U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Https

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

PubAg

Main content area

You searched for: Subject females Remove constraint Subject: females Subject term dimorphism Remove constraint Subject term: dimorphism
Start Over

Search

385  Search Results

« Previous | 1 - 100 of 385 |
Number of results to display per page

Search Results

1. Absence of Mate Choice and Postcopulatory Benefits in a Species with Extreme Sexual Size Dimorphism

Author:
Marie‐Claire Chelini; Eileen A. Hebets; S. Foster
Source:
Ethology 2016 v.122 no.2 pp. 95-104
ISSN:
0179-1613
Subject:
Thomisidae; animal behavior; copulation; dimorphism; evolution; fecundity; females; males; prediction; progeny; sex preselection
Abstract:
... Most hypotheses related to the evolution of female‐biased extreme sexual size dimorphism (SSD) attribute the differences in the size of each sex to selection for reproduction, either through selection for increased female fecundity or selection for male increased mobility and faster development. Very few studies, however, have tested for direct fitness benefits associated with the latter – small m ...
DOI:
10.1111/eth.12449

2. Acoustic differentiation in a sub-oscine calls: females call with more entropy than males

Author:
Alejandro Ariel Ríos-Chelén; Xhareni Díaz-Lezama; Bibiana Montoya
Source:
Journal of ornithology 2020 v.161 no.2 pp. 429-437
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
acoustics; breeding season; dimorphism; discriminant analysis; entropy; females; males; principal component analysis; regression analysis
Abstract:
... We quantified variation at the individual, pair and sex levels in acoustic attributes of Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus)’s peent calls. We recorded calls of 15 pairs during the breeding season, and analyzed seven acoustic measures encompassing temporal, frequency and entropy measures. We run Principal Component Analysis to reduce the number of acoustic parameters; the first three princ ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-019-01740-0

3. Adaptive significance of wing dimorphism in males of Nilaparvata lugens

Author:
Novotný, V.
Source:
Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 1995 v.76 no.3 pp. 233-239
ISSN:
0013-8703
Subject:
Nilaparvata lugens; body weight; dimorphism; females; habitats; juvenile hormones; males; morphs; population density
Abstract:
... The trade-offs associated with macroptery in males were investigated in a wing-dimorphic planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Delphacidae, Hemiptera). Developmental time of brachypters was significantly shorter than that of macropters across a wide range of population densities, while no within-population differences between wing morphs in body weight were found. In mating experiments, brachypt ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1570-7458.1995.tb01967.x

4. Age and growth of the ajime-loach,niwaella delicata, in the yura river, kyoto, japan

Author:
Yuichi Kano
Source:
Ichthyological research 2000 v.47 no.2 pp. 183-186
ISSN:
1341-8998
Subject:
Cobitidae; dimorphism; females; indigenous species; males; rivers; sexual maturity; Japan
Abstract:
... The age of the Ajime-loach,Niwaella delicata (a species endemic to Japan), was determined from the number of concentric rings appearing on the cross-sectional surface of the erectile spine (peculiar to Cobitidae). The ages of loaches caught in the Yura River, Kyoto, were determined and growth rates for each sex estimated. It was found that size dimorphism in this species was due to different growt ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF02684239

5. Age and sex determination of gaur Bos gaurus (Bovidae)

Author:
Farshid S. Ahrestani; Herbert H.T. Prins
Source:
Mammalia 2011 v.75 no.2 pp. 151-155
ISSN:
1864-1547
Subject:
Bos gaurus; adults; age structure; animal age; animal morphology; captive animals; females; horns; males; mithuns; sex determination; zoo animals; zoos; India; United States
Abstract:
... One reason why the gaur Bos gaurus is a poorly understood species is because there are no reliable data to age and sex individuals. We studied captive gaur for two years in Mysore Zoo, India and Omaha Zoo, USA, and determined age-specific differences in morphological features and physical growth, by measuring shoulder height, of male and female gaur. We fitted von Bertalanffy growth functions to t ...
DOI:
10.1515/mamm.2010.078

6. Age, growth, and reproductive biology of the Atlantic spadefish Chaetodipterus faber in southern Brazil

Author:
Marcelo Soeth; Luis Fernando Fávaro; Henry Louis Spach; Felippe Alexandre Daros; Ana Emília Woltrich; Alberto Teodorico Correia
Source:
Ichthyological research 2019 v.66 no.1 pp. 140-154
ISSN:
1341-8998
Subject:
Chaetodipterus; coasts; dimorphism; estuaries; females; fisheries; gonadosomatic index; gonads; histology; latitude; longevity; males; migratory behavior; otoliths; reproduction; sex ratio; spawning; Atlantic Ocean; Brazil
Abstract:
... This is the first study to investigate the age, growth and reproductive biology of the Atlantic spadefish Chaetodipterus faber in southern Brazil. A total of 625 individuals [total length (TL) ranging from 7 mm to 510 mm] were sampled at the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC) and adjacent coastal areas over a year (August 2015 to July 2016). Age estimation based on sagittal otolith cross section sh ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10228-018-0663-2

7. Aggressive responses of nesting prairie falcons to territorial intruders

Author:
HOLTHUIJZEN ANTHONIE M. A.; OOSTERHUIS LENORA
Source:
Wilson bulletin 2004 v.116 no.3 pp. 257-261
ISSN:
0043-5643
Subject:
Aquila chrysaetos; Buteo jamaicensis; Cathartes aura; Circus; Corvus; Falco sparverius; Lynx rufus; dimorphism; eagles; falcons; females; food availability; hawks; males; nesting; nesting sites; Idaho; Turkey (country)
Abstract:
... From 1984 through 1987, we studied aggressive responses of Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus) to species intruding into their nesting territories in southwestern Idaho (52 nesting attempts, 613 days, 9,085 hr). Prairie Falcons responded aggressively most frequently to Common Ravens (Corvus corax; 49%% of encounters), followed by Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis; 24%%), Golden Eagles (Aquila chry ...
DOI:
10.1676/03-086

8. All-female monosex culture in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii – A comparative large-scale field study

Author:
Tom Levy; Ohad Rosen; Brit Eilam; Dudu Azulay; Idan Zohar; Eliahu D. Aflalo; Ayana Benet; Alon Naor; Assaf Shechter; Amir Sagi
Source:
Aquaculture 2017 v.479 pp. 857-862
ISSN:
0044-8486
Subject:
Macrobrachium rosenbergii; animals; biotechnology; crustacean culture; dimorphism; feed conversion; females; growth performance; males; mixed culture; ponds; social structure; survival rate
Abstract:
... In crustacean aquaculture, size dimorphism between males and females is the main key factor determining the advantage of monosex aquaculture over that of mixed populations. This factor is particularly relevant for the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, for which intensification of cultures is complicated by a complex social structure in which large dominant males are territorial and inhi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.07.039

9. Allometry of the baculum in the wolf (Canis lupus, Canidae) as an indicator of viability and quality in males

Author:
Alexander Čanády; Ľuboš Čomor
Source:
Zoology and ecology 2015 v.25 no.3 pp. 192-198
ISSN:
2165-8013
Subject:
Canis lupus; allometry; body size; body weight; dimorphism; females; genes; males; mating behavior; viability; wolves
Abstract:
... The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the baculum of the wolf may be used as a reliable indicator of good genes to female mates during mating. The wolf is a species where pair bonds are formed via strength of pre-copulatory mate choice surmised from the degree of male-biased sexual size dimorphism found in this species. Results in this study showed that a positive, linear re ...
DOI:
10.1080/21658005.2015.1044164

10. Alternative mating tactics in dimorphic males of the harvestman Longiperna concolor (Arachnida: Opiliones)

Author:
Camila Zatz; Rachel M. Werneck; Rogelio Macías-Ordóñez; Glauco Machado
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2011 v.65 no.5 pp. 995-1005
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Opiliones; dimorphism; eggs; evolution; females; legs; males; tropics
Abstract:
... Intense male–male competition for females may drive the evolution of male morphological dimorphism, which is frequently associated with alternative mating tactics. Using modern techniques for the detection of discontinuous allometries, we describe male dimorphism in the Neotropical harvestman Longiperna concolor, the males of which use their elongated, sexually dimorphic legs IV in fights for the ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-010-1103-0

11. Analysis of environmental correlates of sexual segregation in northern elephant seals using species distribution models

Author:
Jonatan J. Gomez; Marcelo H. Cassini
Source:
Marine biology 2014 v.161 no.2 pp. 481-487
ISSN:
0025-3162
Subject:
Internet; Mirounga angustirostris; adults; biogeography; cold; dimorphism; entropy; environmental assessment; females; foraging; habitats; insulating materials; latitude; males; models; oceans; seals; temperature
Abstract:
... Elephant seals are among the most sexually dimorphic and polygynous species of all mammals. Their foraging grounds occupy a wide area of the world oceans, where they show spatial segregation between males and females. The objective of this paper was to correlate female and male foraging distributions of Mirounga angustirostris with main climatic variables at a biogeographical scale. We used websit ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00227-013-2337-y

12. Andrew meets Rensch: sexual size dimorphism and the inverse of Rensch’s rule in Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi)

Author:
Wen Bo Liao; Wen Chao Liu; Juha Merilä
Source:
Oecologia 2015 v.177 no.2 pp. 389-399
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
Bufo; age structure; body size; dimorphism; fecundity; females; field experimentation; gender differences; males; sexual selection; toads
Abstract:
... Variation in sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is a widespread phenomenon and is commonly attributed to variation in sex-specific patterns of selection. According to Rensch’s rule, SSD increases with increasing body size when males are the larger sex, and decreases when females are the larger sex. Using data from 17 populations of Andrew’s toad (Bufo andrewsi), we tested whether the patterns of SSD con ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-014-3147-8

13. Assessing sex‐related chick provisioning in greater flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus parents using capture–recapture models

Author:
Miguel A. Rendón; Araceli Garrido; Manuel Rendón‐Martos; José M. Ramírez; Juan A. Amat; Alexandre Roulin
Source:
journal of animal ecology 2014 v.83 no.2 pp. 479-490
ISSN:
0021-8790
Subject:
Phoenicopterus; body condition; breeding; breeding season; chicks; competitive exclusion; dimorphism; females; foods; foraging; gender differences; lakes; males; models; parents; probability; progeny; stable isotopes; trophic relationships; wetlands
Abstract:
... In sexually dimorphic species, the parental effort of the smaller sex may be reduced due to competitive exclusion in the feeding areas by the larger sex or physiological constraints. However, to determine gender effects on provisioning patterns, other intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting parental effort should be accounted for. Greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) exhibit sexual size dim ...
DOI:
10.1111/1365-2656.12138
PubMed:
26046373

14. Associations between gastrointestinal-tract function and the stress response after weaning in pigs

Author:
J. R. Pluske; D. W. Miller; S. O. Sterndale; D. L. Turpin
Source:
Animal production science 2019 v.59 no.11 pp. 2015-2022
ISSN:
1836-0939
Subject:
air quality; animal welfare; disease susceptibility; females; gastrointestinal system; livestock transport; males; pathophysiology; psychological stress; sexual dimorphism; stocking rate; stress response; swine; temperature; weaning
Abstract:
... Psychosocial stress is a major factor driving gastrointestinal-tract (GIT) pathophysiology and disease susceptibility in both humans and animals. Young weaned pigs typically undergo psychosocial and environmental stressors associated with production practices, including separation from their dam, mixing and crowding stress, transport and changed temperature and air-quality parameters, all of which ...
DOI:
10.1071/AN19279

15. Associations of CTLA4 +49 A/G Dimorphism and HLA-DRB1*/DQB1* Alleles With Type 1 Diabetes from South India

Author:
Ravi Padma-Malini; Chinniah Rathika; Sivanadham Ramgopal; Vijayan Murali; Pannerselvam Dharmarajan; Subramanian Pushkala; Karuppiah Balakrishnan
Source:
Biochemical genetics 2018 v.56 no.5 pp. 489-505
ISSN:
0006-2928
Subject:
alleles; dimorphism; females; genetic polymorphism; genotype; genotyping; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; patients; India
Abstract:
... The aim of present study was to elucidate the association of CTLA4 +49 A/G and HLA-DRB1*/DQB1* gene polymorphism in south Indian T1DM patients. The patients and controls (n = 196 each) were enrolled for CTLA4 and HLA-DRB1*/DQB1* genotyping by RFLP/PCR-SSP methods. The increased frequencies of CTLA4 ‘AG’ (OR = 1.99; p = 0.001), ‘GG’ (OR = 3.94; p = 0.001) genotypes, and ‘G’ allele (OR = 2.42; p = 9 ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10528-018-9856-7

16. Bateman's principle and immunity in a sex-role reversed pipefish

Author:
ROTH, O.; SCHARSACK, J.P.; KELLER, I.; REUSCH, T.B.H.
Source:
Journal of evolutionary biology 2011 v.24 no.7 pp. 1410-1420
ISSN:
1010-061X
Subject:
Syngnathus typhle; Vibrio; dimorphism; eggs; females; immune response; immune system; immunocompetence; life history; longevity; males; mammals; mating frequency; pathogens; progeny; reproduction; secondary contact
Abstract:
... In diverse animal species, from insects to mammals, females display a more efficient immune defence than males. Bateman's principle posits that males maximize their fitness by increasing mating frequency whereas females gain fitness benefits by maximizing their lifespan. As a longer lifespan requires a more efficient immune system, these implications of Bateman's principle may explain widespread i ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02273.x
PubMed:
21545418

17. Bee-Mediated Selection Favors Floral Sex Specialization in a Heterantherous Species: Strategies to Solve the Pollen Dilemma

Author:
Larissa C. Oliveira; Alberto L. Teixido; Renata Trevizan; Vinícius L. G. Brito
Source:
Plants 2020 v.9 no.12 pp. -
ISSN:
2223-7747
Subject:
Macairea; Radula; bees; dimorphism; females; flower morphology; flowers; gametophytes; gender differences; hermaphroditism; males; phenotype; pollen; pollen flow; population; reproductive success; shape
Abstract:
... Animal-pollinated plants show a broad variation in floral morphology traits and gametophyte production within populations. Thus, floral traits related to plant reproduction and sexuality are usually exposed to pollinator-mediated selection. Such selective pressures may be even stronger in heterantherous and pollen flowers, in which pollen contributes to both bee feeding and pollination, overcoming ...
DOI:
10.3390/plants9121685

18. Behavioural and morphological dimorphism of the sexes: an account of two primitively eusocial wasps

Author:
Ruchira Sen; Raghavendra Gadagkar
Source:
Journal of natural history 2011 v.45 no.21-22 pp. 1295-1309
ISSN:
1464-5262
Subject:
dimorphism; nests; males; social insects; methodology; reproductives; Ropalidia marginata; foraging; brood rearing; females; researchers
Abstract:
... In social Hymenoptera, foraging, nest building, brood care and all other colony maintenance functions are carried out by the females while males function solely as reproductives. This asymmetry in social roles of the two sexes has led social insect researchers to focus almost exclusively on the females whereas males have remained relatively neglected. We studied two sympatric, primitively eusocial ...
DOI:
10.1080/00222933.2011.552808

19. Bergmann meets Scholander: geographical variation in body size and insulation in the koala is related to climate

Author:
Natalie J. Briscoe; Andrew Krockenberger; Kathrine A. Handasyde; Michael R. Kearney; Melodie McGeoch
Source:
Journal of biogeography 2015 v.42 no.4 pp. 791-802
ISSN:
0305-0270
Subject:
Phascolarctos cinereus; animals; biogeography; body size; climatic factors; dimorphism; fasting; females; fur; geographical variation; head; heat transfer; insulating materials; linear models; males; regression analysis; temperate zones; temperature; tropics; Australia
Abstract:
... AIM: Body size often varies clinally, with dominant explanations centred on how body size influences heat exchange (e.g. Bergmann's rule). However, for endotherms, pelage properties can also dramatically alter heat exchange – a point emphasized by Scholander in the 1950s but which has received little attention in biogeographical analyses. Here, we investigate how geographical variation in both bod ...
DOI:
10.1111/jbi.12445

20. Bite-force performance and head shape in a sexually dimorphic crevice-dwelling lizard, the common chuckwalla [Sauromalus ater (= obesus)]

Author:
LAPPIN, A. KRISTOPHER; HAMILTON, PAUL S.; SULLIVAN, BRIAN K.
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 2006 v.88 no.2 pp. 215-222
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
copulation; dimorphism; females; head; lizards; males; predators; sexual selection
Abstract:
... The Common Chuckwalla [Sauromalus ater (= obesus)] is a large, sexually dimorphic lizard with a flattened head that takes refuge from predators in rock crevices. Males use their relatively large heads to bite competing males during territorial fights and to restrain females during copulation. Flattened heads with an antipredator function (i.e. seeking refuge in crevices) and enlarged heads with in ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00615.x

21. Body Size and Age Structure of a Breeding Population of the Japanese Common Toad, Bufo Japonicus Formosus (Amphibia: Bufonidae)

Author:
Kusano Tamotsu; Maruyama Kazuko; Kaneko Shigenori
Source:
Current herpetology 2010 v.29 no.1 pp. 23-31
ISSN:
1881-1019
Subject:
Bufo; adults; age; age structure; body size; breeding; breeding season; dimorphism; females; males; phalanges; toads
Abstract:
... The body size and age structure of a breeding population of the Japanese common toad, Bufo japonicus formosus, was studied at Yamakitamachi in Kanagawa Prefecture for three breeding seasons from 1992 to 1994. Yearly variation in snout-vent length (SVL) was not significant, but the difference in SVL between the sexes was highly significant; the mean SVL of males and females was 125.8 and 134.2 mm, ...
DOI:
10.3105/018.029.0103

22. Body Size, Fecundity, and Sexual Size Dimorphism in the Neotropical Cricket Macroanaxipha macilenta (Saussure) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

Author:
R Cueva del Castillo
Source:
Neotropical entomology 2015 v.44 no.2 pp. 116-122
ISSN:
1519-566X
Subject:
Gryllidae; body size; courtship; dimorphism; eggs; entomology; fecundity; females; insects; males; selection response; sexual selection; tropics; vitellogenesis
Abstract:
... Body size is directly or indirectly correlated with fitness. Body size, which conveys maximal fitness, often differs between sexes. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) evolves because body size tends to be related to reproductive success through different pathways in males and females. In general, female insects are larger than males, suggesting that natural selection for high female fecundity could be s ...
DOI:
10.1007/s13744-014-0266-1

23. Body size and sexual selection in the koala

Author:
William A. H. Ellis; Fred B. Bercovitch
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2011 v.65 no.6 pp. 1229-1235
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
body size; dimorphism; females; males; microsatellite repeats; reproductive performance; sexual selection; sires
Abstract:
... Sexual selection is often characterized by polygynous breeding systems, size dimorphism, and skewed operational sex ratios. Koalas are sexually dimorphic in multiple domains, yet are absent from the literature on sexual selection and the structure of their mating system is unclear. We provide the first documentation of the strength of sexual selection in koalas by using microsatellite markers to i ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-010-1136-4

24. Body size and shape variation in Ground Beetle Carabus aeruginosus F.-W., 1822 (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

Author:
R. A. Sukhodolskaya; N. I. Eremeeva
Source:
Contemporary problems of ecology 2013 v.6 no.6 pp. 609-615
ISSN:
1995-4255
Subject:
Carabidae; biotopes; body size; dimorphism; environmental factors; females; linear models; males; meadows; morphometry; statistics
Abstract:
... Morphometric variation in Ground Beetle Carabus aeruginosus F.-W. was studied. Beetles were sampled in different habitats in the gradient of disturbance: Kemerovo city, its suburbs and natural biotopes outside the city. We used multidimensional statistics (linear models, PCA and MDS) to show that all environmental factors (anthropogenic press, biotope vegetation) contributed significantly into the ...
DOI:
10.1134/S1995425513060127

25. Bone histology as an approach to providing data on certain key life history traits in mammals: Implications for conservation biology

Author:
Nekane Marín-Moratalla; Xavier Jordana; Meike Köhler
Source:
Mammalian biology = 2013 v.78 no.6 pp. 422-429
ISSN:
1616-5047
Subject:
Addax nasomaculatus; adults; antelopes; bones; case studies; data collection; death; dimorphism; females; growth rings; health status; histology; issues and policy; longevity; males; models; population; reproduction; risk assessment; sexual maturity; wildlife management; zoos
Abstract:
... The knowledge of the life histories of wild mammals is of crucial importance in the field of conservation management. The endangered status of many species calls for faster data collection that can be used in risk assessment and, ultimately, for designing conservation policies. This study is pioneering the potential of bone histology to provide data on life history traits crucial for conservation ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.mambio.2013.07.079

26. Born to be bee, fed to be worker? The caste system of a primitively eusocial insect

Author:
Nayuta Brand; Michel Chapuisat
Source:
Frontiers in zoology 2012 v.9 no.1 pp. 212
ISSN:
1742-9994
Subject:
Halictus; body size; breeding; dietary restriction; dimorphism; females; foods; hibernation; insects; lipid content; males; mothers; nectar; nests; phenotype; pollen; progeny; rearing; winter
Abstract:
... INTRODUCTION: Primitively eusocial halictid bees are excellent systems to study the origin of eusociality, because all individuals have retained the ancestral ability to breed independently. In the sweat bee Halictus scabiosae, foundresses overwinter, establish nests and rear a first brood by mass-provisioning each offspring with pollen and nectar. The mothers may thus manipulate the phenotype of ...
DOI:
10.1186/1742-9994-9-35
PubMed:
23216648
PubMed Central:
PMC3538649

27. Brain size evolution in pipefishes and seahorses: the role of feeding ecology, life history and sexual selection

Author:
M. Tsuboi; A. C. O. Lim; B. L. Ooi; M. Y. Yip; V. C. Chong; I. Ahnesjö; N. Kolm
Source:
Journal of evolutionary biology 2017 v.30 no.1 pp. 150-160
ISSN:
1010-061X
Subject:
Syngnathidae; ancestry; body size; brain; correlation; data collection; dimorphism; females; life history; males; mating behavior; mating competitiveness; polyandry; sexual selection; vertebrates
Abstract:
... Brain size varies greatly at all taxonomic levels. Feeding ecology, life history and sexual selection have been proposed as key components in generating contemporary diversity in brain size across vertebrates. Analyses of brain size evolution have, however, been limited to lineages where males predominantly compete for mating and females choose mates. Here, we present the first original data set o ...
DOI:
10.1111/jeb.12995

28. Breeding of YY super-male of blotched snakehead (Channa maculata) and production of all-male hybrid (Channa argus ♀ × C. maculata ♂)

Author:
Jian Zhao; Mi Ou; Yaping Wang; Haiyang Liu; Qing Luo; Xinping Zhu; Baixiang Chen; Kunci Chen
Source:
Aquaculture 2021 v.538 pp. 736450
ISSN:
0044-8486
Subject:
Channa argus; Channa maculata; aquaculture; artificial insemination; average daily gain; dimorphism; females; fish; genotype; growth performance; hybrids; industry; interspecific hybridization; males; prices; progeny; sex ratio; sex reversal; China
Abstract:
... Many commercially important fish species show significant sex dimorphism in growth and size. Breeding mono-sex stocks could improve economic benefits of farmers. The snakehead fish is massively cultured in China, over 0.5 million tons per year. The sex dimorphism of snakehead is remarkable, in which males are meanly twice in growth and size than females. Furtherly, the individual size of the marke ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736450

29. The CKI1 Histidine Kinase Specifies the Female Gametic Precursor of the Endosperm

Author:
Li Yuan; Zhenning Liu; Xiaoya Song; Cameron Johnson; Xiaolin Yu; Venkatesan Sundaresan
Source:
Developmental Cell pp. -
ISSN:
1534-5807
Subject:
Arabidopsis; cell specificity; cytokinins; dimorphism; embryo sac; endosperm; females; histidine; histidine kinase; ova
Abstract:
... Since the discovery of double fertilization, it has been recognized that flowering plants produce two highly dimorphic female gametes, the egg cell and central cell. These give rise, respectively, to the embryo and the endosperm, a nourishing tissue unique to flowering plants. Here we show that in Arabidopsis, endosperm formation requires the CYTOKININ INDEPENDENT 1 (CKI1) histidine kinase, an act ...
Handle:
10113/7316610
DOI:
10.1016/j.devcel.2016.03.009
CHORUS:
10.1016/j.devcel.2016.03.009

30. THE CONTENT OF AMINO ACIDS IN ARTIFICIAL DIET INFLUENCES THE DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF BROWN PLANTHOPPER, Nilaparvata lugens (STÅL)

Author:
Xuehua Pan; Kai Lu; Shu Qi; Qiang Zhou
Source:
Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology 2014 v.86 no.2 pp. 75-84
ISSN:
0739-4462
Subject:
Nilaparvata lugens; adulthood; adults; amino acids; artificial diets; dietary protein; dimorphism; egg production; eggs; females; herbivores; insect ecology; larvae; lipids; longevity; nitrogen; nutrient deficiencies; nutrients; nutritional intervention; nymphs; ovarian development; rearing
Abstract:
... Nitrogen availability from dietary protein has profound effects on the physiology and ecology of insect herbivores. The amount of amino acids consumed by Nilaparvata lugens impacts its phenotypic characteristics and reproduction. In this work, we hypothesized that amino acids deficiency leads to physiological trade‐offs between survival and reproduction. We investigated the effect of larval nutrit ...
DOI:
10.1002/arch.21162

31. Castes and asynchronous colony cycle in Polybia bistriata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Author:
Oliveira, O.A.L. de; Noll, F.B.; Mateus, S.; Gomes, B.
Source:
Neotropical entomology 2007 v.36 no.6 pp. 817-827
ISSN:
1519-566X
Subject:
worker insects; insect morphology; insemination; dimorphism; social insects; queen insects; insect reproduction; insect development; females; Polybia
Abstract:
... Neotropical swarm-founding wasps, the Epiponini, are an outstanding group of social insects whose societies are polygynic and complex nest builders. Caste dimorphism in these wasps ranges from incipient to highly distinct. Morphometric analyses of nine body parts, ovarian status, relative age and development of the 5th gastral sternite gland (Richards[acute accent] gland) of Polybia bistriata Fabr ...
DOI:
10.1590/S1519-566X2007000600001
PubMed:
18246254

32. Characterization of the Distal-less gene homologue, NlDll, in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)

Author:
Xinda Lin; Yun Yao; Minna Jin; Qilin Li
Source:
Gene 2014 v.535 pp. 112-118
ISSN:
0378-1119
Subject:
Drosophila melanogaster; Nilaparvata lugens; RNA interference; adults; dimorphism; females; gene overexpression; genes; insect pests; instars; invertebrates; larvae; morphogenesis; phenotype; transcription factors; wings
Abstract:
... The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a globally devastating insect pest of rice, particularly in eastern Asia. Distal-less or Dll is a highly conserved and well studied transcription factor required for limb formation in invertebrates and vertebrates. We have identified a homologue of this gene, NlDll, and demonstrated that it is expressed in all life stages of N. lugens, particula ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.056

33. Characterization of the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Gonadal Transcriptome During Sexual Development

Author:
L. Ribas; B. Crespo; N. Sánchez-Baizán; D. Xavier; H. Kuhl; J. M. Rodríguez; N. Díaz; S. Boltañá; S. MacKenzie; F. Morán; S. Zanuy; A. Gómez; F. Piferrer
Source:
Marine biotechnology 2019 v.21 no.3 pp. 359-373
ISSN:
1436-2228
Subject:
Dicentrarchus labrax; ambient temperature; animal ovaries; bass; biomarkers; biosynthesis; developmental stages; dimorphism; females; gene expression; gene expression regulation; genes; genetic factors; lysine; males; microarray technology; ovarian development; sex determination; sex ratio; sexual development; signal transduction; testes; transcription factors; transcriptome; transcriptomics; urinary bladder neoplasms
Abstract:
... The European sea bass is one of the most important cultured fish in Europe and has a marked sexual growth dimorphism in favor of females. It is a gonochoristic species with polygenic sex determination, where a combination between still undifferentiated genetic factors and environmental temperature determines sex ratios. The molecular mechanisms responsible for gonadal sex differentiation are still ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10126-019-09886-x

34. Chemical Communication and Reproduction Partitioning in Social Wasps

Author:
Francesca Romana Dani; Stefano Turillazzi
Source:
Journal of chemical ecology 2018 v.44 no.9 pp. 796-804
ISSN:
0098-0331
Subject:
aggression; chemical communication; dimorphism; exocrine glands; females; nests; pheromones; phylogeny; reproduction; social behavior; social structure; social wasps
Abstract:
... Social wasps encompass species displaying diverse social organization regarding colony cycle, nest foundation, caste differences (from none to significant dimorphism) and number of reproductive queens. Current phylogenetic data suggests that sociality occured independently in the subfamily Stenogastrinae and in the Polistinae+Vespinae clade. In most species, including those with the simplest socia ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10886-018-0968-7

35. Cloning and characterization of an mRNA encoding an insulin receptor from the horned scarab beetle Onthophagus nigriventris (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Author:
Laura Corley Lavine; Laura L. Hahn; Ian A. Warren; Stephen F. Garczynski; Ian Dworkin; Douglas J. Emlen
Source:
Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology 2013 v.82 no.1 pp. 43-57
ISSN:
1520-6327
Subject:
dung beetles; peptides; body length; horns; males; gene expression; amino acids; Onthophagus; females; messenger RNA; morphs; dimorphism; hormone receptors; species diversity; insulin; molecular cloning; growth traits; nutrition; environmental factors; nucleotide sequences
Abstract:
... The insulin signaling pathway is the primary signaling pathway coupling growth with nutritional condition in all animals. Sensitivity to circulating levels of insulin has been shown to regulate the growth of specific traits in a dose-dependent manner in response to environmental conditions in a diversity of insect species. Alternative phenotypes in insects manifest in a variety of morphologies suc ...
Handle:
10113/55824
DOI:
10.1002/arch.21072
PubMed:
23136112

36. Comparative morphology, biology and histology of reproductive development in three lines of Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae: Crotonoideae)

Author:
P. I. P. Perera; M. Quintero; B. Dedicova; J. D. J. S. Kularatne; H. Ceballos
Source:
AoB plants 2013 v.5 no.0 pp. pls046
Subject:
Manihot esculenta; cassava; dimorphism; females; flowering; gametophytes; histology; males; phenology; pollen; viability
Abstract:
... Cassava flowering with emphasis on flowering pattern, morphology and phenology; pollen biology on viability and dimorphism, and histology on male and female gametophyte development are demonstrated. Reduced pollen viability at anthesis and the existence of pollen tri-morphism are the key findings. ...
DOI:
10.1093/aobpla/pls046
PubMed:
23346343
PubMed Central:
PMC3551401

37. Comparative study of architecture and geometry of the date palm male and females inflorescences

Author:
Zango, O.; Littardi, C.; Pintaud, J.C.; Rey, H.
Source:
Acta horticulturae 2013 no.994 pp. 175-192
ISSN:
0567-7572
Subject:
Phoenix dactylifera; dimorphism; females; flowering; flowers; leaves; trees
Abstract:
... The date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. (Arecaceae), is a subtropical palm widely cultivated for numerous uses and ecosystematic services. The date palm is a dioecious species, which shows a marked dimorphism in inflorescence structure. To describe this dimorphism, architecture and geometry of male and female inflorescences were studied through kinetics of inflorescencial development and architectur ...

38. Comparative transcriptome analysis on four types of gonadal tissues of blotched snakehead (Channa maculata)

Author:
Mi Ou; Kunci Chen; Dandan Gao; Yanduo Wu; Zhen Chen; Qing Luo; Haiyang Liu; Jian Zhao
Source:
Comparative biochemistry and physiology 2020 v.35 pp. 100708
ISSN:
1744-117X
Subject:
Channa; aquaculture; dimorphism; females; freshwater fish; gene expression regulation; genes; males; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; sequence analysis; sex reversal; steroid hormones; testes; tissues; transcriptome; transcriptomics; China
Abstract:
... Blotched snakehead (Channa maculata) is an economically important freshwater fish in China, of which males grow much faster than females. To illuminate the molecular mechanism of sex differentiation and gonad development, RNA-Sequencing was performed to identify sex-related genes and pathway in gonads of 6-month-old normal XX females (XX-F), normal XY males (XY-M), XY sex reversal females (XY-F) a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100708

39. Comparing colors using visual models

Author:
Rafael Maia; Thomas E White
Source:
Behavioral ecology 2018 v.29 no.3 pp. 649-659
ISSN:
1465-7279
Subject:
color; females; males; models; visual perception
Abstract:
... An outstanding challenge for the study of color traits is how best to use “colour spaces” to represent their visual perception, particularly when asking questions of color difference (e.g. the (dis)similarity of males and females, mimics and models, or sister species, to a given viewer). We use simulations to show that existing methods fail to statistically and biologically estimate the separation ...
DOI:
10.1093/beheco/ary017

40. Comparison of spermatheca morphology between reproductive and non-reproductive females in social wasps

Author:
Gotoh, A.; Billen, J.; Hashim, R.; Ito, F.
Source:
Arthropod structure & development 2008 v.37 no.3 pp. 199-209
ISSN:
1467-8039
Subject:
Vespidae; spermatheca; insect anatomy; insect morphology; females; reproductives; dimorphism; caste determination; social insects
Abstract:
... Social wasps show an obvious evolution of the differentiation in behavior and external size between reproductive and non-reproductive females, with no clear differences in the Stenogastrinae, via overlap in the Polistinae, to clear differences in the Vespinae. In this study, we examined the morphological appearance of the spermatheca in representative species of these three subfamilies. The genera ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.asd.2007.11.001
PubMed:
18342263

41. A Comparison of the Life-History Traits between Diapause and Direct Development iNdividuals in the Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

Author:
Chen Chao; Xia Qin-Wen; Xiao Hai-Jun; Xiao Liang; Xue Fang-Sen
Source:
Journal of insect science 2014 v.14 no.19 pp. 1-12
ISSN:
1536-2442
Subject:
Helicoverpa armigera; adults; body size; diapause; dimorphism; females; larvae; larval development; life history; longevity; males; metamorphosis; photoperiod; population; protogyny; pupae; temperature
Abstract:
... In order to understand the differences of life-history traits between diapause and direct development individuals in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the development time, body size, growth rate, and adult longevity were investigated between the two populations, which were induced under 12:12 L:D and 16:8 L:D photoperiods, respectively, at 20, 22, and 25 ...
DOI:
10.1673/031.014.19

42. Comparisons of age, growth, and maturity between male and female, and diploid and triploid individuals in Carassius auratus from Okinawa-jima Island, Japan

Author:
Takada, Mikumi; Tachihara, Katsunori
Source:
Aquatic conservation 2009 v.19 no.7 pp. 806-814
ISSN:
1052-7613
Subject:
sexual maturity; life history; rivers; dimorphism; diploidy; otoliths; males; triploidy; spawning; freshwater fish; hatching; population size; Carassius auratus; females; Ryukyu Archipelago
Abstract:
... 1.Carassius auratus, a primary freshwater fish with bisexual diploid and unisexual gynogenetic triploid lineages, is distributed widely in and around the Eurasian continent and is especially common in East Asia. East Asian C. auratus diverged genetically to form local endemic populations in different regions, and those distributed in the Ryukyu Archipelago form a local endemic population that can ...
DOI:
10.1002/aqc.1032

43. Compensatory effect of egg size dimorphism on hatching asynchrony in Magellanic penguin

Author:
Nahuel Marchisio; Melina Barrionuevo; Esteban Frere
Source:
Journal of avian biology 2021 v.52 no.10 pp. -
ISSN:
0908-8857
Subject:
Spheniscus; body condition; chicks; dimorphism; eggs; females; penguins; progeny; Argentina
Abstract:
... Egg laying is one of the most important phases in a female bird's breeding cycle. Its cost is high because eggs contain all the resources needed for the development of an embryo. Variation in size and quality of eggs can have important long‐term consequences for offspring survival. Hatching asynchrony is known to influence sibling competition in many bird species. Last‐hatched chicks will have a c ...
DOI:
10.1111/jav.02673

44. Competition between relatives and the evolution of dispersal in a parasitoid wasp

Author:
INNOCENT, T.M.; ABE, J.; WEST, S.A.; REECE, S.E.
Source:
Journal of evolutionary biology 2010 v.23 no.7 pp. 1374-1385
ISSN:
1010-061X
Subject:
Melittobia; dimorphism; dispersal behavior; egg production; evolution; females; morphs; parasitic wasps; prediction; sex ratio
Abstract:
... Evolutionary theory predicts that levels of dispersal vary in response to the extent of local competition for resources and the relatedness between potential competitors. Here, we test these predictions by making use of a female dispersal dimorphism in the parasitoid wasp Melittobia australica. We show that there are two distinct female morphs, which differ in morphology, pattern of egg production ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02015.x
PubMed:
20492084
PubMed Central:
PMC3939352

45. Complex adaptive traits between mating behaviour and post-copulatory sperm behaviour in squids

Author:
Noritaka Hirohashi; Tomohiro Iida; Noriyosi Sato; Sauer H. H. Warwick; Yoko Iwata
Source:
Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 2016 v.26 no.3 pp. 601-607
ISSN:
0960-3166
Subject:
Loligo; Todarodes pacificus; Uroteuthis; adults; body size; carbon dioxide; dimorphism; females; insemination; kin selection; males; mating behavior; risk; sperm competition; spermatozoa; squid; swarming; swarms
Abstract:
... Emergence of male dimorphism within a species is the evolutionary process of disruptive selection. In squids, two types of male mating behaviour, known as alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), are causally associated with adult body size. Males inseminate promiscuously with the same females; large “consort” males internally, and small “sneaker” males externally. Previously we found that in Hete ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11160-016-9434-1

46. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of the process of gonadal sex differentiation in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Author:
L. Ribas; D. Robledo; A. Gómez-Tato; A. Viñas; P. Martínez; F. Piferrer
Source:
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2016 v.422 pp. 132-149
ISSN:
0303-7207
Subject:
Scophthalmus maximus; animal ovaries; aromatase; dimorphism; females; gene expression; gene expression regulation; genes; juveniles; linkage groups; quantitative trait loci; sex determination; sexual development; testes; transcriptomics; turbot
Abstract:
... The turbot is a flatfish with a ZW/ZZ sex determination system but with a still unknown sex determining gene(s), and with a marked sexual growth dimorphism in favor of females. To better understand sexual development in turbot we sampled young turbot encompassing the whole process of gonadal differentiation and conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic study on its sex differentiation using a valid ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.006

47. Conditional male dimorphism and alternative reproductive tactics in a Neotropical arachnid (Opiliones)

Author:
Buzatto, Bruno A.; Requena, Gustavo S.; Lourenço, Rafael S.; Munguía-Steyer, Roberto; Machado, Glauco
Source:
Evolutionary ecology 2011 v.25 no.2 pp. 331-349
ISSN:
0269-7653
Subject:
Opiliones; allometry; arthropods; body size; dimorphism; evolutionarily stable strategy; females; genetic correlation; genetic variation; legs; males; mark-recapture studies; mating behavior; models; morphs; phenotype; tropics
Abstract:
... In arthropods, most cases of morphological dimorphism within males are the result of a conditional evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) with status-dependent tactics. In conditionally male-dimorphic species, the status' distributions of male morphs often overlap, and the environmentally cued threshold model (ET) states that the degree of overlap depends on the genetic variation in the distribution ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10682-010-9431-0

48. Construction of a Genomic Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) Library for the Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii and Initial Analysis of ZW Chromosome-Derived BAC Inserts

Author:
Ke-Yi Ma; Shu-Hui Yu; Yu-Xin Du; Shi-Qing Feng; Liang-Jie Qiu; Dai-Yi Ke; Mei-Zhong Luo; Gao-Feng Qiu
Source:
Marine biotechnology 2019 v.21 no.2 pp. 206-216
ISSN:
1436-2228
Subject:
DNA; Macrobrachium rosenbergii; bacterial artificial chromosomes; clones; dimorphism; females; genes; genome walking; genomics; males; molecular cloning; nucleotide sequences; screening; sex chromosomes; sex determination; shrimp
Abstract:
... Knowledge on sex determination has proven valuable for commercial production of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii due to sex dimorphism of the male and female individuals. Previous studies indicated that prawn sex is determined by a ZW–ZZ chromosomal system, but no genomic information is available for the sex chromosome. Herein, we constructed a genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libr ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10126-018-09873-8

49. Contest versus scramble competition among males pursuing fixed or plastic alternative reproductive tactics

Author:
Corinna von Kuerthy; Michael Taborsky
Source:
Animal behaviour 2016 v.113 pp. 203-212
ISSN:
0003-3472
Subject:
Lamprologus; Mendelian inheritance; aggression; body size; dimorphism; eggs; females; genotype; males; nests; prediction; reproduction; reproductive behavior; shell (molluscs); spawning
Abstract:
... Reproductive and agonistic behaviours typically diverge between individuals pursuing alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). When tactics are fixed for life, evolutionary theory predicts that the relative frequencies of alternative male genotypes are stabilized in a population by negative frequency dependence. This implies that competition is greatest between males pursuing the same tactic. The c ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.01.006

50. Contrasting growth strategies of pond versus marine populations of nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius): a combined effect of predation and competition?

Author:
Gábor Herczeg; Abigél Gonda; Anna Kuparinen; Juha Merilä
Source:
Evolutionary ecology 2012 v.26 no.1 pp. 109-122
ISSN:
0269-7653
Subject:
Pungitius pungitius; body size; correlation; dimorphism; fecundity; females; fish; intraspecific competition; males; marine environment; ponds; predation
Abstract:
... Gigantism in isolated ponds in the absence of sympatric fish species has previously been observed in nine-spined sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius). Patterns in sexual size dimorphism suggested that fecundity selection acting on females might be responsible for the phenomenon. However, the growth strategy behind gigantism in pond sticklebacks has not been studied yet. Here, we compared von Bertala ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10682-011-9491-9

51. Contrasting responses of male and female foraging effort to year‐round wind conditions

Author:
Sue Lewis; Richard A. Phillips; Sarah J. Burthe; Sarah Wanless; Francis Daunt; Jennifer Gill
Source:
journal of animal ecology 2015 v.84 no.6 pp. 1490-1496
ISSN:
0021-8790
Subject:
Gulosus aristotelis; adults; climate change; dimorphism; energy; females; foraging; latitude; males; population dynamics; prediction; seabirds; survival rate; wild animals; wind direction; wind speed
Abstract:
... There is growing interest in the effects of wind on wild animals, given evidence that wind speeds are increasing and becoming more variable in some regions, particularly at temperate latitudes. Wind may alter movement patterns or foraging ability, with consequences for energy budgets and, ultimately, demographic rates. These effects are expected to vary among individuals due to intrinsic factors s ...
DOI:
10.1111/1365-2656.12419
PubMed:
26283625
PubMed Central:
PMC4989534

52. Contribution to the family Pseudocheylidae (Acari, Trombidiformes) from Thailand: one new species and one new record of Anoplocheylus Berlese, with observations on their ontogeny

Author:
Marut Fuangarworn; Buntika A. Butcher
Source:
International journal of acarology 2015 v.41 no.8 pp. 625-641
ISSN:
1945-3892
Subject:
Acari; adults; dimorphism; females; immatures; integument; males; mites; new species; ontogeny; Thailand
Abstract:
... We describe a new species of pseudocheylid mite in the genus Anoplocheylus Berlese, Anoplocheylus corticicola sp. nov ., based on adults and immatures, and record the occurrence of A. aegypticus Baker & Atyeo, 1964 from Thailand. Immature (deutonymphal) dimorphism in A. corticicola sp. nov . is reported for the first time in Pseudocheylidae. The discovery of pharate females of A. corticicola sp. n ...
DOI:
10.1080/01647954.2015.1101153

53. Correlated polymorphism in cytotype and sexual system within a monophyletic species, Lycium californicum

Author:
Jill S. Miller; Ambika Kamath; Brian C. Husband; Rachel A. Levin
Source:
Annals of botany 2016 v.117 no.2 pp. 307-317
ISSN:
1095-8290
Subject:
DNA; Lycium; arid zones; dimorphism; diploidy; females; flow cytometry; intraspecific variation; islands; males; monophyly; nucleotide sequences; pollen; sexual systems; tetraploidy; Arizona; Mexico
Abstract:
... Background and Aims Polyploidy has important effects on reproductive systems in plants and has been implicated in the evolution of dimorphic sexual systems. In particular, higher ploidy is associated with gender dimorphism across Lycium species (Solanaceae) and across populations within the species Lycium californicum. Previous research on the association of cytotype and sexual system within L. ca ...
DOI:
10.1093/aob/mcv167
PubMed:
26546375
PubMed Central:
PMC4724043

54. Covariation of sexual size dimorphism and adult sex ratio in parasitic nematodes

Author:
Poulin, Robert
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1997 v.62 no.4 pp. 567-580
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Nematoda; body size; dimorphism; fecundity; females; invertebrates; males; sex ratio; sexual selection; vertebrates
Abstract:
... Females are larger than males in most invertebrate taxa, a phenomenon believed to result from the pressures exerted on female body size by size-dependent fecundity. Male-male competition, which can act on male body size, is not thought to play as important a role in the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in invertebrates as it apparently does in some vertebrate groups. Here, using a comparative a ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb00322.x

55. CpG methylated ribosomal RNA genes in relation to wing polymorphism in the rice pest Sogatella furcifera

Author:
Shi-Ke Liang; Zi-Qiang Liang; Xiao-Sui Zhou; Jia-Lin Chen; Guang-Hong Li; Fang-Hai Wang
Source:
Journal of Asia-Pacific entomology 2015 v.18 no.3 pp. 471-475
ISSN:
1226-8615
Subject:
DNA; DNA fragmentation; DNA methylation; Sogatella furcifera; adults; animals; cytosine; dimorphism; epigenetics; females; genes; genetic variation; insects; pests; phenotype; ribosomal RNA; rice; suppression subtractive hybridization
Abstract:
... Sogatella furcifera is a major rice pest that exhibits wing dimorphism. The methylation-sensitive representational difference analysis (MS-RDA) is widely used in plants and some animals to identify methylation differences in genomic DNA regions. However the method has been applied to insects very less. The objective of the current research was to monitor differential cytosine methylations at CCGG ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.aspen.2015.06.002

56. DNA microarray analysis reveals differential gene expression in the soleus muscle between male and female rats exposed to a high fat diet

Author:
Tae Seok Oh; Jong Won Yun
Source:
Molecular biology reports 2012 v.39 no.6 pp. 6569-6580
ISSN:
0301-4851
Subject:
aerobiosis; diabetes; dimorphism; energy; enzymes; females; gene expression; gene expression regulation; genes; glucose; glycolysis; high fat diet; males; microarray technology; myofibrillar proteins; obesity; oxidation; protein synthesis; rats; skeletal muscle; weight gain
Abstract:
... It is well recognized that diet-induced dysfunctions in skeletal muscle are closely related with many metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. In the present study, we identified global changes in gender-dependent gene expressions in the soleus muscle of lean and obese rats fed a high fat diet (HFD), using DNA microarray analysis. Prior to microarray analysis, the body weight gains were f ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11033-012-1486-2
PubMed:
22307788

57. Daring females, devoted males, and reversed sexual size dimorphism in the sand-dwelling spider Allocosa brasiliensis (Araneae, Lycosidae)

Author:
Aisenberg, Anita; Viera, Carmen; Costa, Fernando G.
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2007 v.62 no.1 pp. 29-35
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Lycosidae; burrows; copulation; courtship; dimorphism; dunes; females; habitats; males; predation; progeny; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Sexual selection theory predicts that a higher investment in offspring will turn females into the selective sex, while males will compete for accessing and courting them. However, there are exceptions to the rule. When males present a high reproductive investment, sex roles can reverse from typical patterns, turning males into the choosy sex, while females locate males and initiate courtship. In m ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-007-0435-x

58. Development of two related endoparasitoids in larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Author:
Miriama Malcicka; Jeffrey A. Harvey
Source:
BioControl 2015 v.60 no.2 pp. 149-155
ISSN:
1386-6141
Subject:
Cotesia; Dolichogenidea; Plutella xylostella; adults; biological control; biological control agents; dimorphism; endoparasitoids; fat body; females; hemolymph; instars; larvae; pupation
Abstract:
... We compare the growth and development of two related solitary endoparasitoids (Braconidae, Microgastinae) in different instars (second and third) of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. Cotesia vestalis is a well-studied parasitoid whose larvae feed primarily on host hemolymph and fat body whereas Dolichogenidea sicaria is a parasitoid whose larvae consume the entire host caterpillar before p ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10526-014-9627-2

59. Developmental mortality increases sex‐ratio bias of a size‐dimorphic bark beetle

Author:
LEANNA E. LACHOWSKY; MARY L. REID
Source:
Ecological entomology 2014 v.39 no.3 pp. 300-308
ISSN:
0307-6946
Subject:
Dendroctonus ponderosae; Pinus; bark beetles; body size; dimorphism; females; forests; males; mortality; overwintering; population dynamics; sex ratio; snow; spring; temperature; trees; winter
Abstract:
... 1. Given sexual size dimorphism, differential mortality owing to body size can lead to sex‐biased mortality, proximately biasing sex ratios. This mechanism may apply to mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, which typically have female‐biased adult populations (2 : 1) with females larger than males. Smaller males could be more susceptible to stresses than larger females as develop ...
DOI:
10.1111/een.12108
PubMed:
25400320
PubMed Central:
PMC4207193

60. Diet Composition of Seabirds from Corossol Island, Canada, Using Direct Dietary and Stable Isotope Analyses

Author:
Lavoie Raphael A.; Rail Jean-François; Lean David R. S.
Source:
Waterbirds 2012 v.35 no.3 pp. 402-419
ISSN:
1524-4695
Subject:
Larus argentatus; Larus marinus; Rissa; adults; body size; breeding season; carbon; chicks; diet; dimorphism; erythrocytes; females; males; nitrogen; pellets; seabirds; stable isotopes; statistical models; variance; Canada; Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Abstract:
... The diets of four seabird species (N = 20–21 individuals per species) were compared to determine whether sexual size dimorphism is involved in intersexual differences in diet composition and niche size. Diet compositions of Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) and Razorbill (Alca tarda) were assessed during their breedi ...
DOI:
10.1675/063.035.0305

61. Diet and reproductive biology of the Starred Agama, Laudakia stellio (Linnaeus, 1758) (Squamata: Agamidae), in the northern Sinai, Egypt

Author:
Adel A. Ibrahim; Moustafa H. El-Naggar
Source:
Zoology in the Middle East 2013 v.59 no.2 pp. 136-143
ISSN:
2326-2680
Subject:
Coleoptera; clutch size; diet; dimorphism; eggs; females; head; insects; males; sexual maturity; Egypt
Abstract:
... We quantified sexual size dimorphism, diet and reproduction in the Starred Agama, Laudakia stellio , in northern Sinai. Males were larger than females in snout-vent length and head index. The species is a sit-and-wait predator and feeds on insects, mainly coleopterans. About 30% of stomachs included plant material. No difference between sexes existed in terms of prey size preference. The reproduct ...
DOI:
10.1080/09397140.2013.810875

62. Diet of the Bannan Caecilian Ichthyophis bannanicus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Author:
Ngo Binh V.; Hoang Nghiep T.; Ngo Chung D.
Source:
Journal of Herpetology 2014 v.48 no.4 pp. 506-513
ISSN:
0022-1511
Subject:
Achatinidae; Formicidae; Gymnophiona; Isoptera; Lumbricidae; adults; body size; diet; dimorphism; earthworms; ecology; females; males; mouth; river deltas; snails; spatial variation; temperature; temporal variation; wet season; Vietnam
Abstract:
... Ichthyophis bannanicus is a terrestrial caecilian, and little is known about many aspects of the ecology of this species. We investigated the correlation between diet and body size, spatiotemporal variation in dietary composition, diversity index of prey, and size dimorphism among populations for this species. Specimens (N = 135) were collected from May 2010 to April 2011 in the Mekong Delta, Viet ...
DOI:
10.1670/13-113

63. Diet of the Carolina Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin centrata) in Northeastern Florida

Author:
Butler Joseph A.; Heinrich George L.; Mitchell Melinda L.
Source:
Chelonian conservation and biology 2012 v.11 no.1 pp. 124-128
ISSN:
1943-3956
Subject:
Littorina; Malaclemys terrapin; clams; crabs; diet; dimorphism; feces; females; males; marshes; nesting; wildlife management; Florida
Abstract:
... We evaluated the diets of 81 Carolina diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin centrata) from northeastern Florida by analyzing fecal samples. Female diets were significantly different from male diets (p < 0.01); fecal samples from females contained crabs, marsh periwinkles (Littorina irrorata), and dwarf surf clams (Mulinia lateralis) in that order of occurrence, whereas fecal samples from male ...
DOI:
10.2744/CCB-0910.1

64. Differences in adipokinetic response of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera) in relation to wing dimorphism and diapause

Author:
Socha, R.; Kodrik, D.
Source:
Physiological entomology 1999 v.24 no.3 pp. 278-284
ISSN:
0307-6962
Subject:
Pyrrhocoris apterus; Locusta migratoria; Manduca sexta; injection; wings; dimorphism; diapause; hormonal regulation; hemolymph; lipids; females
Abstract:
... Three experimental groups of adult females (reproductive and diapausing brachypters, and macropters with reproductive arrest) of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Linnaeus) (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) from a temperate population were analysed for their adipokinetic responses. The adipokinetic response, expressed as an increase of haemolymph lipids after injection of adipokinetic hormone from Locusta migratori ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1365-3032.1999.00143.x

65. Differences in caste dimorphism among three hornet species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): forewing size, shape and allometry

Author:
A. PERRARD; C. VILLEMANT; J. M. CARPENTER; M. BAYLAC
Source:
Journal of evolutionary biology 2012 v.25 no.7 pp. 1389-1398
ISSN:
1010-061X
Subject:
Vespa; allometry; dimorphism; females; imaginal discs; labor; models; morphometry; natural history; wings
Abstract:
... Caste shape dimorphism (CShD) has previously been studied in wasps through comparison of different body parts, originating from different imaginal discs. Using geometric morphometrics with a new protocol for measuring wings of pinned specimens from natural history collections, we tested CShD of three hornet species in an organ developed from a single imaginal disc: the forewing. Gaussian mixture m ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02527.x
PubMed:
22551305

66. Different paths to sexual size dimorphism in two praying mantids, Pseudomantis albofimbriata and Hierodula majuscula

Author:
Louise E. Allen; Katherine L. Barry; Gregory I. Holwell
Source:
Insect science 2014 v.21 no.2 pp. 227-233
ISSN:
1672-9609
Subject:
Mantodea; adulthood; adults; dimorphism; females; instars; males; molting; reproduction; tropics
Abstract:
... Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread among diverse animal taxa and has attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists for over a century. SSD is likely to be adaptive and the result of divergent selection on different size optima for males and females, given their different roles in reproduction. The developmental trajectory leading to SSD may help us to understand how selection acts on ...
DOI:
10.1111/1744-7917.12016
PubMed:
23956112

67. Differential Migration by Sex in the Great Bustard: Possible Consequences of an Extreme Sexual Size Dimorphism

Author:
Palacín, Carlos; Alonso, Juan C.; Alonso, Javier A.; Martín, Carlos A.; Magaña, Marina; Martin, Beatriz
Source:
Ethology 2009 v.115 no.7 pp. 617-626
ISSN:
0179-1613
Subject:
Otididae; birds; breeding sites; brood rearing; dimorphism; females; heat; males; migratory behavior; sexual selection; summer; weather; Spain
Abstract:
... We explored migration patterns in Great bustards (Otis tarda), a species that shows strong sexual selection and the most extreme sexual size dimorphism among birds. The aim was to explain differential migration, examining whether Great bustards fulfil the main predictions of bird migration theory hypotheses and sexual segregation theory hypotheses. We radio-tracked the seasonal movements of 65 mal ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01647.x

68. Differential patterns of home-range, net displacement and resting sites use of Conepatus chinga in southern Brazil

Author:
Carlos B. Kasper; José B.G. Soares; Thales R.O. Freitas
Source:
Mammalian biology = 2012 v.77 no.5 pp. 358-362
ISSN:
1616-5047
Subject:
Conepatus chinga; dimorphism; ecology; females; lifestyle; males; nocturnal activity; radio frequency identification; radio telemetry; skunks; Brazil
Abstract:
... Studies on the spatial ecology of Molina's hog-nosed skunk were conducted in southern Brazil. Between April 2008 and April 2009, 18 individuals were tagged with radio collars and monitored by radio-telemetry (VHF). The average home-range estimated for 12 skunks was 1.63km²±1.17km². Males had home-ranges 2.5 times larger than females, and also showed significantly larger patterns of displacement. T ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.mambio.2012.03.006

69. Dimorphic Foraging Strategies of a Salticid Spider (Phidippus Audax)

Author:
Robert P. Givens
Source:
Ecology 1978 v.59 no.2 pp. 309-321
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Dermestes; Diptera; Oncopeltus fasciatus; Phidippus audax; Photuris; adults; biomass; cephalothorax; dimorphism; eggs; feeding methods; females; foraging; lightning; males; satiety; sclerotization
Abstract:
... Adult ♂ and ♀ Phidippus audax (Salticidae) have different feeding strategies reflecting major differences in their time budgets and food requirements. Males are 89% as large as ♀ ♀ (measured by cephalothorax width), but size dimorphism is insufficient to account for differences between their rate and pattern of feeding on flies provided experimentally. The ♂ ♂ feed at a uniformly low rate througho ...
DOI:
10.2307/1936376

70. Dimorphic male scutal patterns and upper-eye facets of Simulium mirum n. sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Malaysia

Author:
Hiroyuki Takaoka; Van Lun Low; Mohd Sofian-Azirun; Yasushi Otsuka; Zubaidah Ya’cob; Chee Dhang Chen; Koon Weng Lau; Maria Lourdes Lardizabal
Source:
Parasites & vectors 2016 v.9 no.1 pp. 136
ISSN:
1756-3305
Subject:
DNA; Simulium; adults; color; data collection; dimorphism; females; genes; larvae; loci; males; new species; nucleotide sequences; phylogeny; ribosomal RNA; Borneo; Malaysia
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: A species of Simulium in the Simulium melanopus species-group of the subgenus Simulium (formerly misidentified as S. laterale Edwards from Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia) is suspected to have dimorphic male scutal color patterns linked with different numbers of upper-eye facets. This study aimed to confirm whether or not these two forms of adult males represent a single species. METHODS: ...
DOI:
10.1186/s13071-016-1393-9
PubMed:
26961508
PubMed Central:
PMC4784304

71. Dimorphic male squid show differential gonadal and ejaculate expenditure

Author:
Lígia H. Apostólico; José E. A. R. Marian
Source:
Hydrobiologia 2018 v.808 no.1 pp. 5-22
ISSN:
0018-8158
Subject:
dimorphism; females; males; mate guarding; mating behavior; mating systems; prediction; reproductive success; sexual selection; spermatophores; spermatozoa; squid; testes; theoretical models
Abstract:
... Under intense sexual selection, males less successful in fighting and mate guarding often adopt alternative reproductive tactics. In many species, males employing alternative tactics show not only behavioral differences, but also divergences in morphology and physiology, a phenomenon called intrasexual male dimorphism. Herein, we investigated intrasexual male dimorphism in the loliginid squid Dory ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10750-017-3145-z

72. Dimorphism in inflorescence scent of dioecious wild grapevine

Author:
Pietro Zito; Antonina Scrima; Maurizio Sajeva; Francesco Carimi; Stefan Dötterl
Source:
Biochemical systematics and ecology 2016 v.66 pp. 58-62
ISSN:
0305-1978
Subject:
Cerambycidae; Halictidae; Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris; aromatic compounds; benzyl alcohol; cultivars; dimorphism; females; headspace analysis; honey bees; males; odors; pollination; pollinators; terpenoids
Abstract:
... Wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris) is the dioecious ancestral form of grapevine, from which the domesticated cultivars have derived (V. vinifera subsp. vinifera). Little is known about the floral scent compounds of wild grapevine that is considered as being partly insect pollinated. The knowledge of volatiles released by male and female inflorescence may contribute to the understand ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.bse.2016.03.003

73. Dimorphism of Synergids in Allium tuberosum (Amaryllidaceae)

Author:
Deng Wei; Li Qing-Ge; Tian Hui-Qiao
Source:
Annales botanici Fennici 2016 v.53 no.3–4 pp. 267-275
ISSN:
0003-3847
Subject:
Allium tuberosum; calcium; dimorphism; eggs; females; flowering; gametophytes; ovules; pollen tubes; spermatozoa
Abstract:
... In angiosperm fertilization, the pollen tube enters the female gametophyte via one of two synergids, in which the pollen tube ceases elongation and releases its contents, including two sperm cells. Whether the entrance of the pollen tube into a synergid occurs at random or is determined in advance is currently unclear. We examined two dimorphic synergids of Allium tuberosum (Amaryllidaceae). The s ...
DOI:
10.5735/085.053.0415

74. Dimorphism of right–left asymmetry in the female genitalia of the brachypterous grasshopper Parapodisma mikado (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Author:
Daisuke Shimizu; Yoshikazu C. Sugano; Kaori Tsuchiya‐Suzuki; Gen Ito; Shin‐ichi Akimoto
Source:
Entomological science 2016 v.19 no.4 pp. 452-457
ISSN:
1343-8786
Subject:
Acrididae; abdomen; asymmetry; dimorphism; female genitalia; females; grasshoppers; male genitalia; males; mouthparts
Abstract:
... Several insects exhibit morphological asymmetry in the mouthparts or genitalia. In a part of species with asymmetric genitalia, two mirror‐image forms of the genitalia are reported to occur in a population. This dimorphism, called chiral dimorphism, is usually observed in male genitalia, but its examples in female genitalia are very limited. Here, we report that the females of the brachypterous gr ...
DOI:
10.1111/ens.12211

75. Discrepancy in the degree of population differentiation between color-morph frequencies and neutral genetic loci in the damselfly Ischnura senegalensis in Okinawa Island, Japan

Author:
Nobuyuki Inomata; Kumiko Hironaka; Kouji Sawada; Takashi Kuriwada; Kazunori Yamahira
Source:
Genetica 2015 v.143 no.3 pp. 271-277
ISSN:
0016-6707
Subject:
Ischnura; adults; color; dimorphism; females; gene flow; genes; loci; microsatellite repeats; mitochondrial DNA; natural selection; phenotype; stochastic processes; Ryukyu Archipelago
Abstract:
... Evaluation of relative contribution of natural selection and stochastic processes to population differentiation has been of great interest in evolutionary biology. In a damselfly, Ischnura senegalensis, females show color dimorphism (gynochrome vs. androchrome), and color-morph frequencies are known to greatly vary among local populations within Okinawa Island, a small island of Ryukyu Archipelago ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10709-015-9821-x

76. Dispersal and adaptation strategies of the high mountain butterfly Boloria pales in the Romanian Carpathians

Author:
Stefan Ehl; Niklas Böhm; Manuel Wörner; László Rákosy; Thomas Schmitt
Source:
Frontiers in zoology 2019 v.16 no.1 pp. 1
ISSN:
1742-9994
Subject:
Asteraceae; Caprifoliaceae; age structure; butterflies; dimorphism; ecosystems; environmental factors; females; flight; foraging; habitats; land use; males; mark-recapture studies; nectar; overgrazing; population density; protandry; Carpathian region
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Habitat quality is one main trigger for the persistence of butterflies. The effects of the influencing biotic and abiotic factors may be enhanced by the challenging conditions in high-alpine environments. To better our knowledge in this field, we performed a mark-release-recapture study with Boloria pales in the Southern Carpathians. METHODS: We analysed population structure, movement ...
DOI:
10.1186/s12983-018-0298-1
PubMed:
30675174
PubMed Central:
PMC6335762

77. Distinct colour morphs in nestling European Bee-eaters Merops apiaster: is there an adaptive value?

Author:
Martin Kapun; Alžbeta Darolová; Ján Krištofik; Katharina Mahr; Herbert Hoi
Source:
Journal of ornithology 2011 v.152 no.4 pp. 1001-1005
ISSN:
2193-7192
Subject:
Merops; birds; color; dimorphism; feathers; females; morphs; nestlings; nests; sex ratio
Abstract:
... In a few bird species, dimorphism already exists in nestling and juvenile plumage coloration and these colour morphs are often attributable to different sexes. In this study we detected variation in nestling coloration among European Bee-eaters Merops apiaster. We identified two distinct colour morphs, namely nestlings with yellowish-brown and nestlings with green back feathers. By means of geneti ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10336-011-0688-z

78. Diurnal changes and frequency dependence in male mating preference for female morphs in the damselfly Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

Author:
TAKAHASHI, Yuma; WATANABE, Mamoru
Source:
Entomological science 2009 v.12 no.3 pp. 219-226
ISSN:
1343-8786
Subject:
Ischnura; color; copulation; correlation; dimorphism; diurnal variation; females; foraging; males; morphs; surveys
Abstract:
... Ischnura senegalensis females exhibit color dimorphism, consisting of an andromorph and a gynomorph, which might be maintained under a frequency-dependent process of mating harassment by mate-searching males. Males change their mating preference for female morph depending on prior copulation experience. Binary choice experiments between two female morphs were carried out in four local populations ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1479-8298.2009.00326.x

79. Does aridity affect spatial ecology? Scaling of home range size in small carnivorous marsupials

Author:
Gerhard Körtner; Aaron Trachtenberg; Fritz Geiser
Source:
Naturwissenschaften 2019 v.106 no.7-8 pp. 42
ISSN:
0028-1042
Subject:
Metatheria; carnivores; data collection; deserts; dimorphism; dry environmental conditions; energy requirements; females; habitats; home range; males; metabolism; model validation; phylogeny; population density; primary productivity; radio telemetry; rain; resting periods; sympatry; Queensland
Abstract:
... The aim of our study was to determine how body mass affects home range size in carnivorous marsupials (dasyurids) and whether those species living in desert environments require relatively larger areas than their mesic counterparts. The movement patterns of two sympatric species of desert dasyurids (body mass 16 and 105 g) were investigated via radio-telemetry in southwestern Queensland and compar ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00114-019-1636-7

80. Does chemical defence increase niche space? A phylogenetic comparative analysis of the Musteloidea

Author:
Kevin Arbuckle; Michael Brockhurst; Michael P. Speed
Source:
Evolutionary ecology 2013 v.27 no.5 pp. 863-881
ISSN:
0269-7653
Subject:
diet; dimorphism; females; foraging; habitats; life history; longevity; mammals; natural enemies; opportunity costs; phylogeny; predation
Abstract:
... Avoidance of predation can impose opportunity costs on prey species that use behavioural avoidance strategies to evade detection. An animal that spends much time hiding or remaining immobile, for example, may have less time for other important activities such as foraging or finding mates. Here we examine the idea that the evolution of chemical defence may act to release prey from these constraints ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10682-013-9629-z

81. Does the timing of attainment of maturity influence sexual size dimorphism and adult sex ratio in turtles?

Author:
Jeffrey E. Lovich; J. Whitfield Gibbons; Mickey Agha
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 2014 v.112 no.1 pp. 142-149
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
adults; correlation; dimorphism; females; immigration; males; models; mortality; sex determination; sex ratio; sexual maturity; turtles
Abstract:
... The attainment of sexual maturity has been shown to affect measures of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and adult sex ratios in several groups of vertebrates. Using data for turtles, we tested the model that sex ratios are expected to be male‐biased when females are larger than males and female‐biased when males are larger than females because of the relationship of each with the attainment of maturit ...
DOI:
10.1111/bij.12275

82. Does ‘gliding while gravid’ explain Rensch's rule in flying lizards?

Author:
Jerry F. Husak; Jimmy A. McGuire
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 2014 v.113 no.1 pp. 270-282
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
body size; dimorphism; females; flight; lizards; males; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Among species with sexual size dimorphism (SSD), taxa in which males are the larger sex have increasing SSD with increasing body size, whereas in taxa in which females are the larger sex, SSD decreases with body size: Rensch's rule. We show in flying lizards, a clade of mostly female‐larger species, that SSD increases with body size, a pattern similar to that in clades with male‐biased SSD or more ...
DOI:
10.1111/bij.12319

83. Domestic chickens defy Rensch's rule: sexual size dimorphism in chicken breeds

Author:
REMEŠ, V.; SZÉKELY, T.
Source:
Journal of evolutionary biology 2010 v.23 no.12 pp. 2754-2759
ISSN:
1010-061X
Subject:
chickens; partridges; dimorphism; meat production; humans; wild relatives; chicken breeds; allometry; fighting behavior; Gallus gallus; ecology; males; pheasants; grouse; eggs; females
Abstract:
... Sexual size dimorphism (SSD), i.e. the difference in sizes of males and females, is a key evolutionary feature that is related to ecology, behaviour and life histories of organisms. Although the basic patterns of SSD are well documented for several major taxa, the processes generating SSD are poorly understood. Domesticated animals offer excellent opportunities for testing predictions of functiona ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02126.x
PubMed:
21121089

84. Drosophila switch gene Sex-lethal can bypass its switch-gene target transformer to regulate aspects of female behavior

Author:
Daniel S. Evans; Thomas W. Cline
Source:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2013 v.110 no.47 pp. E4474
ISSN:
0027-8424
Subject:
Drosophila; adults; autoregulation; dimorphism; females; feminization; insects; mutants; neurons; ovulation; sex determination; sexual behavior; transgenes
Abstract:
... The switch gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) was thought to elicit all aspects of Drosophila female somatic differentiation other than size dimorphism by controlling only the switch gene transformer (tra). Here we show instead that Sxl controls an aspect of female sexual behavior by acting on a target other than or in addition to tra. We inferred the existence of this unknown Sxl target from the observation t ...
DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1319063110
PubMed:
24191002
PubMed Central:
PMC3839706

85. Dynamic signalling using cosmetics may explain the reversed sexual dichromatism in the monogamous greater flamingo

Author:
Juan A. Amat; Araceli Garrido; Francesca Portavia; Manuel Rendón-Martos; Antonio Pérez-Gálvez; Juan Garrido-Fernández; Jesús Gómez; Arnaud Béchet; Miguel A. Rendón
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2018 v.72 no.8 pp. 135
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Phoenicopterus roseus; chicks; theoretical models; fecundity; males; carotenoids; mating competitiveness; mating systems; feathers; females; monogamy; dimorphism; progeny; antioxidant activity; viability; breeding; color; polyandry; cosmetics; mating behavior
Abstract:
... Colourful plumage is typical of males in species with conventional sex roles, in which females care for offspring and males compete for females, as well as in many monogamous species in which both sexes care for offspring. Reversed sexual dichromatism—more colourful females than males—is predominant in species with sex role reversal. In the latter species, males care for offspring and females comp ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-018-2551-1

86. Early life nicotine exposure alters mRNA and microRNA expressions related to thyroid function and lipid metabolism in liver and BAT of adult wistar rats

Author:
Thamara Cherem Peixoto; Egberto Gaspar de Moura; Fernanda Torres Quitete; Laís Angélica Simino; Adriana Souza Torsoni; Marcio Alberto Torsoni; Alex Christian Manhaes; Patricia Cristina Lisboa
Source:
Molecular and cellular endocrinology 2021 v.523 pp. 111141
ISSN:
0303-7207
Subject:
Chiroptera; adults; breast feeding; brown adipose tissue; dimorphism; endocrinology; epigenetics; euthanasia; females; gene expression; gene silencing; lactation; lipid metabolism; liver; long term effects; males; microRNA; nicotine; obesity; progeny; rats; thyroid function
Abstract:
... In rats, maternal nicotine exposure during lactation induces obesity, thyroid dysfunction, brown adipose tissue (BAT) hypofunction and liver alterations in adult offspring. Both thyroid function and lipid metabolism are influenced by gene silencing mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs). Here we investigated long-term effects of early nicotine exposure on molecular and epigenetic mechanisms closely relate ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.mce.2020.111141

87. Ecological context and the importance of body and gnathopod size for pairing success in two amphipod ecomorphs

Author:
Gary A. Wellborn; Suzanne E. Bartholf
Source:
Oecologia 2005 v.143 no.2 pp. 308-316
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
Hyalella azteca; appendages; body size; dimorphism; females; freshwater; habitats; interspecific variation; males; mating behavior; predation; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Ecological context generates interspecific variation in mating behavior by imposing differential constraints on the action of sexual selection, but operation of these constraints in nature is not well understood. We used field and laboratory studies to examine the importance of body size and size of sexually dimorphic appendages, the gnathopods, for pairing success in two freshwater amphipod speci ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-004-1786-x

88. Ecological differentiation of combined and separate sexes of wurmbea dioica (colchicaceae) in sympatry

Author:
Andrea L. Case; Spencer C. H. Barrett
Source:
Ecology 2001 v.82 no.9 pp. 2601-2616
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Colchicaceae; carbon; roots; carbon dioxide; genetic factors; nitrogen content; isotopes; males; transpiration; photosynthesis; females; stomatal movement; sympatry; dimorphism; sexual systems; soil water; biomass; dry matter partitioning; nitrogen; corms; stomata; Australia
Abstract:
... The evolution and maintenance of combined vs. separate sexes in flowering plants is influenced by both ecological and genetic factors; variation in resources, particularly moisture availability, is thought to play a role in selection for gender dimorphism in some groups. We investigated the density, distribution, biomass allocation, and physiology of sympatric monomorphic (cosexual) and dimorphic ...
DOI:
10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2601:EDOCAS]2.0.CO;2

89. Ecological divergence and sexual selection drive sexual size dimorphism in new world pitvipers (Serpentes: Viperidae)

Author:
C. R. Hendry; T. J. Guiher; R. A. Pyron
Source:
Journal of evolutionary biology 2014 v.27 no.4 pp. 760-771
ISSN:
1010-061X
Subject:
Viperidae; adaptive radiation; dimorphism; fecundity; females; genes; phylogeny; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Hypotheses for the origin and maintenance of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) fall into three primary categories: (i) sexual selection on male size, (ii) fecundity selection on female size and (iii) ecological selection for gender‐specific niche divergence. We investigate the impact of these forces on SSD evolution in New World pitvipers (Crotalinae). We constructed a phylogeny from up to eight genes ...
DOI:
10.1111/jeb.12349
PubMed:
24597708

90. Ecology and Reproductive Biology of the Senatorial Scallop Chlamys senatoria (Gmelin, 1791) in Gigantes Islands, Carles, Central Philippines

Author:
Morillo-Manalo Laureen; Quinitio Gerald F.; Laureta Liberato V.; Añasco Nathaniel C.; Monteclaro Harold M.
Source:
Journal of shellfish research 2016 v.35 no.1 pp. 17-25
ISSN:
0730-8000
Subject:
Chlamys; dimorphism; dissolved oxygen; ecology; fecundity; females; gonads; harvesting; islands; males; microscopy; oocytes; pH; salinity; scallops; spawning; water temperature; Philippines
Abstract:
... The senatorial scallop Chlamys senatoria (Gmelin, 1791) is a commercially important species but poorly understood in the Philippines. To provide biological information for future conservation and management, the ecology and reproductive biology of the senatorial scallop in Gigantes Islands, Carles, central Philippines were investigated from June 2013 to May 2014. Ecological parameters were monitor ...
DOI:
10.2983/035.035.0103

91. Effect of sex and gonadectomy on dogs’ spatial performance

Author:
Paolo Mongillo; Anna Scandurra; Biagio D’Aniello; Lieta Marinelli
Source:
Applied animal behaviour science 2017 v.191 pp. 84-89
ISSN:
0168-1591
Subject:
animal behavior; castration; cognition; dimorphism; dogs; females; males; memory; ovariectomy; pets
Abstract:
... In order to investigate the effect of sex and gonadectomy on dog’s spatial performance, 64 pet dogs were recruited until obtaining four equally sized groups, namely intact males (IM), orchiectomised males (OM), intact females (IF) and ovariectomised females (OF). Dogs were tested in a T-maze paradigm for their performance in learning the way out of the maze, recalling the learned exit after 2 week ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.applanim.2017.01.017

92. Effects of 17β-Estradiol on growth-related genes expression in female and male spotted scat (Scatophagus argus)

Author:
Xiao-Ying Ru; Hong-Juan Shi; Tuo Wang; Qian-Qing Liu; Dong-Neng Jiang; Yu-Hao Peng; Yang Huang; Chun-Hua Zhu; Shui-Sheng Li; Ran-Ran Dong; Guang-Li Li
Source:
Comparative biochemistry and physiology 2020 v.250 pp. 110492
ISSN:
1096-4959
Subject:
Scatophagus argus; Western blotting; animal ovaries; dimorphism; estradiol; feces; females; gene expression; gene expression regulation; hypothalamus; immunohistochemistry; liver; males; mariculture; messenger RNA; molecular weight; pituitary gland; polyclonal antibodies; protein synthesis; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; somatotropin; testes; China
Abstract:
... Growth hormone (GH) is the most important endocrine factor to regulate somatic growth. Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is a famous marine aquaculture species in China with a typical sexual growth dimorphism in which females grow faster and larger than males. In this study, gh messenger RNA (gh mRNA) and GH protein expression were examined in the pituitary glands of female and male spotted scat. B ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110492

93. Effects of Estradiol and Testosterone on the Expression of Growth‐related Genes in Female and Male Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Author:
Mengmeng Yue; Jinliang Zhao; Shoujie Tang; Yan Zhao
Source:
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 2018 v.49 no.1 pp. 216-228
ISSN:
0893-8849
Subject:
Oreochromis niloticus; blood serum; dimorphism; estradiol; females; fish; genes; growth performance; males; muscles; somatomedins; somatotropin; steroid hormones; testosterone
Abstract:
... Nile tilapia exhibits strong sexual growth dimorphism. The potential role of sex steroid hormones in sexual growth dimorphism is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of estradiol (E₂) and testosterone (T) on growth rate, plasma sex hormones, and expression of growth hormone (GH)‐insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis genes and muscle regulatory factor (MRF) genes in female and male Nil ...
DOI:
10.1111/jwas.12428

94. Effects of body size on sex‐related migration vary between two closely related gull species with similar size dimorphism

Author:
DAVY S. BOSMAN; HARRY J. P. VERCRUIJSSE; ERIC W. M. STIENEN; MAGDA VINCX; LIESBETH DE NEVE; LUC LENS
Source:
Ibis 2012 v.154 no.1 pp. 52-60
ISSN:
0019-1019
Subject:
Larus argentatus; adults; allometry; body size; breeding; dimorphism; females; males; migratory behavior; phylogeny; sympatry
Abstract:
... Studies of migration have revealed multiple trade‐offs with other life‐history traits that may underlie observed variation in migratory properties among ages and sexes. To assess whether, and to what extent, body size and/or sex‐specific differences in competition for resources (e.g. breeding territories or winter food) may shape variation in migration distance and timing of arrival in ecolo ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01182.x

95. Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on survival and wing dimorphism of two species of rice planthoppers (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) under interaction

Author:
Caiyun Wang; Minghui Fei; Ling Meng; Jeffrey A Harvey; Baoping Li
Source:
Pest management science 2020 v.76 no.6 pp. 2087-2094
ISSN:
1526-498X
Subject:
Laodelphax striatellus; Nilaparvata lugens; carbon dioxide; climate; climate change; dimorphism; environmental impact; females; field experimentation; free air carbon dioxide enrichment; insect pests; migratory behavior; phytophagous insects; rice; survival rate; temperature
Abstract:
... BACKGROUND: Anthropogenic climate change (ACC) may have significant impacts on insect herbivore communities including pests. Two of the most important climate‐change related factors are increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), and increasing mean global temperature. Although increasing attention is being paid to the biological and ecological effects of ACC, important processes ...
DOI:
10.1002/ps.5747

96. Effects of photoperiod and light intensity on wing dimorphism and development in the parasitoid Sclerodermus pupariae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)

Author:
Shuai Hu; Xiao-Yi Wang; Zhong-Qi Yang; Jian J. Duan
Source:
Biological control 2019 v.133 pp. 117-122
ISSN:
1049-9644
Subject:
Bethylidae; Buprestidae; Cerambycidae; adults; biological control; biological control agents; dimorphism; eggs; fecundity; females; habitats; hosts; laboratory rearing; light intensity; morphs; parasitism; parasitoids; phenotype; photoperiod; progeny; sex ratio; temporal variation; China
Abstract:
... Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a newly described ectoparasitoid, has been used as a biocontrol agent against several buprestid and cerambycid pests in China. Both winged and wingless female morphs of S. pupariae can find and parasitize hosts; however, winged parasitoids can disperse faster and further to new habitats and thus are more adapted to spatial and temporal c ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.03.003

97. Effects of selection for behavior, human approach mode and sex on vocalization in silver fox

Author:
Svetlana S. Gogoleva; Ilya A. Volodin; Elena V. Volodina; Anastasia V. Kharlamova; Lyudmila N. Trut
Source:
Journal of ethology 2013 v.31 no.1 pp. 95-100
ISSN:
0289-0771
Subject:
Vulpes vulpes; dimorphism; females; foxes; humans; males; vocalization
Abstract:
... This study presents a first direct comparison of vocal type, call rate and time spent vocalizing among Unselected, Tame and Aggressive strains of silver fox (Vulpes vulpes) in three modes of human approach (Provoking, Approach–Retreat, and Static). Also, it provides a first comparison of male and female vocal output in the Provoking test. Vocal types were found strain-specific irrespective of the ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10164-012-0353-x
PubMed:
23525128
PubMed Central:
PMC3601802

98. Egg size and laying order in relation to offspring sex in the extreme sexually size dimorphic brown songlark, Cinclorhamphus cruralis

Author:
Michael J. L. Magrath; Lyanne Brouwer; Jan Komdeur
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2003 v.54 no.3 pp. 240-248
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
daughters; prediction; dimorphism; mothers; polygyny; starvation; brothers; eggs; sex ratio; food availability; hatching; nutrient reserves; chicks; females; nestlings
Abstract:
... In some bird species, mothers can advantage the offspring of one sex either by elevating them in the laying order to promote earlier hatching or by allocating greater resources to eggs of the preferred sex. In size dimorphic species, the predictions as to which sex should benefit most from such pre-laying adjustments are ambiguous. The smaller sex would benefit from an initial size advantage to he ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-003-0627-y

99. Embryo Development and Sex Ratios in the Red-Footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius) at Masculinizing Temperatures

Author:
Juliana Gaviria-Hernández; Vivian P. Páez; Diber M. Ramírez; Claudia P. Ceballos
Source:
Chelonian conservation and biology 2021 v.20 no.1 pp. 71-81
ISSN:
1943-3956
Subject:
Chelonoidis; body size; climate change; deforestation; dimorphism; eggs; embryogenesis; fecundity; females; geometry; morphometry; sex determination; survival rate; temperature; threatened species; tortoises; Colombia
Abstract:
... Incubation temperature is a factor that can affect several traits in turtles such as body size, growth, shape, and sex in species with temperature-dependent sex determination. A clear understanding of these effects is particularly important in threatened species such as the red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius), classified in Colombia as Vulnerable mainly due to the capture of wild individ ...
DOI:
10.2744/CCB-1441.1

100. Environmental stress increases skeletal fluctuating asymmetry in the moor frog Rana arvalis

Author:
Fredrik Söderman; Stefan van Dongen; Susanna Pakkasmaa; Juha Merilä
Source:
Oecologia 2007 v.151 no.4 pp. 593-604
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
Rana; acidity; dimorphism; females; frogs; males; pH; sexual selection
Abstract:
... Whether fluctuating asymmetry (FA) provides a useful metric indicator of the degree of environmental stress experienced by populations is still a contentious issue. We investigated whether the degree of FA in skeletal elements is useful in elucidating the degree of environmental stress experienced by frog populations, and further, tested the proposition that a trait’s sensitivity to stress—as refl ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-006-0611-0
PubMed:
17136394