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... Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by a mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium graminearum resulting in significantly decreased yields and accumulation of toxic trichothecenes in grains. We tested 7 major secondary metabolites from wheat for their effect on trichothecene production in liquid cultures of F. graminearum producing trichothecene 15-acetyl ...
... To optimize fitness, plants must efficiently allocate their resources between growth and defense. Although phytohormone crosstalk has emerged as a major player in balancing growth and defense, the genetic basis by which plants manage this balance remains elusive. We previously identified a quantitative disease-resistance locus, qRfg2, in maize (Zea mays) that protects against the fungal disease Gi ...
... Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are specialized metabolites with protective properties that are synthesized predominantly by Poaceae species, including rye (Secale cereale). Among factors known to influence BXs production, prolonged low temperature has not been studied previously. In this study, the influence of cultivation at 4 °C, which is essential for vernalization, on the concentration of BXs (HBOA, DIB ...
... The allelopathic potency of rye (Secale cereale L.) is due mainly to the presence of phytotoxic benzoxazinones—compounds whose biosynthesis is developmentally regulated, with the highest accumulation in young tissue and a dependency on cultivar and environmental influences. Benzoxazinones can be released from residues of greenhouse-grown rye at levels between 12 and 20 kg/ha, with lower amounts ex ...
M. Iftikhar Hussain; Fabrizio Araniti; Margot Schulz; Scott Baerson; Yedra Vieites-Álvarez; Leonidas Rempelos; Paul Bilsborrow; Nuria Chinchilla; Francisco A. Macías; Leslie A. Weston; Manuel J. Reigosa; Adela M. Sánchez-Moreiras
... Allelopathic activity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has previously been associated with the production of phenolic acids and flavonoids (PAF), benzoxazinones (BXZs) and phenoxazinones (PXZs). The biosynthesis of BXZs is closely regulated during cereal growth, with accumulation highest in young tissues with variation associated with genotype and environmental conditions. This review is focused on ...
... Benzoxazinoids are secondary metabolites with plant defense properties and possible health-promoting effects in humans. In this study, the transcriptional activity of ScBx genes (ScBx1-ScBx5; ScBx6-like), involved in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis, was analyzed during germination and early seedling development in rye. Our results showed that ScBx genes had highest levels of expression at 24–30 h after ...
... Benzoxazinoids represent preformed protective and allelophatic compounds that are found in a multitude of species of the family Poaceae (Gramineae) and occur sporadically in single species of phylogenetically unrelated dicots. Stabilization by glucosylation and activation by hydrolysis is essential for the function of these plant defense compounds. We isolated and functionally characterized from t ...
... BACKGROUND: Young wheat plants are continuously exposed to herbivorous insect attack. To reduce insect damage and maintain their growth, plants evolved different defense mechanisms, including the biosynthesis of deterrent compounds named benzoxazinoids, and/or trichome formation that provides physical barriers. It is unclear whether both of these mechanisms are equally critical in providing an eff ...
... In maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), agriculturally damaging herbivores include lepidopteran insects, such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), and distantly related arthropods, like the two‐spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). A small number of maize lines, including B96 and B75, are highly resistant to both herbivores, and B96 is also resistant to thrips. Using T. urticae as a repres ...
... The Poaceae is a large taxonomic group consisting of approximately 12,000 species and is classified into 12 subfamilies. Gramine and benzoxazinones (Bxs), which are biosynthesized from the tryptophan pathway, are well-known defensive secondary metabolites in the Poaceae. We analyzed the presence or absence of garamine and Bxs in 64 species in the Poaceae by LC-MS/MS. We found that Hordeum brachyan ...
... The plant O-methyltransferases are dependent on S-Adenosyl-l-methionine, which can catalyze a variety of secondary metabolites. Here we identified different number of OMT genes from the respective grass genomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this OMT gene family is a grass-specific gene family that is different from COMT. Most of genes were expanded by tandem and segment duplication after the ...
... Benzoxazinoids are constitutively produced secondary metabolites in maize that protect the plant from the negative effects of insect herbivores. In this study, we determined the effects of benzoxazinoids on the maize specialist Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and a congeneric generalist Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi. We compared the survival, growth and development of larvae fed on maize line ...
Aleksej Abramov; Thomas Hoffmann; Timo D. Stark; Linlin Zheng; Stefan Lenk; Richard Hammerl; Tobias Lanzl; Corinna Dawid; Chris-Carolin Schön; Wilfried Schwab; Alfons Gierl; Monika Frey
... Plant specialised metabolites constitute a layer of chemical defence. Classes of the defence compounds are often restricted to a certain taxon of plants, e.g. benzoxazinoids (BX) are characteristically detected in grasses. BXs confer wide-range defence by controlling herbivores and microbial pathogens and are allelopathic compounds. In the crops maize, wheat and rye high concentrations of BXs are ...
... Wall‐associated kinases (WAKs) have recently been identified as major components of fungal and bacterial disease resistance in several cereal crop species. However, the molecular mechanisms of WAK‐mediated resistance remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the function of the maize gene ZmWAK‐RLK1 (Htn1) that confers quantitative resistance to northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) caused by the h ...
... Benzoxazinoids are a class of protective and allelopathic plant secondary metabolites that have been identified in multiple grass species and are encoded by the Bx biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in maize. Data mining of 41 high-quality grass genomes identified complete Bx clusters (containing genes Bx1–Bx5 and Bx8) in three genera (Zea, Echinochloa, and Dichanthelium) of Panicoideae and partial c ...
... The maize (Zea mays) genome encodes three indole‐3‐glycerolphosphate synthase enzymes (IGPS1, 2, and 3) catalyzing the conversion of 1‐(2‐carboxyphenylamino)‐l‐deoxyribulose‐5‐phosphate to indole‐3‐glycerolphosphate. Three further maize enzymes (BX1, benzoxazinoneless 1; TSA, tryptophan synthase alpha subunit; and IGL, indole glycerolphosphate lyase) convert indole‐3‐glycerolphosphate to indole, w ...
... Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are plant secondary metabolites, first discovered in the 1950s, which are synthesized in many monocotyledonous species from the Poaceae family and in several dicotyledonous plants. They constitute a significant element of the plant’s defence mechanism against both biotic (pests and diseases) and abiotic (elevated salinity, heavy metals) stresses. The aim of this research was t ...
... Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites to protect themselves from pathogens and herbivores and/or to influence the growth of neighbouring plants. Some of these metabolites are toxic to the producing cells when their target sites are present in the producing organisms. Therefore, a specific self-resistance mechanism must exist in these plants. Self-resistance mechanisms, including extrac ...
... Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are secondary metabolites present in many Poaceae including the major crops maize, wheat, and rye. In contrast to other potentially toxic secondary metabolites, BXs have not been targets of counter selection during breeding and the effect of BXs on insects, microbes, and neighbouring plants has been recognised. A broad knowledge about the mode of action and metabolisation in t ...
... Beneficial rhizobacteria can inhibit foliar pathogen infection by activation of defense responses, yet it the mechanisms of rhizobacteria-induced disease resistance remain largely unknown. Here, inoculation of susceptible maize plants with Pseudomonas fluorescens MZ05 significantly reduced disease occurrence caused by the leaf pathogen Setosphaeria turcica. Gene expression profiles of MZ05-inocula ...