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1. Natural Occurrence and Experimental Study of Pox and Haemoproteus Infections in a Mute Swan (Cygnus olor)

Author:
LEIBOVITZ LOUIS
Source:
Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association 1969 v.5 no.3 pp. 130-136
ISSN:
0098-373X
Subject:
Cygnus olor; Haemoproteus; beak; chickens; ducks; face; geese; pigeons; swans; tissues; wildlife diseases
Abstract:
... Pox and Haemoproteus sp. infections in a mute swan are reported. Experimental study of the swan pox isolate indicated that geese were susceptible, but chickens, ducks, and pigeons were resistant to the virus. The distinctive feature of pox infection in the swan was the invasive proliferation deep into the subcutaneous tissues of the face and beak, producing facial deformity and swelling. ...
DOI:
10.7589/0090-3558-5.3.130

2. Why Don't Boblinks Breed in Brazil?

Author:
William M. Hamner; John Stocking
Source:
Ecology 1970 v.51 no.4 pp. 743-751
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
beak; birds; body weight; color; gametogenesis; latitude; lighting; males; molting; photoperiod; summer; testes; Brazil
Abstract:
... The Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, experiences two sets of "long" and "short" days each year during the transequatorial migration between North and South America. Increasing daylength normally stimulates gametogenesis in birds, and thus it is perplexing that Bobolinks do not also respond to the southern summer and attempt to breed in Brazil. Previous hypotheses regarding transequatorial migratio ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934060

3. Canary Pox in Sparrows and Canaries (Fringillidae) and in Weavers (Ploceidae); Pathology and Host Specificity of the Virus

Author:
W. E. Giddens; L. J. Swango; J. D. Henderson; R. A. Lewis; D. S. Farner; A. Carlos; W. C. Dolowy
Source:
Veterinary pathology v.8 no.3 pp. 260-280
ISSN:
1544-2217
Subject:
Fringillidae; Passer domesticus; Ploceidae; Zonotrichia atricapilla; animal pathology; beak; cages; canaries; chickens; cytoplasmic inclusions; dermatitis; epithelial cells; eyes; host specificity; mortality; peritonitis; pigeons; pleurisy; pneumonia; rhinitis; signs and symptoms (animals and humans); turkeys; viruses
Abstract:
... An epornitie of canary pox occurred in white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli), golden-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla), and house sparrows (Passer domesticus), which had been caught in the wild and were being studied in laboratories. Of 900 exposed birds, 100 died naturally with the disease and 200 with clinical signs, and their 600 cage mates were killed. The earliest ...
DOI:
10.1177/030098587100800308

4. Pneumoconiosis in the Captive New Zealand Kiwi

Author:
B. L. Smith; W. S. H. Poole; D. Martinovich
Source:
Veterinary pathology v.10 no.2 pp. 94-101
ISSN:
1544-2217
Subject:
animal pathology; aviaries; beak; captive animals; dust; iron; kiwis (birds); lungs; macrophages; nose; silica; New Zealand
Abstract:
... Pneumoconiosis characterised by focal accumulations of dust-laden macrophages in the bronchial walls of lungs was found in 16 captive kiwis. The dust was shown to contain a large proportion of silica, some iron and probable plant material. The condition appears to be associated with dry, dusty aviaries. It was not seen in free-living kiwis. The characteristic food-seeking habits of the kiwi and th ...
DOI:
10.1177/030098587301000202

5. The taxonomic and evolutionary significance of some juvenile characters in the Brassiceae

Author:
GÓMEZ-CAMPO, C.; TORTOSA, MARIA E.
Source:
Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 1974 v.69 no.2 pp. 105-124
ISSN:
0024-4074
Subject:
Brassica balearica; Brassica repanda; Erucastrum; Moricandia; beak; cotyledons; fruits
Abstract:
... The shape of the cotyledon lamina and a few other juvenile characters are studied for some 140 taxa of the cruciferous tribe Brassiceae. They cast a number of doubts on the present botanical status of certain taxa, such as Diplotaxis siifolia, Erucastrum cardaminoides and Brassica balearica. The whole tribe Raphaninae appears rather unnatural when viewed from cotyledon evidence, which suggests tha ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8339.1974.tb01619.x

6. Comparative Ecology of Galapagos Ground Finches (Geospiza Gould): Evaluation of the Importance of Floristic Diversity and Interspecific Competition

Author:
Ian Abbott; L. K. Abbott; P. R. Grant
Source:
Ecological monographs 1977 v.47 no.2 pp. 151-184
ISSN:
0012-9615
Subject:
Geospiza scandens; beak; biomass; body size; diet; fauna; food availability; foods; foraging; fruits; hardness; insects; interspecific competition; islands; regression analysis; seeds; species diversity; sympatry; vegetation; Galapagos Islands
Abstract:
... Distribution, abundance, diet, and beak morphology of the six Geospiza finch species were studied at eight sites on seven Galapagos islands. The resulting information was used to test the theories of Lack and Bowman that interspecific competition (Lack) and floristic and food differences among islands (Bowman) determine the ecological and morphological characteristics of the finches. Both factors ...
DOI:
10.2307/1942615

7. Evolution of the chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs, on the Atlantic Islands

Author:
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1979 v.11 no.4 pp. 301-332
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Fringilla coelebs; beak; body size; color; evolution; gene flow; islands; legs; models; wings; Azores; Canary Islands
Abstract:
... Chaflinches have differentiated within the last million years on the Canary Islands and the Azores. All island populations differ more from mainland relatives than from each other. The characteristics of island birds are large body size, short wings, long legs and beaks, and blue dorsal colour. Beak depth and width have increased on the Azores but not on the Canaries. As a consequence the Azores c ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00042.x

8. The Breeding and Feeding Characteristics of Darwin's Finches on Isla Genovesa, Galapagos

Author:
P. R. Grant; B. R. Grant
Source:
Ecological monographs 1980 v.50 no.3 pp. 381-410
ISSN:
0012-9615
Subject:
Araneae; Asio; Bursera; Geospiza scandens; Opuntia; arthropods; beak; body size; breeding; breeding season; cacti and succulents; diet; eggs; fledglings; food availability; food production; fruits; nesting; nestlings; nests; oviposition; parents; predation; rain; reproductive success; reproductive traits; seasonal variation; seeds
Abstract:
... The breeding and feeding of four species of finches were studied on Isla Genovesa, Galapagos from January to May 1978. Food supply and finch diets were studied in the nonbreeding season (November) as well. The species in order of decreasing body size were Geospiza magnirostris, G. conirostris, G. difficilis, and Certhidea olivacea. Initiation of breeding was not a simple function of body size; the ...
DOI:
10.2307/2937257

9. Does bird predation influence the spot-number variation in Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera)

Author:
BENGTSON, S.-A.
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1981 v.15 no.1 pp. 23-27
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Lanius; Maniola jurtina; beak; birds; butterflies; females; islands; males; models; phenotype; predation; wings; Sweden
Abstract:
... For six years samples of the satyrine butterfly Maniolajurtina L. were collected on small islands in southern Sweden and scored for beak marks, i.e. damage on wings presumably resulting from attacks by birds; in the present study area mainly Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio L. An overall mean of 8% (5-1496 in different years) of the females and 1396 (10-2296) of the males had beak marks. Both sex ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00745.x

10. Chronic intracarotid cannulation of pigeons for administration of behaviorally active peptides

Author:
D. J. Wendt; H. J. Normile; Elizabeth J. Dawe; T. Trompeter; R. A. Barraco
Source:
Laboratory animals 1982 v.16 no.4 pp. 335-338
ISSN:
1758-1117
Subject:
beak; carotid arteries; catheters; heparin; laboratory animals; peptides; pigeons; polyethylene; sodium chloride; surgery
Abstract:
... Chronic intracarotid cannulation of the common carotid artery was performed in the pigeon. The catheter system of polyethylene tubing consisted of an indwelling component and an injection component. The indwelling component was exteriorized at the occiput so the bird could not reach the catheter with its beak. Following surgery, the pigeons were housed individually and received food and water ad l ...
DOI:
10.1258/002367782780935841

11. Genetic and phenotypic correlations in a natural population of song sparrows

Author:
Schluter, Dolph; Smith, James N.M.
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1986 v.29 no.1 pp. 23-36
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Fringillidae; allometry; beak; heritability; introgression; natural selection; phenotypic correlation; variance
Abstract:
... We estimated heritabilities, and genetic and phenotypic correlations between beak and body traits in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia). We compared these estimates to values for the same traits in the Galápagos finches, Geospiza (Boag, 1983; Grant, 1983). Morphological variance is low in the song sparrow, and our results show that genetic and phenotypic correlations are considerably lower than ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01768.x

12. Tests for Similarity and Convergence of Finch Communities

Author:
Dolph Schluter
Source:
Ecology 1986 v.67 no.4 pp. 1073-1085
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Passeriformes; analysis of variance; ancestry; beak; body size; habitats; phylogeny; variance
Abstract:
... Convergence at the community level occurs when whole groups of organisms become more similar than their ancestors in a similar environment. I suggest a method for indirectly assessing community convergence, and apply it to several characteristics of finch communities in different habitats worldwide. The method is based on the analysis of variance, and has several advantages over other indirect tes ...
DOI:
10.2307/1939830

13. Diet Variation in a Population of Darwin's Finches

Author:
Trevor Price
Source:
Ecology 1987 v.68 no.4 pp. 1015-1028
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Daphne; Opuntia; Passeriformes; Tribulus; beak; cacti and succulents; diet; energy; evolution; food shortages; foods; foraging; genetic correlation; microclimate; seeds; territoriality
Abstract:
... I studied the diets of a banded population of Darwin's Medium Ground Finches (Geospiza fortis) on Isla Daphne Major, Galapagos, between 1979 and 1981. I was able to show how an individual's diet was constrained to a subset of the foods that the population as a whole exploits, and considered how an individual selected from among the foods available to it. I examined both the evolutionary and short— ...
DOI:
10.2307/1938373

14. The Evolution of Finch Communities on Islands and Continents: Kenya vs. Galapagos

Author:
Dolph Schluter
Source:
Ecological monographs 1988 v.58 no.4 pp. 229-249
ISSN:
0012-9615
Subject:
Formicidae; Passeriformes; beak; birds; community structure; diet; fauna; foraging; granivores; grasses; islands; microhabitats; predation; predators; prediction; risk; rodents; seed size; seeds; shrubs; species diversity; trees; Galapagos Islands; Kenya
Abstract:
... I describe the nonbreeding finch community of several habitats in continental Kenya, East Africa, and compare it with previously described communities of granivorous finches on Galapagos islands. The purpose of the comparison is to explore differences in structure between communities that have evolved on a continent and on an isolated archipelago, and to suggest reasons for the differences. The ul ...
DOI:
10.2307/1942538

15. Extracutaneous Viral Inclusions in Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Author:
Kenneth S. Latimer; Pauline M. Rakich; Ingrid M. Kircher; Branson W. Ritchie; Frank D. Niagro; W. L. Steffens; Phil D. Lukert
Source:
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v.2 no.3 pp. 204-207
ISSN:
1040-6387
Subject:
beak; birds; bursa of Fabricius; enzymes; esophagus; feces; inclusion bodies; intestines; liver; necropsy; palate; staining; viral antigens; viral shedding
Abstract:
... Thirty-five birds that died with naturally acquired psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) were necropsied to identify extracutaneous viral inclusions. Inclusions were found in various tissue sections from 34 of 35 birds. By immunoperoxidase staining, intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were shown to contain PBFD viral antigen. Inclusion-bearing lesions were widely disseminated ...
DOI:
10.1177/104063879000200309

16. A Novel DNA Virus Associated with Feather Inclusions in Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Author:
K. S. Latimer; P. M. Rakich; W. L. Steffens; I. M. Kircher; B. W. Ritchie; F. D. Niagro; P. D. Lukert
Source:
Veterinary pathology v.28 no.4 pp. 300-304
ISSN:
1544-2217
Subject:
Agapornis; Amazona; Beak and feather disease virus; Cacatuidae; animal pathology; beak; biopsy; cell nucleus; enzymes; epithelial cells; epithelium; feathers; histopathology; macrophages; parrots; pulp; viral antigens; virion
Abstract:
... The nature of feather inclusions was characterized in 32 psittacine birds (30 cockatoos, one peachfaced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis), and one red-lored Amazon parrot (Amazona autumnalis autumnalis)) with naturally-acquired psittacine beak and feather disease. Intranuclear inclusions within feather epithelial cells and intracytoplasmic inclusions within macrophages in the feather epithelium and ...
DOI:
10.1177/030098589102800406

17. Development and morphology of rostral cartilages in batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea), with comments on homology within vertebrates

Author:
Tsutomu Miyake; John D. Mceachran; Peter J. Walton; Brian K. Hall
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1992 v.46 no.3 pp. 259-298
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
fins; beak; Xiphias; Rhinopteridae; Scyliorhinus; Holocephali; mammals; adults; epigenetics; Cetacea; Scomberomorus; Rajidae; sharks; tadpoles; morphogenesis; cartilage; monophyly; Chlamydoselachus; Istiophoridae; Torpedo; Squatina; Myliobatidae; Dasyatis; Acanthocybium
Abstract:
... The rostral cartilages of batoid fishes were examined to elucidate their development, morphology and homology. Comparison of a variety of rostral cartilages among elasmobranchs with other groups of vertebrates shows that rostral cartilages originate embryologically from the trabecula and/or lamina orbitonasalis. Because different morphogenetic patterns of the derivatives of the two embryonic carti ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00864.x

18. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus

Author:
Branson W. Ritchie; Frank D. Niagro; Kenneth S. Latimer; W. L. Steffens; Denise Pesti; Lorraine Aron; Phil D. Luketr
Source:
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v.4 no.1 pp. 13-18
ISSN:
1040-6387
Subject:
beak; disease diagnosis; diagnostic techniques; immunohistochemistry; monoclonal antibodies; immunoglobulins; viruses; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; aviary birds; feathers; poultry
Abstract:
... Monoclonal antibodies specific for the virus that causes psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) were produced by fusing spleen cells from mice immunized with purified concentrated PBFD virus with mouse myeloma cell line Sp2/0. The resulting hybridomas were tested for reactivity against whole purified virus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Four clones, designated 15H8, 8E ...
DOI:
10.1177/104063879200400104
PubMed:
1554764

19. Papillomavirus-like infections in canaries (Serinus canarius)

Author:
Dom, P.; Ducatelle, R.; Charlier, G.; Groot, P. de.
Source:
Avian pathology 1993 v.22 no.4 pp. 797-803
ISSN:
0307-9457
Subject:
Papillomaviridae; beak; viruses; papilloma; case studies; canaries; histopathology
DOI:
10.1080/03079459308418966
PubMed:
18671063

20. Diversity in Body Size and Feeding Morphology within Past and Present Vulture Assemblages

Author:
Fritz Hertel
Source:
Ecology 1994 v.75 no.4 pp. 1074-1084
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
beak; body size; convergent evolution; discriminant analysis; extinction; fossils; phylogeny; skull; Amazonia; California; Eastern Africa; India; South Africa
Abstract:
... Vultures comprise two geographically isolated and taxonomically distinct groups, Old World accipitrids and New World vulturids, and provide a classic case of convergent evolution. In both regions, several species of vultures often feed together in large numbers on carcasses. Behavioral studies of East African and Amazonian vultures have documented parallels in apparent ecological separation within ...
DOI:
10.2307/1939431

21. Effect of beak trimming, blade temperature, and age at beak trimming on performance of two strains of egg layers

Author:
Maizama, D.G.; Adams, A.W.
Source:
Journal of applied poultry research 1994 v.3 no.1 pp. 69-73
ISSN:
1056-6171
Subject:
hens; beak trimming; feed intake; beak; regrowth; temperature; strain differences; laying performance; feed conversion; mortality; body weight
DOI:
10.1093/japr/3.1.69

22. A test of pollinator specificity and morphological convergence between nectarivorous birds and rainforest tree flowers in New Guinea

Author:
Brown, E.D.; Hopkins, M.J.G.
Source:
Oecologia 1995 v.103 no.1 pp. 89-100
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
beak; tropical rain forests; flowers; trees; wild birds; pollination; Papua New Guinea
DOI:
10.1007/BF00328429

23. Beak trimming of turkeys. 1. Effects of three methods of beak trimming on body weight and mortality of six genetic lines

Author:
Noble, D.O.; Krueger, K.K.; Nestor, K.E.
Source:
Poultry science 1996 v.75 no.6 pp. 702-704
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
turkeys; beak trimming; body weight; mortality; line differences; gender differences; beak
Abstract:
... An experiment was designed to compare BW and mortality of turkeys when three methods of beak trimming were utilized. Turkeys from six genetic lines were assigned to three beak trimming methods: are beak trimming at hatching, hot-blade block trimming at 13 d, or hot-blade top-beak-only trimming at 13 d. Beak trimming method influenced 8-wk BW of three lines of females, but did not affect female BW ...
DOI:
10.3382/ps.0750702
PubMed:
8737833

24. High Survival of Darwin's Finch Hybrids: Effects of Beak Morphology and Diets

Author:
B. Rosemary Grant; Peter R. Grant
Source:
Ecology 1996 v.77 no.2 pp. 500-509
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
El Nino; Opuntia; Passeriformes; backcrossing; beak; climate; diet; dry season; habitats; hybrids; inheritance (genetics); mortality; parents; seeds; Galapagos Islands
Abstract:
... Three species of Darwin's finches (Geospiza fortis, G. scandens, and G. fuliginosa) hybridize rarely on the small Galapagos island of Daphne Major. Following the exceptionally severe El Nino event of 1982—1983, hybrids survived as well as, and in some cases better than, the parental species during dry seasons of potential food limitation. They also backcrossed to two of the parental species. This ...
DOI:
10.2307/2265625

25. Polyomavirus Encephalopathy in a Ducorps Cockatoo (Cacatua Ducorpsii) with Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Author:
Kenneth S. Latimer; Frank D. Niagro; W. L. Steffens; Branson W. Ritchie; Raymond P. Campagnoli
Source:
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v.8 no.3 pp. 291-295
ISSN:
1040-6387
Subject:
Cacatua; DNA; Polyomaviridae; adults; astrocytes; beak; birds; brain; electron microscopy; encephalopathy; endothelial cells; histology; in situ hybridization; leukocytes; necropsy; necrosis; neurodegenerative diseases; neurons
Abstract:
... Necropsy tissues were examined from an adult wild-caught Ducorps cockatoo (Cacatua ducorpsii) with progressive neurologic signs. Of the tissue specimens selected for histologic evaluation, only the brain contained rare amphophilic, glassy intranuclear inclusions within astrocytes and some neurons. Astrocyte and neuronal degeneration and necrosis also were observed. Scattered astrocytes, with and w ...
DOI:
10.1177/104063879600800303

26. The effect of beak trimming on two strains of commercial Tom turkeys. 2. Behavior traits

Author:
Noble, D.O.; Nestor, K.E.; Krueger, K.K.
Source:
Poultry science 1996 v.75 no.12 pp. 1468-1471
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
beak; poults; drinking; animal welfare; strain differences; diurnal activity; fearfulness; beak trimming
Abstract:
... The influence of beak trimming of two strains of commercial male turkeys (Strains A and B) on behavior during the growing period was investigated. Poults were either left with beaks intact or arc beak trimmed at hatching. Strain by beak treatment interactions were generally lacking, indicating that these two strains responded similarly. Beak trimming did not influence tameness (as measured by resp ...
DOI:
10.3382/ps.0751468
PubMed:
9000268

27. A comparative analysis of the foraging behaviour of the Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and the Alpine Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus coexisting in the Alps

Author:
ROLANDO, ANTONIO; LAIOLO, PAOLA; FORMICA, MASSIMO
Source:
Ibis 1997 v.139 no.3 pp. 461-467
ISSN:
0019-1019
Subject:
adults; autumn; beak; correlation; diet; foraging; habitats; juveniles; pastures; summer; Alps region
Abstract:
... The foraging behaviour of the Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and the Alpine Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus was studied during summer and autumn in the western Italian Alps. We assessed feeding times, feeding rates and foraging techniques associated with different foraging habitats. The Alpine Chough is mainly a ground surface feeder, stays for a rela-tively short time at a feeding site (on average 2. ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04659.x

28. Beak trimming of turkeys. 2. Effects of arc beak trimming on weight gain, feed intake, feed wastage, and feed conversion

Author:
Noble, D.O.; Nestor, K.E.
Source:
Poultry science 1997 v.76 no.5 pp. 668-670
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
turkeys; beak trimming; beak; feed intake; liveweight gain; gender differences; strain differences; feed conversion
Abstract:
... An experiment was conducted to study the effects of arc beak trimming on feed consumption, weight gain, and feed wastage in males and females from two large-bodied strains and one medium-bodied strain of turkeys. Birds were placed in wire-floored battery cages from 3 to 8 wk of age and feed intake, weight gains, and feed spilled into dropping pans were recorded for each of the 5 wk of each trial. ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/76.5.668
PubMed:
9154617

29. Behavioural and anatomical consequences of two beak trimming methods in 1- and 10-d-old domestic chicks

Author:
Gentle, M.J.; Hughes, B.O.; Fox, A.; Waddington, D.
Source:
British poultry science 1997 v.38 no.5 pp. 453-463
ISSN:
0007-1668
Subject:
beak; animal behavior; body weight; feed conversion; histology; animal anatomy; age; liveweight gain; feed intake; length; feathers; chicks; beak trimming
DOI:
10.1080/00071669708418022
PubMed:
9510987

30. DDT-like effects as a result of corticosterone treatment in an anuran amphibian: is DDT a corticoid mimic or a stressor?

Author:
Hayes, T.B.; Wu, T.H.; Gill, T.N.
Source:
Environmental toxicology and chemistry 1997 v.16 no.9 pp. 1948-1953
ISSN:
0730-7268
Subject:
Anura; DDT (pesticide); beak; corticosterone; dermis; frogs; keratinization; larval development; pesticidal properties; skin glands; steroid hormones; tadpoles; Senegal
Abstract:
... Exposure of tadpoles to dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) induces pathological development of the upper mandible. In the current study, we report a similar pathological development after tadpoles of the Senegal walking frog (Kassina senegalensis: Hyperolidae) were treated with the steroid hormone, corticosterone (CORT) for 5 d at 1.1 micromolar. Corticosterone-treated tadpoles developed a "ho ...
DOI:
10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1948:DLEAAR>2.3.CO;2

31. Experimentally Induced Selenosis of Adult Mallard Ducks: Clinical Signs, Lesions, and Toxicology

Author:
D. O'Toole; M. F. Raisbeck
Source:
Veterinary pathology v.34 no.4 pp. 330-340
ISSN:
1544-2217
Subject:
Anas platyrhynchos; Kupffer cells; adults; alopecia; animal pathology; beak; bile ducts; blood; chemical analysis; diet; dietary exposure; ducks; emaciation; epithelium; feathers; hepatocytes; hyperkeratosis; inflammation; keratin; keratinocytes; kidneys; liver; males; necrosis; sclerosis; selenium; selenomethionine; selenosis; toxicology; waterfowl; wetlands; Western United States
Abstract:
... Selenosis is thought to be a significant problem among waterfowl populations in selenium-contaminated wetlands in the western United States. Chemical analysis of avian tissues is currently the principal basis for diagnosis. The purpose of these two 150-day studies was to establish whether morphological criteria for selenosis could be developed to supplement chemical analysis. Forty-eight flightlin ...
DOI:
10.1177/030098589703400409
PubMed:
9240842

32. Quantitative trait and allozyme divergence in the Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris, Aves: Fringillidae)

Author:
Merilä, Juha
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1997 v.61 no.2 pp. 243-266
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Carduelis; allozymes; beak; body size; correlation; genetic markers; mutation; quantitative traits; variance
Abstract:
... Quantitative trait divergence and variability among 12 greenfinch populations across continental Europe was examined and compared to divergence in neutral genetic markers (allozymes). The added among locality variance component for 16 skeletal traits was large (mean 28%, range 4-48%) equalling a divergence of up to three SD units. The divergence in quantitative traits (Qst = 0.04-0.48) greatly exc ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01789.x

33. Contaminants in Eggs of Colonial Waterbirds and Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Levels in Pipped Tern Embryos, Washington State

Author:
L. J. Blus; M. J. Melancon; D. J. Hoffman; C. J. Henny
Source:
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 1998 v.35 no.3 pp. 492-497
ISSN:
0090-4341
Subject:
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos; Sterna; abnormal development; beak; cytochrome P-450; eggs; enzyme activity; metabolites; nesting; organochlorine pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls; tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; water birds; Columbia River
Abstract:
... Eggs of Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) collected in 1991 from nesting colonies on Crescent Island (Columbia River) and the Potholes Reservoir in south central Washington generally contained low residues of organochlorine pesticides and metabolites, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme activity ...
DOI:
10.1007/s002449900407
PubMed:
9732482

34. Morphology of the distal tip of the upper mandible of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) embryo during hatching

Author:
Richardson, M.K.; Deeming, D.C.; Cope, C.
Source:
British poultry science 1998 v.39 no.4 pp. 575-578
ISSN:
0007-1668
Subject:
beak; ostriches; embryo (animal); hatching; ultrastructure
DOI:
10.1080/00071669888809
PubMed:
9800047

35. Short break: a new autosomal recessive semilethal mutation in Japanese quail

Author:
Tsudzuki, M.; Nakane, Y.; Wada, A.
Source:
Journal of heredity 1998 v.89 no.2 pp. 175-178
ISSN:
0022-1503
Subject:
Coturnix japonica; beak; chicks; genetic analysis; hatching; hindlimbs; humerus; mutants; mutation; phenotype; poultry; recessive genes; sexual maturity; ulna
Abstract:
... Short beak (SBK) is a new semilethal mutation of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). The SBK individuals are characterized externally by short beaks, shanks, and digits. The shank is also thicker than the wild type. The shape of the mutant beak does not show a parrotlike appearance, contrasting with that of other poultry chondrodystrophic mutants reported in the literature. Bones in the fore and h ...
DOI:
10.1093/jhered/89.2.175

36. The colonization of turkeys by thermophilic campylobacters

Author:
Wallace, J.S.; Stanley, K.N.; Jones, K.
Source:
Journal of applied microbiology 1998 v.85 no.2 pp. 224-230
ISSN:
1364-5072
Subject:
Campylobacter jejuni; beak; biotypes; cecum; chicks; diarrhea; excretion; farms; feces; slaughter; turkeys
Abstract:
... The rate at which five broods of turkey chicks became colonized by thermophilic campylobacters was investigated. Day-old chicks were normally free of campylobacters on arrival on the farm with colonization beginning within 7 d. The carriage rate was 100% by day 14 in three of the broods and by day 21 in the other two. Higher carriage rates were obtained with enrichment procedures than with direct ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00470.x
PubMed:
9750294

37. Aspects of the Nesting Biology of the Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata: Incubation Period, Hatching Synchrony and Patterns of Nest Attendance and Defence

Author:
Peter J. Whitehead
Source:
Emu 1999 v.99 no.2 pp. 121-134
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
aggression; beak; eggs; feet; females; flocks; hatching; human-wildlife relations; males; nesting; nests; radio telemetry; solar radiation; temperature; waterfowl; wings
Abstract:
... The period between clutch initiation and departure of family groups from successful Magpie Goose nests ranged from 31 to 33 d. Incubation period was 25 days and family groups remained at the nest up to 4 d after the first egg hatched. Hatching was poorly synchronised relative to many other waterfowl, probably due to variable but often elevated egg temperatures (up to 36.6°C) during the 5–10 d layi ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU99015

38. The influence of fragment size and edge on nest predation in urban bushland

Author:
Alison Matthews; Christopher R. Dickman; Richard E. Major
Source:
Ecography 1999 v.22 no.4 pp. 349-356
ISSN:
0906-7590
Subject:
Antechinus; beak; birds; ecosystems; eggs; habitat fragmentation; habitats; nests; predation; predators; rats; shrublands; teeth
Abstract:
... To test the effects of habitat fragmentation and edge on the rate of nest predation in an urban ecosystem, 20 artificial nests each containing 2 plasticine eggs were distributed in each of 24 bushland sites in Sydney, Australia. the eastern yellow robin Eopsaltria australis was adopted as a target species, and variables of nests, eggs and nesting behaviour were manipulated in experiments. Sites ra ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00572.x

39. Annual and Seasonal Variation in the Growth Rates of Young Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Western Australia

Author:
B.C. Wienecke; J.S. Bradley; R.D. Wooller
Source:
Emu 2000 v.100 no.2 pp. 139-147
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Eudyptula minor; beak; chicks; fledglings; islands; nestlings; seasonal variation; Western Australia
Abstract:
... Four linear measurements and body mass were used to measure the growth of Little Penguin Eudytula minor nestlings on Penguin Island, Western Australia, from 1989 to 1991. In general, beak length and beak depth increased more slowly than flipper and tarsus lengths, and body mass increased rapidly. Growth rates did not differ significantly between years. However, second-hatched chicks grew more slow ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU9856

40. Beak trimming methods

Author:
Glatz, P.C.
ISSN:
1011-2367
Subject:
chicks; turkeys; hens; beak trimming; beak; cannibalism; disease control; automation; robots; lasers; surgery; freeze drying; strain differences; ergonomics; animal welfare; environmental enrichment; behavior change; selection response
DOI:
10.5713/ajas.2000.1619

41. Pairing in the Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) of Selvagem Grande

Author:
Jean-Louis Mougin
Source:
Journal für Ornithologie 2000 v.141 no.3 pp. 319-326
ISSN:
0021-8375
Subject:
Calonectris diomedea; beak; birds; breeding; reproductive success
Abstract:
... The Cory's Shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) of Selvagem Grande (30°09′N, 15°52′W) mate randomly according to beak index, age, breeding experience and previous breeding success, and probably assortatively according to previous breeding frequency. Pairing always implying near neighbours, it is likely that lone birds do not search for a mate similar to themselves but take the first bird of opposite ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF02462241

42. Patterns of Growth in Nestling Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris

Author:
V.M. Saffer; J.S. Bradley; R.D. Wooller; C.E. Meathrel
Source:
Emu 2000 v.100 no.1 pp. 42-48
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Puffinus tenuirostris; beak; growth models; islands; nestlings; Tasmania
Abstract:
... Patterns of growth in nestling Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris were studied on Great Dog Island in Bass Strait, Tasmania, early in 1992. The logistic growth model fitted the data better than the Gompertz or von Bertalanffy models. The lengths of the head, wing and tarsus were more useful measures of growth than weight (too variable) or beak depth (too difficult to measure). Differen ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU9711

43. The allopatric phase of speciation: the sharp-beaked ground finch (Geospiza difficilis) on the Galápagos islands

Author:
GRANT, PETER R.; GRANT, B. ROSEMARY; PETREN, KENNETH
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 2000 v.69 no.3 pp. 287-317
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
DNA; beak; biological speciation; genetic traits; islands; reproductive isolation; sexual selection; wolves
Abstract:
... Using microsatellite DNA variation, morphological measurements and sonagrams made from tape-recordings in the field, we examine die allopatric differentiation of six populations of the sharp-beaked ground finch, Geospiza difficilis, in the Galapagos archipelago. We ask how and why die populations became differentiated, and consider what die differences imply about speciation. An important factor i ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01207.x

44. Conspecific egg predation by florida scrub-jays

Author:
GARVIN JULIE C.; REYNOLDS S. JAMES; SCHOECH STEPHAN J.
Source:
Wilson bulletin 2002 v.114 no.1 pp. 136-139
ISSN:
0043-5643
Subject:
Aphelocoma coerulescens; beak; breeding; eggs; females; habitats; nesting; nests; predation; Florida
Abstract:
... We report an observation of egg predation by conspecifics in the Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) at Archbold Biological Station in Highlands County, Florida. This is the first confirmed account of intraspecific egg predation in this threatened and declining species. We observed a group of five jays harass an established breeding pair at their nest that contained four warm eggs. One fem ...
DOI:
10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0136:CEPBFS]2.0.CO;2

45. Effects of light intensity during rearing and beak trimming and dietary fiber sources on mortality, egg production, and performance of ISA Brown laying hens

Author:
Hartini, S.; Choct, M.; Hinch, G.; Kocher, A.; Nolan, J.V.
Source:
Journal of applied poultry research 2002 v.11 no.1 pp. 104-110
ISSN:
1056-6171
Subject:
hens; light intensity; beak; beak trimming; feeds; mortality; egg production; cannibalism; developmental stages; feed intake; rearing; dietary fiber
DOI:
10.1093/japr/11.1.104

46. Ontogeny of behaviour in intact and beak trimmed layer pullets, with special reference to preening

Author:
Sandilands, V.; Savory, C.J.
Source:
British poultry science 2002 v.43 no.2 pp. 182-189
ISSN:
0007-1668
Subject:
pullets; hens; animal behavior; beak; beak trimming; body weight; length; feathers
Abstract:
... 1. The effects of commercial beak trimming on layer pullet behaviour were investigated, with special reference to preening. 2. One-d-old chicks, 96 in all, were housed in 12 litter floor pens, with 8 birds in each, to 20 weeks of age. Approximately one quarter of the beak was trimmed in all birds in half of the pens (BT) at 8 d of age using a hot blade debeaker. The birds in the other pens remaine ...
DOI:
10.1080/00071660120121373
PubMed:
12047080

47. Acute Beak and Feather Disease in juvenile African Grey parrots - an uncommon presentation of a common disease

Author:
Doneley, R.J.T.
Source:
Australian veterinary journal 2003 v.81 no.4 pp. 206-207
ISSN:
0005-0423
Subject:
Psittacus erithacus; beak; case studies; chronic diseases; death; feathers; lesions (animal); parrots
Abstract:
... Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease is commonly diagnosed all over the world as a viral disease of psittacine birds that primarily results in abnormalities of the feathers and beak. The clinical presentation of this disease varies between species and age groups, but in the majority of cases the course of the disease is chronic. This case report documents an acute form of the disease in African Gre ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11472.x

48. Detection of Pigeon Circovirus by Polymerase Chain Reaction

Author:
Roy, Parimal; Dhillon, A.S.; Lauerman, Lloyd; Shivaprasad, H.L.
Source:
Avian diseases 2003 v.47 no.1 pp. 218-222
ISSN:
0005-2086
Subject:
Aspergillus; Chicken anemia virus; DNA; DNA primers; Escherichia coli; Escherichia infections; Pasteurella; Pigeon circovirus; Salmonella; beak; bird diseases; bursa of Fabricius; candidiasis; capillariasis; histopathology; liver; mixed infection; pigeons; polymerase chain reaction; spleen; transmission electron microscopy; virion; viruses
Abstract:
... Pigeon circovirus was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in young pigeons belonging to 12 different lofts. Viral DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-imbedded tissues containing primarily bursa and occasionally liver and spleen with a commercial kit. PCR primers were selected from a published sequence for columbid circovirus and evaluated in a PCR assay. The histopathologic e ...
DOI:
10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0218:DOPCBP]2.0.CO;2

49. Effect of Stevioside and Steviol on the Developing Broiler Embryos

Author:
Geuns, Jan M.C.; Bruggeman, Veerle; Buyse, Johan G.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2003 v.51 no.17 pp. 5162-5167
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
abnormal development; beak; blood; body weight; chickens; eggs; embryonic mortality; gonads; steviol; stevioside
Abstract:
... At day 7 of incubation, fertile broiler eggs were injected with different amounts of stevioside and steviol of 0.08, 0.8, or 4 mg stevioside/egg and 0.025, 0.25, or 1.25 mg steviol/egg. At hatch (day 21) and 1 week later, not any influence of the different treatments could be found on embryonic mortality, body weight of the hatchlings, deformations (e.g., bone, beak, and head malformations, abnorm ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf020931p

50. Effects of habitat characteristics and climate on the distribution and colouration of Dusky Moorhens (Gallinula tenebrosa) in south-east Queensland

Author:
Adam M. Shirley; Anne W. Goldizen; Darryl N. Jones; Elizabeth A. Krebs; David A. Putland
Source:
Emu 2003 v.103 no.1 pp. 81-86
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Gallinula; adults; alloparental behavior; aquatic plants; beak; birds; breeding; climate; color; evolution; habitats; legs; nesting sites; surveys; temperature; vegetation; wetlands; winter; Queensland
Abstract:
... We determined which factors predict the presence and abundance of Dusky Moorhens (Gallinula tenebrosa) at wetlands by surveying the ecological and habitat characteristics of 62 sites across south-east Queensland. Moorhens were observed in 48 of the sites sampled. They were more likely to be found at sites surrounded by taller terrestrial vegetation and where free-floating and attached aquatic vege ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU02019

51. First report on Cryptococcus laurentii associated with feather loss in a glossy starling (Lamprotornis chalybaeus)

Author:
Decostere, A.; Hermans, K.; Baere, T. de; Pasmans, F.; Haesebrouck, F.
Source:
Avian pathology 2003 v.32 no.3 pp. 309-311
ISSN:
0307-9457
Subject:
Cryptococcus laurentii; beak; case studies; drinking water; feathers; fluconazole; odors; pigeons
Abstract:
... Although Cryptococcus laurentii has been isolated from fresh droppings and cloaca samples from feral pigeons, it has never before been associated with an actual disease condition in birds. This case study deals with the first report on C. laurentii associated with feather loss in a glossy starling (Lamprotornis chalybaeus). The bird exhibited patchy feather loss, especially around the back and bea ...
DOI:
10.1080/0307945031000097921

52. Morphometric comparison of Australian Shy and New Zealand White-capped Albatrosses

Author:
Michael C. Double; Rosemary Gales; Tim Reid; Nigel Brothers; Cathryn L. Abbott
Source:
Emu 2003 v.103 no.4 pp. 287-294
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
animal morphology; beak; bycatch; fishing boats; morphometry; provenance; species identification; wings; New Zealand
Abstract:
... Albatrosses are frequently killed by longline and trawl fishery operations but the relative impact of such activities at the species or population level are largely unknown. Such information requires the widespread presence of fishery observers and an ability to identify accurately the species and provenance of all albatrosses killed by fishing vessels. In this study we investigate the use of morp ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU03012

53. Pathology and Histology of Dietary Tryptophan Deficiency in Broiler Chicks

Author:
Monroe, A.D.; Latimer, K.S.; Pesti, G.M.; Bakalli, R.I.
Source:
Avian diseases 2003 v.47 no.4 pp. 1393-1398
ISSN:
0005-2086
Subject:
batteries; battery cages; beak; bird diseases; blood proteins; broiler chickens; chicks; coprophagy; corn; corn gluten meal; diet; environmental factors; gelatin; heterophils; histology; inflammation; nose; tryptophan
Abstract:
... The purpose of this experiment was to characterize a lesion of the rhamphotheca associated with tryptophan (TRP) deficiency, search for other histological abnormalities, and determine whether bird size and housing conditions are contributing factors to these lesions. Day-old broiler chicks (Ross × Ross 308) were placed in either floor pens with fresh pine shavings or Petersime battery brooders wit ...
DOI:
10.1637/7039

54. Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease: a First Survey of the Distribution of Beak and Feather Disease Virus Inside the Population of Captive Psittacine Birds in Germany

Author:
Rahaus, Markus; Wolff, Manfred H.
Source:
Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B. 2003 v.50 no.8 pp. 368-371
ISSN:
0931-1793
Subject:
Beak and feather disease virus; DNA; beak; birds; feathers; polymerase chain reaction; surveys; Germany
Abstract:
... Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is the most common viral disease of wild and captive psittacine birds. Here, we designed the first survey to investigate the existence of subclinical infections and the distribution of the causative agent named beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) inside the population of captive psittacine birds in Germany. DNA was isolated from feathers of 146 symptom- ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00696.x

55. Beak trimming reduces feeding efficiency of hens

Author:
Prescott, N.B.; Bonser, R.H.C.
Source:
Journal of applied poultry research 2004 v.13 no.3 pp. 468-471
ISSN:
1056-6171
Subject:
laying hens; food animals; ingestion; beak trimming; beak; pelleted feeds; hen feeding; animal welfare; feed deprivation
DOI:
10.1093/japr/13.3.468

56. Determining the sex of Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) in northern Bass Strait using morphometric measurements

Author:
J. P. Y. Arnould; P. Dann; J. M. Cullen
Source:
Emu 2004 v.104 no.3 pp. 261-265
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Eudyptula minor; adults; animal morphology; beak; body size; discriminant analysis; males; models; morphometry; penguins; plumage; sex determination analysis; sexual dimorphism; New Zealand; Tasmania; Victoria (Australia)
Abstract:
... In avian species with no obvious differences in plumage or body size between the sexes, such as penguins, discriminant function analysis (DFA) of morphometric measurements that display sexual dimorphism can provide a simple and rapid means of determining sex in the field. Like most other penguin species, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor) displays sexual dimorphism in bill shape and size. In the ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU04035

57. Preen gland function in layer fowls: factors affecting preen oil fatty acid composition

Author:
Sandilands, V.; Powell, K.; Keeling, L.; Savory, C.J.
Source:
British poultry science 2004 v.45 no.1 pp. 109-115
ISSN:
0007-1668
Subject:
beak; diet; fatty acid composition; fatty acids; feather pecking; feathers; gas chromatography; hormones; laying hens; odors; pecking; preening; uropygial gland
Abstract:
... 1. Preen oil derived from the preen gland has previously been shown to differ in its composition between birds of different ages, sex and diet. As a part of a larger study on preening behaviour and its components, the relative percentages of fatty acids in preen oil were examined in laying hens that differed in age, beak trimmed status, feather pecking status (pecker and pecked) and method of samp ...
DOI:
10.1080/00071660410001668932
PubMed:
15115208

58. A chicken-sized crane precursor from the early Oligocene of France

Author:
Gerald Mayr
Source:
Naturwissenschaften 2005 v.92 no.8 pp. 389-393
ISSN:
0028-1042
Subject:
Gruidae; beak; birds; fossils; grasslands; skeleton; France
Abstract:
... A skeleton of a chicken-sized crane precursor is described from the Lower Oligocene of the Lubéron in Southern France. Parvigrus pohli gen. et sp. nov. is the most substantial Paleogene fossil record of the Grues (Aramidae [limpkin] + Gruidae [cranes]), and among its oldest representatives. The fossil species is classified in the new taxon Parvigruidae, which is shown to be the sister group of ext ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00114-005-0007-8

59. And the beak shall inherit – evolution in response to invasion

Author:
Scott P. Carroll; Jenella E. Loye; Hugh Dingle; Michael Mathieson; Thomas R. Famula; Myron P. Zalucki
Source:
Ecology letters 2005 v.8 no.9 pp. 944-951
ISSN:
1461-023X
Subject:
Sapindus saponaria; beak; evolution; host range; introduced species; museums; vines; weeds
Abstract:
... The increased demographic performance of biological invaders may often depend on their escape from specifically adapted enemies. Here we report that native taxa in colonized regions may swiftly evolve to exploit such emancipated exotic species because of selection caused by invaders. A native Australian true bug has expanded it host range to include a vine imported from tropical America that has b ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00800.x

60. Maternally derived carotenoid pigments affect offspring survival, sex ratio, and sexual attractiveness in a colorful songbird

Author:
K. J. McGraw; E. Adkins-Regan; R. S. Parker
Source:
Naturwissenschaften 2005 v.92 no.8 pp. 375-380
ISSN:
0028-1042
Subject:
Taeniopygia guttata; adults; antioxidant activity; beak; carotenoids; color; daughters; dietary supplements; egg yolk; eggs; hatching; hormones; lipids; mothers; pigmentation; pigments; sex ratio; songbirds; sons
Abstract:
... In egg-laying animals, mothers can influence the development of their offspring via the suite of biochemicals they incorporate into the nourishing yolk (e.g. lipids, hormones). However, the long-lasting fitness consequences of this early nutritional environment have often proved elusive. Here, we show that the colorful carotenoid pigments that female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) deposit int ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00114-005-0003-z

61. Seed dormancy and germination in threatened Iberian Coincya (Brassicaceae) taxa

Author:
Miguel A. Copete; José M. Herranz; Pablo Ferrandis
Source:
Écoscience 2005 v.12 no.2 pp. 257-266
ISSN:
2376-7626
Subject:
Brassicaceae; beak; germination; photoperiod; seed dormancy; seeds; temperature; Iberian Peninsula
Abstract:
... This study analyzes the influence of temperature, light conditions, seed age, and seed position in the fruit on germination of four Coincya taxa endemic to the south-central Iberian Peninsula: C. rupestris subsp. rupestris (two populations), C. rupestris subsp. leptocarpa, C. longirostra, and C. monensis subsp. orophila (two populations). The first three taxa are endangered. Germination was consid ...
DOI:
10.2980/i1195-6860-12-2-257.1

62. The pineal clock affects behavioral circadian rhythms but not photoperiodic induction in the Indian weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus)

Author:
Sangeeta Rani; Sudhi Singh; Vinod Kumar
Source:
Journal of ornithology 2005 v.146 no.4 pp. 355-364
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
Ploceus; beak; birds; circadian clocks; circadian rhythm; color; luteinizing hormone; ornithology; photophase; photosensitivity; pigmentation; pineal body; pinealectomy; plumage; testes
Abstract:
... We investigated whether pineal is part of the circadian clock system which regulates circadian rhythms of activity and photosensitivity in the Indian weaver bird (Ploceus philippinus). Two experiments were performed. The first experiment examined the induction of testicular growth, and androgen-dependent beak pigmentation and luteinizing hormone (LH)-specific plumage coloration in pinealectomised ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-005-0005-9

63. The use of culmen length to determine sex of the American White Pelican

Author:
Dorr, Brian; King, D. Tommy; Harrel, J. Brent; Gerard, Patrick; Spalding, Marilyn G.
Source:
Waterbirds 2005 v.28 no.1 pp. 102-106
ISSN:
1938-5390
Subject:
beak; discriminant analysis; water birds; morphometry; Pelecanus; animal morphology; gender differences; sex determination analysis; body measurements; length; statistical models; Louisiana; Florida; Mississippi
Abstract:
... Culmen length has been suggested as being diagnostic for sex in the American White Pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). However, the literature on the use of culmen length to determine sex is inconsistent, with reported overlap in culmen lengths for males and females ranging from 1 mm to >120 mm. Morphological measurements from 188 American White Pelicans collected in Mississippi and Louisiana wh ...
Handle:
10113/36767

64. Beak morphology and song features covary in a population of Darwin's finches (Geospiza fortis)

Author:
HUBER, SARAH K.; PODOS, JEFFREY
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 2006 v.88 no.3 pp. 489-498
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Fringillidae; assortative mating; beak; correlation; natural selection; population size; songbirds
Abstract:
... Animal mating signals evolve in part through indirect natural selection on anatomical traits that influence signal expression. In songbirds, for example, natural selection on beak form and function can influence the evolution of song features, because of the role of the beak in song production. In this study we characterize the relationship between beak morphology and song features within a bimoda ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00638.x

65. Decrease in body size of Danish goshawks during the twentieth century

Author:
Yoram Yom-Tov; Shlomith Yom-Tov
Source:
Journal of ornithology 2006 v.147 no.4 pp. 644-647
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
Accipiter gentilis; adults; beak; climate; food availability; museums; ornithology; Denmark
Abstract:
... Recent studies indicated that body size of various animals, including birds, changed during the twentieth century, and these changes were attributed to changes in food availability and climate. We used museum skins of goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) collected between 1854 and 1941 and between 1979 and 1998 in order to check whether body size of this species in Denmark changed during the study period ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-006-0090-4

66. Evolution of Character Displacement in Darwin's Finches

Author:
Grant, Peter R.; Grant, B. Rosemary
Source:
Science 2006 v.313 no.5784 pp. 224-226
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
Geospiza; beak; food availability; heritability; jaws; models; natural selection; Galapagos Islands
Abstract:
... Competitor species can have evolutionary effects on each other that result in ecological character displacement; that is, divergence in resource-exploiting traits such as jaws and beaks. Nevertheless, the process of character displacement occurring in nature, from the initial encounter of competitors to the evolutionary change in one or more of them, has not previously been investigated. Here we r ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1128374

67. Isotopic reconstruction of marine food webs using cephalopod beaks: new insight from captively raised Sepia officinalis

Author:
Hobson, K.A.; Cherel, Y.
Source:
Canadian journal of zoology 2006 v.84 no.5 pp. 766-770
ISSN:
0008-4301
Subject:
beak; food webs; rearing; Sepia officinalis; nitrogen; experimental diets; tissue distribution; predators; carbon; marine science; stable isotopes
DOI:
10.1139/Z06-049

68. Phylogeography of island canary (Serinus canaria) populations

Author:
Christian Dietzen; Cornelia Voigt; Michael Wink; Manfred Gahr; Stefan Leitner
Source:
Journal für Ornithologie 2006 v.147 no.3 pp. 485-494
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
Serinus canaria; beak; body weight; breeding; canaries; cytochrome b; gene flow; genes; genetic distance; genetic variation; habitats; islands; nucleotide sequences; phylogeography; Azores; Canary Islands
Abstract:
... Island canaries (Serinus canaria) are characterised as a species living exclusively on North Atlantic islands, mainly on the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands. Although they are very common in their habitats, their behaviour and breeding system has only recently been studied systematically. To advance the understanding of their ecology and to see if the rather isolated archipelagos are already pr ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-005-0044-2

69. A novel concept of Fe-mineral-based magnetoreception: histological and physicochemical data from the upper beak of homing pigeons

Author:
Fleissner, Gerta; Stahl, Branko; Thalau, Peter; Falkenberg, Gerald; Fleissner, Günther
Source:
Naturwissenschaften 2007 v.94 no.8 pp. 631-642
ISSN:
0028-1042
Subject:
Columba livia; X-radiation; absorption; axons; beak; birds; dendrites; fluorescence; histology; iron; maghemite; magnetic fields; magnetite; nerve tissue; posture; spectroscopy
Abstract:
... Animals make use of the Earth's magnetic field for navigation and regulation of vegetative functions; however, the anatomical and physiological basis for the magnetic sense has not been elucidated yet. Our recent results from histology and X-ray analyses support the hypothesis that delicate iron-containing structures in the skin of the upper beak of homing pigeons might serve as a biological magne ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00114-007-0236-0
PubMed:
17361399

70. A sixth species of Pictolejeunea (Jungermanniopsida) from the Venezuelan Guyana

Author:
T. Pócs
Source:
Acta botanica Hungarica 2007 v.49 no.1-2 pp. 109-119
ISSN:
1588-2578
Subject:
Jungermanniopsida; beak; national parks; perianth; Guyana
Abstract:
... Pictolejeunea piconii Pócs is described from the Canaima National Park in Venezuelan Guyana. It differs from the previously known five species by its sharply refracted lobe, by the parallelly elongated cells of free lobule margin, by the broad reniform underleaves of 2–3x stem width with rounded lobes and by its perianth with auriculate wings, fimbriately dentate margin and exserted beak. ...
DOI:
10.1556/abot.49.2007.1-2.12

71. Applying new tools to cephalopod trophic dynamics and ecology: perspectives from the Southern Ocean Cephalopod Workshop, February 2-3, 2006

Author:
Jackson, G. D.; Bustamante, P.; Cherel, Y.; Fulton, E. A.; Grist, E. P. M.; Jackson, C. H.; Nichols, P. D.; Pethybridge, H.; Phillips, K.; Ward, R. D.; Xavier, J. C.
Source:
Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 2007 v.17 no.2-3 pp. 79-99
ISSN:
0960-3166
Subject:
Cephalopoda; DNA barcoding; beak; biologists; ecosystems; fatty acids; food chain; heavy metals; models; parasites; population dynamics; researchers; squid; stable isotopes; taxonomy; tracer techniques; Tasmania
Abstract:
... A two day workshop on Southern Ocean cephalopods was held in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia prior to the triennial 2006 Cephalopod International Advisory Council (CIAC) symposium. The workshop provided a second international forum to present the current state of research and new directions since the last Southern Ocean cephalopod meeting held in 1993. A major focus of the workshop was trophic ecology ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11160-007-9055-9

72. Black beak tip coloration as a signal of phenotypic quality in a migratory seabird

Author:
Møller, A. P.; Flensted-Jensen, E.; Mardal, W.
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2007 v.61 no.10 pp. 1561-1571
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
North Atlantic Oscillation; Sterna; adults; beak; breeding; breeding season; breeding sites; clutch size; coastal water; color; environmental factors; fertilizer rates; melanin; migratory behavior; prediction; seabirds; wintering grounds; Antarctic region; Arctic region
Abstract:
... Many different seabirds including terns have black color at the tip of their beak, but a yellow, orange, or red color of the rest of the beak. The tip of the beak of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea is black, while the rest of the beak is deep red during the breeding season. We hypothesized that the black coloration of the tip of the beak is a reliable signal of phenotypic quality maintained by the ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-007-0388-0

73. Breeding biology of the Flesh-footed Shearwater (Puffinus carneipes) on Woody Island, Western Australia

Author:
C. D. L. Powell; R. D. Wooller; J. S. Bradley
Source:
Emu 2007 v.107 no.4 pp. 275-283
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Puffinus; adults; beak; breeding; burrows; coasts; eggs; fecundity; fledglings; growth models; hatching; juveniles; longline fisheries; mortality; reproductive success; seabirds; soil; tarsus (bone); New Zealand; Western Australia
Abstract:
... The Flesh-footed Shearwater (Puffinus carneipes) is a pelagic seabird that breeds predominantly around southern Australia and New Zealand. Its breeding biology is poorly known, particularly in Western Australia where the species is known to have suffered mortality during long-line fishing operations. We studied the breeding biology of the Flesh-footed Shearwater on Woody Island, off the southern c ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU07005

74. Computer-assisted image analysis in the evaluation of fish wounding by cormorant [Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (L.)] attacks

Author:
Adámek, Zdeněk; Kortan, Jiří; Flajšhans, Martin
Source:
Aquaculture international 2007 v.15 no.3-4 pp. 211-216
ISSN:
0967-6120
Subject:
Cyprinus carpio; Hypophthalmichthys molitrix; Phalacrocorax carbo; Silurus; beak; carp; catfish; contusions; epithelium; freshwater fish; harvesting; image analysis; infection; mortality; muscle tissues; necrosis; ponds; predation
Abstract:
... Fish that have escaped from a cormorant's (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (L.)) grasp and/or which could not be swallowed due to their size suffer from various injuries resulting in consecutive infections and subsequent increased mortality. Computer-assisted image analysis was applied to describe the extent of such injuries. Two-year-old mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (TL 200-300 mm, W 200-300 g) s ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10499-007-9087-0

75. Floral Ontogeny of the Afro-Madagascan Genus Mitrasacmopsis with Comments on the Development of Superior Ovaries in Rubiaceae

Author:
Groeninckx, I.; Vrijdaghs, A.; Huysmans, S.; Smets, E.; Dessein, S.
Source:
Annals of botany 2007 v.100 no.1 pp. 41-49
ISSN:
0305-7364
Subject:
beak; flowering; corolla; placenta; early development; carpels; ontogeny; scanning electron microscopy; stamens; mushrooms; Rubiaceae; calyx
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Members of Rubiaceae are generally characterized by an inferior ovary. However, Mitrasacmopsis is cited in the literature as having a semi-inferior to superior ovary. It has previously been hypothesized that the gynoecial development of Rubiaceae with semi-inferior to superior ovaries takes place in the same way as in Gaertnera, one of the most commonly cited rubiaceous genera ...
DOI:
10.1093/aob/mcm085
PubMed:
17557833
PubMed Central:
PMC2735299

76. Iron-mineral-based magnetoreception in birds: the stimulus conducting system

Author:
Fleissner, Gerta; Fleissner, Guenther; Stahl, Branko; Falkenberg, Gerald
Source:
Journal für Ornithologie 2007 v.148 no.2 pp. 643-648
ISSN:
0021-8375
Subject:
animal behavior; beak; birds; central nervous system; iron; magnetic fields; migratory behavior; minerals; models; neurophysiology; peripheral nervous system; sensory receptors; systems analysis
Abstract:
... Birds are among the most throughly investigated model systems for the analysis of the impact of magnetic fields on behavior and physiology. They are known to be able to use astonishingly small changes in field intensity, direction and inclination between locations as a magnetic map and compass. However, the neurobiological mechanisms and the magnetophysical principles of the underlying sensory pro ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-007-0229-y

77. Keratoacanthoma causing beak deformity in a budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Author:
Owen, H.C.; Doneley, R.J.T.; Schmidt, R.E.; Patterson-Kane, J.C.
Source:
Avian pathology 2007 v.36 no.6 pp. 499-502
ISSN:
0307-9457
Subject:
budgerigars; ornamental birds; neoplasms; bird diseases; beak; hypertrophy; histopathology; cell differentiation; epithelial cells; keratinization; new host records
Abstract:
... This report describes a keratoacanthoma causing abnormal maxillary beak growth in a 6-year-old male budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulates). Although the bird was still capable of eating, it had recently been demonstrating signs of respiratory distress and euthanasia was recommended. On histological examination, the neoplasm was dramatically effacing the normal structure of the maxilla and infiltrati ...
DOI:
10.1080/03079450701697275
PubMed:
17994330

78. Magnetoreception in birds: two receptors for two different tasks

Author:
Wolfgang Wiltschko; Roswitha Wiltschko
Source:
Journal für Ornithologie 2007 v.148 no.Supplement 1 pp. 61-76
ISSN:
0021-8375
Subject:
beak; birds; electrophysiology; eyes; geophysics; iron; magnetic fields; magnetite; migratory behavior; pigments; sensation; sensory receptors
Abstract:
... Birds can use the geomagnetic field as a source of navigational information in different ways: the magnetic vector provides a compass; magnetic intensity and/or inclination play a role as a component of the navigational ‘map’, and magnetic conditions of certain regions act as ‘sign posts’ or triggers, eliciting specific responses. Two hypotheses on magnetoreception are currently under discussion. ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-007-0233-2

79. Migration ecology and morphometries of two Bar-tailed Godwit populations in Australia

Author:
J. R. Wilson; S. Nebel; C. D. T. Minton
Source:
Emu 2007 v.107 no.4 pp. 262-274
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Limosa; animal morphology; beak; birds; breeding; ecology; flight; migratory behavior; wings; Alaska; Australia; Japan; Pacific Ocean; Russia; Yellow Sea
Abstract:
... Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica) are long-distance migratory shorebirds. About a third of the global population migrate to Australia during the non-breeding season where they occur mainly in the north-west and east. Using measurements of bill, wing, tarsus and total-head (head and bill), we show that birds from the two main Australian non-breeding regions belong to separate populations. Indiv ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU07026

80. Neurobiological basis of sensory perception: welfare implications of beak trimming

Author:
Kuenzel, W.J.
Source:
Poultry science 2007 v.86 no.6 pp. 1273-1282
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
sensory receptors; beak; animal injuries; pain; animal well-being; aggression; surgery; mouthparts; pecking; sensory neurons; beak trimming; adverse effects; poultry; poultry industry
Abstract:
... The practice of beak trimming in the poultry industry occurs to prevent excessive body pecking, cannibalism, and to avoid feed wastage. To assess the welfare implications of the procedure, an emphasis of this paper has been placed on the anatomical structures that comprise the beak and mouth parts and a representation of the structures removed following beak trimming. Five animal welfare concerns ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/86.6.1273
PubMed:
17495105

81. Photoperiodism, pineal clock and seasonal reproduction in the Indian Weaver Bird (Ploceus philippinus)

Author:
Rani, Sangeeta; Singh, Sudhi; Kumar, Vinod
Source:
Journal für Ornithologie 2007 v.148 no.2 pp. 601-610
ISSN:
0021-8375
Subject:
Ploceidae; androgens; beak; biological clocks; birds; circadian rhythm; color; luteinizing hormone; melatonin; photoperiod; photoperiodism; photosensitivity; pigmentation; pineal body; plumage; reproduction; seasonal variation; subtropics; testicular development
Abstract:
... Previous studies show that, in birds, pineal melatonin is important for circadian rhythmicity, and circadian rhythms mediate photoperiodic effects. The effect of pinealectomy or melatonin administration in photoperiodic induction of testicular growth is not found in many bird species. This is inconsistent with the fact that avian pineal is a self-sustained circadian biological clock and decodes bo ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-007-0236-z

82. Poisoning in ostriches following ingestion of toxic plants - field observations

Author:
Cooper, Ross G.
Source:
Tropical animal health and production 2007 v.39 no.6 pp. 439-442
ISSN:
0049-4747
Subject:
Combretum; Dichapetalum; Lantana camara; Melia azedarach; Sarcostemma; Senecio; beak; bentonite; death; diaphragm; distress; eyelids; eyes; farmers; field experimentation; grasses; grazing; hay; hemorrhage; hyperemia; ingestion; kidneys; legs; liver; lungs; mucosa; ostriches; pastures; pericardium; poisoning; seeds; stone fruits; toxicity; vomiting
Abstract:
... Data from post-mortem and field studies were obtained that discussed poisoning in ostriches following ingestion of toxic plants. From the notes, all plants studied caused death in ostriches and there was systemic organ damage. Poisoning from Sarcostemma viminale (Melktou) resulted in beak patting, muscular tremors and head flopping, followed by collapse and violent kicking before death. Ingestion ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11250-007-9044-y
PubMed:
17966275

83. Relationship between body weight and beak characteristics in one-day-old white leghorn chicks: its implications for beak trimming

Author:
Fahey, A.G.; Marchant-Forde, R.M.; Cheng, H.W.
Source:
Poultry science 2007 v.86 no.7 pp. 1312-1315
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
beak; laying hens; animal well-being; body weight; mandible (bone); animal characteristics; data analysis; statistical analysis; chicks; beak trimming
Abstract:
... Beak trimming is a routine practice used in laying hens to prevent feather pecking and cannibalism. The effect of beak trimming on bird well-being depends on multiple factors, including the amount of beak that is trimmed and the quality of the procedure. The aim of this work was to determine if a relationship existed between BW and beak characteristics in 1-d-old chicks, with a future aim to devel ...
Handle:
10113/8179
DOI:
10.1093/ps/86.7.1312
PubMed:
17575176

84. Sex-specific differences in compensation for poor neonatal nutrition in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata

Author:
Arnold, Kathryn E.; Blount, Jonathan D.; Metcalfe, Neil B.; Orr, Kate J.; Adam, Aileen; Houston, David; Monaghan, Pat
Source:
Journal of avian biology 2007 v.38 no.3 pp. 356-366
ISSN:
0908-8857
Subject:
beak; diet; life history; dimorphism; malnutrition; males; early development; adulthood; body size; color; wings; Taeniopygia guttata; feathers; chicks; females
Abstract:
... Individuals can compensate for poor early nutrition by accelerating their growth rates once diet improves, but if malnutrition occurs at a key stage of development only certain body structures may compensate fully. This degrees of compensation is predicted to differ between the sexes and also between species with different life history strategies. In this paper we determine how males and females i ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.0908-8857.2007.03818.x

85. Systematics and distribution of the New Zealand onychoteuthid fauna (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida), including a new species, Notonykia nesisi sp. nov

Author:
Bolstad, K. S.
Source:
Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 2007 v.17 no.2-3 pp. 305-335
ISSN:
0960-3166
Subject:
Cephalopoda; adults; beak; diet; fauna; marine mammals; new species; ontogeny; reproduction; squid; New Zealand
Abstract:
... Onychoteuthid squids are among the most common cephalopods found in New Zealand waters, and comprise a major portion of the regional diets of teuthophagous marine mammals. Although several recent publications have addressed aspects of various species' biology and reproduction, the systematics of the group remains poorly understood. Herein the ontogenetic and adult morphologies of regionally occurr ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11160-007-9041-2

86. A geometric morphometric appraisal of beak shape in Darwin’s finches

Author:
D. J. FOSTER; J. PODOS; A. P. HENDRY
Source:
Journal of evolutionary biology 2008 v.21 no.1 pp. 263-275
ISSN:
1010-061X
Subject:
Fringillidae; beak; morphometry; morphs
Abstract:
... Beak size and shape in Darwin’s finches have traditionally been quantified using a few univariate measurements (length, depth, width). Here we show the improved inferential resolution of geometric morphometric methods, as applied to three hierarchical levels: (i) among seven species on Santa Cruz Island, (ii) among different sites on Santa Cruz for a single species (Geospiza fortis), and (iii) bet ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01449.x
PubMed:
18021202

87. An Old World hummingbird from the Oligocene: a new fossil from Polish Carpathians

Author:
Zygmunt Bochenski; Zbigniew M. Bochenski
Source:
Journal of ornithology 2008 v.149 no.2 pp. 211-216
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
Apodidae; animal morphology; beak; fossils; humerus; hummingbirds; new species; paleozoology; skeleton; ulna; Germany; Poland
Abstract:
... A near-complete, partially articulated skeleton of a hummingbird was recently found in the menilite shales of the Polish Flysh Carpathians. The specimen is dated to the Early Oligocene (Rupelian, approx. 31 Myr). It shares derived characters with extant hummingbirds and plesiomorphic characters with swifts. Its long, thin beak and short and stout humerus and ulna are typical for hummingbirds, but ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-007-0261-y

88. Comparative Effects of Infrared and One-Third Hot-Blade Trimming on Beak Topography, Behavior, and Growth

Author:
Marchant-Forde, R.M.; Fahey, A.G.; Cheng, H.W.
Source:
Poultry science 2008 v.87 no.8 pp. 1474-1483
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
temporal variation; beak; animal behavior; animal growth; drinking; pain; laying hens; infrared radiation; animal welfare; liveweight gain; feed intake; length; feeding behavior; shape; chicks; beak trimming; feed rations
Abstract:
... This research examined the effects of infrared beak treatment on layer chicks. Seventy-two layer chicks were assigned to hot-blade trimming (HB), infrared treatment (IR), or a control treatment. Day-old chicks were pair-housed by treatment. Beak photographs, behavior, and production indices were obtained at intervals for 9 wk posttreatment. All beaks were normally shaped at the onset of the study, ...
Handle:
10113/20834
DOI:
10.3382/ps.2006-00360
PubMed:
18648038

89. Comparative morphology of dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis breeding at two elevations: a common aviary experiment

Author:
Bears, Heather; Drever, Mark C.; Martin, Kathy
Source:
Journal of avian biology 2008 v.39 no.2 pp. 152-162
ISSN:
0908-8857
Subject:
Junco hyemalis; aviaries; beak; birds; breeding; environmental factors; feathers; females; food quality; habitats; males; morphometry; tail; weight gain; wings; Canada; Rocky Mountain region
Abstract:
... Morphologies of bird species often vary along elevation gradients, yet causes of the variation have not been examined experimentally. We investigated variation in morphological traits of the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis, breeding at 1,000 m a.s.l. (low-elevation; i.e. low) and 2,000 m asl (high-elevation; i.e. high) in the Rocky Mountains, Canada. Eight morphological traits were measured in free ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.2008.0908-8857.04191.x

90. Comparison of Color and Body Condition Between Early and Late Breeding King Penguins

Author:
Stephen Dobson, F.; Nolan, Paul M.; Nicolaus, Marion; Bajzak, Catherine; Coquel, Anne-Sophie; Jouventin, Pierre
Source:
Ethology 2008 v.114 no.9 pp. 925-933
ISSN:
0179-1613
Subject:
beak; body condition; breeding; breeding season; chicks; color; feathers; females; gender differences; immunocompetence; males; mating behavior; penguins; reflectance
Abstract:
... Early breeding is associated with greater reproductive success in many species. In king penguins, Aptenodytes patagonicus, laying extends for 6 mo. Early breeders may fledge a single chick at best, but late breeders virtually never fledge a chick. For early and late breeders, we compared colored ornaments known to be important in mate choice: yellow-orange feathers of the breast and auricular area ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01545.x

91. Dive and beak movement patterns in leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea during internesting intervals in French Guiana

Author:
Fossette, Sabrina; Gaspar, Philippe; Handrich, Yves; Maho, Yvon Le; Georges, Jean-Yves
Source:
Journal of animal ecology 2008 v.77 no.2 pp. 236-246
ISSN:
0021-8790
Subject:
Dermochelys coriacea; beak; body size; breeding season; capital; coasts; continental shelf; energy; foraging; gravid females; nesting; population dynamics; population size; turtles; Atlantic Ocean; Caribbean Sea; Costa Rica; French Guiana
Abstract:
... 1. Investigating the foraging patterns of free-ranging species is essential to estimate energy/time budgets for assessing their real reproductive strategy. Leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli 1761), commonly considered as capital breeders, have been reported recently to prospect actively during the breeding season in French Guiana, Atlantic Ocean. In this study we investigate the po ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01344.x
PubMed:
18217943

92. Form but not frequency of beak use by hens is changed by housing system

Author:
Shimmura, Tsuyoshi; Suzuki, Tomokazu; Azuma, Toshihide; Hirahara, Satoshi; Eguchi, Yusuke; Uetake, Katsuji; Tanaka, Toshio
Source:
Applied animal behaviour science 2008 v.115 no.1-2 pp. 44-54
ISSN:
0168-1591
Subject:
beak; preening; laying hens; feather pecking; poultry housing; aggression; free range husbandry; animal age; cage size; pecking; aviaries; feeding behavior
Abstract:
... In order to verify the hypothesis that hens in different housing systems have the same time budget for different beak-related behaviours, we compared the pecking behaviour of hens in six housing systems: small (SC) and large (LC) conventional cages, small (SF) and large (LF) furnished cages, single-tiered aviary (SA), and free-range (FR). At the age of 16 weeks, 284 medium hybrid layers were rando ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.002

93. Hummingbird with modern feathering: an exceptionally well-preserved Oligocene fossil from southern France

Author:
Louchart, Antoine; Tourment, Nicolas; Carrier, Julie; Roux, Thierry; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile
Source:
Naturwissenschaften 2008 v.95 no.2 pp. 171-175
ISSN:
0028-1042
Subject:
Trochilidae; beak; bones; fossils; hummingbirds; nectar feeding; tail; wings; France; Germany
Abstract:
... Hummingbirds (Trochilidae) today have an exclusively New World distribution, but their pre-Pleistocene fossil record comes from Europe only. In this study, we describe an exceptionally preserved fossil hummingbird from the early Oligocene of southeastern France. The specimen is articulated, with a completely preserved beak and feathering. Osteological characters allow to identify it as Eurotrochil ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00114-007-0309-0
PubMed:
17898977

94. Molecular Characterization of a Poxvirus Isolated from an American Flamingo (Phoeniconais ruber rubber)

Author:
Mondal, Shankar P.; Lucio-Martínez, Benjamín; Buckles, Elizabeth L.
Source:
Avian diseases 2008 v.52 no.3 pp. 520-525
ISSN:
0005-2086
Subject:
chickens; beak; specific pathogen-free animals; microbial genetics; viral diseases of animals and humans; epithelial cells; poultry diseases; inflammation; embryo (animal); Poxviridae; nucleotide sequences; Phoenicopteridae; molecular conformation; hyperplasia
Abstract:
... An avian poxvirus from the beak scab of an American flamingo (Phoeniconais ruber rubber) was isolated by inoculation on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. The virus produced multifocal areas of epithelial hyperplasia along with foci of inflammation in the CAM, and rare cells contained small eosinophilic intracytoplasmic bodies. Chickens inoculated w ...
DOI:
10.1637/8290-032008-RESNOTER
PubMed:
18939646

95. Surface Tension Transport of Prey by Feeding Shorebirds: The Capillary Ratchet

Author:
Prakash, Manu; Quéré, David; Bush, John W.M.
Source:
Science 2008 v.320 no.5878 pp. 931-934
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
beak; birds; droplets; foraging; pollutants; surface tension
Abstract:
... The variability of bird beak morphology reflects diverse foraging strategies. One such feeding mechanism in shorebirds involves surface tension-induced transport of prey in millimetric droplets: By repeatedly opening and closing its beak in a tweezering motion, the bird moves the drop from the tip of its beak to its mouth in a stepwise ratcheting fashion. We have analyzed the subtle physical mecha ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1156023

96. The Transition from Stiff to Compliant Materials in Squid Beaks

Author:
Miserez, Ali; Schneberk, Todd; Sun, Chengjun; Zok, Frank W.; Waite, J. Herbert
Source:
Science 2008 v.319 no.5871 pp. 1816-1819
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
Dosidicus gigas; beak; chitin; dihydroxyphenylalanine; engineering; proteins; squid
Abstract:
... The beak of the Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas represents one of the hardest and stiffest wholly organic materials known. As it is deeply embedded within the soft buccal envelope, the manner in which impact forces are transmitted between beak and envelope is a matter of considerable scientific interest. Here, we show that the hydrated beak exhibits a large stiffness gradient, spanning two orders o ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1154117
PubMed:
18369144
PubMed Central:
PMC2754134

97. The reproductive role hypothesis explains trophic morphology dimorphism in the northern map turtle

Author:
Bulté, G.; Irschick, D.J.; Blouin-Demers, G.
Source:
Functional ecology 2008 v.22 no.5 pp. 824-830
ISSN:
0269-8463
Subject:
beak; body condition; energy intake; females; jaws; males; reproductive performance; sexual dimorphism; snails; teeth; turtles
Abstract:
... 1. Sexually dimorphic traits often reflect factors limiting the reproductive success of animals. Thus, most sexually dimorphic traits can be directly linked to the reproductive role of each sex. Sexual dimorphism in trophic structures (e.g. beak, jaws, teeth), however, often lacks a direct link to reproduction. 2. Trophic structures can be linked indirectly to reproductive allocation via energy ac ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01422.x

98. Variation in gluten strength and yellow pigment in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat germplasm

Author:
Hailu, Faris; Merker, Arnulf
Source:
Genetic resources and crop evolution 2008 v.55 no.2 pp. 277-285
ISSN:
0925-9864
Subject:
beak; color; correlation; genetic improvement; germplasm; gluten; grain yield; seeds; tetraploidy; wheat
Abstract:
... Ten released varieties and one hundred and eleven tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28, AABB) wheat accessions collected from different major wheat producing regions, consisting of totally 2904 entries were characterized for content of yellow pigment, gluten strength, thousand kernel weights, grain yield, percent of yellow berry, glumes color, awn color, seed color, beak shape and spike density. The objective ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10722-007-9233-6

99. Divergence with gene flow and fine-scale phylogeographical structure in the wedge-billed woodcreeper, Glyphorynchus spirurus, a Neotropical rainforest bird

Author:
Mila, B.; Wayne, R.K.; Fitze, P.; Smith, T.B.
Source:
Molecular ecology 2009 v.18 no.14 pp. 2979-2995
ISSN:
0962-1083
Subject:
adaptive radiation; altitude; amplified fragment length polymorphism; beak; birds; body size; gene flow; genetic variation; mitochondrial DNA; mosses and liverworts; mountains; nucleotide sequences; phylogeography; rain forests; tree trunk; tropical forests; tropics; Andes region; Ecuador
Abstract:
... Determining the relative roles of vicariance and selection in restricting gene flow between populations is of central importance to the evolutionary process of population divergence and speciation. Here we use molecular and morphological data to contrast the effect of isolation (by mountains and geographical distance) with that of ecological factors (altitudinal gradients) in promoting differentia ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04251.x
PubMed:
19538341

100. First report of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in wild Red-fronted Parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) in New Zealand

Author:
Luis Ortiz-Catedral; Kate McInnes; Mark E. Hauber; Dianne H. Brunton
Source:
Emu 2009 v.109 no.3 pp. 244-247
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Beak and feather disease virus; Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae; DNA; beak; biologists; color; feathers; fungi; parakeets; parrots; polymerase chain reaction; risk; screening; surveys; viruses; wildlife; New Zealand
Abstract:
... Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is a highly infectious and potentially fatal viral disease of parrots and their allies caused by the beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). Abnormal feather morphology and loss of feathers are common clinical symptoms of the disease. PBFD also damages the lymphoid tissue and affected birds may die as a result of secondary bacterial or fungal infections. T ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU09028