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... n order to analyze and to study expressions of the Al-tolerant genes, we have examined five clone genes that were isolated from soybean cv. Lumut. Soybean cv. Lumut and Slamet, Centrocema pubescens, Pennisetum purpureum and Escherichia coli were selected for futher analysis. Based on the DNA sequencing, searching enzyme restriction sites and searching DNA homology with the genebank database; the c ...
... A greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the growth (dry matter yield) of selected legume cover crops; phytoaccumulation of metals such as Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Al; and extractability of heavy metals from three different Alabama acid mine spoils. The spoils were amended based on soil test recommended levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg prior to plant growth. Metals were extracted by three extra ...
... Acid soil [aluminum (Al)], toxicity and ozone toxicity are potential yield-limiting factors for soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Previous studies in our laboratory suggested that tolerance to these two stress factors coincided in some soybean cultivars. The objective of the current study was to determine the relationship between acid soil (Al) tolerance and ozone (O3) tolerance in a range of soy ...
Glycine max; germplasm; acid soils; aluminum; metal tolerance; shoots; roots; dry matter accumulation; genotype-environment interaction; ozone; air pollution; genotype; Russia
Abstract:
... Nineteen soybean genotypes (ten from the former USSR, two from Brazil and seven from USA) were tested for aluminum (Al) tolerance by growing them for 21 days in greenhouse pots of acid, Al-toxic, unlimed Tatum (Typic Hapludult) subsoil at pH 4.0 and in limed subsoil at pH 5.1. Aluminum tolerance ranking depended upon the plant traits used in the screening process. Based on absolute dry shoot weigh ...
... Soil acidity and aluminum toxicity are serious environmental problems often found in humid temperate and tropical regions or in areas with acid rain. Iron oxidation in soils can also cause high concentrations of H, which, in turn, causes an increase of Al in the soil solution. To examine this problem, a study was undertaken to discover the cause of crop damage in crops planted over buried anode ba ...
... The use of gypsum or phosphogypsum (PG) as an ameliorant of subsoil acidity has been reported. However, the role of these amendments in aluminum (Al) speciation and solubility is not clearly understood. We studied the root growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cv. Lee in dilute nutrient solution containing 2.0 g L PG without the addition of Al or in solutions containing 40 μM Al without any a ...
... Variations in genotype rankings among screenings for Al tolerance in hydroponics may be related to differences in the composition of the solutions. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of Mg ions in modifying Al rhizotoxicity in soybeans. Root elongation was strongly inhibited by Al in a simple, 800 micromolars CaSO4 solution, but elongation increased noticeably when the solutions ...
... Nitrogen fixation and assimilation in nodules and roots were studied in soybean (Glycine max L.) exposed to different levels of aluminium (Al) stress (0, 50, 200 and 500 μM). Al at 500 μM induced oxidative stress, which became evident from an increase in lipid peroxidation accompanied by a concomitant decline in antioxidant enzyme activities and leghaemoglobin breakdown. Consequently, there was al ...
... In this study, Al-sensitive black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) specimens were treated in Hoagland solutions containing 50–400µM Al for 1–4 days. The measurement for NO3- uptake showed that the NO3- uptake decreased gradually as the Al concentration and treatment time increased, suggesting that Al stress significantly reduced the NO3- uptake by soybean. Under 100-µM Al stress for 4 days, the pl ...
... Acid soils with high levels of Al impede root growth, causing increased crop sensitivity to drought and decreased nutrient acquisition. Development of Al-tolerant cultivars may be a cost effective response to the problem. In previous investigations, we identified an Al-tolerant soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant introduction from Japan (PI 416937), and subsequently determined the heritability ...
... Breeding for Al tolerance in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], has been hindered by confusion regarding screening methodology. This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between greenhouse and solution culture screening methods, using 12 diverse soybean genotypes. Greenhouse media consisted of a Goldsboro sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aquic Paledult) at 19% Al saturation ...
... Growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] roots into acid subsoils and utilization of subsoil moisture is limited in many soils of the southeastern U. S. because of Al toxicity. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to obtain information on tolerance of soybean cultivars which would be helpful in selection of cultivars best adapted to acid subsoils. Root elongation measurements wer ...
... Differential aluminum tolerance of ‘Perry’ and ‘Chief’ soybean varieties, determined previously from growth on acid Bladen soil, was confirmed in nutrient solutions containing Al as the known growth-limiting factor. Differences in Al tolerance between the two varieties were steadily increased as the Ca level of the nutrient solution was reduced from 50 to 8 to 2 ppm. Aluminum toxicity in soybeans ...
... Acidity constraints in Oxisols of the Amazon may entail both Al toxicity and Ca deficiency. A field study was conducted in a Xanthic Hapludox near Manaus, Brazil, to evaluate lime and Ca requirements for corn (Zea mays L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) during five consecutive years. Calcitic lime was applied once at rates of 0, 0. ...
... Aluminum is toxic to both plants and animals. Root growth and pollen-tube extension are inhibited after aluminum stress in acidic environments. Incubation of cultured neurons with aluminum results in the formation of neurofibrillar tangles reminiscent of the neural pathology observed in Alzheimer's disease. The present communication demonstrate that aluminum induced a rapid and dramatic increase i ...
... Shallow rooting and susceptibility to drought are believed to be caused, at least in part, by strongly acidic (pH < 5.5, 1:1 soil-water), aluminum (Al)-toxic subsoils. However, this hypothesis has not been clearly confirmed under field conditions. The Al toxicity hypothesis was tested on a map unit of Matawan-Hammonton loam (0-2% slope) on unlimed and limed field plots (pH range 5.1 to 5.8) at Bel ...
... Aluminum (Al), the third most abundant element overall, after silicon and oxygen, is found virtually in all food, air, soil and water. Under acidic conditions, Al is solubilized into [Al(H₂O)₆]³⁺, which is highly toxic to many plant species. Present paper reviewed Al toxicity and tolerance mechanism in agricultural plants with special reference to cereals and legumes. Even at micromolar concentrat ...
... Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acidic soils is a global agricultural problem that limits crop productivity through the inhibition of root growth. However, poor management associated with the application of soil acidity amendments such as lime (CaCO₃) in certain crop types can pose a threat to low-input farming practices. Accordingly, it is important to develop appropriate techniques for the management ...
... An integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS), with summer grain cropping and winter grazing of cover crops, is an option for agricultural management in subtropical areas. Despite numerous studies evaluating ICLS, there have been limited investigations of soil acidity and lime application dynamics in such systems. Because grain producers resist introducing livestock into cultivation areas due to fear ...
... Distribution of As with depth in soil was determined after 4 years of repeated applications of monosodium (MSMA), monoammonium (MAMA), and disodium methanearsonate (DSMA) to turf. Arsenic concentrations decreased with depth. Percentage recovery of applied As in the upper 30 cm of soil decreased with increasing application rates. Yields of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybeans (Glycine max L. Me ...
... A glasshouse experiment studied the role of calcium and pH on competitiveness of acid-sensitive and acid-tolerant Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains with similar Nâ-fixation effectiveness in nodulating two soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) cultivars selected for tolerance of aluminium (PI416937) or for manganese (Manta). Liming provides calcium (Ca) as well as increasing soil pH. Thus the effect of Ca ...
... Alleviation by calcium (Ca) of inhibition of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. 'Ransom') root elongation by hydrogen (H) and aluminum (Al) was evaluated in a vertical split-root system. Roots extending from a limed and fertilized soil compartment grew for 12 days into a subsurface compartment containing nutrient solution with treatments consisting of factorial combinations of either pH (4.0, 4.6 ...
... Low activities of the monomeric aluminium (Al) species, Al³⁺, Al(OH)₂⁺ and Al(OH)²⁺ in solution reduce root growth and root hair development in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Calcium (Ca) ameliorates to a certain extent the toxic effects of Al on root growth, but the interactive effects of Ca and Al on root hair development are not known. In the absence of added Al in solution culture, Ca conce ...
... The effect of varying two parameters having contrasting effects has been largely overlooked when describing Al phytotoxicity. Consequently the effects of varying pH (4.2, 4.5, and 4.8), Al (0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 µM Al) and CaSO₄ (625, 1250, 2500, 5000, and 10 000 µM Ca) levels on root length of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were evaluated in a solution culture experiment. At a given pH and Al ...
... Biochar, because of its porous nature, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) equivalent, surface functional groups, and other properties, could serve as an acid soil amendment. To investigate the liming potential of biochars, laboratory characterization and greenhouse and field experiments were conducted in Hawaii and West Java, Indonesia, respectively. Six wood-derived biochars were characterized and amended ...
... The aluminum (Al)-induced secretion of citrate has been regarded as an important mechanism for Al resistance in soybean (Glycine max). However, the mechanism of how Al induces citrate secretion remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase on the Al-induced secretion of citrate from soybean roots. Experiments performed with plants grown in full nu ...
... To further understand the process of Al-induced citrate secretion from soybean roots, the effect of protein synthesis inhibitor, anion channel blockers, and citrate carrier inhibitors on Al-induced citrate exudation was investigated in Al-resistant soybean cultivar PI 416937. Citrate exudation from roots increased with the increase of Al concentration from 10 to 50 μM and initiated after 4 h of Al ...
... Aluminum (Al) toxicity is an important barrier to soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) production in acid soils. However, little is known about the genes underlying Al tolerance in soybean. We aim to find the key candidate genes and investigate their roles in soybean tolerance to Al toxicity in this study. Comparative transcriptome analyses of the Al-tolerant (KF) and Al-sensitive (GF) soybean varieti ...
... A nutrient solution study was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying pH (4.2, 4.5, and 4.8), Al (0, 20, 40, and 80 µM Al) and F⁻ (0, 10, 20, and 40 µM F⁻) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Lee] root growth. The ability of Al fractions measured by the modified aluminon and 8-hydroxyquinoline methods in predicting the phytotoxic component of Al was also investigated. In the presence of Al ...
... Cover crops can provide changes in soil chemical and physical properties, which could allow a sustainable development of soybean and upland rice rotation in Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cover crops (cultivated in the offseason) in the soybean-upland rice rotation (cultivated in the summer season) on the soil chemical and physical properties, yield ...
Glycine max; aluminum; apoplast; magnesium chloride; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; root tips; seedlings; soy protein; soybeans; two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Abstract:
... Aluminium effect on the mobility of apoplast protein in root tips was studied. Two-day seedlings of soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merr. cv. Tsurunoko) were treated with 50 μM AlCl₃ for 2 h. Using infiltration method, the apoplast protein in root tips was extracted with 20 or 100 mM MgCl₂. When 20 mM MgCl₂ was used to collect weakly bound protein to apoplast, the amount of protein extracted was reduce ...
... Aluminum (Al) is an obstacle to crop production in acidic soils globally. Cations such as Ca and Si are capable of detoxifying toxic metals, especially Al. However, the underlying mechanism of the ameliorative effect is still unclear. In this study, effects of Ca and Si alleviating Al toxicity were investigated on soybean (Glycine max) through root elongation, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Al co ...
Glycine max; drought; water stress; aluminum; nutrient excess; subsoil; leaf water potential; transpiration; crop yield; greenhouse experimentation; stress response
Abstract:
... Drought and subsoil A1 are major concerns which face soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers in the southeastern USA. However, the interaction of these two factors is not clearly understood. This study was designed to characterize the combined effect of these two stress factors on soybean water status. A greenhouse experiment was conducted, with two levels of subsoil A1 saturation (6 and 71%), ...
Glycine max; diallel analysis; metal tolerance; aluminum; general combining ability; specific combining ability; roots; field experimentation; hydroponics; mineral content; leaves; heritability; genotype-environment interaction; inheritance (genetics); chemical constituents of plants
Abstract:
... The soybean is a major crop in the agricultural systems of the Brazilian Cerrados (Savannahs) whose soils are acidic, devoid of nutrients and need to be amended before they are cultivated. However, below the ploughed layer there is a scarcity of nutrients and toxic aluminium (Al). These limit root growth, subsequently causing nutritional imbalance and drought stress. Our aim in the investigation d ...
Glycine max; diallel analysis; nutrient uptake; general combining ability; specific combining ability; tropics; heritability; aluminum; metal ions; metal tolerance; inheritance (genetics); Brazil
Abstract:
... The Brazilian tropical adapted soybeans contains, in addition to superior morphological characters, genetic factors for tolerance to cultivation in acidic, mineral-stressed soils. However, the selection process for these hindrances has been empirical, and information on the genetics of mineral element uptake by the plant is necessary. The objective of this investigation was to identify the mode of ...
Glycine max; drought; water stress; aluminum; subsoil; toxic substances; genotype-environment interaction; introduced species; transpiration; dry matter accumulation; water content; genotype; water potential; stress response; North Carolina
Abstract:
... Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers in the southeastern USA are often confronted with the problems of drought and toxic levels of subsoil Al. Our objective in this study was to determine the reaction of diverse soybean genotypes to combined effects of these two stress factors. Greenhouse studies were initiated to examine the problem. Two levels of Al saturation in a subsoil layer (6 and 71% ...
... Seedlings of two soybean genotypes, BX10 [aluminum (Al)-tolerant] and BD2 (Al-sensitive), were treated with Al to evaluate the relative root growth (RRG), callose content, Al-sensitive zone, lipid peroxidation, and the anti-oxidative enzyme activities by histochemical and biochemical assays. Under Al toxicity, the RRG reduction of BD2 was more significant than that of BX10, while callose content d ...
... Soybean varieties, representing 10 maturity groups (from North to South), differed significantly in their tolerance to acid Bladen soil (pH 4.4) which contains a high level of KCl-extractable Al. Previous evidence that Al toxicity is the primary growth-limiting factor in this soil, and the observation that varietal differences were minimized or eliminated by liming the soil to pH 5.5, led to the c ...
... In the present study, we investigated the sites of aluminum (Al) accumulation and its effects on the growth, morphology and nutritional status in root tips of soybean (Glycine max L.) genotype Conquista. The seedlings were exposed to nutrient Clark solution, pH 4.0, with 0 (control) and 100 µM of Al for 24, 48 and 72 h. Our results showed an Al accumulation in the superficial layers of the root ti ...
... Distribution of chemical forms of manganese(II) (Mn(II)) on plant roots may affect Mn(II) absorption by plants and toxicity of Mn(II) to plants at its high level. The chemical forms of Mn(II) on soybean roots were investigated to determine the main factors that affect their distribution and relationship with Mn(II) plant toxicity. Fresh soybean roots were reacted with Mn(II) in solutions, and Mn(I ...
... Short-term, split-root experiments were conducted in a growth chamber with ‘Lee’ soybeans (Glycine max). The upper portion of the root medium was a limed, fertilized sandy loam surface soil; the lower portion was a nutrient solution. Calcium concentration of 0.25 ppm was sufficient to obtain maximum growth rates in a nutrient solution at pH 5.6. More than 2.5 ppm of Ca was required at a solution p ...
... Seed yields of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) mycorrhizal with Endogone were compared to yields from nonmycorrhizal plants in a P-deficient soil fertilized with various phosphate sources. Mycorrhizal outyielded nonmycorrhizal plants by 79, 530, 0, and 56% when fertilized with Al, Fe, rock, or monocalcium phosphate, respectively. Yields from mycorrhizal plants fertilized with Fe phosphate were ⅙ and ...
... This study quantified soil chemical properties as affected by land clearing method and subsequent soil management. It was conducted on a Yurimaguas soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, isohyperthermic Typic Paleudults) covered by a 20-yr-old evergreen forest in the Amazon Basin of Peru. The experimental design, a split plot replicated three times, included six main plot treatments: (i) slash and burn clea ...
... Organic matter is believed to be able to reduce Al toxicity in Ultisols. Since little information is available to substantiate this hypothesis, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare the effects of organic matter and lime on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants grown under increasing Al stress in a Bradson (Typic Hapludults) soil. Treatments, replicated three times, were 0, 25, 50, an ...
... Relatively little information is available on the effects of liming on roots as compared with tops. To study the effect of various Al saturations on the growth of tops, roots, nodules, and nutrient accumulation of soybeans (Glycine max L.), several rates of lime were added to an acid soil in a greenhouse experiment. Dry weight of tops increased as the Al saturation was decreased by liming. Total d ...