Author:
Junke Zhang; Peng Jiao; Chong Zhang; Xiaolei Tong; Qinping Wei; Lingfei Xu
Source:
Tree genetics & genomes 2016 v.12 no.5 pp. 92
ISSN:
1614-2942
Subject:
Arabidopsis; Diplocarpon mali; Malus baccata; Malus domestica; alternative splicing; amino acid sequences; apples; disease resistance; genes; immune response; leaves; phylogeny; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; salicylic acid; sequence alignment; signal transduction; systemic acquired resistance; transcription (genetics)
Abstract:
... The non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) plays essential roles in the salicylic acid (SA) signal pathway and in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) responses. Although a genome-wide analysis of NPR1 gene family has been conducted in some plant species, little is known about these genes in apple (Malus spp.). In this study, eight NPR1 homologs were identified within the apple genome ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11295-016-1050-7

12. Apple breeding for resistance to the aphids Dysaphis plantaginea and Aphis pomi in Bulgaria

Author:
H. Kutinkova; V. Dzhuvinov
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1127 pp. 103-108
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Aphis pomi; Dysaphis plantaginea; Malus domestica; apples; breeding; breeding programs; cultivars; hybrids; orchards; pesticides; pests; powdery mildew; rootstocks; trees; Bulgaria
Abstract:
... Infestations by the green-apple aphid, Aphis pomi, and the rosy-apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea, have caused serious damage to apple trees in Bulgaria. Resistance to major pests and diseases has been considered one of the most important goals of apple breeding programmes. From 2011 to 2013, experiments were conducted in an orchard of apple hybrids where no pesticides were applied and under contr ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1127.18

13. Apple crop-load estimation with over-the-row machine vision system

Author:
A. Gongal; A. Silwal; S. Amatya; M. Karkee; Q. Zhang; K. Lewis
Source:
Computers and electronics in agriculture 2016 v.120 pp. 26-35
ISSN:
0168-1699
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; branches; cameras; canopy; computer vision; harvesting; image analysis; labor; leaves; lighting; orchards; planning; solar radiation; trees
Abstract:
... Accurate crop-load estimation is important for efficient management of pre- and post-harvest operations. This information is crucial for the planning of labor and equipment requirement for harvesting and transporting fruit from the orchard to packing house. Current machine vision-based techniques for crop-load estimation have achieved only limited success mostly due to: (i) occlusion of apples by ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.compag.2015.10.022
CHORUS:
10.1016/j.compag.2015.10.022

14. Apple resistance responses against Valsa mali revealed by transcriptomics analyses

Author:
Zhiyuan Yin; Xiwang Ke; Zhensheng Kang; Lili Huang
Source:
Physiological and molecular plant pathology 2016 v.93 pp. 85-92
ISSN:
0885-5765
Subject:
Malus domestica; Valsa mali; apples; biodegradation; biosynthesis; cell death; chitin; cytochrome P-450; gene expression regulation; genes; induced resistance; jasmonic acid; phloem; phytoalexins; plant hormones; receptors; salicylic acid; transcriptome; transcriptomics; xenobiotics; xylem; East Asia
Abstract:
... Valsa canker caused by the necrotrophic ascomycete Valsa mali is a destructive disease on apple in eastern Asia. To date, the disease still cannot be effectively controlled, mainly because V. mali extensively penetrates into the phloem and xylem and limited information about the resistance mechanism is available. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome of V. mali-infected apple (Malus x domes ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.pmpp.2016.01.004

15. Apple rootstock resistance to drought

Author:
Thomas Tworkoski; Gennaro Fazio; D. Michael Glenn
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.204 pp. 70-78
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Malus domestica; abscisic acid; carbon; climate change; cultivars; drought; drought tolerance; dwarfing; fine roots; glucose; greenhouse experimentation; humans; irrigation; irrigation water; leaf water potential; leaves; metabolism; metabolites; phaseic acid; root systems; rootstocks; scions; soil water; stomatal conductance; stomatal movement; trees; water stress; water use efficiency
Abstract:
... Water for irrigation will likely be less available in apple-growing regions due to climate change and competition with human needs other than agriculture. Apple cultivars and rootstocks may differ in water use necessary for acceptable cropping. In two greenhouse experiments in 2014 and 2015 rootstocks (M.9 and MM.111) and scions (‘Gala’ and ‘Fuji’) with known differences in size control and potent ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.047

16. Apple scab: numerical optimization of a new thermal time scale and application for modelling ascospore release in southern France

Author:
C. Roubal; P. C. Nicot
Source:
Plant pathology 2016 v.65 no.1 pp. 79-91
ISSN:
0032-0862
Subject:
Malus domestica; Venturia inaequalis; ascospores; heat sums; inoculum; models; spring; temperature; France
Abstract:
... Adequate protection of apple trees during the primary contamination period is a cornerstone for management of apple scab. Correct timing of spring treatments is fundamental and thus, much effort has been devoted to forecasting ascospore release by Venturia inaequalis. Most models rely on degree‐day accumulation starting from a biofix date established yearly on the basis of biological observations. ...
DOI:
10.1111/ppa.12398

17. Application of Freezing and Thawing in Apple (Malus domestica) Juice Extraction

Author:
Rafał Nadulski; Zbigniew Kobus; Kamil Wilczyński; Kazimierz Zawiślak; Józef Grochowicz; Tomasz Guz
Source:
Journal of food science 2016 v.81 no.11 pp. E2718
ISSN:
0022-1147
Subject:
Malus domestica; acidity; antioxidant activity; apples; crushing; cultivars; enzymatic treatment; freezing; fruits; juices; liquefaction; pH; polyphenols; pressing; pulp; temperature; thawing; total soluble solids
Abstract:
... The paper presents the results of the research on the impact of enzymatic liquefaction, freezing and thawing on the efficiency of juice pressure extraction from apple pulp and quality of the obtained juices. The research was conducted using three types of pretreatment prior the pressing: crushing and enzymatic liquefaction in temperature of 25 °C, crushing and enzymatic liquefaction in temperature ...
DOI:
10.1111/1750-3841.13514

18. Application of slow-release phosphorus fertilizers increases arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity in the roots of apple trees

Author:
Maarten Van Geel; Matthias De Beenhouwer; Tobias Ceulemans; Kenny Caes; An Ceustermans; Dany Bylemans; Ann Gomand; Bart Lievens; Olivier Honnay
Source:
Plant and soil 2016 v.402 no.1-2 pp. 291-301
ISSN:
0032-079X
Subject:
Malus domestica; agroecosystems; community structure; fertilizer application; field experimentation; genes; mycorrhizal fungi; phosphorus; phosphorus fertilizers; ribosomal RNA; roots; slow-release fertilizers; soil; vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
Abstract:
... AIMS: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a key role in the functioning of agricultural ecosystems. Therefore, understanding how the application of fertilizers, a common management practice, affects AMF communities is of major importance. Here we aimed to: (i) experimentally test whether different amounts and forms of phosphorus (P) fertilizer affect AMF diversity and community composition ass ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11104-015-2777-x

19. Aroma compounds in apples from trees sprayed with calcium and nitrogen fertilizers

Author:
E. Vangdal; A. Gibalova; J. Borve; I. L. Knutsen; M. Korosec; R. Vidrih; A. Leufven
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1120 pp. 409-414
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; calcium; cell division; fruits; growers; multivariate analysis; nitrogen; nitrogen fertilizers; odor compounds; odors; orchards; trees
Abstract:
... Aroma is an important quality factor in fruit, and it is important to know the effect of new orchard management practices on fruit aroma. Fruit growers are using more foliar fertilizers to achieve the optimum mineral status in fruit. In this work the effects of adding extra nitrogen, calcium and both nitrogen and calcium to apple trees in the fruit cell division phase were studied. Even though the ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1120.63

20. Artificial spur extinction alters light interception by 'Royal Gala' apple trees

Author:
K. C. Breen; J. W. Palmer; D. S. Tustin; D. C. Close
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1130 pp. 265-272
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; budbreak; buds; canopy; dry matter accumulation; fruit drop; fruiting spurs; leaf area; light intensity; orchards; tree growth; trees; winter; New Zealand
Abstract:
... Total dry matter production by apple orchards is positively related to light interception. Consequently, maximising light interception is important in commercial apple orchards, as it directly affects tree growth and yield. Artificial spur extinction (ASE) is a method of crop load control that reduces the density and alters distribution of floral buds in whole trees. Because ASE reduces total bud ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1130.39

21. Authentication of Punica granatum L.: Development of SCAR markers for the detection of 10 fruits potentially used in economically motivated adulteration

Author:
Matteo Marieschi; Anna Torelli; Deborah Beghé; Renato Bruni
Source:
Food chemistry 2016 v.202 pp. 438-444
ISSN:
0308-8146
Subject:
Aristotelia chilensis; Aronia melanocarpa; DNA; Dioscorea alata; Euterpe oleracea; Malus domestica; Morus nigra; Punica granatum; Sambucus nigra; Vaccinium macrocarpon; Vaccinium myrtillus; Vitis vinifera; adulterated products; anthocyanins; bulking agents; fruit juices; fruits; pomegranates; screening
Abstract:
... The large commercial success of pomegranate increase the likelihood of economically motivated adulteration (EMA), which has been gradually spotted with the undeclared addition of anthocyanin-rich plants or cheaper fruit juices used as bulking and diluting agents. A method based on Sequence-Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs) was developed to detect the presence of Aristotelia chilensis, Aronia ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.011

22. Avoidance of harvesting and sampling artefacts in hydraulic analyses: a protocol tested on Malus domestica

Author:
Barbara Beikircher; Stefan Mayr
Source:
Tree physiology 2016 v.36 no.6 pp. 797-803
ISSN:
1758-4469
Subject:
Malus domestica; bark; branches; cutting; harvesting; seasonal variation; tree physiology; wood; xylem
Abstract:
... A prerequisite for reliable hydraulic measurements is an accurate collection of the plant material. Thereby, the native hydraulic state of the sample has to be preserved during harvesting (i.e., cutting the plant or plant parts) and preparation (i.e., excising the target section). This is particularly difficult when harvesting has to be done under transpiring conditions. In this article, we presen ...
DOI:
10.1093/treephys/tpv130
PubMed:
26705311
PubMed Central:
PMC4910940

23. Biochar-compost substrates do not promote growth and fruit quality of a replanted German apple orchard with fertile Haplic Luvisol soils

Author:
Felix von Glisczynski; Alexandra Sandhage-Hofmann; Wulf Amelung; Ralf Pude
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.213 pp. 110-114
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Luvisols; Malus domestica; apples; biochar; composts; fruit growing; fruit yield; leaves; nutrient content; orchards; plant growth; planting; replant disease; soil fertility; trees
Abstract:
... In fruit growing areas, the new establishment of apple orchards on soils previous planted with apple trees is problematic, because plant vitality, yield, and fruit quality of the new planted trees are suppressed through specific apple replant diseases. We hypothesized that the addition of biochar mixed with compost could help to combat the negative impact of replant disease by improving soil ferti ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.10.023

24. Candidate gene expression profiling reveals a time specific activation among different harvesting dates in ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ apple cultivars

Author:
Nicola Busatto; Brian Farneti; Alice Tadiello; Riccardo Velasco; Guglielmo Costa; Fabrizio Costa
Source:
Euphytica 2016 v.208 no.2 pp. 401-413
ISSN:
0014-2336
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; auxins; biomarkers; cell walls; cultivars; ethylene; fruit maturity; fruit quality; gene expression; gene expression regulation; genes; genetic markers; harvest date; horticulture; markets; mechanical properties; metabolism; monitoring; plant breeding; raw fruit; ripening; transcription (genetics)
Abstract:
... Fruit quality is a combination of several features impacting the general consumers’ appreciation, and it is thought as the final result of a complex physiological mechanism ongoing during the entire ontogenic life cycle. In the horticultural management apples are normally stored for a long period, ensuring the availability of fresh fruit on the market over a year-round period. In this context, the ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10681-015-1621-y

25. Canopy structure and light interception partitioning among shoots estimated from virtual trees: comparison between apple cultivars grown on different interstocks on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Author:
Wei-Wei Yang; Xi-Long Chen; Marc Saudreau; Xiao-Yun Zhang; Man-Rang Zhang; Hang-Kong Liu; Evelyne Costes; Ming-Yu Han
Source:
Trees 2016 v.30 no.5 pp. 1723-1734
ISSN:
0931-1890
Subject:
Malus domestica; allometry; apples; canopy; cultivars; fruiting; leaf area; leaves; orchards; rootstocks; shoots; trees; China
Abstract:
... KEY MESSAGE : Dwarf interstock produced smaller tree size and a more uniform leaf area spatial distribution of vegetative short shoot. These improved light interception and increased light partitioning to fruiting shoot. The agronomic efficiency of dwarf interstocks is controversial in China, where almost 90 % of apple orchards, including high-density orchards, currently use vigorous rootstock. We ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00468-016-1403-8

26. Capturing Plant Metabolome with Direct-Immersion in Vivo Solid Phase Microextraction of Plant Tissues

Author:
Risticevic Sanja; Souza-Silva Erica A.; DeEll Jennifer R.; Cochran Jack; Pawliszyn Janusz
Source:
Analytical chemistry 2016 v.88 no.2 pp. 1266-1274
ISSN:
1520-6882
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; desorption; esters; mass spectrometry; metabolism; metabolites; metabolome; metabolomics; plant tissues; solid phase microextraction
Abstract:
... For the first time, an in vivo sampling mode of direct immersion–solid phase microextraction (DI-SPME) was employed to capture the metabolome of living plant specimens, using apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) as a model system. Metabolites were extracted from apple tissues and introduced by thermal desorption into a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry i ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03684

27. Characterization of a new apple S-RNase allele and its linkage with the Rvi5 gene for scab resistance

Author:
Paolo De Franceschi; Valentina Cova; Stefano Tartarini; Luca Dondini
Source:
Molecular breeding 2016 v.36 no.1 pp. 7
ISSN:
1380-3743
Subject:
Malus domestica; Venturia inaequalis; alleles; apples; crossing; cultivars; growers; linkage groups; loci; parents; progeny; ribonucleases; seedlings
Abstract:
... Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is a species possessing S-RNase-based self-incompatibility. Knowledge of the S-genotype of cultivars is very important both for breeders and growers, in order to plan compatible crosses and cultivar combinations. Here we report a revision of the S-genotype of the cultivar Murray which is in disagreement with previous reports, and the characterization of the newly i ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11032-015-0427-x

28. Comparison of Methods of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Application for Post-Infection Fire Blight Suppression in Pear and Apple

Author:
Johnson Kenneth B.; Temple Todd N.
Source:
Plant disease 2016 v.100 no.6 pp. 1125-1131
ISSN:
0191-2917
Subject:
Erwinia amylovora; Malus domestica; acibenzolar-S-methyl; apples; cultivars; field experimentation; foliar spraying; genes; leaves; paints; pathogens; pears; pruning; rootstocks; scions; systemic acquired resistance; therapeutics; trees
Abstract:
... Greenhouse-grown, 1-year-old potted ‘Bosc’ pear and apple rootstock cultivars ‘M.9’ and ‘M.26’ were inoculated with the fire blight pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, and subjected to trunk paint, root drench, or foliar spray treatments with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM, 4 to 30 mg a.i./tree) to induce systemic acquired resistance. Each method of ASM treatment suppressed fire blight canker expansion by 22 ...
DOI:
10.1094/PDIS-09-15-1062-RE

29. Comparison of Peach Cultivars for Provision of Extrafloral Nectar Resources to Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Author:
Clarissa R. Mathews; Mark W. Brown; Felix L. Wäckers
Source:
Environmental entomology 2016 v.45 no.3 pp. 649-657
ISSN:
0046-225X
Subject:
Aphidoidea; Harmonia axyridis; Malus domestica; Prunus persica; aphidophagous predators; apples; biological control; cultivars; eclosion; foraging; fruit trees; greenhouse production; imagos; leaves; nectar; nectar secretion; nectaries; orchards; peaches; shoots; sucrose; United States
Abstract:
... Incorporating nonprey sugar resources into apple orchards is a potential means of enhancing biological control services, but little is known about the impacts of extrafloral nectars on aphidophagous coccinellids. We explored peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch extrafloral nectar as a supplemental resource for Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), a key aphid predator in the mid-Atlantic United States. Extraflo ...
DOI:
10.1093/ee/nvw035

30. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection and differentiation of Cherry leaf roll virus strains for quarantine purposes

Author:
B.S.M. Lebas; S. Veerakone; L.W. Liefting; J. Tang; Z. Perez-Egusquiza; S. von Bargen; L. Ward
Source:
Journal of virological methods 2016 v.234 pp. 142-151
ISSN:
0166-0934
Subject:
Actinidia chinensis; Cherry leaf roll virus; Hydrangea macrophylla; Malus domestica; Plantago major; Ribes rubrum; Rubus idaeus; Rumex; antiserum; coat proteins; diagnostic techniques; disease severity; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; genes; host plants; pests; phylogeny; quarantine; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; New Zealand
Abstract:
... Some strains of Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) are considered as quarantine pests in New Zealand. CLRV was detected in seven plant host species: Actinidia chinensis, Hydrangea macrophylla, Malus domestica, Plantago major, Ribes rubrum, Rubus idaeus and Rumex sp. collected from New Zealand between 2005 and 2012. Biological, serological and molecular techniques were compared for the detection and dif ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.04.015

31. Comparison of drill- and needle-based tree injection technologies in healing of trunk injection ports on apple trees

Author:
Srđan G. Aćimović; Bert M. Cregg; George W. Sundin; John C. Wise
Source:
Urban forestry & urban greening 2016 v.19 pp. 151-157
ISSN:
1618-8667
Subject:
Malus domestica; bark; callus; callus formation; cracking; landscapes; monitoring; tree injection; trees
Abstract:
... Excessive tree wounding is a common concern regarding the use of trunk injection technology for tree protection purposes in landscapes and urban greening. We investigated the rate of healing of injection ports (points) in apple trees by monitoring parameters such as port diameters, the size of bark cracking, and port depths. We compared drilled injection ports from 4.4 and 9.5mm drill bits, with l ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.ufug.2016.07.003
CHORUS:
10.1016/j.ufug.2016.07.003

32. Comparison of irrigation automation algorithms for drip-irrigated apple trees

Author:
Yasin Osroosh; Robert Troy Peters; Colin S. Campbell; Qin Zhang
Source:
Computers and electronics in agriculture 2016 v.128 pp. 87-99
ISSN:
0168-1699
Subject:
Malus domestica; algorithms; apples; automation; evapotranspiration; growing season; growth retardation; irrigation scheduling; irrigation water; leaves; microirrigation; models; orchards; small fruits; soil water; soil water balance; soil water content; user interface; water potential; water stress; weather; Washington (state)
Abstract:
... Seven irrigation scheduling algorithms and an automatic control system along with a wireless network of soil, thermal and weather sensors were developed and assessed in Prosser, WA in the growing season of 2013. The system was comprised of six wireless sensor and valve actuating nodes installed across an apple orchard, a central base station made up of a transceiver connected to a laptop, and a gr ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.compag.2016.08.013
CHORUS:
10.1016/j.compag.2016.08.013

33. Comprehensive genomic analysis and expression profiling of Argonaute gene family and examination of their regulatory roles in water-use efficiency and abiotic stress responses in apple

Author:
Shasha Zhou; Shuangxun Ma; Mingjun Li; Cuiying Li; Xiaoqing Gong; Qingmei Guan; Yanxiao Tan; Yun Shao; Chao Li; Fengwang Ma
Source:
Acta physiologiae plantarum 2016 v.38 no.9 pp. 231
ISSN:
0137-5881
Subject:
apples; phylogeny; drought; Malus domestica; introns; leaves; cultivars; chromosomes; gene silencing; molecular cloning; abiotic stress; exons; cold; stress tolerance; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; proteins; plant stress; water use efficiency; stress response; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; genomics; abscisic acid
Abstract:
... Argonaute proteins are key players in small RNA-guided gene-silencing, which plays an important role in plant stress tolerance. However, little is known about how Argonaute genes affect the water-use efficiency (WUE) of apple (Malus domestica) or its responses to different abiotic stresses. We identified and characterized MdAGOs in apple and analyzed their chromosome locations, exon/intron structu ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11738-016-2245-0

34. Comprehensive genomic identification and expression analysis of the nucleobase-ascorbate transporter (NAT) gene family in apple

Author:
Tingting Sun; Dongfeng Jia; Linlin Huang; Yun Shao; Fengwang Ma
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.198 pp. 473-481
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; chromosomes; databases; drought; fruits; gene expression regulation; genes; leaves; phylogeny; salinity; salt stress; tissues; transporters
Abstract:
... Nucleobase ascorbate transporters (NATs), also known as nucleobase:cation-symporter 2 (NCS2) proteins, belong to an evolutionarily widespread family of transport proteins. Because little is known about NAT genes in apple (Malus domestica), this papper screened GDR genome databases and identified 14 NATs in that species. Here, presented an overview of this gene family in apple, including structures ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.034

35. Concentrations and dissipation of difenoconazole and fluxapyroxad residues in apples and soil, determined by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Author:
Min He; Chunhong Jia; Ercheng Zhao; Li Chen; Pingzhong Yu; Junjie Jing; Yongquan Zheng
Source:
Environmental science and pollution research 2016 v.23 no.6 pp. 5618-5626
ISSN:
0944-1344
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; application rate; difenoconazole; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; half life; humans; maximum residue limits; resistance management; soil; soil sampling; tandem mass spectrometry; ultra-performance liquid chromatography; China
Abstract:
... A new combined difenoconazole and fluxapyroxad fungicide formulation, as an 11.7 % suspension concentrate (SC), has been introduced as part of a resistance management strategy. The dissipation of difenoconazole and fluxapyroxad applied to apples and the residues remaining in the apples were determined. The 11.7 % SC was sprayed onto apple trees and soil in Beijing, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, C ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11356-015-5750-6

36. Construction of a Genetic Linkage Map and QTL Analysis of Fruit-related Traits in an F1 Red Fuji x Hongrou Apple Hybrid

Author:
Zunchun Liu; Donge Bao; Daliang Liu; Yanmin Zhang; Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf; Xuesen Chen
Source:
Open life sciences 2016 v.11 no.1 pp. 487-497
ISSN:
2391-5412
Subject:
Malus domestica; Malus sieversii; apples; brittleness; chromosome mapping; cultivars; domestication; genes; genetic markers; linkage groups; microsatellite repeats; phenotypic variation; quantitative trait loci; segregation distortion; sugar content; total soluble solids
Abstract:
... A genetic linkage map of the apple, composed of 175 SSR and 105 SRAP markers, has been constructed using 110 F1 individuals obtained from a cross between the ‘Red Fuji’ Malus domestica and ‘Hongrou’ Malus sieversii cultivars, which have relatively high levels of DNA marker polymorphism and differ remarkably in fruit-related traits. The linkage map comprised 17 linkage groups, covering 1299.67 cM w ...
DOI:
10.1515/biol-2016-0063

37. Construction of a high density linkage map and its application in the identification of QTLs for soluble sugar and organic acid components in apple

Author:
Baiquan Ma; Shuang Zhao; Benhong Wu; Dongmei Wang; Qian Peng; Albert Owiti; Ting Fang; Liao Liao; Collins Ogutu; Schuyler S. Korban; Shaohua Li; Yuepeng Han
Source:
Tree genetics & genomes 2016 v.12 no.1 pp. 1
ISSN:
1614-2942
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; chromosome mapping; citric acid; fructose; fruit quality; genetic markers; genotyping; glucose; linkage groups; malic acid; marker-assisted selection; microsatellite repeats; quantitative trait loci; sensory properties; single nucleotide polymorphism; sorbitol; sucrose
Abstract:
... Soluble sugars and organic acids have a strong impact on the overall organoleptic quality of fruits. In this study, we report the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for individual sugars and organic acids in apple. A high density linkage map of apple was constructed using the 1536 EST-derived SNP GoldenGate genotyping platform. The linkage map consists of 601 molecular markers, inclu ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11295-015-0959-6

38. Crop load management (CLM) for sustainable apple production in China

Author:
Gai-Di Suo; Yong-Sheng Xie; Yi Zhang; Ming-Yang Cai; Xue-Song Wang; Jun-Feng Chuai
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.211 pp. 213-219
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Malus domestica; Valsa; apples; arid lands; branches; crop production; ecosystems; flowers; fruit crops; nitrogen; orchards; phosphorus; planting; potassium; rain; rootstocks; soil depth; soil water; soil water content; sustainable development; trees; water content; China
Abstract:
... Biennial bearing is a common problem encountered in perennial fruit crops. In order to determine a suitable crop load for sustainable development of dryland apple orchards, we defined the concept of “appropriate productivity” and examined five crop load levels in an apple orchard ecosystem on the Loess Plateau, in Changwu, Shaanxi province, China. The orchards were planted with Fuji apple (Malus d ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.08.029

39. Cytological and histological studies of the interaction between Botryosphaeria dothidea and apple twigs

Author:
Qingmei Han; Xiaoning Gao; Jingqun Wang; Haiying Wang; Lili Huang
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.202 pp. 142-149
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Botryosphaeria dothidea; Malus domestica; apples; branches; collenchyma; cortex; cytoplasm; electron microscopy; extracellular space; fungal diseases of plants; hyphae; periderm; phloem; plant pathogenic fungi; plant rots; pycnidia
Abstract:
... The infection process of apple twigs by Botryosphaeria dothidea, the causal agent of apple ring rot on fruit and cankers on twigs, was examined by light and electron microscopy. Hyphae of B. dothidea entered the apple twigs at the lenticels, and some hyphae extended intercellularly in the collenchyma of the cortex before entering the parenchymal tissue one month post-inoculation. Then, the fungal ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.03.002

40. Daylight crop water stress index for continuous monitoring of water status in apple trees

Author:
Yasin Osroosh; Robert T. Peters; Colin S. Campbell
Source:
Irrigation science 2016 v.34 no.3 pp. 209-219
ISSN:
0342-7188
Subject:
Malus domestica; air; air temperature; apples; canopy; field capacity; irrigation; monitoring; rhizosphere; soil water; soil water content; soil water deficit; solar radiation; vapor pressure; water potential; water stress; wind speed
Abstract:
... We studied the suitability of empirical crop water stress index (CWSI) averaged over daylight hours (CWSId) for continuous monitoring of water status in apple trees. The relationships between a midday CWSI (CWSIₘ) and the CWSId and stem water potential (ψ ₛₜₑₘ), and soil water deficit (SWD) were investigated. The treatments were: (1) non-stressed where the soil water was close to field capacity an ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00271-016-0499-3
CHORUS:
10.1007/s00271-016-0499-3

41. Dependence of leaf surface area and leaf number of apple trees on the sum of temperatures: utilization for protection against apple scab

Author:
T. Litschmann; R. Vavra; V. Falta; A. Bilkova; I. Zdarska
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1137 pp. 241-246
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; Venturia inaequalis; ambient temperature; apples; cultivars; growing season; leaf area; leaves; monitoring; nondestructive methods; shoots; surface area
Abstract:
... Scanning of the leaves of four apple cultivars at weekly intervals during the 2012 growing season made it possible to calculate their surface area. The calculation of the surface area of scanned leaves revealed that the leaf surface area is determined by the multiplication of the leaf width and leaf length, which is then multiplied by the factor 0.71. Measurement of the leaf width and the leaf len ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1137.34

42. Design of a thinning device for horticultural fruit crops

Author:
C. Seehuber; L. Damerow; M. M. Blanke
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 v. no.1137 pp. 53-58
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; alternate bearing; apples; branches; canopy; color; fruit crops; fruit quality; fruits; hormones; horticulture; markets; orchards; rotors; taste; trees
Abstract:
... Thinning is a pre-requisite for the majority of fruit crops worldwide in order to overcome or prevent alternate bearing (high and low yields in alternating years) and to provide regular yields of high quality fruit in terms of size, taste, color and constituents, as required by the market. Chemical thinning, a widely used practice, usually relies on compounds that are commonly referred to as hormo ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1137.8

43. Detailed Molecular Characterisation of the Transgenic Potato Line, AppA6, Modified with the Apple (Malus domestica) Polygalacturonase Inhibiting Protein 1 (pgip1) Gene

Author:
Lerato B. T. Matsaunyane; Dean Oelofse; Ian A. Dubery
Source:
Potato research 2016 v.59 no.2 pp. 129-147
ISSN:
0014-3065
Subject:
Malus domestica; Solanum tuberosum; Verticillium dahliae; Verticillium wilt; chromosomes; gene expression regulation; gene overexpression; host plants; in vitro studies; phenotype; physiology; polygalacturonase; potatoes; promoter regions; proteins; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; safety assessment; screening; somaclonal variation; structural genes; transcriptome; transfer DNA; transgenes; transgenic plants; tryptophan; tyrosine; xyloglucan:xyloglucosyl transferase
Abstract:
... Current safety assessment of genetically modified crops requires detailed information about the insertion of the transgene and the effect of its expression on the biochemistry and physiology of the host plant. Whilst the intended effect of the transformation can be verified through phenotypic screening, molecular approaches are required to observe unintended effects. We investigated the molecular ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11540-016-9316-x

44. Detection and localization of RF-PIN1, a gene encoding an auxin carrier protein, in different apple rootstocks

Author:
H. L. Li; H. Zhang; C. Yu; Z. H. Han
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1130 pp. 415-424
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; Malus micromalus; amino acids; apples; auxins; cambium; complementary DNA; dwarfing; genes; in situ hybridization; leaves; parenchyma (plant tissue); reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; roots; rootstocks; trees; vascular tissues
Abstract:
... To investigate the expression of a gene encoding an auxin carrier protein in trees of different apple rootstocks, a 1433-bp full-length cDNA fragment of the putative auxin carrier protein gene RF-PIN1, encoding 476 amino acids, was cloned from Fuji apple. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses, RF-PIN1 transcripts were detected in various organs at different times of the year; the transcript abun ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1130.62

45. Detection of apple fruit in an orchard for early yield prediction as a function of crop load

Author:
H. Cheng; Y. Sun; L. Damerow; M. M. Blanke
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1137 pp. 59-66
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; alternate bearing; apples; color; flowering; fruit growing; fruit trees; fruits; image analysis; leaves; ontogeny; orchards; prediction; pruning; small fruits; tree yields; Germany
Abstract:
... Yield estimation in the commercial production of fruit tree species is becoming an increasingly popular research topic. The outcome, however, is subject to both variability from tree to tree, and from year to year (alternate bearing). Hence, the objective of this contribution was to investigate any potential effects of tree crop load on fruit detection for the prediction of tree yields, as used in ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1137.9

46. Detection, Identification, and Characterization of Phytoplasmas Infecting Apple and Pear Trees in Belarus

Author:
Valasevich N.; Schneider B.
Source:
Plant disease 2016 v.100 no.11 pp. 2275-2280
ISSN:
0191-2917
Subject:
Malus domestica; Phytoplasma; apples; bacterial diseases of plants; genes; genetic variation; pears; phylogeny; plant pathogenic bacteria; polymerase chain reaction; ribosomal DNA; screening; sequence analysis; single-stranded conformational polymorphism; trees; Belarus
Abstract:
... In Samochvalovichi, Belarus, apple and pear tree root samples were examined for the presence of phytoplasmas using a universal 16S rDNA-based PCR assay. Out of 27 tested apple trees, 23 were found to be infected by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ and 46 out of 58 pear trees were positive for the presence of ‘Ca. P. pyri.’ Species were identified by sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA amplicons. The mo ...
DOI:
10.1094/PDIS-04-16-0498-RE

47. Development and Evaluation of Apple Peel‐ and Carboxymethylcellulose‐Based Biodegradable Films with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties

Author:
Sang Eun Lee; Jung H. Han; Jaejoon Han
Source:
Journal of food safety 2016 v.36 no.3 pp. 317-324
ISSN:
0149-6085
Subject:
Malus domestica; anti-infective properties; antimicrobial packaging; antioxidant activity; antioxidants; apples; ascorbic acid; bacteria; biodegradability; biopolymers; breast meat; carboxymethylcellulose; catechin; chickens; food industry; food safety; fruit peels; gallic acid; microbial growth; oxidation; packaging materials; shelf life; tartaric acid
Abstract:
... Antioxidant and antimicrobial biopolymer films were developed by combining apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) peel (AP) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with 1% apple peel extract and (+)‐tartaric acid. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of AP were found to be 24.94 mg gallic acid and 8.85 mg catechin equivalents/g dried weight, respectively. 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl/2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenz ...
DOI:
10.1111/jfs.12246

48. Development and validation of the Axiom®Apple480K SNP genotyping array

Author:
Luca Bianco; Alessandro Cestaro; Gareth Linsmith; Hélène Muranty; Caroline Denancé; Anthony Théron; Charles Poncet; Diego Micheletti; Emanuela Kerschbamer; Erica A. Di Pierro; Simone Larger; Massimo Pindo; Eric Van de Weg; Alessandro Davassi; François Laurens; Riccardo Velasco; Charles‐Eric Durel; Michela Troggio
Source:
plant journal 2016 v.86 no.1 pp. 62-74
ISSN:
0960-7412
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; cultivars; fruit crops; genetic variation; genome; genotyping; germplasm; heterozygosity; linkage disequilibrium; single nucleotide polymorphism; surveys; temperate zones
Abstract:
... Cultivated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is one of the most important fruit crops in temperate regions, and has great economic and cultural value. The apple genome is highly heterozygous and has undergone a recent duplication which, combined with a rapid linkage disequilibrium decay, makes it difficult to perform genome‐wide association (GWA) studies. Single nucleotide polymorphism arrays offer ...
DOI:
10.1111/tpj.13145

49. Development of SNP-based assays for disease resistance and fruit quality traits in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and validation in breeding pilot studies

Author:
Isabelle O. Baumgartner; Markus Kellerhals; Fabrizio Costa; Luca Dondini; Giulia Pagliarani; Roberto Gregori; Stefano Tartarini; Lucie Leumann; François Laurens; Andrea Patocchi
Source:
Tree genetics & genomes 2016 v.12 no.3 pp. 35
ISSN:
1614-2942
Subject:
DNA; Dysaphis plantaginea; Malus domestica; Venturia inaequalis; apples; disease resistance; firmness; fruit quality; genes; genetic markers; genomics; genotyping; marker-assisted selection; pest resistance; planting seed; polymerase chain reaction; powdery mildew; seedlings; single nucleotide polymorphism; sowing; storage quality; texture
Abstract:
... The development of molecular markers linked to specific traits is now routine practice, but the gap between genomics and breeding often delays their application. In the frame of the FP7 European project FruitBreedomics, apple pilot studies were designed to exploit the project’s outcomes towards the practical application of marker-assisted breeding (MAB) programs. The aim of this pilot study was to ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11295-016-0994-y

50. Development of a qPCR detection procedure for fruit tree canker caused by Neonectria ditissima

Author:
M. Ghasemkhani; A. Zborowska; L. Garkava-Gustavsson; A. Holefors; R. Scheper; K. Everett; H. Nybom
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1127 pp. 259-264
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
DNA; Malus domestica; Neonectria ditissima; apples; ascospores; conidia; cultivars; fungi; germplasm conservation; orchards; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; screening; tree diseases; weather; wood; Northern European region
Abstract:
... Fruit tree canker, caused by the fungus Neonectria ditissima, is considered to be a serious economic problem in apple orchards, especially in north-western Europe. This fungus produces conidia and ascospores. They are dispersed and cause infection and eventually life-threatening cankers during prolonged periods of rainy weather. Moreover, spores produced on the infected wood can act as an infectio ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1127.40

51. Development of efficient transformation systems for functional genomic research in apple

Author:
H. Dai; W. Li; Z. Zhang
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 v. no.1127 pp. 191-198
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
buds; apples; seedlings; transgenic plants; open pollination; explants; models; cotyledons; genes; genomics; genotype; Malus domestica; Agrobacterium; leaves
Abstract:
... Apple has become a model species for Rosaceae genetic and genomic research, but it is difficult to obtain transgenic apple plants. Transgenic lines have been obtained from a number of genotypes, but the efficiency of apple transformation is not high. In the past several years, we developed an efficient regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for apple using cotyledons as expl ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1127.30

52. Different flowering response to various fruit loads in apple cultivars correlates with degree of transcript reaccumulation of a TFL1‐encoding gene

Author:
Amnon Haberman; Michal Ackerman; Omer Crane; Jean‐Jacques Kelner; Evelyne Costes; Alon Samach
Source:
plant journal 2016 v.87 no.2 pp. 161-173
ISSN:
0960-7412
Subject:
Malus domestica; alternate bearing; apples; biosynthesis; branches; cultivars; flowering; fruit growing; fruit trees; genes; gibberellins; inflorescences; leaves; models; shoots
Abstract:
... In many perennial fruit trees, flowering in the year following a year with heavy fruit load can be quite limited. This biennial cycle of fruiting, termed alternate bearing, was described 170 years ago in apple (Malus domestica). Apple inflorescences are mainly found on short branches (spurs). Bourse shoots (BS) develop from the leaf axils of the spur. BS apices may terminate ~100 days after flower ...
DOI:
10.1111/tpj.13190

53. Distribution of Wax Gland Pores on the Body Surface and the Dynamics of Wax Secretion of Wooly Apple Aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Author:
Min Su; Xiumei Tan; Qinmin Yang; Jiqing Wang; Fanghao Wan; Hongxu Zhou
Source:
Entomological news 2016 v.126 no.2 pp. 106-120
ISSN:
0013-872X
Subject:
Aphis pomi; Eriosoma lanigerum; Malus domestica; abdomen; adults; apples; body length; corolla; head; honeydew; instars; integument; natural enemies; parasitism; pests; rain; secretion
Abstract:
... Eriosoma lanigerum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is an important invasive pest causing serious damage to apple trees in many countries. The powdery wax covering the integument of this aphid plays an important role in its defense against natural enemies. We examined all instars and adults of E. lanigerum to determine the morphology and distribution of wax gland pores. We found four lines of wax-gland plat ...
DOI:
10.3157/021.126.0206

54. Distribution of viruses in old commercial and abandoned orchards and wild apple trees

Author:
L. Grimova; L. Winkowska; L. Zika; P. Rysanek
Source:
Journal of plant pathology 2016 v.98 no.3 pp. 549-554
ISSN:
1125-4653
Subject:
Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus; Apple mosaic virus; Apple stem grooving virus; Apple stem pitting virus; Malus domestica; apples; coat proteins; cultivars; genes; humans; orchards; population structure; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; trees; viruses; Czech Republic
Abstract:
... Samples from apple trees in old commercial and abandoned orchards as well as in wild apple trees in the outskirts of Prague in the Czech Republic were surveyed for the presence of Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) and Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) using conventional and quantitative RT-PCR. Results revealed that ACLSV was the mos ...
DOI:
10.4454/JPP.V98I3.038

55. Do floral resources influence pollination rates and subsequent fruit set in pear (Pyrus communis L.) and apple (Malus x domestica Borkh) cultivars?

Author:
Muriel Quinet; Martin Warzée; Maryse Vanderplanck; Denis Michez; Georges Lognay; Anne-Laure Jacquemart
Source:
European journal of agronomy 2016 v.77 pp. 59-69
ISSN:
1161-0301
Subject:
Malus domestica; Pyrus communis; apples; chemical composition; cultivars; flowers; foraging; fruit crops; fruit set; insect pollination; nectar; orchards; pears; phytosterols; planting; pollen; pollinating insects; polypeptides; spring; sugars; trees; Belgium
Abstract:
... Pear and apple are among the main fruit crops worldwide. These species can be planted in mixed orchards, and they both depend on insect pollination for fruit set. As pollinating insects are attracted by the floral resources, we investigated nectar and pollen production and chemical composition in four pear (‘Concorde’, ‘Conférence’, ‘Doyenné du Comice’, ‘Triomphe de Vienne’) and five apple (‘Braeb ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.eja.2016.04.001

56. Dry matter partitioning and photosynthetic response to biennial bearing and freeze damage in ‘Empire’ apple

Author:
D.M. Glenn
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.210 pp. 1-5
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; biomass; canopy; correlation; crop losses; cropping systems; dry matter partitioning; frost; frost injury; fruit yield; fruiting; growing season; leaf area index; leaves; photosynthesis; radiation use efficiency; trees; wood
Abstract:
... Biennial cropping is typically characterized as having ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ years in which the ‘ON’ year produces an excessive crop load and the ‘OFF’ year has a very small crop load. Frost damage during the bloom period or winter freeze damage is another means of reducing the crop load that can initiate biennial bearing in an otherwise consistent cropping system. The objectives were to determine what e ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.06.042

57. Dyeing of Wool and Cotton Fabrics with Leaves of Apple (Malus Domestica) Tree

Author:
Ferda Eser; Mustafa Tutak; Adem Onal; Bilal Meral
Source:
Journal of natural fibers 2016 v.13 no.3 pp. 289-298
ISSN:
1544-046X
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; color; cotton; cotton fabric; dyeing; leaves; scanning electron microscopes; scanning electron microscopy; washing; wool; woolen fabric
Abstract:
... In this study, apple leaves were used to dye wool and cotton fabrics. Effects of mordant type and dyeing technique on color yield and fastness properties were investigated. The selected dyed fibre sample surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Color strength (K/S) values of the dyed fabrics were between 0.53 and 20.56. Washing and rubbing fastness results of the dyed fab ...
DOI:
10.1080/15440478.2015.1029189

58. Early detection of bacterial diseases in apple plants by analysis of volatile organic compounds profiles and use of electronic nose

Author:
A. Cellini; E. Biondi; S. Blasioli; L. Rocchi; B. Farneti; I. Braschi; S. Savioli; M.T. Rodriguez‐Estrada; F. Biasioli; F. Spinelli
Source:
Annals of applied biology 2016 v.168 no.3 pp. 409-420
ISSN:
0003-4746
Subject:
Erwinia amylovora; Malus domestica; Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae; apples; blight; cold storage; electronic nose; emissions; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; microbial detection; propagation materials; screening; volatile organic compounds
Abstract:
... DNA‐based protocols are the standard methods for the diagnosis of infected plant material. Nevertheless, these methods are time‐consuming and require trained personnel, with an efficacy depending on the sampling procedure. In comparison, recognition methods based on volatile compounds emissions are less precise, but allow a non‐destructive mass screening of bulk samples, and may be implemented to ...
DOI:
10.1111/aab.12272

59. Early detection of sun injury on apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) through the use of crop water stress index and chlorophyll fluorescence

Author:
Carolina A. Torres; Alvaro Sepúlveda; Lorenzo Leon; José Antonio Yuri
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.211 pp. 336-342
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; chlorophyll; cultivars; flowering; fluorescence; fruit growing; orchards; photosystem II; semiarid zones; sunburn; temperature; water stress
Abstract:
... Sun-injury (=sunburn) on apples is an important physiological disorder affecting all cultivars grown in semi-arid climates. Both, high light and elevated temperatures during the fruit-growing season are responsible for the symptoms. Therefore, a crop water stress index (CWSI), calculated from infrared images, and chlorophyll fluorescence were assessed as early predictors, when no symptoms of sun-d ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.09.022

60. Effect of 6-BA+GA(4+7) and nitrogen fertigation on feathering of 'Golden Reinders' apple nine-month-old nursery trees

Author:
D. Radivojevic; M. Zivic; J. Milivojevic; C. Oparnica; M. Velickovic
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1139 pp. 497-502
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; branches; cultivars; feathers; fertigation; nitrogen; rootstocks; trees
Abstract:
... The apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivar ‘Golden Reinders’ was used to study the effects of mixture of 6-BA and GA(4+7) (Promalin) and nitrogen fertigation to improve branching of nine-month-old nursery trees grafted on ‘M9’ rootstock. Promalin was applied three times in June in weekly intervals, in concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L-1 to the upper third of trees. Nitrogen (N) ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1139.85

61. Effect of Silicon Application on Silicon Contents in “Fuji” Apple in Loess Plateau

Author:
Meng Wang; Xudong Wang; Jim J. Wang
Source:
Communications in soil science and plant analysis 2016 v.47 no.20 pp. 2325-2333
ISSN:
1532-2416
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; citric acid; fertilizer rates; fertilizers; humic acids; leaves; orchards; silicon; trees; China
Abstract:
... This study investigated silicon (Si) fertilizer application in an apple orchard; Si fertilizers were applied at rates of 50 and 100 g/tree, with humic acid and citric acid, respectively. The results showed that Si accumulation in apple tree was influenced by the type and amount of fertilizer, and was higher in organic Si treatment. Si content in leaves, peel, flesh and whole fruit significantly in ...
DOI:
10.1080/00103624.2016.1243714

62. Effect of crop load on phytohormones, sugars, and biennial bearing in apple trees

Author:
G. Samuolienė; A. Čeidaitė; R. Sirtautas; P. Duchovskis; D. Kviklys
Source:
Biologia plantarum 2016 v.60 no.2 pp. 394-400
ISSN:
0006-3134
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; buds; flowering; fruits; inflorescences; leaf area; leaves; plant hormones; rootstocks; sugars; trees
Abstract:
... The amount and composition of phytohormones, sugars, and some other leaf characteristics depending on a crop load were evaluated in apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Ligol grafted on P 60 rootstock) trees in order to prevent biennial bearing. The crop load was adjusted to 12 (control, unthinned), 8, 4, and 0 (non-fruiting) inflorescences (or fruits) per cm² of trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA). In ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10535-015-0581-3

63. Effect of cultivars on evaluation of leaf analysis of apple trees

Author:
K. Ucgun; S. Gezgin; H. Akgul; A. Atasay; M. Harmankaya; M. Altindal
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1139 pp. 275-278
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; calcium; cultivars; leaf analysis; leaves; magnesium; manganese; nitrogen; nutritional status; orchards; phosphorus; potassium; vegetation; zinc; Turkey (country)
Abstract:
... Leaf analysis is used as a standard method for determination of the nutritional status of apple orchards in the middle of vegetation, but not take into consideration the differences among cultivars in the evaluation of results of leaf analysis. In 2010-2011 years, this study was performed on leaves collected from two different regions in Isparta, Turkey where apple is cultivated for determining th ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1139.48

64. Effect of drip irrigation frequency, nitrogen rate and mulching on nitrous oxide emissions in a semi-arid climate: An assessment across two years in an apple orchard

Author:
Mesfin M. Fentabil; Craig F. Nichol; Melanie D. Jones; Gerry H. Neilsen; Denise Neilsen; Kirsten D. Hannam
Source:
Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 2016 v.235 pp. 242-252
ISSN:
0167-8809
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; bark; calcium nitrate; fertigation; fertilizer rates; freeze-thaw cycles; greenhouse gas emissions; growing season; irrigation scheduling; microirrigation; monitoring; mulches; mulching; nitrogen; nitrous oxide; orchard soils; orchards; semiarid zones; water supply; wood
Abstract:
... Micro-irrigation scheduling and mulch application can be used by orchardists to match water supply to plant demand and conserve water. There is little information on how these management practices affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from orchard soils, and most previous studies were short-term (<3 months during the growing season). We investigated (1) N2O emissions across a 2year cycle of orchard ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.agee.2016.09.033

65. Effect of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) on branch type, floral induction and initiation, and related gene expression in ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh)

Author:
Youmei Li; Dong Zhang; Libo Xing; Songwen Zhang; Caiping Zhao; Mingyu Han
Source:
Plant growth regulation 2016 v.79 no.1 pp. 65-70
ISSN:
0167-6903
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; benzyladenine; biosynthesis; buds; cytokinins; flowering; gene expression; genes; indole acetic acid; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; shoots; spraying; transcription (genetics)
Abstract:
... To investigate the mechanism by which 6-BA promotes flower bud formation, ‘Fuji’ apple trees were sprayed with 300 mg L⁻¹ 6-BA before the onset of floral induction. The differential transcription responses of flowering genes (MdFT, AFL1 and MdTFL1) and key cytokinin biosynthesis genes (MdIPT5a and MdIPT3a) in terminal buds were studied during flower development by real-time quantitative PCR. In ad ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10725-015-0111-5

66. Effect of exogenous GA3 and its inhibitor paclobutrazol on floral formation, endogenous hormones, and flowering-associated genes in ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Author:
Songwen Zhang; Dong Zhang; Sheng Fan; Lisha Du; Yawen Shen; Libo Xing; Youmei Li; Juanjuan Ma; Mingyu Han
Source:
Plant physiology and biochemistry 2016 v.107 pp. 178-186
ISSN:
0981-9428
Subject:
Malus domestica; abscisic acid; apples; buds; flowering; genes; gibberellins; hormones; indole acetic acid; loci; mechanism of action; paclobutrazol; spraying; vegetative growth
Abstract:
... Gibberellins (GAs) reduce apple (Malus domestica) flowering rates; however, the mechanism of their action is not fully understood. To gain a better insight into gibberellin-regulated flowering, here, 5 year-old ‘Fuji’ apple trees were used to explore the responses of hormones [GA1+3, GA4+7, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin-riboside (ZR), and abscisic acid (ABA)], and gibberellin- and flowering-a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.005

67. Effect of growth regulators on the sap flow in the apple tree

Author:
V. Avdiu; F. Thomaj; S. Sylanaj; E. Kullaj; K. Lepaja
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1139 pp. 323-328
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; benzyladenine; cultivars; evapotranspiration; field experimentation; gibberellins; growing season; heat; leaves; orchards; planting; rootstocks; sap flow; soil water; temperature; trees; vapor pressure
Abstract:
... This research paper presents the results of a field trial performed in a young orchard with apple cultivar 'Gala Galaxy', on the rootstock 'M9'. In November 2012, nursery “knip” trees were planted at the distance 3×1 m. In the first growing season (2013) the experimental plot was separated in a randomized block system of four treatments. Eight apple trees (2 for each variant), in the stage of nurs ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1139.56

68. Effect of highly processed calcined kaolin residues on apple productivity and quality

Author:
D.M. Glenn
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.201 pp. 101-108
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Malus domestica; alfalfa; apples; canopy; carbon; catalysts; color; fruit quality; fruiting; gas exchange; growing season; habitats; heat; heat stress; heat treatment; insects; irrigation; kaolin; leaf area index; leaves; microbial growth; ozone; particle films; photosynthesis; photosynthetically active radiation; surface area; synergism; temperature; ultraviolet radiation
Abstract:
... Calcined kaolin-based particle films (PKPF) are effective in reducing insect, heat, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UV) stress in plants due to the reflective nature of the heat-treated particles. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of PKFP treatments applied at moderate (3%) and high rates (12% w/v) on apple physiology, yield and quality and ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.035
CHORUS:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.035
Chorus Open Access:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.035

69. Effect of highly processed calcined kaolin residues on apple water use efficiency

Author:
D.M. Glenn
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.205 pp. 127-132
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; application rate; biomass; carbon; evapotranspiration; fruit yield; gas exchange; horticultural crops; insects; kaolin; leaves; lysimeters; mechanism of action; particle films; stomatal conductance; temperature; trees; vapor pressure; water use efficiency
Abstract:
... Processed calcined kaolin particle films (PKPF) have been shown to repel some insects and reduce various environmental stresses often resulting in improved yield and quality of horticultural crops. PKPF studies in the literature have various water use efficiency (WUE) responses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 2 application rates of PKPF (3% and 12%) on the whole tree water use efficienc ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.04.022

70. Effects of Irrigation Frequency on Yield and Quality Parameters in Apple c.v. ‘Gala, Galaxy’

Author:
Yusuf Ucar; Abdullah Kadayıfcı; Mehmet Atilla Aşkın; Abdullah Kankaya; Ulaş Şenyiğit; Fatma Yıldırım
Source:
Erwerbs-Obstbau 2016 v.58 no.3 pp. 169-175
ISSN:
0014-0309
Subject:
Malus domestica; cultivars; evapotranspiration; field capacity; fruit quality; iodine; irrigation scheduling; irrigation water; statistical analysis; trees; vegetative growth; water use efficiency
Abstract:
... This study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 in order to determine the effects of irrigation frequency on the yield and quality parameters of dwarf trees of the apple cultivar ‘Gala, Galaxy’ in the first and second year of cultivation. Irrigation water was applied at 3‑, 5‑, 7‑, and 10-day intervals as much as the amount of water consumed from the field capacity. Statistical analysis revealed that th ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10341-016-0277-7

71. Effects of environment and floral intensity on fruit set behaviour and annual flowering in apple

Author:
K.C. Breen; D.S. Tustin; J.W. Palmer; D.I. Hedderley; D.C. Close
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.210 pp. 258-267
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; buds; dormancy; environmental factors; flowering; fruit set; models; orchards; physiological response; seasonal variation; spring; trees; weather; winter; New Zealand; Queensland; Tasmania
Abstract:
... Natural variability in flowering and fruit set of commercial apple trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.) must be effectively managed to achieve optimised yield and quality. Early removal of excess flowers and fruit improves fruit size and quality. However, physiological responses to environment and flowering intensity, and their interaction with chemical thinning are not well understood, causing unpred ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.07.025

72. Effects of fertigation on yield, fruit quality and return bloom of young apple trees

Author:
M. Meland; F. Maas; C. Kasier
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1139 pp. 445-450
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; ammonium compounds; apples; branches; correlation; demonstration farms; experimental design; fertigation; fruit quality; leaves; nitrates; nitrogen; nitrogen content; orchards; planting; soil; trees; Norway
Abstract:
... When establishing an apple orchard it is important to stimulate the growth of young trees to fill up their allotted space in the row and minimize the time to come into full production with high quality fruit. In May 2012 two-year-old 'Summerred'/'M.9' knip trees were planted at the experimental farm at NIBIO Ullensvang, western Norway. The planting distance was 4×1 m (2500 trees ha-1). Three ferti ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1139.77

73. Effects of oven and microwave drying on phenolic contents and antioxidant activities in four apple cultivars

Author:
F. Al Juhaimi; N. Uslu; D. Bozkurt; K. Ghafoor; E.E. Babiker; M.M. Özcan
Source:
Quality assurance and safety of crops & foods 2016 v.8 no.1 pp. 51-55
ISSN:
1757-837X
Subject:
Malus domestica; antioxidant activity; apples; cultivars; dried fruit; fruit quality; heat; microwave drying; microwave treatment; ovens; quality control; raw fruit
Abstract:
... Fresh fruits can be preserved for later consumption using methods such as drying. However, fruit quality can significantly decline during processing. This study investigates the effects of microwave and oven processing on the preserved quality of dried apple. Heating experiments were performed at two different microwave output powers of 180 and 540 W. Moisture contents of ‘Starking’ and ‘Pink Lady ...
DOI:
10.3920/QAS2014.0468

74. Effects of relative air humidity on the phenolic compounds contents and coloration in the ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) peel

Author:
Mengxia Zhang; Guojing Zhang; Yaohua You; Chengquan Yang; Pengmin Li; Fengwang Ma
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.201 pp. 18-23
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Malus domestica; air; anthocyanins; apples; bags; caffeic acid; chlorogenic acid; color; epicatechin; ferulic acid; fruit peels; fruit quality; fruits; humidity; solar radiation; syringic acid; temperature
Abstract:
... To investigate the effects of relative air humidity (AH) on ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) peel phenolic compounds and pigment coloration, the bagged fruits were bags moved and then exposed to high AH and low AH conditions, respectively. Cyanidin-3-galactoside, the main anthocyanin compound in apple, and 17 other types of phenolic compounds were detected and their concentrations were also c ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2016.01.017

75. Effects of shading nets on sunburn and quality of 'Granny Smith' apple fruits

Author:
A. Dayioglu; S. Hepaksoy
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1139 pp. 523-528
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; birds; color; fruit quality; fruits; hail; heat stress; orchards; shade; sunburn; wind speed; Turkey (country)
Abstract:
... Sunburn causes some damage to apple orchards and it results from heat stress to the fruit leading to injury of the affected cells. A net shield is a good option for protection of apple trees against damage by hail, strong wind, and birds. Also, it reduces sunburn and russeting of fruits, provides better color and skin uniformity. This study was carried out to determine the effects of two different ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1139.90

76. Efficacy of a Juncus effusus extract on grapevine and apple plants against Plasmopara viticola and Venturia inaequalis, and identification of the major active constituent

Author:
Barbara Thuerig; Justine Ramseyer; Matthias Hamburger; Thomas Oberhänsli; Olivier Potterat; Hans‐Jakob Schärer; Lucius Tamm
Source:
Pest management science 2016 v.72 no.9 pp. 1718-1726
ISSN:
1526-498X
Subject:
Juncus effusus; Malus domestica; Phytophthora infestans; Plasmopara viticola; Venturia inaequalis; Vitis; antifungal properties; apples; ethyl acetate; fungi; human health; organic production; pesticides; plant extracts; plant pathogens; plant protection; screening; seedlings
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: There is growing demand to replace chemical pesticides with alternatives owing to concerns related to impacts on human health and the environment. Plant‐derived plant protection products could provide sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical products. The aim of this study was to identify plant and fungal extracts with so far unknown activity against important ...
DOI:
10.1002/ps.4199

77. Efficacy of a solid set canopy delivery system (SSCDS) in sweet cherry and apple

Author:
S. M. Niemann; M. D. Whiting; I. Hanrahan
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 v. no.1130 pp. 145-150
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; Prunus avium; air; air-assisted sprayers; apples; canopy; color; cooling; engineering; exocarp; firmness; flowering; fruit quality; fruit set; gibberellic acid; nozzles; orchards; surface temperature; thermometers
Abstract:
... To reduce reliance on airblast sprayers in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and apple orchards (Malus domestica Borkh.), a solid set canopy delivery system (SSCDS) using multiple levels of sprinkler nozzles for trellised canopies is being developed. This study reports preliminary comparisons of application efficacy using common plant growth regulators (PGR). The bloom thinner ammoniumthiosulfate (2% ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1130.21

78. Efficacy of mechanical thinning of apple in Poland

Author:
A. Basak; J. Juras; P. Bialkowski; M. M. Blanke; L. Damerow
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2016 no.1138 pp. 75-82
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; buds; color; cultivars; fruit set; naphthaleneacetic acid; rootstocks; rotors; tractors; trees; Poland
Abstract:
... Trials on mechanical thinning were firstly carried out in Poland starting in 2008 and, thereafter, continued in 2009 and 2010 on 'Gala Must', 'Jonagored' and 'Pinova', apple trees grafted on M.9 rootstocks. Ten different treatments were established on each cultivar: four of them were mechanically thinned setting the Baum device at two tractor speeds (5 or 7.5 km h-1) and two rotors speed (360-380 ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1138.10

79. Elucidating the Common Generalist Predators of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in an Organic Apple Orchard Using Molecular Gut-Content Analysis

Author:
Jason M. Schmidt; Zsofia Szendrei; Matthew Grieshop
Source:
Insects 2016 v.7 no.3 pp. -
ISSN:
2075-4450
Subject:
Araneae; Conotrachelus nenuphar; DNA; Hemiptera; Malus domestica; apples; biological control; biological control agents; orchards; organic foods; organophosphorus insecticides; pest control; pests; predation; predators
Abstract:
... Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), plum curculio, is a serious direct pest of North American tree fruit including, apples, cherries, peaches and plums. Historically, organophosphate insecticides were used for control, but this tool is no longer registered for use in tree fruit. In addition, few organically approved insecticides are available for organic pest control and n ...
DOI:
10.3390/insects7030029
PubMed:
27348005
PubMed Central:
PMC5039542

80. Emission of Volatile Compounds from Apple Plants Infested with Pandemis heparana Larvae, Antennal Response of Conspecific Adults, and Preliminary Field Trial

Author:
Valentino Giacomuzzi; Luca Cappellin; Iuliia Khomenko; Franco Biasioli; Stefan Schütz; Marco Tasin; Alan L. Knight; Sergio Angeli
Source:
Journal of chemical ecology 2016 v.42 no.12 pp. 1265-1280
ISSN:
0098-0331
Subject:
Malus domestica; Pandemis heparana; acetic acid; adults; antennae; apples; aromatic compounds; benzyl alcohol; circadian rhythm; females; field experimentation; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; herbivores; larvae; leaves; males; methanol; phenylethyl alcohol; photoperiod; terpenoids; traps; volatile compounds; Sweden
Abstract:
... This study investigated the volatile emission from apple (Malus x domestica Borkh., cv. Golden Delicious) foliage that was either intact, mechanically-damaged, or exposed to larval feeding by Pandemis heparana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Volatiles were collected by closed-loop-stripping-analysis and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in three time peri ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10886-016-0794-8

81. Establishing the behavioral basis for an attract-and-kill strategy to manage the invasive Halyomorpha halys in apple orchards

Author:
William R. Morrison III; Doo-Hyung Lee; Brent D. Short; Ashot Khrimian; Tracy C. Leskey
Source:
Journal of pest science 2016 v.89 no.1 pp. 81-96
ISSN:
1612-4758
Subject:
Halyomorpha halys; Malus domestica; adults; aggregation pheromones; apples; baiting; fruiting; growing season; host plants; insect traps; insects; invasive species; neonicotinoid insecticides; orchards; plant damage; pyrethrins; radar; specialty crops; trees; United States
Abstract:
... Halyomorpha halys (Stål), the brown marmorated stink bug, is an invasive, polyphagous insect that causes serious economic injury in particular to specialty crops in the United States. Growers have been forced to respond by increasing the frequency of broad-spectrum insecticide (e.g., neonicotinoid, pyrethroid, and carbamate) applications. One strategy to reduce reliance on insecticides is known as ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10340-015-0679-6

82. Evaluation of Different Irrigation Methods for an Apple Orchard Using an Aerial Imaging System

Author:
Duke M. Bulanon; John Lonai; Heather Skovgard; Esmaeil Fallahi
Source:
ISPRS international journal of geo-information 2016 v.5 no.6 pp. -
ISSN:
2220-9964
Subject:
Malus domestica; algorithms; apples; cameras; crop production; crops; image analysis; irrigation systems; monitoring; normalized difference vegetation index; orchards; trees; unmanned aerial vehicles; Idaho
Abstract:
... Regular monitoring and assessment of crops is one of the keys to optimal crop production. This research presents the development of a monitoring system called the Crop Monitoring and Assessment Platform (C-MAP). The C-MAP is composed of an image acquisition unit which is an off-the-shelf unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a multispectral camera (near-infrared, green, blue), and an image p ...
DOI:
10.3390/ijgi5060079

83. Expression Analysis of the MdCIbHLH1 Gene in Apple Flower Buds and Seeds in the Process of Dormancy

Author:
Yiran Ren; Qiang Zhao; Xianyan Zhao; Yujin Hao; Chunxiang You
Source:
Horticultural plant journal 2016 v.2 no.2 pp. 61-66
ISSN:
2468-0141
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; bioinformatics; buds; gene expression regulation; genes; prediction; protein structure; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; seed dormancy; seeds; temperature; transcription factors
Abstract:
... A bHLH transcription factor that is induced by low temperature was found in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). To understand the sequence characteristics of the gene, bioinformatics analysis was performed. Furthermore, gene expression patterns of the laminated apple seeds and lateral flower buds were analyzed during the period of dormancy release with semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Based on secondary st ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.hpj.2016.06.007

84. Expression Profiling of Several Gene Families Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Skin During Fruit Development

Author:
Rui Meng; Juan Zhang; Lin An; Bohu Zhang; Xiaobing Jiang; Yazhou Yang; Zhengyang Zhao
Source:
Journal of plant growth regulation 2016 v.35 no.2 pp. 449-464
ISSN:
0721-7595
Subject:
Malus domestica; anthocyanins; apples; biosynthesis; color; cultivars; developmental stages; flowers; fruiting; fruits; gene expression; genes; ripening; secondary metabolites
Abstract:
... Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites in higher plants that contribute to the colors of flowers and fruits. MYB, bHLH, and UFGT genes are key genes in fruit anthocyanin synthesis. We identified two MYB1 genes, two bHLH3 genes, three bHLH33 genes, and four UFGT genes in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) genome and analyzed the expression of these genes in apple skin at the fruitlet stage and ripe ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00344-015-9552-3

85. Expression analysis of candidate cell wall-related genes associated with changes in pectin biochemistry during postharvest apple softening

Author:
Sunny George Gwanpua; Ifigeneia Mellidou; Jelena Boeckx; Clare Kyomugasho; Niels Bessemans; Bert E. Verlinden; Maarten L.A.T.M. Hertog; Marc Hendrickx; Bart M. Nicolai; Annemie H. Geeraerd
Source:
Postharvest biology and technology 2016 v.112 pp. 176-185
ISSN:
0925-5214
Subject:
1-methylcyclopropene; Malus domestica; alpha-N-arabinofuranosidase; apples; beta-galactosidase; breeding; ethylene production; firmness; fruit quality; fruits; gene expression regulation; genes; pectinesterase; pectins; polygalacturonase; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; ripening; solubilization; sugars
Abstract:
... The property of apple fruit (Malus×domestica Borkh.) of being able to retain their postharvest firmness to some extent, is an important aspect in many breeding programs. A clear identification of genes responsible for softening is therefore imperative. Polygalacturonase1 has been identified in the literature as the main gene that regulates softening in fruits, including apple. The aim of this work ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.postharvbio.2015.09.034

86. Expression analysis of key auxin synthesis, transport, and metabolism genes in different young dwarfing apple trees

Author:
Chunhui Song; Dong Zhang; Jie Zhang; Liwei Zheng; Caiping Zhao; Juanjuan Ma; Na An; Mingyu Han
Source:
Acta physiologiae plantarum 2016 v.38 no.2 pp. 43
ISSN:
0137-5881
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; dwarfing; genes; hormones; indole acetic acid; leaves; metabolism; phloem; root growth; roots; rootstocks; scions; shoots; trees; vigor
Abstract:
... The control of scion vigor by dwarfing apple rootstocks is most convincingly elucidated by the shoot–root–shoot signaling of auxins and other hormones. To identify auxin and auxin-related genes that may play roles in the composite tree’s auxin metabolism and dwarfing mechanism, the concentrations of IAA and the expression level of key auxin synthesis, transport, and metabolism genes were measured ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11738-016-2065-2

87. Field evaluation of two risk indicators for predicting likelihood of pesticide transport to surface water from two orchards

Author:
Danielle P. Oliver; Rai S. Kookana; Jenny S. Anderson; Beng Umali
Source:
Science of the total environment 2016 v.571 pp. 819-825
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
Malus domestica; Prunus avium; apples; cherries; cultivars; dithianon; ethephon; orchards; prediction; risk; risk assessment; surface water
Abstract:
... Two pesticide risk indicators, Pesticide Impact Rating Index (PIRI) and Environmental Potential Risk Indicator for Pesticides (EPRIP), were used to determine the likelihood of off-site transport to surface water of pesticides used in a cherry (Prunus avium cultivars) and an apple (Malus domestica cultivars) orchard. The predictions of off-site transport of some of the pesticides were verified agai ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.056

88. Field evaluations of the contribution of predators and the parasitoid, Aphelinus mali, to biological control of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum, in Virginia, USA

Author:
J. Christopher Bergh; Jon W. Stallings
Source:
BioControl 2016 v.61 no.2 pp. 155-165
ISSN:
1386-6141
Subject:
Syrphidae; orchards; parasitoids; apples; Aphelinus mali; Eriosoma lanigerum; host-parasite relationships; predators; trees; extinction; Malus domestica; natural enemies; cages; predator-prey relationships; biological control; Virginia
Abstract:
... A series of experiments in Virginia, USA apple orchards evaluated the temporal effects of natural enemies on Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) colonies on potted and mature apple trees. Exclusion cage studies using potted trees resulted in increasing colony numbers on fully caged trees and declining colony numbers or colony extinction on trees exposed to natural enemies. Closer ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10526-016-9714-7

89. Field parasitism levels of Ceratitis capitata larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) by Aganaspis daci on different host fruit species in the coastal region of Tartous, Syria

Author:
Ali Y. Ali; Ahmad M. Ahmad; Jafer A. Amar; Rabea Y. Darwish; Ali M. Izzo; Samir A. Al-Ahmad
Source:
Biocontrol science and technology 2016 v.26 no.12 pp. 1617-1625
ISSN:
1360-0478
Subject:
Aganaspis; Ceratitis capitata; Citrus paradisi; Citrus sinensis; Eriobotrya japonica; Ficus carica; Malus domestica; Prunus domestica; Prunus persica; Psidium guajava; Psyttalia; adults; apples; biological control; clementines; coasts; eclosion; figs; fruit trees; fruits; grapefruits; guavas; integrated pest management; larvae; loquats; oranges; orchards; parasitism; parasitoids; peaches; plums; population dynamics; puparium; rearing; surveys; temperature; Syria
Abstract:
... The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a key pest of fruit trees in Syria and is attacked by the larval-pupal parasitoid, Aganaspis daci (Weld) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). The seasonal population dynamics and distribution of A. daci were studied in surveys of orchards [ Citrus reticulatum (clementine), Citrus sinensis (maourdi blood orange), Citrus par ...
DOI:
10.1080/09583157.2016.1229756

90. Field phenotyping of water stress at tree scale by UAV-sensed imagery: new insights for thermal acquisition and calibration

Author:
David Gómez-Candón; Nicolas Virlet; Sylvain Labbé; Audrey Jolivot; Jean-Luc Regnard
Source:
Precision agriculture 2016 v.17 no.6 pp. 786-800
ISSN:
1385-2256
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; cameras; canopy; computer software; drought; orchards; phenotype; plant response; radiometry; remote sensing; summer; temperature; trees; unmanned aerial vehicles; water stress; France
Abstract:
... Numerous agronomical applications of remote sensing have been proposed in recent years, including water stress assessment at field by thermal imagery. The miniaturization of thermal cameras allows carrying them onboard the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), but these systems have no temperature control and, consequently, drifts during data acquisition have to be carefully corrected. This manuscript ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11119-016-9449-6

91. Flavonols Induced by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Are Involved in Regulation of Stomatal Opening in Apple Leaves

Author:
Longbo LIU; Lijun XIONG; Yuyan AN; Jie ZHENG; Liangju WANG
Source:
Horticultural plant journal 2016 v.2 no.6 pp. 323-330
ISSN:
2468-0141
Subject:
Malus domestica; aminolevulinic acid; apples; fluorescent dyes; guard cells; horticultural crops; hydrogen peroxide; kaempferol; leaves; oxygen; quercetin; stomatal movement
Abstract:
... Flavonols, the main flavonoids in plant leaves, have newly been proposed as a H2O2 scavenger in guard cells. However, whether 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is involved in regulating stomatal movement of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh. ‘Fuji’) leaves through flavonol accumulation remains unclear. In this study, using diphenylboric acid 2-amino ethyl ester (DPBA, a flavonol fluorescent dye) and a la ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.hpj.2017.02.002

92. Foliar application of microdoses of sucrose to reduce codling moth Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) damage to apple trees

Author:
Ingrid Arnault; Nadia Lombarkia; Sophie Joy‐Ondet; Lionel Romet; Imene Brahim; Rahma Meradi; Ardjouna Nasri; Jacques Auger; Sylvie Derridj
Source:
Pest management science 2016 v.72 no.10 pp. 1901-1909
ISSN:
1526-498X
Subject:
Cydia pomonella; Cydia pomonella granulovirus; Malus domestica; antixenosis; biological control; foliar application; fruits; induced resistance; insects; leaves; orchards; oviposition; sucrose; thiacloprid; value added; Algeria; France
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: The effects of foliar applications of microdoses of sucrose to reduce the damage by the codling moth have been reported from nine trials carried in France and Algeria from 2009 to 2014. The activity of sucrose alone was assessed by comparison with an untreated control and some treatments with the Cydia pomonella granulovirus or a chemical insecticide. The addition of sucrose to these d ...
DOI:
10.1002/ps.4228

93. Freezing tolerance of apple flower buds

Author:
Melba Ruth Salazar-Gutiérrez; Bernardo Chaves; Gerrit Hoogenboom
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2016 v.198 pp. 344-351
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
freezing; cultivars; orchards; buds; apples; flowering; autumn; winter; frost injury; spring; trees; tissues; Malus domestica; temperature; cold tolerance; cold; thermal analysis
Abstract:
... Flower buds are the most vulnerable parts of the dormant apple trees to frost injury. Especially during fall and spring when the processes associated with the transitional periods of hardening and de-hardening occur, tissues are more active and thus less cold hardy. The critical temperatures affecting the flower bud and the associated damage are variable and unknown for most of the current apple c ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2015.12.003

94. Fruit Quality Traits of Six Ancient Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) Cultivars Grown in the Mediterranean Area

Author:
Vittorio Farina; Giuseppe Gianguzzi; Agata Mazzaglia
Source:
International journal of fruit science 2016 v.16 no.3 pp. 275-283
ISSN:
1553-8621
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; breeding; cultivars; fruit quality; genetic variation; markets; sensory evaluation; sensory properties; Mediterranean region
Abstract:
... Today, ancient cultivars have been considered obsolete and replaced, leading to a dramatic loss of genetic diversity. In this trial we examined the quality of the six ancient apple cultivars: Bommino, Gelato, Miliadeci, Rotolari, Turco, and Virchiata. Fruit was submitted to the determination of physicochemical traits and a sensory profile was defined by a trained panel using 20 attributes. We also ...
DOI:
10.1080/15538362.2015.1102675

95. Functional analysis of the Malus domestica MdHMGR2 gene promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana

Author:
D. M. Lv; T. T. Zhang; S. Deng; Y. H. Zhang
Source:
Biologia plantarum 2016 v.60 no.4 pp. 667-676
ISSN:
0006-3134
Subject:
Arabidopsis thaliana; Malus domestica; anthers; beta-glucuronidase; bioinformatics; biosynthesis; ethephon; ethylene; genes; hormones; indole acetic acid; isoprenoids; leaves; methyl jasmonate; regulatory sequences; roots; salicylic acid; seedlings; transgenic plants
Abstract:
... The first rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway during isoprenoid biosynthesis is 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR). In this study, the expression pattern of the MdHMGR2 gene in Malus domestica suggests that MdHMGR2 was expressed in a tissue-specific manner and was significantly induced by ethephon (ETH), indoleacetic acid (IAA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and salicylic acid ( ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10535-016-0637-z

96. Functional identification of MdSIZ1 as a SUMO E3 ligase in apple

Author:
Rui-Fen Zhang; Ying Guo; Yuan-Yuan Li; Li-Jie Zhou; Yu-Jin Hao; Chun-Xiang You
Source:
Journal of plant physiology 2016 v.198 pp. 69-80
ISSN:
0176-1617
Subject:
Arabidopsis; Malus domestica; abscisic acid; apples; eukaryotic cells; mutants; phenotype; post-translational modification; proteins; temperature; ubiquitin-protein ligase
Abstract:
... SUMOylation, the conjugation of target proteins with SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier), is a type of post-translational modification in eukaryotes and involves the sequential action of activation (E1), conjugation (E2) and ligation (E3) enzymes. In Arabidopsis, the AtSIZ1 protein is a SUMO E3 ligase that promotes the conjugation of SUMO proteins to target substrates. Here, we isolated and id ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jplph.2016.04.007

97. Genetic Diversity and Biocontrol of Rosellinia necatrix Infecting Apple in Northern Italy

Author:
Pasini Luca; Prodorutti Daniele; Pastorelli Sandro; Pertot Ilaria
Source:
Plant disease 2016 v.100 no.2 pp. 444-452
ISSN:
0191-2917
Subject:
Limonia acidissima; Malus domestica; Rosellinia necatrix; Trichoderma atroviride; apples; application timing; biological control; biological control agents; crops; fungal diseases of plants; genetic heterogeneity; greenhouse experimentation; inoculum; microsatellite repeats; orchards; organic fertilizers; plant pathogenic fungi; planting; root rot; seedlings; soil fungi; soil water; soil water content; surveys; temperature; wood residues; Italy
Abstract:
... The soilborne fungus Rosellinia necatrix is the causal agent of white root rot disease on numerous plant species, including apple, which, together with the ability to survive in soil for long periods, makes this pathogen difficult to control. To understand the origins of pathogen infestation, a survey of diseased apple orchards in the northeast of Italy was conducted and 35 isolates of R. necatrix ...
DOI:
10.1094/PDIS-04-15-0480-RE

98. Genetic architecture of apple fruit quality traits following storage and implications for genetic improvement

Author:
Craig M. Hardner; Kate Evans; Chris Brien; Fred Bliss; Cameron Peace
Source:
Tree genetics & genomes 2016 v.12 no.2 pp. 20
ISSN:
1614-2942
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; breeding; color; crop production; cultivars; firmness; fruit quality; genetic correlation; genetic improvement; genetic variation; hardness; juiciness; models; prediction; selection response; storage time; sweetness; titratable acidity; Washington (state)
Abstract:
... Accurate prediction of genetic potential and response to selection in breeding requires knowledge of genetic parameters for important selection traits. Data from breeding trials can be used to obtain estimates of these parameters so that predictions are directly relevant to the improvement program. Here, a factor allocation diagram was developed to describe the sampling design used to assess the q ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11295-016-0977-z

99. Genetic pool structure of local apple cultivars from Portugal assessed by microsatellites

Author:
V. Ferreira; A. M. Ramos-Cabrer; V. Carnide; O. Pinto-Carnide; A. Assunção; A. Marreiros; R. Rodrigues; S. Pereira-Lorenzo; I. Castro
Source:
Tree genetics & genomes 2016 v.12 no.3 pp. 36
ISSN:
1614-2942
Subject:
Malus domestica; analysis of variance; apples; correspondence analysis; cultivars; diploidy; gene pool; genetic techniques and protocols; genetic variation; genotype; germplasm; germplasm conservation; homonym; hybridization; landraces; microsatellite repeats; triploidy; Portugal
Abstract:
... A set of 87 apple accessions, located in three Portuguese apple germplasm collections, plus eight reference cultivars, were analyzed using 16 SSRs with the aim of assessing their genetic diversity and structure and evaluating relationships among them. Among the accessions studied, 64 unique genotypes were identified, 51 diploids and 13 putative triploids, revealing 19 groups of synonyms and 4 of h ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11295-016-0997-8

100. Genetics and Molecular Marker Identification of a Resistance to Glomerella Leaf Spot in Apple

Author:
Yuanxia Liu; Baohua Li; Caihong Wang; Chunxiao Liu; Xianghua Kong; Jun Zhu; Hongyi Dai
Source:
Horticultural plant journal 2016 v.2 no.3 pp. 121-125
ISSN:
2468-0141
Subject:
Glomerella; Malus domestica; apples; breeding; disease resistance; fungi; genetic distance; genetic markers; genotype; hybrids; leaf spot; leaves; microsatellite repeats; recessive genes; resistance genes; screening; summer; China
Abstract:
... Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is a destructive fungal disease that damages apple leaves during the summer in China. Breeding new disease-resistant varieties is considered to be the best way of controlling GLS. A genetic study of resistance to Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) in apple was conducted by using four F1 hybrid groups (‘Fuji’ × ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Golden Delicious’ × ‘Fuji’, ‘Gala’ × ‘Fuji ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.hpj.2016.06.002