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1. ATP hydrolysis activity and polymerization state of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase activase. Do the effects of Mg2+, K+, and activase concentrations indicate a functional similarity to actin?

Author:
Lilley, R.M.; Portis, A.R. Jr.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 605-613
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; dose response; polymerization; Spinacia oleracea; adenosine triphosphate; magnesium; biochemical pathways; anions; potassium; hydrolysis; actin; enzyme activity; adenosinetriphosphatase
Abstract:
... The ATPase activity and fluorescence of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) activase were determined over a range of MgCl2, KCl, and activase concentrations. Both salts promoted ADP release from ATP and intrinsic fluorescence enhancement by adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio] triphosphate, but Mg2+ was about 10 times more effective than K+. ATPase and fluorescence enhancement both incr ...

2. Allocation of S in generative growth of soybean

Author:
Sunarpi; Anderson, J.W.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 687-693
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Glycine max; leaves; pods; seeds; sulfur; sulfates; nutrient transport; nitrogen; glutathione; cysteine; methionine; seed development; developmental stages; chemical constituents of plants
Abstract:
... Soybean plants (Glycine max L. Merr) were grown with 100 micromolar S and 15 mM N and studied with respect to S allocation during grain development. The grains accounted for 87% of the S taken up after d 42, the balance coming from internal redistribution of S from leaves and pods. Detailed studies of the leaves, pods, and grains associated with leaf axils 6 and 7 showed that sulfate accumulated i ...

3. Antagonistic but complementary actions of phytochromes A and B allow optimum seedling de-etiolation

Author:
Smith, H.; Xu, Y.; Quail, P.H.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 637-641
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Arabidopsis thaliana; seedlings; hypocotyls; phytochrome; dose response; red light; far-red light; genetic variation; genotype; etiolation
Abstract:
... Using dichromatic radiation, we show that the actions of phytochromes A and B (phyA and phyB) in Arabidopsis thaliana are antagonistic in mediating red and far-red radiation effects on seedling de-etiolation and yet act in a complementary manner to regulate de-etiolation, irrespective of spectral composition. At low phytochrome photoequilibria inhibition of hypocotyl extension was strong, because ...

4. Brefeldin A effects in plants. Are different Golgi responses caused by different sites of action?

Author:
Staehelin, L.A.; Driouich, A.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 401-403
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
plant physiology; mycotoxins; Golgi apparatus; binding sites

5. Changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes and their relationship to genetic and paclobutrazol-induced chilling tolerance of maize seedlings

Author:
Pinhero, R.G.; Rao, M.V.; Paliyath, G.; Murr, D.P.; Fletcher, R.A.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 695-704
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
paclobutrazol; chemical reactions; seedlings; measurement; roots; glutathione; genotype; peroxidase; protein composition; leaves; Zea mays; superoxide dismutase; enzyme activity; isozymes; antioxidants; ascorbic acid; glutathione-disulfide reductase; cooling; biochemical pathways; genetic variation; cold tolerance
Abstract:
... The potential role of antioxidant enzymes in protecting maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings from chilling injury was examined by analyzing enzyme activities and isozyme profiles of chilling-susceptible (CO 316) and chilling-tolerant (CO 328) inbreds. Leaf superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in CO 316 was nearly one-half that of CO 328, in which the high activity was maintained during the chilling and po ...

6. Cold acclimation and freezing tolerance. A complex interaction of light and temperature

Author:
Gary, G.R.; Chauvin, L.P.; Sarhan, F.; Huner, N.P.A.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 467-474
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
messenger RNA; dose response; redox reactions; net assimilation rate; light intensity; acclimation; Secale cereale; gene expression; transcription (genetics); frost resistance; photosynthesis; genes; temperature; plant morphology; chloroplasts
Abstract:
... By comparing growth under five different temperature and irradiance regimes (20 degrees C and 800, 250, and 50 micromoles m-2 s-1 and 5 degrees C and 250 and 50 micromoles m-2 s-1), we have examined the effects of light, temperature, and the relative reduction state of photosystem II on plant morphology, freezing tolerance (lethal temperature at which freezing injury occurs [LT50]), transcript lev ...

7. Decreased growth-induced water potential. A primary cause of growth inhibition at low water potentials

Author:
Nonami, H.; Wu, Y.; Boyer, J.S.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 501-509
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Glycine max; cell growth; stems; developmental stages; water stress; cells; xylem; roots; hydraulic conductivity; root water potential; measurement
Abstract:
... Cell enlargement depends on a growth-induced difference in water potential to move water into the cells. Water deficits decrease this potential difference and inhibit growth. To investigate whether the decrease causes the growth inhibition, pressure wasapplied to the roots of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seedlings and the growth and potential difference were monitored in the stems. In water-limi ...

8. Differential induction of lipoxygenase isoforms in wheat upon treatment with rust fungus elicitor, chitin oligosaccharides, chitosan, and methyl jasmonate

Author:
Bohland, C.; Balkenhohl, T.; Loers, G.; Feussner, I.; Grambow, H.J.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 679-685
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
protein synthesis; dose response; chitosan; seedlings; jasmonic acid; linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase; Puccinia graminis; Triticum aestivum; leaves; plant pathogenic fungi; oligosaccharides; chitin; enzyme activity; isozymes; protein composition
Abstract:
... A glycopeptide elicitor prepared from germ tubes of the rust fungus Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. & Henn (Pgt),as well as chitin oligosaccharides, chitosan, and methyl jasmonate (MJ) stimulated lipoxygenase (LOX) activity (E.C. 1.13.11.12) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. Immunoblot analysis using anti-LOX antibodies revealed the induction of 92- and 103-kD LOX species after P ...

9. Dissecting the diphenylene lodonium-sensitive NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase of zucchini plasma membrane

Author:
Trost, P.; Foscarini, S.; Preger, V.; Bonora, P.; Vitale, L.; Pupillo, P.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 737-746
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
dose response; hypocotyls; NADP (coenzyme); oxidoreductases; Cucurbita pepo; enzyme inhibitors; binding sites; etiolation; plasma membrane; enzyme activity; protein composition
Abstract:
... Quinone oxidoreductase activities dependent on pyridine nucleotides are associated with the plasma membrane (PM) in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) hypocotyls. In the presence of NADPH, lipophilic ubiquinone homologs with up to three isoprenoid units were reduced by intact PM vesicles with a Km of 2 to 7 micromolars. Affinities for both NADPH and NADH were similar (Km of 62 and 51 micromolars, respec ...

10. Does decrease in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase by antisense RbcS lead to a higher N-use efficiency of photosynthesis under conditions of saturating CO2 and light in rice plants?

Author:
Makino, A.; Shimada, T.; Takumi, S.; Kaneko, K.; Matsuoka, M.; Shimamoto, K.; Nakano, H.; Miyao-Tokutomi, M.; Mae, T.; Yamamoto, N.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 483-491
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Oryza sativa; leaves; photosynthesis; net assimilation rate; temperature; light intensity; protein composition; nitrogen content; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; enzyme activity; kinetics; nitrogen; genetic transformation; antisense DNA; genes; gene transfer; transgenic plants; carbon dioxide
Abstract:
... Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants with decreased ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) were obtained by transformation with the rice rbcS antisense gene under the control of the rice rbcS promoter. The primary transformants were screened for the Rubisco to leaf N ratio, and the transformant with 65% wild-type Rubisco was selected as a plant set with optimal Rubisco content at saturating CO2 ...

11. Effect of water stress on cortical cell division rates within the apical meristem of primary roots of maize

Author:
Sacks, M.M.; Silk, W.K.; Burman, P.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 519-527
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Zea mays; seedlings; roots; apical meristems; cortex; cell division; measurement; cell growth; water stress; mathematical models; equations; stress response
Abstract:
... We characterized the effect of water stress on cell division rates within the meristem of the primary root of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. As usual in growth kinematics, cell number density is found by counting the number of cells per small unit length of the root; growth velocity is the rate of displacement of a cellular particle found at a given distance from the apex; and the cell flux, repre ...

12. Importance of the chiral centers of jasmonic acid in the responses of plants. Activities and antagonism between natural and synthetic analogs

Author:
Holbrook, L.; Tung, P.; Ward, K.; Reid, D.M.; Abrams, S.; Lamb, N.; Quail, J.W.; Moloney, M.M.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 419-428
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Helianthus annuus; Brassica napus; measurement; chemical degradation; dose response; jasmonic acid; gene expression; Triticum aestivum; Nicotiana tabacum; esters; stereochemistry; enzyme activity; chemical structure; seed germination; transgenic plants; cotyledons; proteinase inhibitors; reporter genes; chemical constituents of plants; chlorophyll; beta-glucuronidase
Abstract:
... The importance of the two chiral centers at C-3 and C-7 in the molecular structure of jasmonic acid in plant responses was investigated. We separated methyl jasmonate (MeJA) into (3R)- and (3S)-isomers with a fixed stereochemistry at C-3, but epimerization at C-7 is possible. The four isomers of the nonepimerizable analog 7-methyl MeJA were synthesized. These six esters and their corresponding aci ...

13. Influence of environmental stress on biomass partitioning in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus

Author:
Balachandran, S.; Hull, R.J.; Martins, R.A.; Vaadia, Y.; Lucas, W.J.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 475-481
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Nicotiana tabacum; transgenic plants; gene expression; genetic vectors; Tobacco mosaic virus; viral proteins; nutrient transport; roots; shoots; water stress; nutrient deficiencies; nitrogen; potassium; phosphorus; source-sink relationships; genetic variation; translocation (plant physiology); genotype; photosynthates; stress response
Abstract:
... The influence of various environmental factors on biomass partitioning between shoots and roots in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing the movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was investigated. TMV-MP-expressing transgenic plants exhibited a root-to-shoot ratio that was approximately 40% below that of transgenic vector control plants. When transgenic plants expr ...

14. Mechanism of protein transport across the chloroplast envelope

Author:
Fuks, B.; Schnell, D.J.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 405-410
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
thylakoids; guanosine triphosphate; biochemical pathways; binding proteins; protein transport; plant physiology

15. Metabolic control of avocado fruit growth. Isoprenoid growth regulators and the reaction catalyzed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase

Author:
Cowan, A.K.; Moore-Gordon, C.S.; Bertling, I.; Wolstenholme, B.N.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 511-518
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
mevalonic acid; biosynthesis; lactones; phenotype; chemical reactions; chemical constituents of plants; developmental stages; Persea americana; ontogeny; enzyme inhibitors; cytokinins; hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductases; abscisic acid; catalytic activity; stigmasterol; metabolites
Abstract:
... The effect of isoprenoid growth regulators on avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Hass) fruit growth and mesocarp 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity was investigated during the course of fruit ontogeny. Both normal and smallfruit phenotypes were used to probe the interaction between the end products of isoprenoid biosynthesis and the activity of HMGR in the metabolic co ...

16. Nutrients, signals, and photosynthetic release by symbiotic algae. The impact of taurine on the dinoflagellate alga Symbiodinium from the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella

Author:
Wang, J.T.; Douglas, A.E.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 631-636
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
nutrient transport; taurine; symbiosis; radiolabeling; algae; photosynthates; net assimilation rate; nutrient uptake; aquatic invertebrates; photosynthesis; Taiwan
Abstract:
... Exogenous concentrations of 10 micromolar to 1 mM of the nonprotein amino acid taurine stimulated photosynthate release from the dinoflagellate alga Symbiodinium, which had been freshly isolated from the sea anemone Aiptasia pulchella. Photosynthate release, as induced by taurine and animal extract, was metabolically equivalent at both concentrations in that they (a) stimulated photosynthate relea ...

17. Overproduction of ascorbate peroxidase in the tobacco chloroplast does not provide protection against ozone

Author:
Torsethaugen, G.; Pitcher, L.H.; Zilinskas, B.A.; Pell, E.J.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 529-537
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
genetic transformation; gene transfer; biosynthesis; phytotoxicity; gas exchange; transgenic plants; Agrobacterium radiobacter; stress response; ozone; measurement; Nicotiana tabacum; enzyme activity; peroxidase; antioxidants; chloroplasts; ascorbic acid
Abstract:
... Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Bel W3) plants were used to test the hypothesis that protection from O3 injury could be conferred by overproduction of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in the chloroplast. The 10-fold increase in soluble APX activity in the chloroplast was expected to alleviate an implied increase in oxidative potential and prevent damage caused by O3. Three different O3 exposure ...

18. Physiological and biochemical responses of the photosynthetic apparatus of two marine diatoms to Fe stress

Author:
McKay, R.M.L.; Geider, R.J.; LaRoche, J.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 615-622
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
phytoplankton; protein synthesis; cell growth; nutrient deficiencies; iron; net assimilation rate; electron transfer; stress response; cultured cells; Phaeodactylum tricornutum; metalloproteins; photosynthesis; protein content
Abstract:
... Flavodoxin is a small electron-transfer protein capable of replacing ferredoxin during periods of Fe deficiency. When evaluating the suitability of flavodoxin as a diagnostic indicator for Fe limitation of phytoplankton growth, we examined its expression in two marine diatoms we cultured using trace-metal-buffered medium. Thalassiosira weissflogii and Phaeodactylum tricornutum were cultured in eth ...

19. Pollination increases gibberellin levels in developing ovaries of seeded varieties of citrus

Author:
Ben-Cheikh, W.; Perez-Botella, J.; Tadeo, F.R.; Talon, M.; Primo-Millo, E.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 557-564
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
pollination; cultivars; biosynthesis; gynoecium; quantitative analysis; chemical constituents of plants; developmental stages; cell division; fertilization (reproduction); Citrus sinensis; genotype; gibberellins; genetic variation; pollen
Abstract:
... Reproductive and vegetative tissues of the seeded Pineapple cultivars of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) contained the following C-13 hydroxylated gibberellins (GAs): GA53, GA17, GA19, GA20, GA1, GA29, and GA8, as well as GA97, 3-epi-GA1, and several uncharacterized GAs. The inclusion of 3-epi-GA1 as an endogenous substance was based on measurements of the isomerization rates of previously added ...

20. Purification and characterization of allene oxide cyclase from dry corn seeds

Author:
Ziegler, J.; Hamberg, M.; Miersch, O.; Parthier, B.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 565-573
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
allene; Zea mays; biosynthesis; seeds; chemical reactions; catalytic activity; jasmonic acid; long chain fatty acids; physicochemical properties; enzyme inhibitors; isomerases; biochemical pathways; oxides; protein composition
Abstract:
... Allene oxide cyclase (AOC; EC 5.3.99.6) catalyzes the cyclization of 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid to 12-oxo-10,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid, the precursor of jasmonic acid (JA). This soluble enzyme was purified 2000-fold from dry corn (Zea mays L.) kernels to apparent homogeneity. The dimeric protein has a molecular mass of 47 kD. Allene oxide cyclase activity was not affected by ...

21. Putrescine aminopropyltransferase is responsible for biosynthesis of spermidine, spermine, and multiple uncommon polyamines in osmotic stress-tolerant alfalfa

Author:
Bagga, S.; Rochford, J.; Klaene, Z.; Kuehn, G.D.; Phillips, G.C.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 445-454
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
cultivars; biosynthesis; transaminases; osmotic pressure; stress response; spermidine; Medicago sativa; spermine; enzyme inhibitors; genetic variation; enzyme activity
Abstract:
... The biosynthesis of polyamines from the diamine putrescine is not fully understood in higher plants. A putrescine aminopropyltransferase (PAPT) enzyme activity was characterized in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). This enzyme activity was highly specific for putrescine as the initial substrate and did not recognize another common diamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, or higher-molecular-weight polyamines such ...

22. Regulation of the accumulation and reduction of nitrate by nitrogen and carbon metabolites in maize seedlings

Author:
Sivasankar, S.; Rothstein, S.; Oaks, A.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 583-589
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Zea mays; seedlings; roots; shoots; nitrate reduction; nitrogen; carbon; metabolites; asparagine; glutamine; sucrose; dose response; nutrient uptake; nitrate reductase; enzyme activity; nitrite reductase; aspartate-ammonia ligase; genes; gene expression; transcription (genetics)
Abstract:
... The accumulation and reduction of nitrate in the presence of the nitrogen metabolites asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) and the carbon metabolite sucrose (Suc) were examined in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings in an attempt to separate their effects on the nitrate uptake system and the nitrate reduction system. After 8 h of exposure to nitrate in the presence of 1 mM Asn, tissue nitrate accumulati ...

23. Subcellular localization of secondary lipid metabolites including fragrance volatiles in carnation petals

Author:
Hudak, K.A.; Thompson, J.E.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 705-713
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
volatile compounds; hexanoic acid; corolla; radiolabeling; odors; linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase; cytosol; biochemical pathways; cell membranes; Dianthus caryophyllus; chemical constituents of plants; protein content; metabolites; phospholipids
Abstract:
... Pulse-chase labeling of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv Improved White Sim) petals with [14C]acetate has provided evidence for a hydrophobic subcompartment of lipid-protein particles within the cytosol that resemble oil bodies, are formed by blebbing from membranes, and are enriched in lipid metabolites (including fragrance volatiles) derived from membrane fatty acids. Fractionation of the ...

24. Tissue-type-specific heat-shock response and immunolocalization of class I low-molecular-weight heat-shock proteins in soybean

Author:
Jinn, T.L.; Chang, P.F.L.; Chen, Y.M.; Key, J.L.; Lin, C.Y.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 429-438
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
heat shock proteins; Glycine max; protein synthesis; immunohistochemistry; seedlings; stress response; heat stress; root meristems; plant morphology; shoots
Abstract:
... A monospecific polyclonal antibody was used to study the tissue-type specificity and intracellular localization of class I low-molecular-weight (LMW) heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in soybean (Glycine max) under differentheat-shock regimes. In etiolated soybean seedlings, the root meristematic regions contained the highest levels of LMW HSP. No tissue-type-specific expression of class I LMW HSP was de ...

25. Turnover of galactans and other cell wall polysaccharides during development of flax plants

Author:
Gorshkova, T.A.; Chemikosova, S.B.; Lozovaya, V.V.; Carpita, N.C.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 723-729
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
plant development; galactans; biosynthesis; cell growth; radiolabeling; galactose; Linum usitatissimum; developmental stages; xylose; arabinose; dose response; phloem; cell wall components; cell differentiation; metabolites
Abstract:
... We investigated the synthesis and turnover of cell wall polysaccharides of the flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) plant during development of the phloem fibers. One-month-old flax plants were exposed to a 40-min pulse with 14CO2 followedby 8-h, 24-h, and 1-month periods of chase with ambient CO2, and radioactivity in cell wall sugars was determined in various plant parts. The relative radioactivity of ...

26. The mechanism of amino acid efflux from seed coats of developing pea seeds as revealed by uptake experiments

Author:
Jong, A. de; Koerselman-Kooij, J.W.; Schuurmans, J.A.M.J.; Borstlap, A.C.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 731-736
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
membrane permeability; lysine; testa; valine; quantitative analysis; nutrient uptake; translocation (plant physiology); plasma membrane; Pisum sativum; glutamic acid; seed development
Abstract:
... The uptake of amino acids by excised seed coat halves of developing seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) was characterized. The influx of L-valine and L-glutamic acid was proportional to their external concentration, with coefficients of proportionality (k) of 11.0 and 7.1 micromoles g-1 fresh weight min-1 M-1, respectively. The influx of L-lysine could be analyzed into a component with linear kinetics ...

27. A plant chloroplast glutamyl proteinase

Author:
Laing, W.A.; Christeller, J.T.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 715-722
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
protein composition; glutamine; proteinases; Spinacia oleracea; physicochemical properties; casein; enzyme activity; chloroplasts
Abstract:
... A glutamyl proteinase was partially purified from Percoll gradient-purified spinach (Spinacia oleracea) chloroplast preparations and appeared to be predominantly localized in the chloroplast stroma. The enzyme degraded casein, but of the 11 synthetic endopeptidase substrates tested, only benzyloxycarbonyl-leucine-leucine-glutamic acid-beta-napthylamide was hydrolyzed at measurable rates. In additi ...

28. A xyloglucan-specific endo-1,4-beta-glucanase isolated from auxin-treated pea stems

Author:
Matsumoto, T.; Sakai, F.; Hayashi, T.
Source:
Plant physiology 1997 v.114 no.2 pp. 661-667
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
metabolism; stems; xyloglucans; cellulases; beta-glucanase; auxins; chemical constituents of plants; Pisum sativum; protein content; enzyme activity
Abstract:
... A xyloglucan-specific endo-1,4-beta-glucanase was isolated from the apoplast fraction of auxin-treated pea (Pisum sativum) stems, in which both the rate of stem elongation and the amount of xyloglucan solubilized were high. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by sequential cation-exchange chromatographies, affinity chromatography, and gel filtration. The purified enzyme gave a single p ...