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1. A comparative study of glufosinate efficacy in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and sterile oat (Avena sterilis)

Author:
Kumaratilake, Anuja R.; Lorraine-Colwill, Debrah F.; Preston, Christopher
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 560-566
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Avena sterilis; Lolium rigidum; absorption; environmental factors; glufosinate; glutamate-ammonia ligase; grass weeds; leaves; meristems; metabolism; oats; radiolabeling; thin layer chromatography
Abstract:
... Glufosinate efficacy was examined in two major grass weed species, rigid ryegrass and sterile oat. Dose––response pot experiments under controlled environmental conditions showed that sterile oat was more successfully controlled by glufosinate than was rigid ryegrass. Glutamine synthetase was extracted from both species and assayed in vitro. Glufosinate readily inhibited glutamine synthetase activ ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0560:ACSOGE]2.0.CO;2

2. Alachlor and metolachlor transformation pattern in corn and soil

Author:
Al-Khatib, Kassim; Baumgartner Unland, Jolene; Olson, Brian L. S.; Graham, David W.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 581-586
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Zea mays; absorption; alachlor; corn; culture media; growth chambers; metabolism; metabolites; metolachlor; root growth; roots; seedling emergence; seedlings; shoots; soil; weed science
Abstract:
... Experiments were conducted in a growth chamber to study alachlor and metolachlor metabolism in soil and corn and to determine if alachlor and metolachlor and their metabolites are exuded from corn roots to the growth medium. Alachlor was more readily absorbed by corn than was metolachlor. The absorption of alachlor and metolachlor was 72 and 55%%, respectively, 10 d after seedling emergence (DAE). ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0581:AAMTPI]2.0.CO;2

3. A quick, simple, and accurate method of screening herbicide activity using green algae cell suspension cultures

Author:
Ma, Jianyi; Xu, Ligen; Wang, Shufeng
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 555-559
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Chlorella pyrenoidosa; agrochemicals; cell suspension culture; containers; greenhouses; herbicidal properties; herbicides; mechanism of action; screening; weed science
Abstract:
... Green algal cell suspensions are used in agrochemical research for screening herbicides. This paper reports on the inhibitory effects of 39 herbicides from 19 different chemical classes with nine different modes of action on green algae cultured in liquid media. The results show that herbicide screening using Chlorella as a model organism is simple, quick, and sensitive. In vitro systems can be a ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0555:AQSAAM]2.0.CO;2

4. Competition between wild oat (Avena fatua) and yellow mustard (Sinapis alba) or canola (Brassica napus)

Author:
Daugovish, Oleg; Thill, Donald C.; Shafii, Bahman
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 587-594
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Avena fatua; inflorescences; flowering; Brassica napus; intraspecific competition; greenhouses; risk; Sinapis alba; leaves; canola; interspecific competition; weeds; biomass production; alternative crops; canopy; cropland; oats; aboveground biomass; cropping systems; greenhouse experimentation; United States
Abstract:
... Wild oat, a troublesome weed in small grain cereals, infests about 11 million ha of cropland in the United States. Diversifying cereal production with alternative crops, such as yellow mustard and canola, provides flexible cropping systems, decreases production risks, and may allow more effective weed suppression. A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the competitive ability of yellow mustard ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0587:CBWOAF]2.0.CO;2

5. Effect of nitrogen fertilization timing on the demographic processes of wild oat (Avena fatua) in barley (Hordeum vulgare)

Author:
Scursoni, Julio A.; Arnold, Roberto Benech
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 616-621
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Avena fatua; Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum; barley; diclofop; fecundity; field experimentation; nitrogen fertilizers; oats; population dynamics; seed dispersal; seedling emergence; seedlings; simulation models; sowing; survival rate; tillering; weeds; wheat
Abstract:
... Wild oat is the most important weed in Argentine barley and one of the worst weeds in wheat and barley worldwide. During 1997 and 1998, field experiments were performed to determine the response of wild oat to N fertilizer at planting and at early tillering at 55 kg ha⁻⁻¹ with and without the use of diclofop-methyl. Seedling emergence and survival rate, individual fecundity, and preharvest seed di ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0616:EONFTO]2.0.CO;2

6. Effects of nitrogen availability and spore concentration on the biocontrol activity of Ascochyta caulina in common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)

Author:
Ghorbani, R.; Scheepens, P. C.; Zweerde, W. V. D.; Leifert, C.; McDonald, A. J. S.; Seel, W.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 628-633
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Ascochyta; Chenopodium album; annual weeds; biological control; crops; fungal spores; greenhouse experimentation; leaf area; leaves; nitrogen; nitrogen content; plant pathogenic fungi; plant tissues; planting; stems; weight loss
Abstract:
... Common lambsquarters is an annual weed of many important crops. Ascochyta caulina is a plant pathogenic fungus that causes necrotic lesions on the leaves and stems of common lambsquarters. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of plant N supply on the biocontrol activity of A. caulina isolates against common lambsquarters. In greenhouse experiments replicated groups of comm ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0628:EONAAS]2.0.CO;2

7. Fertilizer application method affects nitrogen uptake in weeds and wheat

Author:
Blackshaw, Robert E.; Semach, Gregory; Janzen, H. Henry
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 634-641
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Setaria viridis; Sinapis arvensis subsp. arvensis; Triticum aestivum; ammonium nitrate; application methods; biomass; crop-weed competition; cropping systems; fertilizer application; grain yield; growing season; integrated weed management; nitrogen; nitrogen fertilizers; soil; soil nutrient dynamics; spring; spring wheat; weeds
Abstract:
... Managing fertilizer in cropping systems may be an important component of integrated weed management programs. A field study was conducted to determine the effect of various application methods of the ¹⁵N-enriched nitrogen (N) fertilizer on N uptake in green foxtail, wild mustard, and spring wheat and on crop––weed competition. N application methods consisted of ammonium nitrate in solution applied ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0634:FAMANU]2.0.CO;2

8. Giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) outcrossing and inheritance of resistance to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors

Author:
Volenberg, Dean S.; Stoltenberg, David E.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 622-627
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Setaria faberi; alleles; flowering; fluazifop-P; gene flow; greenhouse experimentation; greenhouses; herbicide resistance; immigration; outcrossing; parents; phenotype; planting; pollen; weed science
Abstract:
... Gene flow via pollen and inheritance of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor resistance in giant foxtail have not been previously characterized. Therefore, experiments were conducted to quantify outcrossing rates and flowering periods of giant foxtail accessions resistant or susceptible to ACCase inhibitors and to determine the inheritance pattern of gene(s) that confer resistance. In ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0622:GFSFOA]2.0.CO;2

9. Instability in a grassland community after the control of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) with prescribed burning

Author:
Kyser, Guy B.; DiTomaso, Joseph M.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 648-657
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Centaurea solstitialis; annual grasslands; forbs; grasses; herbicides; indigenous species; land restoration; plant communities; prescribed burning; seedlings; species diversity; summer; weed science; California
Abstract:
... An open grassland at Sugarloaf Ridge State Park, Sonoma County, CA, was burned during three consecutive summers (1993––1995) to control yellow starthistle. By 1996, the yellow starthistle seedbank, seedling density, and mature vegetative cover were reduced by 99, 99, and 91%%, respectively, and the plant community had greater diversity and species richness, particularly of native forbs. After the ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0648:IIAGCA]2.0.CO;2

10. Multivariate differentiation of quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) from three farming systems

Author:
Mercer, Kristin L.; Jordan, Nicholas R.; Wyse, Donald L.; Shaw, Ruth G.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 677-685
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Avena sativa; Elymus repens subsp. repens; Glycine max; Zea mays; arable soils; control methods; corn; evolution; farming systems; genetic variation; hay; oats; pastures; perennials; principal component analysis; risk; soybeans; weed control; weeds; Minnesota
Abstract:
... The genetic variation of quackgrass as a species and the array of environments in which it is found indicate that selection in these different environments could lead to differentiation among quackgrass populations. Yet, a highly diverse environment might not promote the genetic divergence of quackgrass if it poses contradictory selection pressures. To assess the extent of divergence among quackgr ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0677:MDOQER]2.0.CO;2

11. Off-site movement of surface-applied simazine from a citrus orchard as affected by irrigation incorporation

Author:
Liu, Fuhan; O'Connell, Neil V.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 672-676
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Citrus; groundwater contamination; irrigation rates; orchards; rain; rainfall simulation; runoff; simazine; soil; sprinklers; surface water; weed science; California
Abstract:
... In the San Joaquin Valley of California the presence of preemergence herbicides in runoff water from citrus orchards during winter rainfall can cause surface water and groundwater contamination. In 1999 and 2000 this study was conducted in a citrus orchard to evaluate the effect of irrigation incorporation with rotor sprinklers on simazine losses in runoff water. Four treatments included the appli ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0672:OSMOSA]2.0.CO;2

12. Public scholarship——linking weed science with public work

Author:
Jordan, Nicholas; Gunsolus, Jeffrey; Becker, Roger; White, Susan
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 547-554
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
case studies; global change; guidelines; invasive species; learning; scientists; students; weed control; weeds
Abstract:
... Weed scientists face complex and difficult challenges. Within our discipline, we must increase the sustainability of current weed management approaches and help respond to invasive plants as a component of global change. There also are major challenges that we share with other agricultural disciplines, such as mounting comprehensive efforts to address the problems of current agriculture. We believ ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0547:PSLWSW]2.0.CO;2

13. Seed germination and seedling growth response of selected weedy species to ultraviolet-B radiation

Author:
Dai, Qiujie; Upadhyaya, Mahesh K.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 611-615
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Bromus tectorum; Erodium cicutarium; Hypochaeris radicata; Setaria viridis; Stellaria media; Taraxacum officinale; biomass; crops; greenhouses; growth retardation; leaf area; leaves; ozonosphere; seed germination; seedling growth; seedlings; shoots; ultraviolet radiation; weed science; Canada
Abstract:
... Ultraviolet-B (UVB, 280 to 320 nm) radiation levels reaching the earth's surface are increasing because of depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Adverse biological effects of this harmful radiation are a serious concern. The effects of UVB radiation on spotted chickweed, dandelion, downy brome, green foxtail, redstem filaree, and common catsear seed germination, shoot and radicle elongation, ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0611:SGASGR]2.0.CO;2

14. Site of uptake, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of ethofumesate in three turfgrass species

Author:
Kohler, Eric A.; Branham, Bruce E.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 576-580
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Agrostis stolonifera; Lolium perenne; Poa annua; absorption; color; epinasty; ethofumesate; growth retardation; half life; leaves; metabolism; soil; turf grasses; weed science
Abstract:
... Site of uptake, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of ethofumesate were studied to determine the differential responses of annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and perennial ryegrass. Using barriers to isolate foliage or soil, the primary site of ethofumesate absorption was found to be the foliage. Symptoms resulting from foliar and over-the-top spray applications of ethofumesate to annual ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0576:SOUATA]2.0.CO;2

15. Spatial variability of atrazine and alachlor efficacy and mineralization in an eastern South Dakota field

Author:
Liu, Zhuojing; Clay, Sharon A.; Clay, David E.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 662-671
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Zea mays; alachlor; atrazine; biomass; corn; correlation; half life; landscapes; mineralization; soil heterogeneity; sorption; weed control; weeds; South Dakota
Abstract:
... Landscape-induced differences in soil variability and other parameters have potential effects on herbicide sorption, persistence, degradation, and, ultimately, efficacy. This study examined the spatial variability of herbicide efficacy across an eastern South Dakota field in continuous corn. Atrazine and alachlor had been applied for the previous 10 yr. The spatial variability observed in weed con ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0662:SVOAAA]2.0.CO;2

16. Trichothecene inhibitors of Striga hermonthica germination produced by Fusarium solani

Author:
Sugimoto, Yukihiro; Ahmed, Nafisa E.; Yasuda, Norifumi; Inanaga, Shinobu
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 658-661
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Fusarium solani; Sorghum bicolor; Striga hermonthica; acetylation; chromatography; fungi; germination; host plants; metabolites; neosolaniol; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; seedlings; shoots; weed science
Abstract:
... Metabolites of the fungus Fusarium solani (Sud 96) inhibited Striga hermonthica germination induced by the germination stimulant GR24. The active principles were identified as trichothecenes acuminatin, neosolaniol, 8-acetylneosolaniol, and tetraacetoxy T-2 tetraol (neosolaniol diacetate) on the basis of their chromatographic behavior and nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. Inhibitory act ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0658:TIOSHG]2.0.CO;2

17. Weed management with CGA-362622, fluometuron, and prometryn in cotton

Author:
Porterfield, Dunk; Wilcut, John W.; Askew, Shawn D.
Source:
Weed science 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 642-647
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Ambrosia artemisiifolia; Cyperus esculentus; Gossypium hirsutum; Ipomoea hederacea; Ipomoea lacunosa; Ipomoea purpurea; MSMA (herbicide); Senna obtusifolia; Sida spinosa; fluometuron; lint cotton; lint yield; management systems; prometryn; pyrithiobac; weed control; weeds; North Carolina
Abstract:
... An experiment conducted at five locations in North Carolina during 1998 and 1999 evaluated weed management systems in cotton with CGA-362622 and pyrithiobac. Weed management systems evaluated different combinations with or without fluometuron preemergence (PRE) followed by (fb) CGA-362622 early postemergence (EPOST), postemergence (POST), or EPOST ++ POST; or pyrithiobac EPOST fb prometryn plus MS ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0642:WMWCFA]2.0.CO;2

18. Ability of surfactant micelles to alter the partitioning of phenolic antioxidants in oil-in-water emulsions

Author:
Richards, M.P.; Chaiyasit, W.; McClements, D.J.; Decker, E.A.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 1254-1259
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
micelles; butylated hydroxytoluene; hexadecane; propyl gallate; olive oil; water; fish oils; salmon; emulsions; solubility; antioxidants
Abstract:
... In oil-in-water emulsions, the physical location of antioxidants can be an important determinant in their activity. Surfactants can potentially influence the physical location of antioxidants in oil-in-water emulsions by causing solubilization of lipid-soluble antioxidants into the aqueous phase. Excess Brij micelles in an oil-in-water emulsion were found to increase the partitioning of phenolics ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf011324p
PubMed:
11853513

19. Alkylpyridiniums. 1. Formation in model systems via thermal degradation of trigonelline

Author:
Stadler, R.H.; Varga, N.; Hau, J.; Vera, F.A.; Welti, D.H.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 1192-1199
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
trigonelline; pyrolysis
Abstract:
... Trigonelline is a well-known precursor of flavor/aroma compounds in coffee and undergoes significant degradation during roasting. This study investigates the major nonvolatile products that are procured after trigonelline has been subjected to mild pyrolysis conditions (220-250 degrees C) under atmospheric pressure. Various salt forms of trigonelline were also prepared and the thermally produced n ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf011234k
PubMed:
11853503

20. Alkylpyridiniums. 2. Isolation and quantification in roasted and ground coffees

Author:
Stadler, R.H.; Varga, N.; Milo, C.; Schilter, B.; Vera, F.A.; Welti, D.H.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 v.50 no.5 pp. 1200-1206
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
roasting; coffee (beverage)
Abstract:
... Recent model studies on trigonelline decomposition have identified nonvolatile alkylpyridiniums as major reaction products under certain physicochemical conditions. The quaternary base 1-methylpyridinium was isolated from roasted and ground coffee and purified by ion exchange and thin-layer chromatography. The compound was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C) and mass ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf011235c
PubMed:
11853504