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You searched for: Subject apples Remove constraint Subject: apples Subject fruiting Remove constraint Subject: fruiting
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1. Changes in headspace volatiles during physiological development of Bisbee Delicious apple fruit

Author:
Mattheis, J.P.; Fellman, J.K.; Chen, P.M.; Patterson, M.E.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1991 v.39 no.11 pp. 1902-1906
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
apples; fruiting; volatile compounds; maturity stage; ripening
Abstract:
... Volatile compounds produced by Delicious apple fruit during the 8-week transition period from pre- to postclimacteric were identified using headspace sampling of intact fruit and GC-MS. As apple development progressed, concentrations of butanal, pentanal, (E)-2-hexenal, and heptanal declined. Concentrations of most alcohols were variable throughout the same period, but 2-methyl-1-butanol was prese ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf00011a002

2. Genetic variation among apple and hawthorn host races of Rhagoletis pomonella across an ecological transition zone in the Mid-Western United States

Author:
Feder, J.L.; Bush, G.L.
Source:
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1991 v.59 no.3 pp. 249-265
ISSN:
0013-8703
Subject:
Crataegus; Malus domestica; Rhagoletis pomonella; allozymes; ambient temperature; apples; fruiting; gene frequency; genetic analysis; genetic variation; loci; models; prediction; races; sympatric speciation; trees; Illinois; Wisconsin
Abstract:
... In previous studies, we have shown that apple and hawthorn populations of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) represent partially reproductively isolated and genetically differentiated host races; a result consistent with predictions of sympatric speciation models. The geographic pattern of allozyme variation for these flies is complex, however, as inter-host differences are superimposed o ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01509.x

3. The Effects of Parasitoids on Sympatric Host Races of Rhagoletis Pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Author:
Jeffrey L. Feder
Source:
Ecology 1995 v.76 no.3 pp. 801-813
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Biosteres; Crataegus; Curculionidae; Malus pumila; Opius; Rhagoletis pomonella; apples; females; fruiting; fruits; host plants; host range; insect larvae; larval development; parasitoids; phenology; phytophagous insects; predators; races; Michigan
Abstract:
... Enemy—free space is a potentially important factor affecting host plant use by phytophagous insects. In particular, escape from parasitoids, predators and competitors could mediate a successful host shift by compensating for decreased feeding performance on a new plant. Here I investigate the effects that two braconid wasp parasitoids (Opius lectus and Biosteres melleus) have on sympatric host rac ...
DOI:
10.2307/1939346

4. Effect of orchard cover crop on incidence of low-temperature-basidiomycete rot of stored Spartan apples

Author:
Sholberg, P.L.; Hogue, E.J.; Neilsen, G.H.
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 1998 v.78 no.1 pp. 125-129
ISSN:
0008-4220
Subject:
apples; Malus domestica; cover crops; controlled atmosphere storage; nitrogen fertilizers; cold storage; air temperature; Basidiomycota; Trifolium repens; pathogenicity; fruiting; application rate; plant litter; postharvest diseases
DOI:
10.4141/P97-045

5. Nitrogen and calcium nutrition and fruit quality of commercial apple cultivars grown in Finland

Author:
Dris, R.; Niskanen, R.; Fallahi, E.
Source:
Journal of plant nutrition 1998 v.21 no.11 pp. 2389-2402
ISSN:
0190-4167
Subject:
Malus domestica; cultivars; field experimentation; orchards; apples; harvesting; cold storage; nitrogen content; calcium; mineral content; firmness; diameter; titratable acidity; apple juice; brix; soil fertility; nitrogen; leaves; fruiting; nutrition-genotype interaction; seasonal variation; crop quality; chemical constituents of plants; Finland
Abstract:
... During 1994-1995, field experiments were conducted in six apple orchards located in the southwest of Finland (the mainland and the Aland Islands). The cultivars were 'Melba', 'Raike', 'Red Atlas', 'Lobo', 'Aroma', and 'Akero'. Fruit samples were picked at about one week before commercial maturity and stored for three to six months at 2 to 4 degrees C and 85-95% relative humidity. During storage th ...
DOI:
10.1080/01904169809365572

6. A novel α‐amylase gene is transiently upregulated during low temperature exposure in apple fruit

Author:
Teresa Wegrzyn; Katrina Reilly; Guido Cipriani; Peter Murphy; Richard Newcomb; Richard Gardner; Elspeth MacRae
Source:
European journal of biochemistry 2000 v.267 no.5 pp. 1313-1322
ISSN:
0014-2956
Subject:
Magnoliopsida; alpha-amylase; amino acid composition; apples; fruiting; gene expression; gene expression regulation; genes; messenger RNA; phylogeny; plant tissues; potatoes; proteins; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; signal peptide; starch; temperature
Abstract:
... An α‐amylase gene product was isolated from apple fruit by reverse‐transcriptase PCR using redundant primers, followed by 5′ and 3′ RACE. The gene is a member of a small gene family. It encodes a putative 46.9 kDa protein that is most similar to an α‐amylase gene from potato (GenBank accession M79328). In apple fruit this new gene was expressed at low levels, as detected by reverse†...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01087.x

7. Water relations, photosynthesis, growth, yield and fruit size of ‘Braeburn’ apple: Responses to deficit irrigation and to crop load

Author:
Bussakorn Mpelasoka; M. H. Behboudian; Tessa Mills
Source:
Journal of horticultural science & biotechnology 2001 v.76 no.2 pp. 150-156
ISSN:
2380-4084
Subject:
apples; biotechnology; deficit irrigation; fruit size; fruit weight; fruiting; fruits; horticulture; photosynthesis; turgor; water potential
Abstract:
... Interactions were investigated between irrigation and crop load on photosynthesis, fruit growth and size, and fruit water relations of ‘Braeburn’ apple. The irrigation treatments were a commercially irrigated control (CI) and deficit irrigation (DI) applied throughout the season. The crop load treatments were commercial crop load (CCL) having six fruit per cm² of trunk cross-sectional area and lig ...
DOI:
10.1080/14620316.2001.11511342

8. The effect of selective picking on the harvest fruit size distribution of ‘Royal Gala‘ apples

Author:
A. J. Hall; D.S. Tustin; H.N. De Silva; C.J. Stanley
Source:
Journal of horticultural science & biotechnology 2001 v.76 no.4 pp. 424-430
ISSN:
2380-4084
Subject:
apples; biotechnology; color; fruit size; fruiting; fruits; harvest date; horticulture; models; standard deviation; New Zealand
Abstract:
... The size distribution of fruit on an apple tree on any potential harvest date can be estimated by measuring a sample of fruit early in the season and projecting forward in time using standard growth curves. However, ‘Royal Gala‘ apples grown in New Zealand are picked in multiple harvests spread over about three weeks, so the overall size distribution of harvested fruit can differ significantly fro ...
DOI:
10.1080/14620316.2001.11511388

9. Carbon balance modeling approaches to integrating the effects of foliar pests, environment, and cultural practices in apples

Author:
Lakso, A.N.; Nyrop, J.P.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2002 v. no.584 pp. 221-228
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Panonychus ulmi; apples; carbon; crops; dry matter accumulation; fruiting; integrated pest management; leaves; mites; models; pests; tree growth; trees
Abstract:
... A basic tenet of integrated pest management (IPM) is that many crop plants can tolerate some threshold level of leaf injury from foliar pests before the crop is affected. In practice, foliar pests are monitored, and pesticides are used only when pests reach a density that is thought to cause too much damage. Sound monitoring methods for many pests have been developed, but our understanding of plan ...

10. Fruit position on the tree affects development of anthocyanin and fruit quality in wax apple

Author:
Shü, Zen-Hong
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2002 v. no.575 pp. -
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
anthocyanins; harvesting; canopy; apples; fruits; total soluble solids; fruit quality; trees; color; Syzygium; fruiting; shoots
Abstract:
... Twenty-one-year-old 'Pink' wax apple (Syzygium samarangene, Merr. et Perry) trees with bald cut cultivation system were used for this study. Fruits and fruiting shoots were harvested at commercial maturity in late December. Fruit position on the tree had a marked influence on fruit quality of the wax apple. Fruit on the lower trunk had the heaviest weight and largest volume of fruit tested from 9 ...

11. Penetration of calcium chloride into apple fruits as affected by stage of fruit development

Author:
Schlegel, T.K.; Schonherr, J.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2002 v. no.594 pp. 527-533
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; calcium chloride; fruiting; fruits; humidity; stomata; trichomes
Abstract:
... Using a fruit disc method penetration of 45CaCl2 across apple fruit surfaces (Malus x domestica cv. Golden Delicious) was studied during fruit development in 1999. The donor solutions contained 5 g L-1 CaCl2 and 0.2 g L-1 Glucopon 215 CSUP as wetter. A small droplet (5 µl) was applied to each fruit disc and allowed to dry within 1 h. Penetration was followed from the hydrated salt residue on the f ...

12. The effect of calcium and zinc sprays on the texture of "Cox's Orange Pippin" apples in controlled atmosphere storage

Author:
Johnson, D.S.; Dover, C.J.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2002 v. no.594 pp. 427-433
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
alcohols; apples; calcium; cell division; cell walls; controlled atmosphere storage; energy; firmness; fruit yield; fruiting; mechanical properties; nutrition; oxygen; spraying; texture; trees; zinc
Abstract:
... In 1996 and 1998 sprays containing 1 ml L-1 of ‘Zintrac’ (70% w/v Zn) or 10 ml L-1 of ‘Stopit’ (16% w/v Ca) were applied at 500 L ha-1 to apple tree of cv Cox Orange Pippin trees during the cell division or cell expansion phase of fruit development. In 1996, early and late Zn sprays increased Zn concentration in the cortical tissue by 61 and 50 µg 100 g-1 fresh weight respectively. Late Ca sprays ...

13. Abscisic acid activates ATPase in developing apple fruit especially in fruit phloem cells

Author:
Peng, Y.B.; Lu, Y.F.; Zhang, D.P.
Source:
Plant, cell and environment 2003 v.26 no.8 pp. 1329-1342
ISSN:
0140-7791
Subject:
source-sink relationships; alkaline phosphatase; enantiomers; apples; phloem; binding sites; cell membranes; phloem loading; Malus domestica; abscisic acid; pH; enzyme activity; fruiting; adenosinetriphosphatase
Abstract:
... Abscisic acid (ABA) improves the sink strength by promoting the phloem unloading and regulating the assimilate metabolism in the economic sink organs of crops, although its mechanism remains unknown. The present experiment, using the techniques of the in vivo injection of ABA into the intact apple fruit attached to a growing apple tree and the in vivo incubation of the fruit tissue in the ABA-cont ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.01057.x

14. Dependence of stiffness of apples on and off the tree on their maturity and water potential

Author:
Landahl, Sandra; Linden, Veerle van; Baerdemaeker, Josse de
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2003 v. no.599 pp. 421-427
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
turgor; shelf life; apples; fruits; total soluble solids; water potential; fruit maturity; starch; fruit quality; firmness; color; fruit trees; fruiting; nondestructive methods; Northern European region
Abstract:
... To fulfil the demand for quality fruit around the year, apples are stored. The shelf life of the fruit depends on the status of the apples at the point of harvest. For measuring the quality of apples the starch degradation, the soluble solids content and the Magness-Taylor- (MT ) firmness test are commonly used in Northern Europe. Favourable tools to determine the status of fruit on the tree are n ...

15. Developmental stages affect characteristics of wax apple fruit skin discs cultured with sucrose—with special reference to color

Author:
Chang, Y.J.; Chung, M.Y.; Tseng, M.N.; Chu, C.C.; Shu, Z.H.
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2003 v.98 no.4 pp. 397-407
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
anthocyanins; flowering; apples; fruits; total soluble solids; sucrose; color; Syzygium; chlorophyll; fruiting
Abstract:
... Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense Merr. & Perry) fruit skin discs from different fruit development stages incubated with and without sucrose showed differential effects on diameter, weight, soluble solids (SSs) and skin color. Diameter, weight and chlorophyll content declined, while SSs and anthocyanin concentrations increased in a sucrose medium. Both SS and anthocyanin concentrations in the sucro ...
DOI:
10.1016/S0304-4238(03)00041-4

16. Low ethylene CA induces adverse effects on the quality of Queen Cox apples treated with AVG during fruit development

Author:
Johnson, David S.; Colgan, Richard J.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2003 v. no.600 pp. 441-448
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
additive effect; adverse effects; aminoethoxyvinylglycine; apples; carbon dioxide; controlled atmosphere storage; ethylene; ethylene production; firmness; fruiting; fruits; oxygen; trees
Abstract:
... Ethylene scrubbing of Cox stores reduces fruit softening when used in combination with treatments that reduce ethylene production such as orchard sprays of daminozide or pre-storage treatment with high CO2. However, such treatments are injurious to the fruit when stored for long periods. Experiments were carried out to determine the effects of sprays containing AVG (aminoethoxyvinylglycine) on the ...

17. Low ethylene controlled atmosphere induces adverse effects on the quality of ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples treated with aminoethoxyvinylglycine during fruit development

Author:
Johnson, D.S.; Colgan, R.J.
Source:
Postharvest biology and technology 2003 v.27 no.1 pp. 59–68
ISSN:
0925-5214
Subject:
harvesting; carbon dioxide; ethylene; orchards; apples; fruits; fruiting; ethylene production; daminozide; firmness; containers; fruit trees; adverse effects; aminoethoxyvinylglycine
Abstract:
... Ethylene scrubbing of stores containing ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ (‘Cox’) apples reduces fruit softening when used in combination with treatments that reduce ethylene production such as orchard sprays with daminozide or pre-storage treatment with high CO2. However, such treatments are injurious to the fruit when stored for long periods. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sprays ...
DOI:
10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00188-6

18. Resistance of Geneva and Other Apple Rootstocks to Erwinia amylovora

Author:
Norelli, J.L.; Holleran, H.T.; Johnson, W.C.; Robinson, T.L.; Aldwinckle, H.S.
Source:
Plant disease 2003 v.87 no.1 pp. 26-32
ISSN:
0191-2917
Subject:
Erwinia amylovora; apples; breeding; clones; disease resistance; fruiting; greenhouses; host-pathogen relationships; rootstocks; shoots; tree mortality; trees
Abstract:
... When vigorously growing shoots of 49 different apple rootstocks grown in a greenhouse were inoculated with different strains of Erwinia amylovora, Budagovsky 9 (B.9), Ottawa 3, Malling 9, and Malling 26 were the most fire blight susceptible rootstocks and Geneva 11, Geneva 65, Geneva 16, Geneva 30, Pillnitzer Au51-11, Malling 7, and several breeding selections were the most resistant. Significant ...
DOI:
10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.1.26

19. Structure and expression of spermidine synthase genes in apple: two cDNAs are spatially and developmentally regulated through alternative splicing

Author:
Zhang, Z.; Honda, C.; Kita, M.; Hu, C.; Nakayama, M.; Moriguchi, T.
Source:
Molecular genetics and genomics 2003 v.268 no.6 pp. 799-807
ISSN:
1617-4615
Subject:
messenger RNA; alternative splicing; apples; complementary DNA; spermidine; spermine; amino acid sequences; gene expression; putrescine; nucleotide sequences; Malus domestica; chemical constituents of plants; alkyl (aryl) transferases; fruiting; leaves; shoots
PubMed:
12655406

20. Causes and effects of changes in xylem functionality in apple fruit

Author:
Drazeta, L.; Lang, A.; Hall, A.J.; Volz, R.K.; Jameson, P.E.
Source:
Annals of botany 2004 v.93 no.3 pp. 275-282
ISSN:
0305-7364
Subject:
apples; Malus domestica; cultivars; fruiting; xylem; vascular bundles; disease resistance; bitter pit; calcium
Abstract:
... Background and Aims: The xylem in fruit of a number of species becomes dysfunctional as the fruit develops, resulting in a reduction of xylem inflow to the fruit. Such a reduction may have consequential effects on the mineral balance of the fruit. The aim of this study was to elucidate the dynamics and nature of xylem failure in developing apples (Malus domestica) showing differing susceptibilitie ...
DOI:
10.1093/aob/mch040
PubMed:
14988096
PubMed Central:
PMC4242201

21. Evidence for apoplasmic phloem unloading in developing apple fruit

Author:
Zhang, L.Y.; Peng, Y.B.; Pelleschi-Travier, S.; Fan, Y.; Lu, Y.F.; Lu, Y.M.; Gao, X.P.; Shen, Y.Y.; Delrot, S.; Zhang, D.P.
Source:
Plant physiology 2004 v.135 no.1 pp. 574-586
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
apples; H-transporting ATPase; monosaccharides; transporters; Malus domestica; sieve elements; phloem companion cells; fruit crops; plasma membrane; fruit trees; fruiting
Abstract:
... The phloem unloading pathway remains unclear in fleshy fruits accumulating a high level of soluble sugars. A structural investigation in apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh. cv Golden Delicious) showed that the sieve element-companion cell complex of the sepal bundles feeding the fruit flesh is symplasmically isolated over fruit development. 14C-autoradiography indicated that the phloem of the sepa ...
DOI:
10.1104/pp.103.036632
PubMed:
15122035
PubMed Central:
PMC429418

22. Individual and combined effects of shading and thinning chemicals on abscission and dry-matter accumulation of ‘Royal Gala’ apple fruit

Author:
S. Mcartney; M. White; I. Latter; J. Campbell
Source:
Journal of horticultural science & biotechnology 2004 v.79 no.3 pp. 441-448
ISSN:
2380-4084
Subject:
apples; biotechnology; carbaryl; fruit drop; fruiting; fruits; horticulture; orchards; plant density; sulfur; wood
Abstract:
... Shade and chemical thinning treatments were applied to mature ‘Royal Gala’/M.26 apple trees either alone or in combination to study their effects on the pattern of abscission and growth of spur fruit. Natural fruit drop occurred in two distinct waves in both years; the first wave peaked 20 d after bloom (DAB) at a weekly abscission rate of c 15% in both years. The second wave of fruit drop in 2001 ...
DOI:
10.1080/14620316.2004.11511787

23. Influence of subclones of m.9 and p.22 and new polish-bred rootstocks on growth and yields of 'Jonagold' and 'Ligol' apple trees

Author:
Czynczyk, A.; Bielicki, P.; Bartosiewicz, B.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2004 no.658 pp. 129-133
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
apples; clones; cultivars; dwarfing; field experimentation; fruiting; rootstocks; trees; vigor
Abstract:
... The influence of subclones of M.9 and P 22 and new Polish rootstocks P 59, P 60, P 61 and P 62 on growth and fruiting was studied in a field experiment during 7 years. Rootstocks were grafted with Jonagold and Ligol cultivars. Tree vigour on M.9 subclones was very close to that on standard M.9 EMLA. Trees grafted on the Polish rootstock P 62 were much weaker than those on M.9 EMLA. Tree vigour on ...

24. Loss of highly branched arabinans and debranching of rhamnogalacturonan I accompany loss of firm texture and cell separation during prolonged storage of apple

Author:
Pena, M.J.; Carpita, N.C.
Source:
Plant physiology 2004 v.135 no.3 pp. 1305-1313
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
cultivars; cell adhesion; glycosidic linkages; apples; monosaccharides; storage; cell walls; hardness; Malus domestica; carbohydrate composition; ripening; fruit crops; polysaccharides; fruiting
Abstract:
... Growth and maturation of the edible cortical cells of apples (Malus domestica Borkh) are accompanied by a selective loss of pectin-associated (1 leads to 4)-beta-D-galactan from the cell walls, whereas a selective loss of highly branched (1 leads to 5)-alpha-L-arabinans occurs after ripening and in advance of the loss of firm texture. The selective loss of highly branched arabinans occurs during t ...
DOI:
10.1104/pp.104.043679
PubMed:
15247384
PubMed Central:
PMC519049

25. Modelling the effects of wetness duration and fruit maturity on infection of apple fruits of Cox's Orange Pippin and two clones of Gala by Venturia inaequalis

Author:
Xu, X.M.; Robinson, J.
Source:
Plant pathology 2005 v.54 no.3 pp. 347-356
ISSN:
0032-0862
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; fruit crops; fruiting; host plants; Venturia inaequalis; plant pathogenic fungi; scab diseases; fungal diseases of plants; disease resistance; statistical models; host-pathogen relationships; pathogenicity; logit analysis
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01177.x

26. Spectral measurements on 'Elstar' apples during fruit development on the tree

Author:
Herold, B.; Truppel, I.; Zude, M.; Geyer, M.
Source:
Biosystems engineering 2005 v.91 no.2 pp. 173-182
ISSN:
1537-5110
Subject:
spectrophotometers; harvest date; apples; portable equipment; maturity stage; ripening; spectral analysis; Malus domestica; measurement; fruiting
Abstract:
... Monitoring of apple fruit development on the tree is necessary for determination of optimum harvest date. The current method is to pick several times during fruit development fruit samples and to analyse them in a destructive way. Sufficient experience is necessary to correctly interpret the results of analyses. Appreciable errors can occur, if an apple cultivar shows high variability in fruit mat ...

27. Changes of contents and antioxidant activities of polyphenols during fruit development of four apple cultivars

Author:
Jiang, Hui; Ji, Baoping; Liang, Jiangfen; Zhou, Feng; Yang, Zhiwei; Zhang, Guizhi
Source:
European food research & technology 2006 v.223 no.6 pp. 743-748
ISSN:
1438-2377
Subject:
antioxidant activity; apples; chlorogenic acid; cultivars; fruiting; polymers; polyphenols
Abstract:
... Polyphenols are functional components in apples and can be separated into four groups by Sephadex LH-20 as epicatechin, procyanidolic oligomers, chlorogenic acid and procyanidolic polymers. Antioxidant activities of each group were determined by FRAP and DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was found that procyanidolic oligomers and procyanidolic polymers influenced the total polyphenols content (mea ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00217-006-0262-8

28. Effect of late Spring defruiting on net CO₂ exchange and leaf area development in apple tree canopies

Author:
M. Victor Reyes; Joan Girona; Jordi Marsal
Source:
Journal of horticultural science & biotechnology 2006 v.81 no.4 pp. 575-582
ISSN:
2380-4084
Subject:
apples; biotechnology; canopy; carbon dioxide; flowering; fruiting; fruits; gas exchange; horticulture; leaf area; leaf conductance; leaves; rootstocks; solar radiation; spring; vegetative growth; water potential
Abstract:
... The influence of defruiting on vegetative development and its implications for the time response of canopy net CO₂ exchange rate (NCERcanopy), transpiration (Tcanopy) and midday stem water potential (ₛₜₑₘ) were analysed during the last 4 months of apple fruit development. Two crop-load treatments were applied 2 months after full bloom: defruited (DF) and fruited (F). The latter did not receive any ...
DOI:
10.1080/14620316.2006.11512108

29. Expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in apple skin: Effect of UV-B and temperature

Author:
Ubi, B.E.; Honda, C.; Bessho, H.; Kondo, S.; Wada, M.; Kobayashi, S.; Moriguchi, T.
Source:
Plant science 2006 v.170 no.3 pp. 571-578
ISSN:
0168-9452
Subject:
anthocyanins; cultivars; messenger RNA; ultraviolet radiation; apples; naringenin-chalcone synthase; biosynthesis; high performance liquid chromatography; ripening; Malus domestica; gene expression regulation; fruiting; plant proteins
DOI:
10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.10.009

30. Identification of Genes with Potential Roles in Apple Fruit Development and Biochemistry through Large-Scale Statistical Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags

Author:
Park, Sunchung; Sugimoto, Nobuko; Larson, Matthew D.; Beaudry, Randy; van Nocker, Steven
Source:
Plant physiology 2006 v.141 no.3 pp. 811-824
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
sequence analysis; cultivars; biosynthesis; apples; biotic stress; complementary DNA; fruits; developmental stages; fruiting; expressed sequence tags; biochemical pathways; flavor; cDNA libraries; esters; Malus domestica; statistical analysis; odors; algorithms; databases
Abstract:
... Advanced studies of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) development, physiology, and biochemistry have been hampered by the lack of appropriate genomics tools. One exception is the recent acquisition of extensive expressed sequence tag (EST) data. The entire available EST dataset for apple resulted from the efforts of at least 20 contributors and was derived from more than 70 cDNA libraries representing ...
DOI:
10.1104/pp.106.080994
PubMed:
16825339
PubMed Central:
PMC1489918

31. A 3D model for simulating the spatial and temporal distribution of temperature within ellipsoidal fruit

Author:
Saudreau, M.; Sinoquet, H.; Santin, O.; Marquier, A.; Adam, B.; Longuenesse, J.J.; Guilioni, L.; Chelle, M.
Source:
Agricultural and forest meteorology 2007 v.147 no.1-2 pp. 1-15
ISSN:
0168-1923
Subject:
temporal variation; membrane permeability; mathematical models; apples; peaches; equations; microclimate; physical models; Prunus persica; diffusion; spatial variation; Malus domestica; temperature; shape; heat transfer; water vapor; fruiting
DOI:
10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.06.006

32. Concentrations and characteristics of procyanidins and other phenolics in apples during fruit growth

Author:
Renard, C.M.G.C.; Dupont, N.; Guillermin, P.
Source:
Phytochemistry 2007 v.68 no.8 pp. 1128-1138
ISSN:
0031-9422
Subject:
cultivars; plant growth; apples; quantitative analysis; procyanidins; chemical composition; coumaric acids; chalcones; Malus domestica; fruiting
Abstract:
... Apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) of two table and two cider cultivars were collected during fruit growth and maturation from the end of cell proliferation. Concentrations of flavonoids (flavan-3-ols, dihydrochalcones and flavonols) in the fruit flesh decreased sharply between circa 35 and circa 100 days after flowering. For hydroxycinnamic acids, the decrease appeared slower. In a second experiment ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.02.012
PubMed:
17400262

33. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Pre-Harvest Calcium Applications for Bitter Pit Control in 'Golden Delicious' Apples Under South African Conditions

Author:
Lotze, E.; Theron, K.I.
Source:
Journal of plant nutrition 2007 v.30 no.1-3 pp. 471-485
ISSN:
0190-4167
Subject:
application timing; calcium nitrate; apples; bitter pit; calcium fertilizers; postharvest diseases; calcium; foliar application; cell division; plant cultural practices; Malus domestica; fruiting; disease incidence; South Africa
Abstract:
... Pre-harvest foliar applications to increase fruit calcium (Ca) content and reduce bitter pit incidence, is a standard practice world wide. We re-evaluated the effectiveness of early season applications versus late applications of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) to reduce bitter pit in 'Golden Delicious,' under the present environmental conditions of the Western Cape, South Africa. Two periods of effici ...

34. Fruit load and elevation affect ethylene biosynthesis and action in apple fruit (Malus domestica L. Borkh) during development, maturation and ripening

Author:
CIN, VALERIANO DAL; DANESIN, MARCELLO; BOTTON, ALESSANDRO; BOSCHETTI, ANDREA; DORIGONI, ALBERTO; RAMINA, ANGELO
Source:
Plant, cell and environment 2007 v.30 no.11 pp. 1480-1485
ISSN:
0140-7791
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; enzymes; ethylene; ethylene production; fruiting; fruits; hormones; orchards; receptors; ripening; trees
Abstract:
... The influence of internal and external factors such as tree fruit load and elevation on ethylene biosynthesis and action was assessed during apple fruit development and ripening. Ethylene biosynthesis, as well as transcript accumulation of the hormone biosynthetic enzymes (MdACS1 and MdACO1), receptors (MdETR1 and MdERS1) and an element of the transduction pathway (MdCTR1), were evaluated in apple ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01723.x
PubMed:
17897417

35. Host plant and latitude-related diapause variation in Rhagoletis pomonella: a test for multifaceted life history adaptation on different stages of diapause development

Author:
DAMBROSKI, H.R.; FEDER, J.L.
Source:
Journal of evolutionary biology 2007 v.20 no.6 pp. 2101-2112
ISSN:
1010-061X
Subject:
Rhagoletis pomonella; apples; diapause; environmental factors; fruiting; host plants; life history; mortality; overwintering; phenology; pupae; races; rearing; reproductive isolation; seasonal variation; sibling species; sympatry
Abstract:
... Variation in the overwintering pupal diapause of Rhagoletis pomonella appears to adapt sympatric populations of the fly to seasonal differences in the fruiting times of their host plants, generating ecological reproductive isolation. Here, we investigate what aspects of diapause development are differentially affected (1) by comparing the propensities of apple vs. hawthorn-infesting host races of ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01435.x
PubMed:
17956381

36. Microarray analysis of apple gene expression engaged in early fruit development

Author:
Young-Pyo Lee; Gyung-Hee Yu; Young Sam Seo; Sang Eun Han; Yeon-Ok Choi; Daeil Kim; Il-Gin Mok; Woo Taek Kim; Soon-Kee Sung
Source:
Plant cell reports 2007 v.26 no.7 pp. 917-926
ISSN:
0721-7714
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; cell differentiation; cell growth; clones; complementary DNA; early development; flowers; fruiting; fruits; gene expression; gene expression regulation; leaves; photosynthesis; protein synthesis; stress response
Abstract:
... To evaluate gene expressions mostly engaged in early development of apple fruit, we performed the identification of transcripts differentially expressed in young fruit by using microarrays spotted with 6,253 cDNAs collected from young and mature apple fruits of the cultivar Fuji (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji). A total of 3,484 cDNAs out of 6,253 were selected after quality control of microarray ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00299-007-0308-9
PubMed:
17294193

37. Patterns of enzymatic activity of cell wall-modifying enzymes during growth and ripening of apples

Author:
Goulao, L.F.; Santos, J.; Sousa, I. de; Oliveira, C.M.
Source:
Postharvest biology and technology 2007 v.43 no.3 pp. 307-318
ISSN:
0925-5214
Subject:
enzyme activity; cell walls; fruit quality; firmness; fruiting; enzymes; apples; cell wall components; expansins; fruit composition; pectins; postharvest physiology; esterification
Abstract:
... Fruit softening is thought to result from extensive cell wall modifications that occur during ripening. These modifications are the result, at least in part, of the activity of members of cell wall-modifying enzymes from the same families involved in the cell wall loosening which promote tissue extension and growth. In this work, the activities of a set of pectolytic and non-pectolytic cell wall-m ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.10.002

38. Red colouration in apple fruit is due to the activity of the MYB transcription factor, MdMYB10

Author:
Espley, Richard V.; Hellens, Roger P.; Putterill, Jo; Stevenson, David E.; Kutty-Amma, Sumathi; Allan, Andrew C.
Source:
plant journal 2007 v.49 no.3 pp. 414-427
ISSN:
0960-7412
Subject:
Malus domestica; anthocyanins; apples; basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors; biosynthesis; breeding; color; cortex; cultivars; fruiting; fruits; gene expression; genes; germplasm; leaves; new variety; tobacco; transcription (genetics)
Abstract:
... Anthocyanin concentration is an important determinant of the colour of many fruits. In apple (Malus x domestica), centuries of breeding have produced numerous varieties in which levels of anthocyanin pigment vary widely and change in response to environmental and developmental stimuli. The apple fruit cortex is usually colourless, although germplasm does exist where the cortex is highly pigmented ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02964.x
PubMed:
17181777
PubMed Central:
PMC1865000

39. Survey of the expression of genes for ethylene synthesis and perception during maturation and ripening of 'Sunrise' and 'Golden Delicious' apple fruit

Author:
Wiersma, P.A.; Zhang, H.; Lu, C.; Quail, A.; Toivonen, P.M.A.
Source:
Postharvest biology and technology 2007 v.44 no.3 pp. 204-211
ISSN:
0925-5214
Subject:
gene expression; ethylene; ethylene production; synthesis; maturity stage; fruiting; ripening; genes; cultivars; nucleotide sequences; Malus domestica; apples; postharvest physiology; food storage; storage quality; sensory properties
Abstract:
... Ethylene is important in the ripening of apple fruit and different cultivars of apple show very different ripening patterns. The patterns of expression of the currently known genes for ethylene synthesis and perception in apple were examined for the summer apple, 'Sunrise' (SR), and the later season 'Golden Delicious' (GD). Comparisons were made during the last 4 weeks of maturation on the tree an ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.12.016

40. Tissue-specific expression of SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE in apple fruit during early development

Author:
Nosarzewski, Marta; Archbold, Douglas D.
Source:
Journal of experimental botany 2007 v.58 no.7 pp. 1863-1872
ISSN:
0022-0957
Subject:
L-iditol dehydrogenase; Malus domestica; apples; cortex; early development; enzyme activity; fructose; fruiting; fruits; gene expression; gene expression regulation; genes; isozymes; plant proteins; seeds; sorbitol
Abstract:
... Sorbitol, the primary photosynthate and translocated carbohydrate in apple (Malusxdomestica Borkh.), is converted to fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH; EC 1.1.1.14) which is active in apple fruit throughout development. In the apple genome, nine SDH genes have been isolated and their sequences characterized, but their individual expression patterns during apple fruit set and development have ...
DOI:
10.1093/jxb/erm048
PubMed:
17404378

41. Virulence and the Production of Endo-1,4-β-glucanase by Isolates of Alternaria alternata Involved in the Moldy-core Disease of Apples

Author:
Reuveni, M.; Sheglov, N.; Eshel, D.; Prusky, D.; Ben-Arie, R.
Source:
Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 2007 v.155 no.1 pp. 50-55
ISSN:
0931-1785
Subject:
Alternaria alternata; apples; cell walls; cellulose; cultivars; flowering; fruiting; fruits; fungi; gels; growing media; molecular weight; orchards; pathogens; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; virulence; Israel
Abstract:
... Alternaria alternata, is the predominant fungal pathogen responsible for moldy-core in apple cultivars of the Red Delicious group. Here we report on the association between virulence of natural isolates of A. alternata, their production of endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EG) and moldy-core development in apple fruits. Based on decay development following wound inoculations of mature fruits, three of 150 iso ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1439-0434.2006.01201.x

42. The effect of reflective foil and hail nets on the lighting, color and anthocyanins of 'Fuji' apple

Author:
Jakopic, J.; Veberic, R.; Stampar, F.
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2007 v.115 no.1 pp. 40-46
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
anthocyanins; harvest date; orchards; plastic film mulches; canopy; apples; photosynthetically active radiation; cyanidin; light intensity; color; Malus domestica; chemical constituents of plants; nets (equipment); fruiting
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2007.07.014

43. Development of aroma-synthesising capacity throughout fruit maturation of ‘Mondial Gala’ apples

Author:
I. Lara; A. Ortiz; G. Echeverría; M. L. López; J. Graell
Source:
Journal of horticultural science & biotechnology 2008 v.83 no.2 pp. 253-259
ISSN:
2380-4084
Subject:
acyltransferases; apples; biotechnology; enzyme activity; esterification; esters; fruiting; horticulture; multivariate analysis; odors; volatile compounds
Abstract:
... Emission of aroma volatile compounds (AVCs) and the activity of some related enzymes were monitored during on-tree maturation of ‘Mondial Gala’ apples. Volatile esters were quantitatively prominent among the AVCs identified throughout the experiment and, in most cases, their production increased noticeably during the later stages of fruit development. However, the activity of alcohol o-acyltransfe ...
DOI:
10.1080/14620316.2008.11512377

44. Dissecting apple tree architecture into genetic, ontogenetic and environmental effects: mixed linear modelling of repeated spatial and temporal measures

Author:
Vincent Segura; Christian Cilas; Evelyne Costes
Source:
new phytologist 2008 v.178 no.2 pp. 302-314
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; branching; climatic factors; fruiting; genotype; linear models; ontogeny; planting; progeny; quantitative trait loci; trees
Abstract:
... • The present study aimed to dissect tree architectural plasticity into genetic, ontogenetic and environmental effects over the first 4 yr of growth of an apple (Malus × domestica) F1 progeny by means of mixed linear modelling of repeated data. • Traits related to both growth and branching processes were annually assessed on different axes of the trees planted in a staggered‐start design. Both spa ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02374.x
PubMed:
18248585

45. Distribution and metabolism of ascorbic acid in apple fruits (Malus domestica Borkh cv. Gala)

Author:
Li, Ming-Jun; Ma, Feng-Wang; Zhang, Min; Pu, Fei
Source:
Plant science 2008 v.174 no.6 pp. 606-612
ISSN:
0168-9452
Subject:
apples; glutathione-disulfide reductase; ascorbate peroxidase; tissue distribution; glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate); ripening; Malus domestica; enzyme activity; amino acid metabolism; fruiting; ascorbic acid
Abstract:
... The objective of this study was to determine ascorbic acid (AsA) distribution, biosynthesis and recycling in different tissues of young and mature fruit of cv. Gala apple (Malus domestica Borkh). Our results showed that the peel of 'Gala' apple had the highest AsA levels among all the tissue types, which resulted from a combination of, lower ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activity consum ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.03.008

46. Identification and characterisation of primary microRNAs from apple (Malus domestica cv. Royal Gala) expressed sequence tags

Author:
Gleave, Andrew P.; Ampomah-Dwamena, Charles; Berthold, Susann; Dejnoprat, Supinya; Karunairetnam, Sakuntala; Nain, Bhawana; Wang, Yen-Yi; Crowhurst, Ross N.; MacDiarmid, Robin M.
Source:
Tree genetics & genomes 2008 v.4 no.2 pp. 343-358
ISSN:
1614-2942
Subject:
proteins; messenger RNA; Arabidopsis; apples; flowering; rice; data collection; acids; expressed sequence tags; gene expression; microRNA; Malus domestica; fruiting; leaves
Abstract:
... Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that play important regulatory roles by down-regulating target transcripts in a sequence-specific manner. The miRBase Registry (Release 8.2) lists 732 miRNAs from flowering plant species, with the majority identified from Arabidopsis, rice and poplar where genome sequence is available. In the absence of genomic sequence and on the basis th ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11295-007-0113-1

47. Preharvest Lipophilic Coatings Reduce Lenticel Breakdown Disorder in 'Gala' Apples

Author:
Curry, Eric A.; Torres, Carolina; Neubauer, Luis
Source:
HortTechnology 2008 v.18 no.4 pp. 690-696
ISSN:
1063-0198
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; preharvest treatment; edible films; storage time; harvest date; diameter; signs and symptoms (plants); postharvest diseases; temporal variation; water stress; drought; air temperature; relative humidity; hydrophobicity; disease incidence; application timing; application methods; fruiting
Abstract:
... Lenticel breakdown disorder (LB), most prevalent on 'Gala' (Malus x domestica) apples, especially in arid regions, has also been observed on other common cultivars. Depending on the preharvest environment, fruit maturity, and length of storage, LB usually appears as one or more round, darkened pits, centered on a lenticel, ranging in diameter from 1 to 8 mm. Symptoms are not visible at harvest nor ...
Handle:
10113/35802

48. The shaded side of apple fruit becomes more sensitive to photoinhibition with fruit development

Author:
Li, Pengmin; Cheng, Lailiang
Source:
Physiologia plantarum 2008 v.134 no.2 pp. 282-292
ISSN:
0031-9317
Subject:
antioxidants; apples; ascorbate peroxidase; developmental stages; fruit peels; fruiting; fruits; glutathione; glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate); glutathione-disulfide reductase; monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH); photoinhibition; photostability; photosystem II; superoxide dismutase
Abstract:
... Developmental changes of photochemical and non-photochemical processes and the antioxidant system in the shaded peel vs the sun-exposed peel of 'Gala' apple and their responses to sudden exposure of high light were determined to understand the susceptibility of the shaded peel to high light damage with fruit development. As fruit developed, actual PSII efficiency of the shaded peel decreased, wher ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01131.x
PubMed:
18494860

49. Characterization of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase multigene family of Malus domestica Borkh

Author:
Binnie, Jan E.; McManus, Michael T.
Source:
Phytochemistry 2009 v.70 no.3 pp. 348-360
ISSN:
0031-9422
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase; multigene family; molecular cloning; complementary DNA; gene expression regulation; tissue distribution; leaf development; fruiting; Southern blotting; translation (genetics); enzyme kinetics; seasonal variation; amino acid sequences
Abstract:
... Two 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACO) genes have been cloned from RNA isolated from leaf tissue of apple (Malus domestica cv. Royal Gala). The genes, designated MD-ACO2 (with an ORF of 990 bp) and MD-ACO3 (966 bp) have been compared with a previously cloned gene of apple, MD-ACO1 (with an ORF of 942 bp). MD-ACO1 and MD-ACO2 share a close nucleotide sequence identity of 93.9 ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.01.002
PubMed:
19223050

50. Cloning and expression of the major allergen genes in apple fruit

Author:
G. Pagliarani; R. Paris; S. Tartarini; S. Sansavini
Source:
Journal of horticultural science & biotechnology 2009 v.84 no.6 pp. 176-181
ISSN:
2380-4084
Subject:
allergenicity; allergens; apples; biotechnology; cultivars; diet; fruiting; gene expression; genes; genotype; horticulture
Abstract:
... Apple, the most common fruit in European and North American diets, can cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, and genes for four families of apple allergens have been identified to date: Mal d 1, Mal d 2, Mal d 3, and Mal d 4. Our remit was to evaluate the effects of genotype, tissue, and stage of fruit development on the expression of these allergen genes and, hence, on the potentia ...
DOI:
10.1080/14620316.2009.11512617

51. Co-ordination of early and late ripening events in apples is regulated through differential sensitivities to ethylene

Author:
Johnston, Jason W.; Gunaseelan, Kularajathaven; Pidakala, Paul; Wang, Mindy; Schaffer, Robert J.
Source:
Journal of experimental botany 2009 v.60 no.9 pp. 2689-2699
ISSN:
0022-0957
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; biosynthesis; esters; ethylene; fruiting; fruits; models; ripening; starch; sugars
Abstract:
... In this study, it is shown that anti-sense suppression of Malus domestica 1-AMINO-CYCLOPROPANE-CARBOXYLASE OXIDASE (MdACO1) resulted in fruit with an ethylene production sufficiently low to be able to assess ripening in the absence of ethylene. Exposure of these fruit to different concentrations of exogenous ethylene showed that flesh softening, volatile biosynthesis, and starch degradation, had d ...
DOI:
10.1093/jxb/erp122
PubMed:
19429839
PubMed Central:
PMC2692014

52. Effect of climate change on pome fruit phenology at Klein-Altendorf - based on 50 years of meteorological and phenological records

Author:
Blanke, Michael; Kunz, Achim
Source:
Erwerbsobstbau 2009 v.51 no.3 pp. 101-114
ISSN:
0014-0309
Subject:
air temperature; apples; atmospheric precipitation; climate change; climatic zones; cultivars; flowering; frost; fruit drop; fruit growing; fruiting; harvest date; leaves; meteorological data; pears; phenology; risk; soil; spring; summer; trees; vegetation; winter; Germany
Abstract:
... This project examines the effects of climate change on pome fruit phenology at Klein-Altendorf in the Rhineland fruit-growing region in the West of Germany, using 50 years of weather data and phenology records, including beginning of flowering (F1), full bloom (F2), harvest date and leaf drop of apple and pear, with the following results: 1. Fifty years of weather records and pome phenology data s ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10341-009-0086-3

53. Response of female oriental fruit moth to volatiles from apple and peach trees at three phenological stages

Author:
Piñero, Jaime C.; Dorn, Silvia
Source:
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 2009 v.131 no.1 pp. 67-74
ISSN:
0013-8703
Subject:
Cydia; Grapholita molesta; Malus domestica; Prunus persica; apples; bioassays; branches; developmental stages; females; fruit trees; fruiting; fruits; growing season; host plants; leaves; moths; peaches; phenology; plant tissues; shoots; spring
Abstract:
... The attractiveness of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh.) (both Rosaceae) tissue to gravid female oriental fruit moth, Grapholita (= Cydia) molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was assessed at three distinct stages throughout the growing season using a dual-choice bioassay. Plant material offered to the female moths consisted of a plant shoot in early spri ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00832.x

54. Seasonal Occurrence and Impact of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Tree Fruit

Author:
Nielsen, Anne L.; Hamilton, George C.
Source:
Journal of economic entomology 2009 v.102 no.3 pp. 1133-1140
ISSN:
0022-0493
Subject:
Pyrus communis; Halyomorpha halys; apples; peaches; crop damage; pears; seasonal variation; Prunus persica; population density; fruit drop; Malus domestica; fruiting; New Jersey; Pennsylvania
Abstract:
... Halyomorpha halys is an introduced stink bug species from Asia that is spreading throughout the Mid-Atlantic United States. It is native to South Korea, Japan, and eastern China, where it is an occasional pest of tree fruit, including apple and pear. Cage experiments with adults placed on apple and peach during critical plant growth stages demonstrate that it can cause damage to developing fruit d ...
DOI:
10.1603/029.102.0335
PubMed:
19610429

55. Thinning apples via shading: an appraisal under field conditions

Author:
Marco Zibordi; Sara Domingos; Luca Corelli Grappadelli
Source:
Journal of horticultural science & biotechnology 2009 v.84 no.6 pp. 138-144
ISSN:
2380-4084
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; biotechnology; carbon; flowering; fruit drop; fruit growing; fruiting; gas exchange; gauges; organic foods; regression analysis; shade; solar radiation; trees
Abstract:
... Fruit development and the fate of fruits was followed on ‘Imperial Gala’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees thinned chemically or using shading. The percentage fruit drop, fruit growth rates using callipers and electronic gauges, and whole tree gas exchange rates were measured before, during, and after covering with a shading cloth that blocked 90% of solar radiation, applied for 1 week starti ...
DOI:
10.1080/14620316.2009.11512611

56. Transcription analysis of apple fruit development using cDNA microarrays

Author:
Soglio, V.; Costa, F.; Molthoff, J. W.; Weemen-Hendriks, W. M. J.; Schouten, H. J.; Gianfranceschi, L.
Source:
Tree genetics & genomes 2009 v.5 no.4 pp. 685-698
ISSN:
1614-2942
Subject:
apples; biochemical pathways; cluster analysis; complementary DNA; developmental stages; fruit quality; fruiting; gene expression regulation; genes; marker-assisted selection; metabolism; microarray technology
Abstract:
... The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit quality traits is fundamental to devise efficient marker-assisted selection strategies and to improve apple breeding. In this study, cDNA microarray technology was used to identify genes whose expression changes during fruit development and maturation thus potentially involved in fruit quality traits. The expression profile of 1,536 transc ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11295-009-0219-8

57. Developmental changes of carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, and phenolic compounds in ‘Honeycrisp' apple flesh

Author:
Zhang, Yanzi; Li, Pengmin; Cheng, Lailiang
Source:
Food chemistry 2010 v.123 no.4 pp. 1013-1018
ISSN:
0308-8146
Subject:
epicatechin; nutrient content; apples; sorbitol; malic acid; chlorogenic acid; threonine; proline; secondary metabolites; fructose; aspartic acid; procyanidins; sucrose; carbohydrate content; gamma-aminobutyric acid; catechin; asparagine; chemical constituents of plants; fruiting; glutamic acid
Abstract:
... The developmental changes of carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids and phenolic compounds in ‘Honeycrisp' apple flesh were investigated using GC-MS and HPLC. A total of 12 carbohydrates, 8 organic acids, 20 amino acids, and 18 phenolic compounds were identified and quantified. Each metabolite showed characteristic changes during fruit development, but in general, concentrations of most sugars ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.053

58. Ectopic Expression of Apple F3'H Genes Contributes to Anthocyanin Accumulation in the Arabidopsis tt7 Mutant Grown Under Nitrogen Stress

Author:
Han, Yuepeng; Vimolmangkang, Sornkanok; Soria-Guerra, Ruth Elena; Rosales-Mendoza, Sergio; Zheng, Danman; Lygin, Anatoli V.; Korban, Schuyler S.
Source:
Plant physiology 2010 v.153 no.2 pp. 806-820
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Arabidopsis thaliana; Malus domestica; Nicotiana tabacum; amino acid sequences; apples; biochemical pathways; biosynthesis; chromosome mapping; color; cyanidin; enzymes; flowers; fruiting; fruits; gene expression; genes; linkage groups; mutants; nitrogen; nucleotide sequences; pelargonidin; seedlings; sequence analysis; tobacco
Abstract:
... Three genes encoding flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) in apple (Malus x domestica), designated MdF3'HI, MdF3'HIIa, and MdF3'HIIb, have been identified. MdF3'HIIa and MdF3'HIIb are almost identical in amino acid sequences, and they are allelic, whereas MdF3'HI has 91% nucleotide sequence identity in the coding region to both MdF3'HIIa and MdF3'HIIb. MdF3'HI and MdF3'HII genes are mapped onto linkage ...
DOI:
10.1104/pp.109.152801
PubMed:
20357139
PubMed Central:
PMC2879788

59. Effects of bag-controlled release fertilizer on nitrogen utilization rate, growth and fruiting of the 'Fuji' apple

Author:
Liu, Lijuan; Peng, Futian; Wang, Xinliang
Source:
Journal of plant nutrition 2010 v.33 no.12-14 pp. 1904-1913
ISSN:
0190-4167
Subject:
crop quality; plant growth; apples; plant nutrition; nutrient use efficiency; slow-release fertilizers; nutrient uptake; crop yield; measurement; nutrient requirements; Malus domestica; crop management; application rate; fruiting; nitrogen fertilizers; China
Abstract:
... Bag-controlled release fertilizer is a new type of controlled-release fertilizer designed to meet the needs of the large individual volume characteristic of fruit trees. The effect of bag-controlled release fertilizer on nitrogen (N) utilization, growth-rate, and fruiting was investigated using 'Fuji' apple trees (M. domestica Borkh. cv. 'Fuji'/M.hupehensis Rhed.). The results showed that the avai ...

60. Effects of transgenic rootstocks on growth and development of non-transgenic scion cultivars in apple

Author:
Smolka, Anders; Li, Xue-Yuan; Heikelt, Catrin; Welander, Margareta; Zhu, Li-Hua
Source:
Transgenic research 2010 v.19 no.6 pp. 933-948
ISSN:
0962-8819
Subject:
apples; crops; cultivars; dwarfing; field experimentation; flowering; fruit quality; fruit trees; fruiting; messenger RNA; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; rootstocks; scions; transgenes; transgenic plants; vegetative growth
Abstract:
... Although cultivation of genetic modified (GM) annual crops has been steadily increasing in the recent 10 years, the commercial cultivation of GM fruit tree is still very limited and reports of field trials on GM fruit trees are rare. This is probably because development and evaluation of GM fruit trees require a long period of time due to long life cycles of trees. In this study, we report results ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11248-010-9370-0

61. Emitted and endogenous volatiles in 'Tsugaru' apple: The mechanism of ester and (E,E)-α-farnesene accumulation

Author:
Ban, Yusuke; Oyama-Okubo, Naomi; Honda, Chikako; Nakayama, Masayoshi; Moriguchi, Takaya
Source:
Food chemistry 2010 v.118 no.2 pp. 272-277
ISSN:
0308-8146
Subject:
chemical composition; volatile compounds; apples; bioaccumulation; plant growth substances; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; gene expression regulation; ethylene production; gene expression; oxidoreductases; esters; food composition; postharvest physiology; farnesene; endogenous sources; fruiting; acyltransferases
Abstract:
... Volatile compound production was studied in terms of biosynthetic gene expression in apple ('Tsugaru'). To this end, we first analysed the endogenous and emitted volatiles in the skin of ripened apple fruit. GC-MS and GC analyses suggested that the boiling point of the endogenous compounds in apple skin is an important determinant of the composition and amount of emitted volatiles. Since esters an ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.109

62. A FRUITFULL-like gene is associated with genetic variation for fruit flesh firmness in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Author:
Cevik, Volkan; Ryder, Carol D.; Popovich, Alexandra; Manning, Kenneth; King, Graham J.; Seymour, Graham B.
Source:
Tree genetics & genomes 2010 v.6 no.2 pp. 271-279
ISSN:
1614-2942
Subject:
Arabidopsis; Malus domestica; analysis of variance; apples; dehiscence; firmness; fruiting; fruits; genes; genetic variation; linkage groups; loci; phenotypic variation; progeny; texture
Abstract:
... The FRUITFULL (FUL) and SHATTERPROOF (SHP) genes are involved in regulating fruit development and dehiscence in Arabidopsis. We tested the hypothesis that this class of genes are also involved in regulating the development of fleshy fruits, by exploring genetic and phenotypic variation within the apple (Malus domestica) gene pool. We isolated and characterised the genomic sequences of two candidat ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11295-009-0247-4

63. Factors Affecting Appearance of Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Injury on Apple

Author:
Brown, Mark W.; Short, Brent D.
Source:
Environmental entomology 2010 v.39 no.1 pp. 134-139
ISSN:
0046-225X
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; fruit crops; Pentatomidae; insect pests; plant pests; plant damage; signs and symptoms (plants); feeding behavior; cultivars; solar radiation; ultraviolet radiation; temporal variation; ripening; fruiting
Abstract:
... Three main types of stink bug injury have been reported on the surface of apple fruit: (1) discolored dots, (2) discolored dots with depressions, and (3) discolored dots with discolored depressions. From 2005 to 2008, studies were performed to determine the factors linked to the variations in the appearance of adult stink bug injury on apple fruit observed at harvest. The main factors tested were ...
Handle:
10113/43416
DOI:
10.1603/EN09175
PubMed:
20146849

64. Fruit Quality and Postharvest Performance of 'Cripps Pink' Apple in Relation to Withholding Irrigation

Author:
Zaliha, W.S. Wan; Singh, Z.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2010 v. no.877 pp. 147-154
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
anthocyanins; pulp; flowering; apples; shelf life; total soluble solids; fruiting; storage time; leaf water potential; fruit quality; firmness; fruit drop; color; fruit composition; Malus domestica; irrigation scheduling; titratable acidity; antioxidants; cold storage; ascorbic acid
Abstract:
... We investigated the effects of withholding irrigation (WHI) at various stages of apple fruit development in improving fruit quality at harvest, particularly fruit colour without adversely affecting storage life and quality. WHI treatments were applied during stage II and III of fruit development commencing from 135, 145 and 155 days after full bloom (DAFB). Treatments were (i) T1, commercial irrig ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.877.12

65. Impact of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on Fruit Quality and Postharvest Storage Performance of 'Cripps Pink' Apple

Author:
Zaliha, W.S. Wan; Singh, Z.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2010 v. no.877 pp. 155-162
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
anthocyanins; carbon dioxide; irrigation water; flowering; apples; shelf life; total soluble solids; controlled atmosphere storage; food storage; leaf water potential; deficit irrigation; fruit quality; firmness; irrigation management; color; fruit composition; Malus domestica; oxygen; fruiting; cold storage
Abstract:
... This study aimed to develop an irrigation strategy for apples to improve fruit skin colour without adversely affecting postharvest life and quality. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) at different levels [(i) 100%, commercial irrigation (CI) (70 L·h-1); (ii) 25% RDI (50 L·h-1); (iii) 50% RDI (35 L·h-1); and (iv) 75% RDI (20 L·h-1)] was applied from 135 days after full bloom (DAFB) continuously for ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.877.13

66. Light-induced decrease of reflectance provides an insight in the photoprotective mechanisms of ripening apple fruit

Author:
Solovchenko, Alexei E.; Merzlyak, Mark N.; Pogosyan, Sergei I.
Source:
Plant science 2010 v.178 no.3 pp. 281-288
ISSN:
0168-9452
Subject:
chlorophyll; apples; photosynthetically active radiation; violaxanthin; Malus domestica; biochemical pathways; zeaxanthin; photostability; ripening; postharvest physiology; reflectance; fruiting
Abstract:
... The magnitude of real-time changes in reflectance of ripening apple (Malus × domestica Borkh., cv. Antonovka) fruit induced by PAR irradiation (500μEm⁻² s⁻¹) was monitored together with pigment composition and non-photochemical dissipation of absorbed light energy. In fruit with high chlorophyll content irradiation induced, within 180s, a notable decrease of reflectance in the bands centred at 520 ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.01.008

67. Quantification and histochemical localization of ascorbic acid in 'Delicious,' 'Golden Delicious,' and 'Fuji' apple fruit during on-tree development and cold storage

Author:
Felicetti, Erin; Mattheis, James P.
Source:
Postharvest biology and technology 2010 v.56 no.1 pp. 56-63
ISSN:
0925-5214
Subject:
ethylene; apples; reactive oxygen species; Malus domestica; fruiting; cortex; temporal variation; cultivars; harvest date; quantitative analysis; maturity stage; antioxidant activity; histochemistry; vascular bundles; ascorbic acid; plant stress; biochemical pathways; fruit crops; genetic variation; silver nitrate; cold storage
Abstract:
... Apple fruit are subject to multiple stressors during pre- and post-harvest development. Stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be detrimental to the fruit, and ascorbic acid (AsA) is involved in many of the antioxidant pathways that detoxify ROS. An inclusive study to characterize AsA dynamics in 'Delicious,' 'Golden Delicious,' and 'Fuji' apples during pre- and post-harvest development ...
Handle:
10113/40804
DOI:
10.1016/j.postharvbio.2009.12.002

68. The Role of Ethylene and Cold Temperature in the Regulation of the Apple POLYGALACTURONASE1 Gene and Fruit Softening

Author:
Tacken, Emma; Ireland, Hilary; Gunaseelan, Kularajathevan; Karunairetnam, Sakuntala; Wang, Daisy; Schultz, Keith; Bowen, Judith; Atkinson, Ross G.; Johnston, Jason W.; Putterill, Jo; Hellens, Roger P.; Schaffer, Robert J.
Source:
Plant physiology 2010 v.153 no.1 pp. 294-305
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; cell walls; cold; ethylene; fruiting; fruits; gene expression regulation; genes; temperature; transcription factors
Abstract:
... Fruit softening in apple (Malus x domestica) is associated with an increase in the ripening hormone ethylene. Here, we show that in cv Royal Gala apples that have the ethylene biosynthetic gene ACC OXIDASE1 suppressed, a cold treatment preconditions the apples to soften independently of added ethylene. When a cold treatment is followed by an ethylene treatment, a more rapid softening occurs than i ...
DOI:
10.1104/pp.109.151092
PubMed:
20237022
PubMed Central:
PMC2862417

69. The diapause response of Rhagoletis pomonella to varying environmental conditions and its significance for geographic and host plant-related adaptation

Author:
Feder, Jeffrey L.; Powell, Thomas H.Q.; Filchak, Ken; Leung, Brian
Source:
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 2010 v.136 no.1 pp. 31-44
ISSN:
0013-8703
Subject:
Crataegus; Rhagoletis pomonella; apples; biodiversity; diapause; eclosion; energy; environmental factors; fruiting; life history; models; overwintering; pupae; rearing; reproductive isolation; sympatric speciation
Abstract:
... The recent shift of Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh (Diptera: Tephritidae) from its ancestral host hawthorn to apple is a model for incipient sympatric speciation in action. Previous studies have shown that changes in the over-wintering pupal diapause are critical for differentially adapting R. pomonella flies to a difference in the fruiting times of apples vs. hawthorns, generating ecologically based ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1570-7458.2010.01003.x

70. Biochemical characterisation of MdCXE1, a carboxylesterase from apple that is expressed during fruit ripening

Author:
Edwige J.F. Souleyre; Sean D.G. Marshall; John G. Oakeshott; Robyn J. Russell; Kim M. Plummer; Richard D. Newcomb
Source:
Phytochemistry 2011 v.72 no.7 pp. 564-571
ISSN:
0031-9422
Subject:
apples; biosynthesis; carbon; carboxylesterase; cultivars; esters; ethylene; flavor; fruiting; fruits; gene expression; hormones; multigene family; organophosphorus compounds; ripening
Abstract:
... Esters are an important component of apple (Malus×domestica) flavour. Their biosynthesis increases in response to the ripening hormone ethylene, but their metabolism by carboxylesterases (CXEs) is poorly understood. We have identified 16 members of the CXE multigene family from the commercial apple cultivar, ‘Royal Gala’, that contain all the conserved features associated with CXE members of the α ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.020
PubMed:
21315388

71. Cold-and-drought resistant dwarfing apple rootstocks from Malus baccata

Author:
Yang, T.; Wang, Q.; Gao, J.; Li, K.; Han, F.; Tian, J.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2011 v. no.903 pp. 177-182
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Malus baccata; apples; buds; clones; cultivars; disease resistance; dwarfing; flowers; fruiting; overwintering; planting; rootstocks; seedlings; China
Abstract:
... A new series of dwarfing apple rootstocks was selected from open pollinated seedlings of Malus baccata (L.) Borkh., a wild Malus rootstock resource in Northwest-Shanxi province of China. Five hundred seventy-one plants out of 150,000 seedlings were selected, which formed flower buds in the same year they were planted and bloomed the next year. Among these, 325 selections bore fruit in the year of ...

72. Consequences of potassium, magnesium sulphate fertilization of high density Fuji apple orchards

Author:
G. H. Neilsen; D. Neilsen
Source:
Canadian journal of plant science 2011 v.91 no.6 pp. 1013-1027
ISSN:
1918-1833
Subject:
Malus; apples; calcium; coarse-textured soils; color; exchangeable calcium; exchangeable potassium; fertilizer application; fertilizers; fruit growing; fruiting; growing season; leaves; magnesium; magnesium sulfate; nutritional status; orchards; potassium; soil surface layers; British Columbia
Abstract:
... Neilsen, G. H. and Neilsen, D. 2011. Consequences of potassium, magnesium sulphate fertilization of high density Fuji apple orchardsConsequences of potassium, magnesium sulphate fertilization of high density Fuji apple orchards. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 1013–1027. Three annual broadcast fertilizer treatments of 0, 100 or 200 kg K ha–¹ as K, Mg sulphate (KMag) were applied in a randomized complete blo ...
DOI:
10.4141/cjss2011-023

73. Cropping effects on the loss of apple fruit firmness during storage: The relationship between texture retention and fruit dry matter concentration

Author:
A. Saei; D.S. Tustin; Z. Zamani; A. Talaie; A.J. Hall
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2011 v.130 no.1 pp. 256-265
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
air; apples; crops; firmness; fruit quality; fruit trees; fruiting; fruits; phase transition; small fruits; storage time; texture
Abstract:
... Firmness is a primary measure of apple fruit texture, the key determinant of eating quality of apples. Despite the well developed understanding of the process of firmness loss in storage, there is very limited information concerning pre-harvest and at-harvest causes of the variation in fruit quality in the marketplace. The objective of the present study was to investigate the respective roles that ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2011.07.008

74. Economic evaluation between chemical thinning vs. hand thinning in 'Williams' pear

Author:
Lopez, A.; Zon, K.; Dussi, M.C.; Reeb, P.; Giardina, G.; Leskovar, M.; Flores, L.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2011 v. no.909 pp. 29-37
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
apples; benzyladenine; carbaryl; economic analysis; flowering; fruit quality; fruiting; labor; manual harvesting; markets; naphthaleneacetic acid; nutritional status; pears; rootstocks; seedlings; trees; viability; vigor
Abstract:
... Fruit thinning programs are vital to obtain high quality fruit that allows the grower to compete in international markets. In some pear growing areas, chemical thinning practices are less used than in apples. Usually some chemicals applied to apples have less effect in pears, like NAA, or do not have any effect, like carbaryl. However, there are studies that show the efficacy of benzyladenine (BA) ...

75. Effects of climate change on pome fruit phenology and precipitation

Author:
Blanke, M.M.; Kunz, A.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2011 v. no.922 pp. 381-386
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
air temperature; apples; atmospheric precipitation; climate; climate change; cultivars; flowering; frost; fruit growing; fruit trees; fruiting; harvesting; leaves; meteorological data; orchards; pears; phenology; soil air; soil temperature; summer; water stress
Abstract:
... Meteorological data more than 50 years (1958-2010) from the University of Bonn, Klein-Altendorf research centre's own weather station, including air and soil temperature as well as precipitation, were analysed for climate change effects. Phenological data over 50 years on hand-written filing cards were calendar dates of full bloom, harvest and leaf drop, as well as late frost and consequent yield ...

76. Expression analysis and functional characterization of apple MdVHP1 gene reveals its involvement in Na⁺, malate and soluble sugar accumulation

Author:
Yu-Xin Yao; Qing-Long Dong; Chun-Xiang You; Heng Zhai; Yu-Jin Hao
Source:
Plant physiology and biochemistry 2011 v.49 no.10 pp. 1201-1208
ISSN:
0981-9428
Subject:
apples; blue light; callus; fruiting; fruits; genes; malates; proton pump; sucrose; tomatoes; tonoplast; vacuoles
Abstract:
... The vacuolar H⁺-pyrophosphatase (VHP) is a proton pump, which energizes transport across the tonoplast. The contributions of VHP to ion, organic acid and sugar storage are unclear in fruit. Here we characterized the role of an apple vacuolar H⁺-pyrophosphatase gene (MdVHP1) in Na⁺, malate and soluble sugar accumulation. MdVHP1 expression was consistent with VHP activities in apple fruits at most d ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.05.012

77. Expression profiles of the MdACS3 gene suggest a function as an accelerator of apple (Malus×domestica) fruit ripening

Author:
Vijaya Varanasi; Sungbong Shin; James Mattheis; David Rudell; Yanmin Zhu
Source:
Postharvest biology and technology 2011 v.62 no.2 pp. 141-148
ISSN:
0925-5214
Subject:
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; 1-methylcyclopropene; aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase; apples; biosynthesis; cultivars; ethylene; ethylene production; firmness; fruit quality; fruiting; fruits; genes; ripening
Abstract:
... Ethylene plays an important role in apple fruit development and its biosynthesis is catalyzed by the two enzymes ACS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase) and ACO (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase). Within the apple ACS gene family, at least two members, MdACS1 and MdACS3, are expressed in apple fruit tissues. While MdACS1 expresses only at late ripening stages corresponding to ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.postharvbio.2011.05.005

78. Fruiting position during development of ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin affects the concentration of K, Mg and Ca in the flavedo

Author:
Paul J.R. Cronje; Graham H. Barry; Marius Huysamer
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2011 v.130 no.4 pp. 829-837
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
Citrus; apples; canopy; cell membranes; clementines; color; fruit peels; fruiting; humidity; leaves; microclimate; minerals; nutrients; osmotic pressure; pericarp; photosynthetically active radiation; stress response; temperature; transpiration; trees; xylem
Abstract:
... Adequate K, Mg and Ca supply is important to develop well-structured and functional cell walls and membranes in fruit, and insufficient levels or imbalances of these minerals are known to be involved in various postharvest disorders. Microclimatic variation exists in the ‘Nules Clementine’ mandarin tree canopy and results in lower photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels and temperature as ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2011.09.011

79. Gene Expression is Highly Regulated in Early Developing Fruit of Apple

Author:
Ruth Elena Soria-Guerra; Sergio Rosales-Mendoza; Ksenija Gasic; Michael E. Wisniewski; Mark Band; Schuyler S. Korban
Source:
Plant molecular biology reporter 2011 v.29 no.4 pp. 885-897
ISSN:
0735-9640
Subject:
apples; cDNA libraries; cell division; cell growth; complementary DNA; developmental stages; enzymes; fruiting; fruits; gene expression; gene expression regulation; genes; genotype; heat stress; histones; metabolism; microarray technology; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; transcription (genetics)
Abstract:
... An oligonucleotide-based microarray for apple was developed consisting of ~40,000 sequences, along with positive and negative controls, obtained from 34 cDNA libraries constructed from both vegetative and reproductive tissues at different stages of development, varying genotypes, and under different biotic and abiotic stresses. This apple microarray was used to investigate global gene expression p ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11105-011-0300-y

80. Isolation and characterization of an apple cytosolic malate dehydrogenase gene reveal its function in malate synthesis

Author:
Yu-Xin Yao; Ming Li; Heng Zhai; Chun-Xiang You; Yu-Jin Hao
Source:
Journal of plant physiology 2011 v.168 no.5 pp. 474-480
ISSN:
0176-1617
Subject:
tomatoes; correlation; proteins; apples; fruits; gluconeogenesis; cytosol; malates; genes; ripening; malate dehydrogenase; plasma membrane; fruiting; callus; tricarboxylic acid cycle
Abstract:
... Cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (cyMDH) is an enzyme crucial for malate synthesis in the cytosol. The apple MdcyMDH gene (GenBank Accession No. DQ221207) encoding the cyMDH enzyme in apple was cloned and functionally characterized. The protein was subcellularly localized to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. Based on kinetic parameters, it mainly catalyzes the reaction from oxalacetic ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.008
PubMed:
20934777

81. Metabolism of endogenous nitric oxide during growth and development of apple fruit

Author:
Li-li Zhang; Shu-hua Zhu; Chang-bao Chen; Jie Zhou
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2011 v.127 no.4 pp. 500-506
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
apples; developmental stages; fruiting; fruits; metabolism; nitrate reductase; nitrates; nitric oxide; nitric oxide synthase; nitrites
Abstract:
... Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in different physiological processes of plants. To study the metabolism of endogenous NO in growth and development of apple fruit under normal physiological conditions, the changes of several relative components of NO metabolism including the contents of NO, l-arginine, S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) and nitrite plus nitrate, the activities of l-arginine-depe ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2010.11.016

82. Optimising quality-parameters of apple cv. ‘Pigeon’ by adjustment of nitrogen

Author:
Birka Falk Kühn; Marianne Bertelsen; Lis Sørensen
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2011 v.129 no.3 pp. 369-375
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
cultivars; dry matter content; apples; fruits; nitrogen content; small fruits; nitrogen; total soluble solids; herbicides; fruit quality; firmness; fruit drop; color; fertigation; fruit yield; mineral content; fruit trees; fruiting; vegetative growth
Abstract:
... To improve the productivity and quality of the apple cultivar ‘Pigeon’ the influence of 5 fertigation levels (14, 42, 70, 112, 224mgN/l) and 3 widths of herbicide strip (0.2, 0.5, 1.0m) were investigated on growth, yield and post-harvest quality/colour development of fruit. ‘Pigeon’ apples are picked when ca. 20% of the fruit skin has turned red, the fruit are then exposed to a sunning period on t ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.033

83. Peach Rusty Spot Is Caused by the Apple Powdery Mildew Fungus, Podosphaera leucotricha

Author:
Jankovics, Tünde; Dolovac, Nenad; Bulajić, Aleksandra; Krstić, Branka; Pascal, Thierry; Bardin, Marc; Nicot, Philippe C.; Kiss, Levente
Source:
Plant disease 2011 v.95 no.6 pp. 719-724
ISSN:
0191-2917
Subject:
Podosphaera leucotricha; Prunus persica; apples; field experimentation; fruiting; fungi; internal transcribed spacers; leaves; pathogens; peaches; polymerase chain reaction; powdery mildew; ribosomal DNA; seedlings; shoots
Abstract:
... Peach rusty spot, an economically important disease of peach (Prunus persica var. persica), appears as necrotic spots on fruit. The etiology of the disease is still not well understood, although it has long been suspected that the causal agent is the apple powdery mildew pathogen, Podosphaera leucotricha. This work confirmed this hypothesis based on cross-inoculation experiments and analysis of rD ...
DOI:
10.1094/PDIS-10-10-0711

84. Reduction of apple tree height (Malus domestica Borkh) cv. Ultra Red Gala/MM111 does not decrease fruit yield and quality

Author:
J.A. Yuri; M. Ibarra-Romero; J.L. Vásquez; V. Lepe; J. González-Talice; A. del Pozo
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2011 v.130 no.1 pp. 191-196
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
harvest date; crop production; orchards; canopy; apples; photosynthetically active radiation; total soluble solids; leaf area index; fruit quality; growing season; firmness; labor; planting; rootstocks; Malus domestica; trees; fruit growing; fruiting; Chile
Abstract:
... In Chile, like in other countries, a high percentage of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) orchards are grafted on vigorous or semi-vigorous rootstocks. The need to decrease the amount of labor involved and increase efficiency has motivated this study on the effect of reducing the height of cv. Ultra Red Gala/MM111 trees in a commercial orchard in the Maule Region of Chile. Apple trees were planted in ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2011.06.036

85. Wound-induced H₂O₂ and resistance to Botrytis cinerea decline with the ripening of apple fruit

Author:
Jing Su; Kang Tu; Lei Cheng; Sicong Tu; Min Wang; Hongrui Xu; Ge Zhan
Source:
Postharvest biology and technology 2011 v.62 no.1 pp. 64-70
ISSN:
0925-5214
Subject:
Botrytis cinerea; apples; catalase; fruit maturity; fruiting; fruits; harvest date; mechanical damage; metabolism; peroxidase; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; ripening; superoxide dismutase; tissue repair
Abstract:
... Fruit ripening is a developmental process and is associated with increased susceptibility to mechanical injury, which favours Botrytis cinerea infection. Using ‘Gala’ apples harvested at different stages of ripening, we demonstrated that wounding can activate initial H₂O₂ accumulation and wound healing ability to defend against B. cinerea penetration. Delaying the harvest date attenuated those res ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.postharvbio.2011.05.001

86. Advances in predicting chemical thinner response of apple using a MaluSim carbon balance model

Author:
Robinson, T.L.; Lakso, A.N.; Hoying, S.A.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2012 v. no.932 pp. 223-229
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
apples; carbon; crop production; fruit growing; fruiting; fruits; greenhouses; simulation models; weather; New York
Abstract:
... Chemical thinning remains one of the more unpredictable parts of apple production with large variations within years and from year to year. We have measured this variability each year from 2000-2009 on mature 'Royal Gala'/M.9, 'McIntosh’/M.9 and 'Ace Delicous'/M.26 trees. Our data suggest the variability in thinner efficacy is related both to stage of fruit development and carbohydrate availabilit ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.932.32

87. Deciphering the ontogeny of a sympodial tree

Author:
Evelyne Costes; Yann Guédon
Source:
Trees 2012 v.26 no.3 pp. 865-879
ISSN:
0931-1890
Subject:
adolescents; adults; apples; cultivars; flowering; fruiting; models; ontogeny; stochastic processes; trees; vigor
Abstract:
... This paper addresses the identification and characterization of developmental patterns in the whole structure of a sympodial species, the apple tree. Dedicated stochastic models (hidden variable-order Markov chains) were used to (i) categorise growth units (GUs) on the basis of their morphological characteristics (number of nodes and presence/absence of flowering) and position along axes, (ii) ana ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00468-011-0661-8

88. Development of the rosy apple aphid within its habitat: some structural and physiological aspects in apple trees

Author:
Simon, S.; Morel, K.; Defrance, H.; Hemptinne, J.L.; Regnard, J.L.; Lauri, P.E.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2012 v. no.933 pp. 491-498
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Dysaphis plantaginea; apples; branches; branching; design for environment; extinction; fruit trees; fruiting; greenhouse experimentation; habitats; herbivores; insects; microclimate; nitrogen; orchards; pests; plant architecture; pruning; shoots
Abstract:
... Plant architecture governs living conditions of herbivores. In fruit trees, the perennial structure is modulated by training and pruning which may affect pests. The effect of tree architecture manipulation on the development of the rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea (RAA) was investigated from 2002 to 2009 in apple orchards. The first step (2002-2005) consisted in comparing the Centrifugal Trai ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.933.64

89. Ectopic expression of an apple apomixis-related gene MhFIE induces co-suppression and results in abnormal vegetative and reproductive development in tomato

Author:
Dan-Dan Liu; Qing-Long Dong; Mou-Jing Fang; Ke-Qin Chen; Yu-Jin Hao
Source:
Journal of plant physiology 2012 v.169 no.18 pp. 1866-1873
ISSN:
0176-1617
Subject:
Arabidopsis thaliana; Malus hupehensis; apples; flowers; fluorescence; fruiting; genes; genetically modified organisms; homozygosity; leaves; ovules; phenotype; pistil; proteins; seed germination; tomatoes; two hybrid system techniques
Abstract:
... It has been well documented that FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE) plays important regulatory roles in diverse developmental processes in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. However, it is largely unknown how FIE genes function in economically important crops. In this study, MhFIE gene, which was previously isolated from apomictic tea crabapple (Malus hupehensis Redh. var. pingyiensis), was ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jplph.2012.07.018
PubMed:
23000466

90. Effects of fruit load and intra-inflorescence competition of fruits on apple growth during fruit development

Author:
Sané, F.; Guillermin, P.; Mauget, J.C.; Delaire, M.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2012 v. no.932 pp. 179-186
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
apples; cell division; fruit drop; fruiting; fruits; inflorescences; maturity stage; nutrient availability; shoots
Abstract:
... Ecophysiological sink-strength models, developed to explain/predict fruit growth at the fruit/shoot level, considered each fruit as one sink. Models have been developed for several fruits but not for apple. The variable number and size of apple fruit, developing within each inflorescence, needed therefore some attention. It is assumed in this study that inflorescence sink strength, which we suppos ...
DOI:
10.17660/ActaHortic.2012.932.26

91. Ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase gene expression in apple fruit are affected by 9,10-ketol-octadecadienoic acid (KODA)

Author:
S. Kondo; H. Tomiyama; M. Kittikorn; K. Okawa; H. Ohara; M. Yokoyama; O. Ifuku; T. Saito; Y. Ban; M. Tatsuki; T. Moriguchi; A. Murata; N. Watanabe
Source:
Postharvest biology and technology 2012 v.72 no. pp. 20-26
ISSN:
0925-5214
Subject:
postharvest treatment; messenger RNA; flowering; apples; fruits; linolenic acid; aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase; linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; food storage; ethylene production; gene expression; trees; fruit growing; Malus domestica; epidermis (plant); enzyme activity; fruiting
Abstract:
... We investigated the effect of 9,10-ketol-octadecadienoic acid (KODA), which is synthesized from linolenic acid by 9-lipoxygenase, on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase gene expression, their enzyme activities, and ethylene production in apple fruit [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]. The fruit was treated with C-KODA, which is a derivative of ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.04.012

92. First Report of Colletotrichum acutatum Causing Bitter Rot on Apple in Italy

Author:
Mari M.; Guidarelli M.; Martini C.; Spadoni A.
Source:
Plant disease 2012 v.96 no.1 pp. 144
ISSN:
0191-2917
Subject:
Colletotrichum acutatum; European Union; Malus domestica; agar; apples; color; conidia; cultivars; ethanol; fruiting; fruiting bodies; fruits; fungi; genetic databases; growing season; internal transcribed spacers; mycelium; packing houses; pathogens; polymerase chain reaction; quarantine; sequence homology; storage time; strawberries; tissues; weather; Italy
Abstract:
... Italy could be considered the main apple-producing country in the European Union. Italian apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh.) production is estimated at approximately 2.1 million tons and encompasses a wide range of cultivars, harvested from August to November. Colletotrichum acutatum, which causes severe losses to strawberry production, was a regulated organism for all European countries until 2008 ...
DOI:
10.1094/PDIS-04-11-0347

93. Fruit color development, anthocyanin content, standard quality, volatile compound emissions and consumer acceptability of several ‘Fuji’ apple strains

Author:
I. Iglesias; G. Echeverría; M.L. Lopez
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2012 v.137 no. pp. 138-147
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
harvest date; cultivars; volatile compounds; acetates; apples; consumer acceptance; fruits; total soluble solids; principal component analysis; starch; fruit quality; firmness; titratable acidity; color; Malus domestica; emissions; fruiting; Spain
Abstract:
... The effect of strain on fruit color development and anthocyanin content, fruit quality, volatile compound emissions and consumer acceptability was evaluated on seven ‘Fuji’ apple strains (Malus domestica Borkh.) at the IRTA (Spain) over a period starting three weeks commercial harvest in 2008 and ending one week after harvest. Based on fruit color, measured with a portable tristimulus colorimeter, ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2012.01.029

94. Genetic control of biennial bearing in apple

Author:
Baptiste Guitton; Jean-Jacques Kelner; Riccardo Velasco; Susan E. Gardiner; David Chagné; Evelyne Costes
Source:
Journal of experimental botany 2012 v.63 no.1 pp. 131-149
ISSN:
0022-0957
Subject:
apples; early development; florigen; flowering; fruit trees; fruiting; fruits; genes; genotype; inflorescences; linkage groups; phenotypic variation; physiological regulation; quantitative trait loci
Abstract:
... Although flowering in mature fruit trees is recurrent, floral induction can be strongly inhibited by concurrent fruiting, leading to a pattern of irregular fruiting across consecutive years referred to as biennial bearing. The genetic determinants of biennial bearing in apple were investigated using the 114 flowering individuals from an F1 population of 122 genotypes, from a ‘Starkrimson’ (strong ...
DOI:
10.1093/jxb/err261
PubMed:
21963613
PubMed Central:
PMC3245460

95. Identifying fruit characteristics for non-invasive detection of sunburn in apple

Author:
Iryna Tartachnyk; Jan Kuckenberg; José Antonio Yuri; Georg Noga
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2012 v.134 no. pp. 108-113
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
cultivars; apples; fruits; total soluble solids; fluorescence; ambient temperature; fruit quality; chlorophyll; fruiting
Abstract:
... Sunburn of apple fruit is one of the major problems in fruit production areas with high light and temperature environment. Fruit with sunburn are predisposed to develop postharvest disorders and need to be separated from the fruit considered for mid to long-term storage. In order to identify specific characteristics for non-invasive, automatic selection of fruit with sunburn, the effect of sunburn ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2011.11.009

96. Impact of rootstock and interstems on fine root survivorship and seasonal variation in apple

Author:
Changwei Hou; Li Ma; Feixiong Luo; Yi Wang; Xinzhong Zhang; Zhenhai Han
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2012 v.148 no. pp. 169-176
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
survival rate; apples; longevity; autumn; growth and development; roots; seasonal variation; rootstocks; Malus domestica; fruit trees; fruiting
Abstract:
... Both the production and longevity of fine roots have great impacts on the growth and development of fruit trees. To determine whether different dwarfing rootstocks and interstems could affect fine root longevity, root diameter, and peak-production season, minirhizotrons were used to examine root production, senescence, and mortality over two years in six apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstock/in ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2012.10.008

97. Introduction of apple ANR genes into tobacco inhibits expression of both CHI and DFR genes in flowers, leading to loss of anthocyanin

Author:
Yuepeng Han; Sornkanok Vimolmangkang; Ruth Elena Soria-Guerra; Schuyler S. Korban
Source:
Journal of experimental botany 2012 v.63 no.7 pp. 2437-2447
ISSN:
0022-0957
Subject:
Malus domestica; apples; biosynthesis; catechin; chalcone isomerase; epicatechin; flowers; fruiting; fruits; gene overexpression; genes; linkage groups; nucleotide sequences; sequence analysis; tobacco
Abstract:
... Three genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) in apple (Malusxdomestica Borkh.), designated MdANR1, MdANR2a, and MdANR2b, have been cloned and characterized. MdANR1 shows 91% identity in coding DNA sequences with MdANR2a and MdANR2b, while MdANR2a and MdANR2b are allelic and share 99% nucleotide sequence identity in the coding region. MdANR1 and MdANR2 genes are located on linkage groups 10 a ...
DOI:
10.1093/jxb/err415
PubMed:
22238451
PubMed Central:
PMC3346214

98. Partitioning of absorbed light energy differed between the sun-exposed side and the shaded side of apple fruits under high light conditions

Author:
Changsheng Chen; Di Zhang; Pengmin Li; Fengwang Ma
Source:
Plant physiology and biochemistry 2012 v.60 no. pp. 12-17
ISSN:
0981-9428
Subject:
apples; developmental stages; energy; fruit peels; fruiting; fruits; light intensity; lutein; photochemistry; photoinhibition
Abstract:
... Fractions of absorbed light energy consumed via photochemistry and different thermal dissipation processes was quantified and compared between the sun-exposed peel and the shaded peel of apple fruits at different developmental stages. During fruit development, the fraction of absorbed light consumed via photochemistry was no more than 7% in the sun-exposed peel and no more than 5% in the shaded pe ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.07.016
PubMed:
22892330

99. Polyphenol metabolism of developing apple skin of a scab resistant and a susceptible apple cultivar

Author:
Ana Slatnar; Maja Mikulic Petkovsek; Heidi Halbwirth; Franci Stampar; Karl Stich; Robert Veberic
Source:
Trees 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 109-119
ISSN:
0931-1890
Subject:
Malus domestica; anthocyanins; apples; chalcone isomerase; coumaric acids; cultivars; developmental stages; early development; enzyme activity; flavanols; flavonols; fruiting; metabolism; naringenin-chalcone synthase; peroxidase; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
Abstract:
... During fruit development, the concentration of main polyphenols (flavonols, flavanols, dihydrochalcones, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins) and the activities of related enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase/chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, flavonol synthase, peroxidase) were monitored in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). The seasonal surv ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00468-011-0577-3

100. Pomegranate biodiversity and horticultural management

Author:
Ozguven, A.I.; Yilmaz, C.; Keles, D.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2012 v. no.940 pp. 21-28
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Punica granatum; apples; biodiversity; cold storage; domestication; food quality; fruit growing; fruiting; fruits; human health; ingestion; juices; pomegranates; rain; relative humidity; semiarid zones; subtropics; temperature; tropics; wines; Afghanistan; Argentina; Azerbaijan; Central Asia; Chile; China; Cyprus; Egypt; Greece; India; Iran; Israel; Italy; Japan; Jordan; Morocco; Myanmar; Pakistan; Portugal; Saudi Arabia; Spain; Turkey (country); United States; Yemen
Abstract:
... The pomegranate, native to Persia, had its first domestication in Iran about 2000 BC. The name, pomegranate, owes its origin to Latin; “pome” meaning apple, and “granate” meaning many seeded and it was, initially called Malum granatum, meaning seeded apple. From the place of its origin, the pomegranate spread to nearby areas, such as the Mediterranean and subsequently reached eastern countries lik ...