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1. Perennial weeds which spread vegetatively

Author:
Kiltz, B.F.
Source:
Agronomy journal 1930 v.22 no.3 pp. 216-234
ISSN:
0002-1962
Subject:
Polygonum; Asclepias syriaca; Convolvulus arvensis; Ambrosia psilostachya; Solanum carolinense; plant propagation; Calystegia sepium; Cirsium arvense; Rumex acetosella; Apocynum cannabinum; perennial weeds
Abstract:
... The root systems of 10 common perennial weeds which spread vegetatively are described. Eight of the weeds described propagate by roots and two by rhizomes. The results of the findings in this study are briefly summarized in Table 1. (...). ...
DOI:
10.2134/agronj1930.00021962002200030002x

2. The absorption and movement of sodium chlorate when used as an herbicide

Author:
Loomis, W.E.; Smith, E.V.; Bissey, R.; Arnold, L.E.
Source:
Agronomy journal 1933 v.25 no.11 pp. 724-739
ISSN:
0002-1962
Subject:
soil depth; application rate; perennial weeds; foliar spraying; weed control; sodium chlorate; transpiration; degradation; Zea mays; indicator species; air temperature; leaching; translocation (plant physiology); Cirsium arvense; phloem; water content; xylem; autoclaving; phytotoxicity; Kalanchoe pinnata; absorption; herbicide residues; storage; rhizomes; chemical control; Nerium oleander
Abstract:
... 1. Serum chlorate apparently penetrates readily all of the external surfaces of the plant with the exception of unusually heavy cuticle or corky layers and may be expected to gain entrance to the plant whether applied to the leaves, to herbaceous stems, to rhizomes, or to roots. 2. The data presented indicate that the movement of sodium chlorate within the plant is principally in the xylem and is ...
DOI:
10.2134/agronj1933.00021962002500110002x

3. The comparative cost and effectiveness of tillage and of chlorates in the control of morning glory, Canada thistle, and perennial sow thistle

Author:
Tingey, D.C.
Source:
Agronomy journal 1934 v.26 no.10 pp. 864-876
ISSN:
0002-1962
Subject:
Convolvulus arvensis; Cirsium arvense; Sonchus arvensis; weed control; developmental stages; chlorates; sodium arsenite; tillage; Zea mays; Solanum tuberosum; crop yield; costs and returns; mortality
Abstract:
... Comparative cost and effectiveness of tillage and chlorates are reported for morning glory, Canada thistle, and perennial sow thistle. Tillage, except for treatments delayed until bloom, was more effective and cost materially less than chlorates. Costs were based on each plowing at $3 an acre, each cultivation at 50 cents an acre, and chlorates at 10 cents a pound, including cost of application. A ...
DOI:
10.2134/agronj1934.00021962002600100008x

4. The winterhardiness of weeds

Author:
Dexter, S.T.
Source:
Agronomy journal 1937 v.29 no.6 pp. 512-517
ISSN:
0002-1962
Subject:
Elymus repens subsp. repens; Bromus tectorum; Cirsium arvense; Convolvulus arvensis; winter hardiness; Medicago sativa; field experimentation
Abstract:
... Samples of rhizomes from fertilized and unfertilized quack grass, roots of Canada thistle, and field bindweed and crowns of downy brome grass were collected at weekly intervals during the fall. Tests of their ability to endure low temperatures showed that they became more hardy as cold weather came on. Canada thistle was found to be relatively susceptible to injury by freezing. If photosynthesis w ...
DOI:
10.2134/agronj1937.00021962002900060009x

5. Volatility of Atrazine from Plant, Soil, and Glass Surfaces

Author:
Gordon W. Burt
Source:
Journal of environmental quality 1974 v.3 no.2 pp. 114-117
ISSN:
0047-2425
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; air; atrazine; droplets; glass; leaves; soil; temperature; volatile organic compounds
Abstract:
... Volatility of atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) from glass, plant, and soil surfaces was determined by passing air above the experimental material through Florisil³ columns. Atrazine volatility was determined by counting the ¹⁴C-atrazine present in the column eluate and that remaining on the treated surfaces. Volatility from 125-ml glass erlenmeyer flasks was influence ...
DOI:
10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300020004x

6. Canada thistle suppression and rapeseed tolerance with dicamba and picloram

Author:
O'Sullivan, P.A.; Kossatz, V.C.
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 1984 v.64 no.4 pp. 971-977
ISSN:
0008-4220
Subject:
weed control; dicamba; picloram; Cirsium arvense; Brassica napus; Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera
DOI:
10.4141/cjps84-131

7. Host range of Lema cyanella (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), a candidate for biocontrol of Canada thistle, and of four stenophagous, foreign thistle insects in North America [Orellia ruficauda, Cleonus piger, Cassida rubiginosa, Rhinocyllus conicus]

Author:
Peschken, D.P.
Source:
Canadian entomologist 1984 v.116 no.10 pp. 1377-1384
ISSN:
0008-347X
Subject:
weed control; biological control; Cirsium arvense; Lema; Cassida; North America
DOI:
10.4039/Ent1161377-10

8. Conidial morphology and the specialization of Bremia lactucae Regel (Peronosporaceae) on hosts in the family Compositae

Author:
SKIDMORE, D.I.; INGRAM, D.S.
Source:
Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 1985 v.91 no.4 pp. 503-522
ISSN:
0024-4074
Subject:
Bremia lactucae; Centaurea nigra; Cineraria; Cirsium arvense; Lactuca; Picris hieracioides; Senecio vulgaris; Sonchus oleraceus; branches; conidia; cross infection; hosts; pathogens; saliva; British Isles
Abstract:
... SKIDMORE, D. I. & INGRAM, D. S., 1985. Conidial morphology and the specialization of Bremia lactucae Regel (Peronosporaceae) on hosts in the family Compositae. Conidia of Bremia lactucae were collected from Lactuca saliva, Sonchus oleraceus, S. asper, Senecio vulgaris, S. bicolor subsp. cineraria, Cirsium arvense, Centaurea nigra and Picris hieracioides, from a wide distribution in the British Isl ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb01018.x

9. Hermaphrodites and subhermaphrodites in a reputedly dioecious plant, cirsium arvense(l.) scop.

Author:
Q. O. N. KAY
Source:
new phytologist 1985 v.100 no.3 pp. 457-472
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; clones; female flowers; females; flowering; fruiting; males; pollen; seed set; seed yield; seeds; selfing; viability; United Kingdom
Abstract:
... Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. has been thought to be completely or almost completely dioecious, with clear morphological and functional differences between males that set an average number of less than 0.1 viable seeds per capitulum and females that produce no pollen. An investigation of three populations in southern Britain showed that 15 % of the clones with polleniferous ‘male’ flowers were in ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02794.x

10. Host plant selection by the pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus

Author:
Charpentier, Reinhold
Source:
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1985 v.38 no.3 pp. 277-285
ISSN:
0013-8703
Subject:
corolla; Brassicogethes aeneus; Brassica napus; odors; Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera; pollen; Leontodon; Sinapis alba; Brassica carinata; Sonchus arvensis; leaves; cultivars; buds; host plants; bioassays; Cirsium arvense; Taraxacum; Papaver; spring; Rosa
Abstract:
... A simple bioassay is described for the response of Meligethes aeneus F. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to different plants and plant parts. Assays with non-hibernated beetles showed that (1) cruciferous buds and stamens were greatly preferred to petals and leaves; (2) stamens were most preferred when the quantity of mature pollen was at maximum; (3) anthers were preferred to filaments; (4) stamens from ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1570-7458.1985.tb03531.x

11. Indices of competition for estimating rapeseed yield loss due to Canada thistle

Author:
O'Sullivan, P.A.; Weiss, G.M.; Kossatz, V.C.
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 1985 v.65 no.1 pp. 145-149
ISSN:
0008-4220
Subject:
Brassica napus; Cirsium arvense; crop-weed competition; mathematical models
DOI:
10.4141/cjps85-020

12. Some effects of humidity on the growth and development of Cirsium arvense

Author:
Hunter, J.H.; Hsiao, A.I.; McIntyre, G.I.
Source:
Botanical gazette 1985 v.146 no.4 pp. 483-488
ISSN:
0006-8071
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; relative humidity; weed biology
DOI:
10.1086/337552

13. Properties of an extract from Canada thistle roots that stimulates germination of dormant teliospores of Canada thistle rust (Puccinia punctiformis)

Author:
French, R.C.; Turner, S.K.; Sonnett, P.E.; Pfeffer, P.; Piotrowski, E.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1988 v.36 no.5 pp. 1043-1047
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; roots; biological control; Puccinia; Canada
DOI:
10.1021/jf00083a034

14. Resource partitioning in a guild of aphid species associated with creeping thistle Cirsium arvense

Author:
Völkl, Wolfgang
Source:
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1989 v.51 no.1 pp. 41-47
ISSN:
0013-8703
Subject:
Aphis fabae; Brachycaudus cardui; Capitophorus; Cirsium arvense; Uroleucon; adults; body size; host plants; niches; peduncle; plant veins; stylets
Abstract:
... Four aphid species (Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis Scop., Brachycaudus cardui (L.), Capitophorus carduinus Walker and Uroleucon cirsii (L.)) feed on the creeping thistle Cirsium arvense. They utilize different parts of their host plant and at different times. A wide niche is typical of C. carduinus and U. cirsii, whereas A. f. cirsiiacanthoidis and B. cardui, show narrower but overlapping niches. M ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1570-7458.1989.tb01212.x

15. The root system of Canada thistle

Author:
Nadeau, L.B.; Vanden Born, W.H.
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 1989 v.69 no.4 pp. 1199-1206
ISSN:
0008-4220
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; perennial weeds; shoots; buds; colonizing ability
DOI:
10.4141/cjps89-142

16. Impact of prédation upon honey bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae), by orb‐weaving spiders (Araneae, Araneidae and Tetragnathidae) in grassland ecosystems

Author:
M. Nyffeler; R. G. Breene
Source:
Journal of applied entomology 1991 v.111 no.1-5 pp. 179-189
ISSN:
0931-2048
Subject:
Apis mellifera; Araneus diadematus; Argiope bruennichi; Cirsium arvense; Tetragnathidae; beneficial arthropods; body size; ecosystems; habitats; honey bees; meadows; mowing; pests; predators; rain; socioeconomic status; summer; toxic substances; webs; Central European region
Abstract:
... Estimates of prédation on the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., by a guild of orb‐weaving spiders were made in two different habitats in central Europe. In the first habitat, an abandoned grassland (megaphorbe meadow), honey bees comprised 1 % (by numbers) of the 7480 prey items collected from orb‐webs between May and September. Approximately 99 % of the 72 observed cases of prédation on honey bees to ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1439-0418.1991.tb00309.x

17. Recurrent Selection for Glyphosate Tolerance in Birdsfoot Trefoil

Author:
C. M. Boerboom; N. J. Ehlke; D. L. Wyse; D. A. Somers
Source:
Crop science 1991 v.31 no.5 pp. 1124-1129
ISSN:
0011-183X
Subject:
Lotus corniculatus; weed control; Cirsium arvense; chemical control; glyphosate; herbicide resistance; selection criteria; recurrent selection; enzyme activity; ligases
Abstract:
... Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] tolerant birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) would allow selective herbicide control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] and other dicot weeds in seed production fields. The objectives of this research were to determine if recurrent selection can increase the level of glyphosate tolerance in birdsfoot trefoil and if increased glyphosate tole ...
DOI:
10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183X003100050007x

18. Volatiles emitted during the sexual stage of the Canada thistle rust fungus and by thistle flowers

Author:
Connick, W.J. Jr.; French, R.C.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1991 v.39 no.1 pp. 185-188
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; Puccinia; volatile compounds; sexual reproduction; biological control; odors; chemical analysis
Abstract:
... Fragrance volatiles responsible for the sweet aroma produced when Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] plants are infected with the systemic sexual stage of the Canada thistle rust [Puccinia punctiformis (Strauss) Roehl.], a prospective biological control agent for that weed, have been identified by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after thermal desorption from Tenax. ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf00001a037

19. Effect of Urophora cardui (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Ceutorhynchus litura (E.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on the weed Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop

Author:
Peschken, D.P.; Derby, J.L.
Source:
Canadian entomologist 1992 v.124 no.1 pp. 145-150
ISSN:
0008-347X
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; biological control; Urophora cardui; weed control; Ceutorhynchus litura; Saskatchewan
DOI:
10.4039/Ent124145-1

20. Effectiveness and economics of repeated sequences of herbicides for Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) control in reduced-till spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Author:
Donald, W.W.; Prato, T.
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 1992 v.72 no.2 pp. 599-618
ISSN:
0008-4220
Subject:
Triticum aestivum; Cirsium arvense; bromoxynil; chlorsulfuron; 2,4-D; dicamba; glyphosate; herbicidal properties; weed control; application timing; MCPA (herbicide); Canada
DOI:
10.4141/cjps92-075

21. Field studies with Cassida rubiginosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Canada thistle

Author:
Tipping, P.W.
Source:
Environmental entomology 1993 v.22 no.6 pp. 1402-1407
ISSN:
0046-225X
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; Cassida; weed control; biological control agents; oviposition; Maryland
Abstract:
... Cassida rubiginosa (Muller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults laid eggs on Canada thistle where they were released, regardless of thistle density. Densities of C. rubiginosa and plant development varied within a field and between patches of Canada thistle in natural populations. Ramets infected with the rust disease, Puccinia punctiformis (Strauss) Rohl. (Uredinales: Pucciniaceae), were not more ...
DOI:
10.1093/ee/22.6.1402

22. Root versus shoot measurements to evaluate recovery of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) after several years of control treatments

Author:
Donald, W.W.
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 1993 v.73 no.1 pp. 369-373
ISSN:
0008-4220
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; perennial weeds; roots; shoots; weed control; regrowth; long term experiments
DOI:
10.4141/cjps93-055

23. Comparison of time and depth of last tillage on the growth of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in summerfallow and its response to glyphosate

Author:
Darwent, A.L.; Townley-Smith, L.; Lefkovitch, L.P.
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 1994 v.74 no.4 pp. 867-873
ISSN:
0008-4220
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; weed control; glyphosate; tillage; fallow; herbicidal properties; seasonal variation; cultural control; application rate; application timing; Alberta; Saskatchewan
DOI:
10.4141/cjps94-158

24. Contrasting patch choosing by anthophilous ambush predators: vegetation and floral cues for decisions by a crab spider (Misumena vatia) and males and females of an ambush bug (Phymata americana)

Author:
Greco, C.F.; Kevan, P.G.
Source:
Canadian journal of zoology 1994 v.72 no.9 pp. 1583-1588
ISSN:
0008-4301
Subject:
life cycle (organisms); Araneae; Hemiptera; predatory arthropods; foraging; mating behavior; Solidago canadensis; Daucus carota; Cirsium arvense; stems; flowers; leaves
DOI:
10.1139/z94-210

25. Exploitation of Canada thistle by the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in northern Utah

Author:
Youssef, N.N.; Evans, E.W.
Source:
Environmental entomology 1994 v.23 no.4 pp. 1013-1019
ISSN:
0046-225X
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; Rhinocyllus conicus; biological control; oviposition; flowering; estrus synchronization; Utah
Abstract:
... A census was taken of a stand of Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense, in northern Utah throughout the growing seasons of 1991 and 1992 to determine the degree to which this-weed was attacked by the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus, originally introduced to the region to attack musk thistle, Carduus nutans. Overall, the weevil oviposited on 34-37% of Canada thistle flowering stems (both sexes combined) male ...
DOI:
10.1093/ee/23.4.1013

26. Quantitative resistance of Cirsium arvense to root bud infection by Puccinia punctiformis

Author:
Frantzen, J.; Zweerde, W. van der.
Source:
Biocontrol science and technology 1994 v.4 no.2 pp. 223-228
ISSN:
0958-3157
Subject:
infection; Cirsium arvense; weed control; biological control; Puccinia; genetic resistance; roots; genetic variation; mycoherbicides
DOI:
10.1080/09583159409355330

27. Volatile components of Canada thistle

Author:
Binder, R.G.; French, R.C.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1994 v.42 no.12 pp. 2942-2945
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; roots; volatile compounds; spore germination; Puccinia; weed control; biological control; chemical constituents of plants
Abstract:
... Volatile components of Canada thistle [(Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.] roots were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among 24 compounds identified, there were seven C13 polyacetylenes, seven unsaturated C15-C17 straight-chain hydrocarbons, and five epoxides derived from the C16 and C17 hydrocarbons. The major components are cis-8,9-epoxyheptadeca-1,11,14-triene and 8,9-dihydroxyhepta ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf00048a056

28. Volatiles from germinating Canada thistle seed and root cuttings that stimulate germination of teliospores of the Canada thistle rust fungus, Puccinia punctiformis

Author:
French, R.C.; Nester, S.E.; Binder, R.G.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1994 v.42 no.12 pp. 2937-2941
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; seeds; roots; volatile compounds; Puccinia; fungal spores; weed control; biological control; chemical constituents of plants
Abstract:
... Volatiles collected from germinating Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) seeds stimulated germination of the teliospores of the Canada thistle rust organism, Puccinia punctiformis. As thistle seed germination increased to 92% in 7 days, germination of teliospores on 1% agar test plates exposed to the volatiles in the germination chamber increased from 0% to 50%. Seedling volatiles collected on Ten ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf00048a055

29. An epidemiological study of Puccinia punctiformis (Str.) Röhl as a stepping‐stone to the biological control of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

Author:
J. FRANTZEN
Source:
new phytologist 1994 v.127 no.1 pp. 147-154
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; Puccinia; biological control; biological control agents; rust diseases; grasslands; epidemiology; weed control; mycoherbicides; Netherlands
Abstract:
... The infection cycle of the autoecious rust fungus Puccinia punctiformis on the clonal plant Cirsium arvense was described in terms of intensity (amount of pathogen per unit area and used for systemic infection) and extent (area occupied by the pathogen and used for local lesion infection) at four grassland sites in The Netherlands. The incidence of systemic infection was relatively low and systemi ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04269.x

30. Demographic and biomass production consequences of inundative treatment of Cirsium arvense with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Author:
Bourdot, G.W.; Harvey, I.C.; Hurrell, G.A.; Saville, D.J.
Source:
Biocontrol science and technology 1995 v.5 no.1 pp. 11-25
ISSN:
0958-3157
Subject:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; life tables; weed control; adventitious shoots; pastures; biological control agents; Cirsium arvense; plant pathogenic fungi; population density; mycoherbicides; mortality; biological control; New Zealand
DOI:
10.1080/09583159550039981

31. Effectiveness of gall inducers in weed biological control

Author:
Harris, P.; Shorthouse, J.D.
Source:
Canadian entomologist 1996 v.128 no.6 pp. 1021-1055
ISSN:
0008-347X
Subject:
weed control; nutrient transport; Rhinocyllus conicus; Urophora cardui; biological control agents; nutrient availability; Rhaponticum repens; Sphenoptera jugoslavica; Centaurea diffusa; water stress; Carduus nutans; Cirsium arvense; Subanguina picridis; galls; Urophora affinis; Sonchus arvensis; Urophora quadrifasciata; Canada
DOI:
10.4039/Ent1281021-6

32. Host finding and recognition by Altica carduorum, a defoliator of Cirsium arvense

Author:
Wan, F.-H.; Harris, P.
Source:
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1996 v.80 no.3 pp. 491-496
ISSN:
0013-8703
Subject:
Altica; Cirsium arvense; adults; defoliating insects; feces; larvae; mechanical damage; overwintering; spring; China
Abstract:
... Altica carduorum Guer. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations aggregate on vigorously growing stands of its host, the thistle Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae). The beetle needs contact to recognize a Cirsium species and biting to distinguish its host C. arvense. Feeding or mechanical damage on C. arvense, but not other Cirsium species, aggregates the beetles. Also feces from feeding on C. ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00964.x

33. Field studies on the reproductive capacity and development of Cassida rubiginosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on musk and Canada thistles

Author:
Spring, A.; Kok, T.
Source:
Environmental entomology 1997 v.26 no.4 pp. 876-881
ISSN:
0046-225X
Subject:
Cassida; reproduction; biological development; Cirsium arvense; Carduus nutans subsp. leiophyllus; Arctium; ambient temperature; biological control agents; weed control; Virginia
Abstract:
... The reproductive capacity and development of Cassida rubiginosa Muller, a defoliator of Canada thistle, were examined on Canada thistle and musk thistle under field conditions. Field-collected, overwintered females produced 61.1 +/- 29.9 oothecae per individual during a 15-wk period. They showed no preference for oviposition between musk and Canada thistle. Development from egg to adult in field c ...
DOI:
10.1093/ee/26.4.876

34. Modelling and mapping geographic ranges to evaluate weed biocontrol agents: a case study using Altica carduorum (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Cirsium arvense (Asteraceae)

Author:
Lactin, D.J.; Harris, P.; Johnson, D.L.; Wan, F.H.; Thomas, A.G.
Source:
Biocontrol science and technology 1997 v.7 no.4 pp. 657-670
ISSN:
0958-3157
Subject:
life cycle (organisms); Cirsium arvense; perennial weeds; weed control; biological control; biological control agents; beneficial insects; prediction; geographical distribution; phenology; thermoregulation; growth models; heat sums; meteorological data; simulation models; Canada
DOI:
10.1080/09583159730695

35. Performance of the thistle gall fly, Urophora cardui, in relation to host plant nitrogen and mycorrhizal colonization

Author:
ALAN C GANGE; HELEN E. NICE
Source:
new phytologist 1997 v.137 no.2 pp. 335-343
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; Urophora cardui; nitrogen; nitrogen content; fungicides; galls; stems; larvae; weight; nutrition physiology; nutrient availability; carbon; carbon nitrogen ratio; vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
Abstract:
... Many hypotheses have been developed to explain the adaptive nature of insect galls. One of these, the nutrition hypothesis, states that gall formers have advantages over other insects because gall tissue provides a better (higher quality) food source than unmodified tissue. However, this has rarely been experimentally tested. In a test of this hypothesis, we grew plants of Cirsium arvense (L.) Sco ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00813.x

36. Use of risk analysis for screening weed biocontrol agents: Altica carduorum Guer. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from China as a biocontrol agent of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. in North America

Author:
Wan, F.H.; Harris, P.
Source:
Biocontrol science and technology 1997 v.7 no.3 pp. 299-308
ISSN:
0958-3157
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; weed control; biological control agents; screening; risk assessment; host range; host specificity; probability analysis; beneficial insects; phytophagous insects; China; North America
DOI:
10.1080/09583159730712

37. A comparison of auxotrophic and wild strains of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum used as a mycoherbicide against Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Author:
Harvey, I.C.; Bourdot, G.W.; Saville, D.J.; Sands, D.C.
Source:
Biocontrol science and technology 1998 v.8 no.1 pp. 73-81
ISSN:
0958-3157
Subject:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; weed control; biological control agents; strain differences; Cirsium arvense; pathogenicity; amino acids; mutants; Brassica napus; trap crops; mycoherbicides; perennial weeds; biological control; New Zealand
DOI:
10.1080/09583159830441

38. Ozone threshold doses and exposure–response relationships for the development of ozone injury symptoms in wild plant species

Author:
E. BERGMANN; J. BENDER; H.‐J. WEIGEL
Source:
new phytologist 1999 v.144 no.3 pp. 423-435
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; Sonchus asper; environmental monitoring; herbaceous plants; ozone; pigmentation; vegetative growth; wild plants
Abstract:
... The relative ozone sensitivities of 25 German native herbaceous plant species, representative of arable field margins or disturbed habitats, were examined over three consecutive growing seasons. Plants were grown from seed, potted into natural soils and exposed in open‐top chambers for the entire season to different ozone‐exposure regimes covering a range of concentrations from <5 to 48 ppb (seaso ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00534.x

39. Plant quality or quantity? Host exploitation strategies in three chrysomelidae species associated with Asteraceae host plants

Author:
Obermaier, E.; Zwolfer, H.
Source:
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1999 v.92 no.2 pp. 165-177
ISSN:
0013-8703
Subject:
life cycle (organisms); height; plant characteristics; Cassida; Achillea millefolium; Cirsium arvense; Centaurea scabiosa; host plants; nitrogen content; seasonal variation; food intake; biological development; food conversion; feeding preferences; Galeruca; Germany
Abstract:
... Phytophagous insects which feed on the leaves of herbaceous host plants have to adapt their life histories to the fact that protein nitrogen is usually highest in growing tissues in spring. We monitored field populations of larvae and adults of three chrysomelid species (Galeruca tanaceti (L.) (main host Achillea millefolium (L.) Yarrow), Cassida rubiginosa (Mueller) (main host Cirsium arvense (L. ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00536.x

40. Polyethism in foraging in a polymorphic predator, Enoplognatha ovata (Araneae: Theridiidae): a case for balance

Author:
Greco, C.F.; Kevan, P.G.
Source:
Canadian entomologist 1999 v.131 no.2 pp. 259-268
ISSN:
0008-347X
Subject:
Theridiidae; polymorphism; color; foraging; predation; Solidago canadensis; Daucus carota; Cirsium arvense; flowers; predatory arthropods
DOI:
10.4039/Ent131259-2

41. Cereal cover crops for weed suppression in a summer fallow-wheat cropping sequence

Author:
Moyer, J.R.; Blackshaw, R.E.; Smith, E.G.; McGinn, S.M.
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 2000 v.80 no.2 pp. 441-449
ISSN:
0008-4220
Subject:
weed control; Fallopia convolvulus; Bromus tectorum; cultural control; tillage; crop residues; Secale cereale; fallow; plant density; Cirsium arvense; crop yield; Triticum aestivum; biomass production; crop-weed competition; Taraxacum officinale; crop rotation; Euphorbia; Alberta
DOI:
10.4141/P99-099

42. Comparison of weed communities in Manitoba ecoregions and crops

Author:
Van Acker, R.C.; Thomas, A.G.; Leeson, J.Y.; Knezevic, S.Z.; Frick, B.L.
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 2000 v.80 no.4 pp. 963-972
ISSN:
0008-4220
Subject:
Avena fatua; Brassica napus; field experimentation; Sinapis arvensis; Hordeum vulgare; Triticum aestivum; ecosystems; Linum usitatissimum; botanical composition; Cirsium arvense; weeds; Fallopia convolvulus; plant communities; geographical variation; surveys; Setaria viridis; Avena sativa; Amaranthus retroflexus; Manitoba
DOI:
10.4141/P99-175

43. Effect of herbivore density, timing of attack and plant community on performance of creeping thistle Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae)

Author:
Bacher, S.; Schwab, F.
Source:
Biocontrol science and technology 2000 v.10 no.3 pp. 343-352
ISSN:
0958-3157
Subject:
weed control; biological control agents; developmental stages; shoots; air temperature; herbivores; nutrition; Cirsium arvense; duration; integrated pest management; Cassida; browsing; vegetation; biological control
DOI:
10.1080/09583150050044619

44. Influence of herbivory, competition and soil fertility on the abundance of Cirsium arvense in acid grassland

Author:
Edwards, G.R.; Bourdot, G.W.; Crawley, M.J.
Source:
Journal of applied ecology 2000 v.37 no.2 pp. 321-334
ISSN:
0021-8901
Subject:
rabbits; weed control; cultural control; seedlings; grazing; herbivores; plant density; Cirsium arvense; interspecific competition; soil fertility; soil pH; grasslands; shoots
DOI:
10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00495.x

45. Influence of moisture and temperature on infection of Canada thistle by Alternaria cirsinoxia

Author:
Green, S.; Bailey, K.L.
Source:
Plant disease 2000 v.84 no.10 pp. 1126-1132
ISSN:
0191-2917
Subject:
infection; Cirsium arvense; relative humidity; air temperature; incidence; leaves; water; conidia; spore germination; appressoria; biological control agents; mycoherbicides
Abstract:
... Relative humidity (RH), temperature, continuous leaf wetness, and intermittent leaf wetness were evaluated for their influence on conidial germination, appressoria formation, and infection of Canada thistle by Alternaria cirsinoxia. Conidia germinated and formed appressoria at 98% RH, but required at least 100% RH, and preferably free water, to penetrate leaves. In free water, conidia germinated e ...
DOI:
10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.10.1126

46. Risk analysis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum for biological control of Cirsium arvense in pasture: sclerotium survival

Author:
Bourdot, G.W.; Saville, D.J.; Hurrell, G.A.; Harvey, I.C.; Jong, M.D. de.
Source:
Biocontrol science and technology 2000 v.10 no.4 pp. 411-425
ISSN:
0958-3157
Subject:
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; weed control; half life; longevity; pastures; biological control agents; inoculum density; risk assessment; Cirsium arvense; crops; biological resistance; mycoherbicides; mortality; biological control; New Zealand
DOI:
10.1080/09583150050115007

47. Spatial and temporal stability of weed populations over five years

Author:
Colbach Nathalie; Forcella Frank; Johnson Gregg A.
Source:
Weed science 2000 v.48 no.3 pp. 366-377
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Amaranthus retroflexus; Asclepias syriaca; Chenopodium album; Cirsium arvense; Elymus repens subsp. repens; Glycine max; Setaria viridis; Sinapis arvensis subsp. arvensis; annuals; crops; geostatistics; harvesting; longevity; no-tillage; perennial weeds; perennials; seedlings; seeds; soybeans; temporal variation
Abstract:
... The size, location, and variation in time of weed patches within an arable field were analyzed with the ultimate goal of simplifying weed mapping. Annual and perennial weeds were sampled yearly from 1993 to 1997 at 410 permanent grid points in a 1.3-ha no-till field sown to row crops each year. Geostatistical techniques were used to examine the data as follows: (1) spatial structure within years; ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0366:SATSOW]2.0.CO;2

48. Using noxious weed lists to prioritize targets for developing weed management strategies

Author:
Skinner Kerri; Smith Lincoln; Rice Peter
Source:
Weed science 2000 v.48 no.5 pp. 640-644
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Cardaria; Carduus nutans; Centaurea diffusa; Centaurea solstitialis; Centaurea stoebe subsp. stoebe; Cirsium arvense; Convolvulus arvensis; Cyperaceae; Euphorbia esula; Internet; Lepidium draba subsp. draba; Lythrum salicaria; Rhaponticum repens; Sonchus arvensis; Sorghum bicolor subsp. drummondii; Sorghum halepense; biological control; biological control agents; databases; grasses; noxious weeds; researchers; weed control; Canada; Southeastern United States
Abstract:
... To identify the most commonly regulated weedy plants in the United States and southern Canada, we compiled a database of noxious weed lists obtained from the 48 continental states and six bordering provinces. The 10 most frequently listed weeds are Cirsium arvense, Carduus nutans, Lythrum spp. (includes purple loosestrife), Convolvulus arvensis, Euphorbia esula, Acroptilon repens, Sorghum spp. (in ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0640:UNWLTP]2.0.CO;2

49. A degree-day model of Cirsium arvense shoot emergence from adventitious root buds in spring

Author:
Donald William W.
Source:
Weed science 2000 v.48 no.3 pp. 333-341
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Cirsium arvense; Triticum aestivum; adventitious roots; autumn; buds; computer software; data collection; fallow; farmers; heat sums; models; monitoring; no-tillage; perennial weeds; shoots; spring; weed control; wheat
Abstract:
... If decision-aid software models of weed emergence and growth are ever to help producers better time weed management, these models must be able to predict perennial weed shoot emergence from vegetative propagules. In this research, Cirsium arvense shoot emergence from adventitious root buds in spring was modeled using degree-day heat sums. Fractional C. arvense shoot emergence was best modeled as a ...
DOI:
10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0333:ADDMOC]2.0.CO;2

50. The influence of different grazing regimes on Phragmites‐ and shrub vegetation in the well‐drained zone of a eutrophic wetland

Author:
J. Theo Vulink; Hans J. Drost; Luc Jans
Source:
Applied vegetation science 2000 v.3 no.1 pp. 73-80
ISSN:
1402-2001
Subject:
grazing; vegetation; range management; Phragmites australis; Cirsium arvense; Urtica dioica; Poa trivialis; Sambucus nigra; cattle; horses; conservation areas; ecological succession; species diversity; colonizing ability; stocking rate; Netherlands
Abstract:
... The effects of grazing by cattle and horses on vegetation development were studied in the well‐drained border zone of the Oostvaardersplassen nature reserve, a managed eutrophic wetland in the young Zuidelijk Flevoland polder in The Netherlands. At the start of the study period, 12 yr after the area was enclosed by dykes, the vegetation was dominated by Phragmites australis and tall herbs, particu ...
DOI:
10.2307/1478920