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1. A Vapor-Phase Technique for Radiation-Induced Grafting of Vinyl Monomers to Fibers

Author:
Arthur A. Armstrong; Henry A. Rutherford
Source:
Textile research journal v.33 no.4 pp. 264-273
ISSN:
1746-7748
Subject:
acetic acid; catalysts; cellulose; cellulose acetate; cotton; ethylene; fabrics; gamma radiation; methanol; microorganisms; nylon; organochlorine compounds; polyamides; polyesters; polymerization; polypropylenes; propylene; rayon; styrene; textile fibers; vapors; vinyl acetate; vinyl chloride
Abstract:
... A technique for the radiation grafting of volatile vinyl monomers to fiber substrates is described. The monomer is applied from the vapor phase while the samples are exposed to gamma radiation from Cobalt-60. The fibrous materials that are relatively unstable toward radiation are the ones that add the vinyl compounds the most readily. These are the cellulosics (cotton and rayon), cellulose esters ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756303300403

2. A Study of Cross-Linking using , Vapor-Phase Chromatography

Author:
John P. Dundon
Source:
Textile research journal 1964 v.34 no.4 pp. 340-346
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; chromatography; crosslinking; fabrics; methanol; textile fibers; water content
Abstract:
... A study of the cross-linking reaction of bis-methoxy-methyluron with cellulose has been made using vapor-phase chromatography. The rate of methanol liberation for various catalysts is given, and the effect of moisture content of the fabric on the reaction rate is shown. The data are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical significance. ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756403400410

3. Wool Setting: The Effect of Esterification

Author:
L. A. Holt; S. J. Leach; B. Milligan
Source:
Textile research journal v.39 no.3 pp. 290-293
ISSN:
1746-7748
Subject:
1-propanol; buffers; butanol; catalysts; esterification; ethanol; hydrochloric acid; ionic strength; methanol; pH; potassium chloride; textile fibers; wool; woolen fabric
Abstract:
... Esterification of wool fabrics with methanol, ethanol, n-propanol or n-butanol (containing 0.1 M HCl as catalyst) has been found to modify both amide and carboxyl side chains. Modification of amide groups is especially marked with the higher alcohols. The esterified fabrics set more readily than untreated fabric when steam-pressed in the presence of 0.05 M buffer (pH 7), but not when M potassium c ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756903900316

4. Ethenolysis of esters of vegetable oils: effect of B2O3 addition to Re2O7/SiO2.Al2O3-SnBu4 and CH3ReO3/SiO2.Al2O3 metathesis catalysts

Author:
Mandelli, D.; Jannini, M.J.D.M.; Buffon, R.; Schuchardt, U.
Source:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1996 v.73 no.2 pp. 229-232
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
chemical composition; palm oils; methanol; olive oil; catalysts; transesterification; esterification; fatty acid esters; catalytic activity
DOI:
10.1007/BF02523900

5. Methanolysis of seed oils in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide

Author:
Jackson, M.A.; King, J.W.
Source:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1996 v.73 no.3 pp. 353-356
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
carbon dioxide; methanol; chemical reactions; bioreactors; soybeans; triacylglycerols; triacylglycerol lipase; catalysts; corn oil; yields
Abstract:
... The direct methanolysis of triglycerides in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide by an immobilized lipase is described. The reaction system consists of two syringe pumps for substrate addition and another two syringe pumps for delivering CO2 at 24.1 MPa. Corn oil is pumped into the carbon dioxide stream at a rate of 4 μL/min, and methanol is pumped at 5 μL/min to yield fatty acid methyl esters (FA ...
Handle:
10113/25612
DOI:
10.1007/BF02523430

6. Effect of preparation method on the dispersion and activity of V2O5–Al2O3 catalysts

Author:
S. T SRINIVAS; L JHANSI LAKSHMI; P. S SAI PRASAD; S. S MADHAVENDRA; P KANTA RAO
Source:
Journal of materials science 1997 v.32 no.4 pp. 965-969
ISSN:
0022-2461
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; carbon dioxide; catalysts; electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy; grinding; methanol; oxidation; oxygen; scanning electron microscopy
Abstract:
... Al2O3-supported 12 wt% V2O5 catalysts were prepared by physically grinding both the oxides (solid–solid wetting) and by wet impregnation techniques. The physical mixtures (PM) were treated under two different conditions – calcination in the presence of dry oxygen and wet oxygen. The catalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron spin resonance and oxygen ...
DOI:
10.1023/A:1018514002933

7. Fast formation of high-purity methyl esters from vegetable oils

Author:
Boocock, David G. B.; Konar, Samir K.; Mao, V.; Lee, C.; Buligan, Sonia
Source:
journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1998 v.75 no.12 pp. 1167-1172
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
catalysts; diacylglycerols; half life; methanol; methanolysis; methylation; mixing; vegetable oil
Abstract:
... Experiments have confirmed that the base-catalyzed methanolysis of vegetable oils occurs much slower than butanolysis because of the two liquid phases initially present in the former reaction. For the same reason, second-order kinetics are not followed. The use of a cosolvent such as tetrahydrofuran or methyl tertiary butyl ether speeds up methanolysis considerably. However, like one-phase butanol ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11746-998-0307-1

8. Synthesis of Four Stereoisomers of 1,4-Thiazane-3-carboxylic Acid 1-Oxide via the Asymmetric Transformation (combined isomerization-preferential crystallization) of 1,4-Thiazane-3-carboxylic Acid

Author:
Tadashi SHIRAIWA; Kohya TADOKORO; Joji ISHIKAWA; Haruyuki TANAKA; Tooru MASAKI; Hidemoto KUROKAWA
Source:
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 2000 v.64 no.2 pp. 341-347
ISSN:
1347-6947
Subject:
biotechnology; catalysts; crystallization; cysteine; diastereomers; filtrates; hydrochloric acid; hydrogen peroxide; hydroxybenzaldehyde; methanol; propionic acid; triethylamine
Abstract:
... In order to synthesize four stereoisomers of 1,4-thiazane-3-carboxylic acid 1-oxide (TCA•SO), (S)-1,4-thiazane-3-carboxylic acid [(S)-TCA], which is one of the precursors, was prepared by the asymmetric transformation (combined isomerization-preferential crystallization) of (RS)-TCA. This asymmetric transformation was used (2R, 3R)-tartaric acid [(R)-TA] as a resolving agent and salicylaldehyde as ...
DOI:
10.1271/bbb.64.341

9. Biodiesel Production from Oils and Fats with High Free Fatty Acids

Author:
Canakci, M.; Van Gerpen, J.
Source:
Transactions of the ASAE 2001 v.44 no.6 pp. 1429-1436
ISSN:
0001-2351
Subject:
animal fats and oils; animal wastes; biodiesel; catalysts; cost effectiveness; diesel engines; diesel fuel; fatty acid composition; feedstocks; foods; free fatty acids; methanol; palmitic acid; restaurants; soybean oil; transesterification; triacylglycerols; vegetable oil; yellow grease
Abstract:
... Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Most of the biodiesel that is currently made uses soybean oil, methanol, and an alkaline catalyst. The high value of soybean oil as a food product makes production of a cost-effective fuel very challenging. However, there are large amounts of low-cost oils and f ...

10. Transesterification of fatty acid ethoxylates in supercritical methanol, then gas chromatography–mass spectrometric determination of the derived methyl esters, for identification of the initiators

Author:
G. Socher; R. Nussbaum; K. Rissler; E. Lankmayr
Source:
Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 2001 v.371 no.3 pp. 369-375
ISSN:
0937-0633
Subject:
Lewis acids; catalysts; equipment; esters; fatty acids; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; heat; methanol; stainless steel; temperature; transesterification
Abstract:
... Unknown fatty acid ethoxylate samples have been transesterified in supercritical methanol, using a loop made of a stainless-steel tubing as the reactor vessel. The initiator acids, now present as the corresponding methyl esters, were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Quantitative transesterification is achieved by heating a solution of the ethoxylate sample in methanol at ...
DOI:
10.1007/s002160100985

11. An Alkali-Catalyzed Transesterification Process for High Free Fatty Acid Waste Oils

Author:
Dorado, M.P.; Ballesteros, E.; Almeida, J.A. de; Schellert, C.; Löhrlein, H.P.; Krause, R.
Source:
Transactions of the ASAE 2002 v.45 no.3 pp. 525-529
ISSN:
0001-2351
Subject:
acidity; biodiesel; catalysts; combustion; deep fat frying; diesel fuel; energy content; esters; free fatty acids; heat; methanol; neutralization; olive oil; palm oils; potassium hydroxide; raw materials; recycling; temperature; transesterification; vegetable oil; viability; viscosity; wastewater; water content; Brazil; Germany; Spain
Abstract:
... Vegetable oil used for deep-frying processes becomes a contaminating waste product after use. It represents a problem for disposal and for wastewater systems. Among the possibilities for recycling of used vegetable oil, conversion into biofuel is very interesting and promising. In this work, a comparison between biofuels from waste vegetable oils from several countries was carried out. The raw mat ...
DOI:
10.13031/2013.8849

12. Breakthrough in the direct conversion of methane into c₁-oxygenates

Author:
J. A. Barbero; M. C. Alvarez; M. A. Bañares; M. A. Peña; J. L. G. Fierro
Source:
Chemical communications 2002 v. no.11 pp. 1184-1185
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; formaldehyde; methane; methanol; nitric oxide; oxidation; oxygen; silica; surface area; temperature
Abstract:
... The partial oxidation of methane to CH₃OH and HCHO (C₁-oxygenates) was evaluated over a low surface area V₂O₅/SiO₂ catalyst. The introduction of low amounts of NO (0–2.92 %vol) to the reaction feed strongly enhanced both the conversion of methane and selectivity to C₁-oxygenates. In the presence of NO, both the reaction temperature and the CH₄/O₂ ratio affected selectivity to CH₃OH and HCHO. Selec ...
DOI:
10.1039/b202812n

13. Polar, non-coordinating ionic liquids as solvents for the alternating copolymerization of styrene and CO catalyzed by cationic palladium catalysts

Author:
Marc A. Klingshirn; Grant A. Broker; John D. Holbrey; Kevin H. Shaughnessy; Robin D. Rogers
Source:
Chemical communications 2002 v. no.13 pp. 1394-1395
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
carbon monoxide; catalysts; catalytic activity; copolymerization; ionic liquids; methanol; molecular weight; palladium; styrene
Abstract:
... The palladium-catalyzed copolymerization of styrene and CO in an ionic liquid solvent, 1-hexylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, gave improved yields and increased molecular weights compared to polymerizations run in methanol. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b203367d

14. Selective and high yield synthesis of dimethyl carbonate directly from carbon dioxide and methanol

Author:
Jun-Chul Choi; Liang-Nian He; Hiroyuki Yasuda; Toshiyasu Sakakura
Source:
Green chemistry 2002 v.4 no.3 pp. 230-234
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
carbon dioxide; carbonates; catalysts; catalytic activity; green chemistry; methanol
Abstract:
... Supercritical carbon dioxide is efficiently converted to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) via the reaction with methanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of dialkyltin oxide or its derivatives. The removal of water is the key to accomplishing the high conversion by shifting the equilibrium to dimethyl carbonate. Dehydration is successfully carried out by circulating the reaction mixture through a deh ...
DOI:
10.1039/b200623p

15. Vapour phase methylation of pyridine with methanol over the Zn₁ ₋ ₓMnₓFe₂O₄ (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1) ferrite system

Author:
A. Radhe Shyam; Reena Dwivedi; V. S. Reddy; K. V. R. Chary; R. Prasad
Source:
Green chemistry 2002 v.4 no.6 pp. 558-561
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; ammonia; catalysts; desorption; ferrimagnetic materials; green chemistry; infrared spectroscopy; methanol; methylation; pyridines; temperature; vapors
Abstract:
... Alkylation of pyridine by methanol to methylpyridines has been studied in the vapour phase in a fixed bed reactor, in the temperature range 473–723 K over the Zn₁ ₋ ₓMnₓFe₂O₄ (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1) ferrospinel system. 2-Picoline and 3-picoline were found to be major products. It was observed that, systems possessing high x values are highly selective for 2-picoline. Reaction parameters we ...
DOI:
10.1039/b207410a

16. Conducting polymeric nanotubules as high performance methanol oxidation catalyst support

Author:
Bashyam Rajesh; K. Ravindranathan Thampi; Jean-Marc Bonard; Hans Jorg Mathieu; Nicolas Xanthopoulos; Balasubramaniam Viswanathan
Source:
Chemical communications 2003 v. no.16 pp. 2022-2023
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; catalytic activity; methanol; nanotubes; oxidation; platinum; polymers; pyrroles
Abstract:
... Pt nanoparticle-supported conducting nanotubules of polypyrrole prepared by a template method exhibited excellent catalytic activity and stability for the electrooxidation of methanol in comparison to Pt supported on conventionally synthesised conducting polypyrrole. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b305591d

17. CuCl catalyst heterogenized on diamide immobilized SBA-15 for efficient oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethylcarbonate

Author:
Yong Cao; Jun-Cheng Hu; Ping Yang; Wei-Lin Dai; Kang-Nian Fan
Source:
Chemical communications 2003 v. no.7 pp. 908-909
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; chemical reactions; methanol
Abstract:
... CuCl has been successfully immobilized on a novel diamide modified SBA-15, and proven to be an efficient heterogenized catalyst for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethylcarbonate. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b301375h

18. Direct Zn–diamine promoted reduction of CO and CN bonds by polymethylhydrosiloxane in methanol

Author:
Virginie Bette; André Mortreux; Christian W. Lehmann; Jean-François Carpentier
Source:
Chemical communications 2003 v. no.3 pp. 332-333
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
ambient temperature; amines; catalysts; chemical reactions; imines; ketones; methanol
Abstract:
... Ketones and imines are chemoselectively reduced at room temperature in methanol to the corresponding alcohols and amines in high yields in a one-step procedure using polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) and a simple zinc–diamine catalyst. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b210144k

19. In situ infrared study of oxidative carbonylation of aniline with methanol on Cu-based catalysts

Author:
Bei Chen; Steven S. C. Chuang
Source:
Green chemistry 2003 v.5 no.4 pp. 484-489
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
aniline; byproducts; carbamates; carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; catalysts; economic feasibility; green chemistry; infrared spectroscopy; methanol; oxygen; sodium chloride; spectral analysis
Abstract:
... Oxidative carbonylation of amines with alcohols provides an environmentally benign pathway to isocyanates and carbamates. Currently, the most active catalysts for the oxidative carbonylation of aniline with methanol are Pd-based catalysts. To further improve the economic feasibility of the carbamate synthesis process, we have investigated the activity of CuCl₂–NaI, CuCl₂–NaCl, and CuCl–NaI at 438 ...
DOI:
10.1039/b303283c

20. Neoteric solvents for asymmetric hydrogenation: supercritical fluids, ionic liquids, and expanded ionic liquids

Author:
Philip G. Jessop; Roy R. Stanley; Richard A. Brown; Charles A. Eckert; Charles L. Liotta; Truc T. Ngo; Pamela Pollet
Source:
Green chemistry 2003 v.5 no.2 pp. 123-128
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
carbon dioxide; carboxylic acids; catalysts; catalytic activity; green chemistry; hydrogen; hydrogenation; ionic liquids; methanol; physical properties; ruthenium; solubility
Abstract:
... Neoteric (new) solvents such as supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂), ionic liquids (ILs), ILs with cosolvents, and CO₂-expanded ionic liquids (EILs) offer flexible physical properties, which allow chemists and engineers to select the optimal solvent system for a specific reaction process. Homogeneously-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids was chosen for its economic interes ...
DOI:
10.1039/b211894g

21. Novel synthesis of highly active Pt/C cathode electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cell

Author:
Zhenhua Zhou; Suli Wang; Weijiang Zhou; Guoxiong Wang; Luhua Jiang; Wenzhen Li; Shuqin Song; Jianguo Liu; Gongquan Sun; Qin Xin
Source:
Chemical communications 2003 v. no.3 pp. 394-395
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; cathodes; chemical reactions; electrochemistry; fuel cells; methanol; particle size; platinum; polyols; stabilizers
Abstract:
... A 40 wt% Pt/C cathode electrocatalyst with controlled Pt particle size of ∼2.9 nm showing better performance than commercial catalyst for direct methanol fuel cell was prepared by a polyol process with water but without using stabilizing agent. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b211075j

22. A Pilot Plant to Produce Biodiesel from High Free Fatty Acid Feedstocks

Author:
Canakci, M.; Van Gerpen, J.
Source:
Transactions of the ASAE 2003 v.46 no.4 pp. 945-954
ISSN:
0001-2351
Subject:
animal fats and oils; biodiesel; case studies; catalysts; diesel fuel; energy costs; fatty acids; feedstocks; free fatty acids; humans; methanol; processing waste; soaps; soybean oil; transesterification; vegetable oil; washing; yellow grease
Abstract:
... Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Currently, most biodiesel is made from soybean oil, methanol, and an alkaline catalyst. However, there are large amounts of fats and oils that are unsuitable for human consumption that could be converted to biodiesel at lower cost. The problem with processing these waste oi ...
DOI:
10.13031/2013.13949

23. Platinum-containing polymeric catalysts in direct l-sorbose oxidation

Author:
E. Sulman; V. Matveeva; L. Bronstein; A. Sidorov; N. Lakina; S. Sidorov; P. Valetsky
Source:
Green chemistry 2003 v.5 no.2 pp. 205-208
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; catalysts; catalytic activity; crosslinking; green chemistry; methanol; nanoparticles; oxidation; platinum; polystyrenes; sorbose; tetrahydrofuran; transmission electron microscopy
Abstract:
... Impregnation of hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HPS) with tetrahydrofuran (THF) or methanol solutions containing platinic acid resulted in the formation of Pt(ii) complexes within the nanocavities of HPS. The highest selectivity (98% at 100% conversion) measured during the catalytic oxidation of l-sorbose in water was obtained with the HPS-Pt-THF complex. The structure of the catalyst isolated after ...
DOI:
10.1039/b210350h

24. Recycling in telomerization of butadiene with methanol and phenol: Pd–KF/Al₂O₃ as an active heterogeneous catalyst system

Author:
Boris Estrine; Roger Soler; Céline Damez; Sandrine Bouquillon; Françoise Hénin; Jacques Muzart
Source:
Green chemistry 2003 v.5 no.6 pp. 686-689
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
aluminum oxide; catalysts; catalytic activity; green chemistry; methanol; phenol
Abstract:
... A palladium-TPPTS catalyst heterogenized on KF/alumina has been shown to be effective and recyclable for the telomerization of butadiene with methanol and phenol. The initial catalytic system is modified during the first run, allowing its stabilisation and improving its activity. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b311129f

25. Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate and glycols from carbon dioxide, epoxides and methanol using heterogeneous Mg containing smectite catalysts: effect of reaction variables on activity and selectivity performance

Author:
Bhalchandra M. Bhanage; Shin-ichiro Fujita; Yutaka Ikushima; Kazuo Torii; Masahiko Arai
Source:
Green chemistry 2003 v.5 no.1 pp. 71-75
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
carbon dioxide; carbonates; catalysts; epoxides; ethylene; ethylene glycol; green chemistry; magnesium; methanol; propylene; propylene oxide; smectite; synthesis; transesterification
Abstract:
... This paper reports the effect of various reaction variables on the activity and selectivity performance on a two-step synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and glycol from propylene oxide, carbon dioxide and methanol using a heterogeneous Mg containing smectite catalyst. The first step, the reaction of propylene oxide with CO₂ to form propylene carbonate, and the second step, the transesterificati ...
DOI:
10.1039/b207750g

26. Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate by transesterification over CaO/carbon composites

Author:
Tong Wei; Mouhua Wang; Wei Wei; Yuhan Sun; Bing Zhong
Source:
Green chemistry 2003 v.5 no.3 pp. 343-346
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
calcium oxide; carbon; carbonates; catalysts; green chemistry; methanol; particle size; propylene; transesterification
Abstract:
... A CaO/C composite, a new solid base catalyst, was prepared and served as a convenient and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for synthesis of DMC from methanol and propylene carbonate. Compared with pure CaO, the CaO/C shows the same basic properties and a high performance. In addition, the CaO/C catalyst, which is easily recovered, can be reused with little deactivation, if a suitable particle size ...
DOI:
10.1039/b210716n

27. Synthesis of dimethyl carbonate by vapor phase oxidative carbonylation of methanol

Author:
Hirofumi Itoh; Yoshiyuki Watanabe; Kenji Mori; Hiroshi Umino
Source:
Green chemistry 2003 v.5 no.5 pp. 558-562
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
activated carbon; carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; carbonates; catalysts; feed contamination; fluidized beds; green chemistry; hydrogen; methanol; nitrogen; oxygen; sodium hydroxide; temperature; vapors
Abstract:
... To develop a vapor phase dimethyl carbonate synthesis process, the effects of reaction conditions and contaminants in feed materials on reaction performance have been investigated for CuCl₂/NaOH/activated carbon catalysts. A small spherical activated carbon particle with an average diameter of 60 μm was newly prepared. Optimal conditions for reaction temperature, pressure, contact time and reactan ...
DOI:
10.1039/b304618b

28. Transesterification of urea and ethylene glycol to ethylene carbonate as an important step for urea based dimethyl carbonate synthesis

Author:
Bhalchandra M. Bhanage; Shin-ichiro Fujita; Yutaka Ikushima; Masahiko Arai
Source:
Green chemistry 2003 v.5 no.4 pp. 429-432
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
ambient pressure; carbonates; catalysts; ethylene; ethylene glycol; green chemistry; methanol; oxazolidinones; transesterification; urea; zinc oxide
Abstract:
... Two-step synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from urea has been investigated with various solid catalysts. The first step involves reaction of urea with ethylene glycol (EG) to form ethylene carbonate (EC) and the second step transesterification of EC formed with methanol to give DMC and EG. It has been found that ZnO is highly active and selective for the two steps, of which the former should b ...
DOI:
10.1039/b304182d

29. Direct epoxidation of propylene by molecular oxygen over a catalyst system containing palladium and a peroxo-heteropoly compound in methanol

Author:
Yanyong Liu; Kazuhisa Murata; Megumu Inaba
Source:
Chemical communications 2004 v. no.5 pp. 582-583
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
autoclaves; catalysts; epoxidation reactions; methanol; oxidants; oxygen; palladium; propylene; propylene oxide
Abstract:
... A catalyst system consisting of palladium and a peroxo-heteropoly compound in methanol showed 81.6% selectivity for propylene oxide at 42.7% propylene conversion using molecular oxygen as oxidant in an autoclave reactor at 373 K for 6 h. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b316100p

30. Enhancement of α-oxygen formation and N₂O decomposition on Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts by extraframework Al

Author:
Keqiang Sun; Haidong Zhang; Haian Xia; Yuxiang Lian; Ying Li; Zhaochi Feng; Pinliang Ying; Can Li
Source:
Chemical communications 2004 v. no.21 pp. 2480-2481
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
aluminum; aluminum chloride; benzene; catalysts; chemical reactions; ferric chloride; iron; methane; methanol; nitrous oxide; phenol
Abstract:
... The concentration of α-oxygen which can oxidize methane to methanol and benzene to phenol at RT, increases linearly with the amount of introduced extraframework Al on Fe/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by solid-state exchange of FeCl₃ and AlCl₃ with H-ZSM-5. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b408854a

31. Epoxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen in methanol over a peroxo-heteropoly compound immobilized on palladium exchanged HMS

Author:
Yanyong Liu; Kazuhisa Murata; Megumu Inaba
Source:
Green chemistry 2004 v.6 no.10 pp. 510-515
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
catalysts; chemical bonding; epoxidation reactions; filtration; green chemistry; ions; methanol; oxidants; oxidation; oxygen; palladium; propylene; propylene oxide
Abstract:
... The peroxo-heteropoly compound {HPO₄[W(O)(O₂)₂]₂} was synthesized on the surface of HMS by reacting HMS-PrNH(PO₃H₂) with [W₂O₃(O₂)₄(H₂O)₂]²⁻ solution, and then palladium ions were exchanged into the channels of HMS to form a hybrid catalyst. The novel solid catalyst showed 34.1% propylene conversion and 83.2% selectivity for propylene oxide for the oxidation of propylene using molecular oxygen as ...
DOI:
10.1039/b407290c

32. First observation of highly efficient dehydrogenation of methanol to anhydrous formaldehyde over novel Ag–SiO₂–MgO–Al₂O₃ catalyst

Author:
Li-Ping Ren; Wei-Lin Dai; Yong Cao; Hexing Li; Kangnian Fan
Source:
Chemical communications 2004 v. no.24 pp. 3030-3031
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; dehydrogenation; formaldehyde; methanol; sol-gel processing
Abstract:
... Novel Ag–SiO₂–MgO–Al₂O₃ catalyst prepared by sol–gel method showed extremely high activity and selectivity (both equal to 100%) in the direct dehydrogenation of methanol to anhydrous formaldehyde. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b310316a

33. Hf[N(SO₂C₈F₁₇)₂]₄ as a highly active and recyclable Lewis acid catalyst for direct esterification of methacrylic acid with methanol in a fluorous biphase system

Author:
Xiuhua Hao; Akihiro Yoshida; Joji Nishikido
Source:
Green chemistry 2004 v.6 no.11 pp. 566-569
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
Lewis acids; catalysts; catalytic activity; esterification; green chemistry; methanol; sulfuric acid
Abstract:
... The activity of Hf[N(SO₂C₈F₁₇)₂]₄ catalyst for the direct esterification of methacrylic acid with methanol was studied and compared with representative acid catalysts including the present industrially employed H₂SO₄ and Nafion® SAC-13. It was found that Hf[N(SO₂C₈F₁₇)₂]₄ in a fluorous biphase system (FBS) is most effective based on initial rate analysis and yield. In the simulated industrial solu ...
DOI:
10.1039/b409692d

34. Li–CaO catalysed tri-glyceride transesterification for biodiesel applications

Author:
Robert S. Watkins; Adam F. Lee; Karen Wilson
Source:
Green chemistry 2004 v.6 no.7 pp. 335-340
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; biodiesel; butyrates; calcium oxide; catalysts; catalytic activity; green chemistry; lithium; methanol; surface area; transesterification
Abstract:
... A series of Li-promoted CaO catalysts with Li loadings in the range 0.26–4.0 wt% have been prepared which are effective in the transesterification of glyceryl tributyrate and methanol to methyl butanoate. A Li content of 1.23 wt% provides the optimum activity towards methyl butanoate formation. Li doping increases the base strength of CaO, and XPS and DRIFTS measurements reveal that the optimum lo ...
DOI:
10.1039/b404883k

35. Methanolysis of acyl–Pd(ii) complexes relevant to CO/ethene coupling reactions

Author:
Jianke Liu; Brian T. Heaton; Jonathan A. Iggo; Robin Whyman
Source:
Chemical communications 2004 v. no.11 pp. 1326-1327
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
Lewis bases; carbon; carbon monoxide; catalysts; catalytic activity; ethylene; methanol; methanolysis; palladium
Abstract:
... Alcoholysis of acyl–Pd(ii) complexes relevant to palladium catalysed CO/ethene coupling reactions such as polyketone synthesis/alkoxycarbonylation reactions is shown, in a highly active catalyst system, to proceed via coordination of methanol to the Pd centre prior to nucleophilic attack at the acyl carbon. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b402275k

36. Novel Pt/CeO₂/C catalysts for electrooxidation of alcohols in alkaline media

Author:
Changwei Xu; Pei Kang Shen
Source:
Chemical communications 2004 v. no.19 pp. 2238-2239
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; ceric oxide; electrochemistry; electrodes; ethanol; ethylene glycol; glycerol; methanol; oxidation; platinum
Abstract:
... Electrochemical oxidation of methanol, ethanol, glycerol and ethylene glycol (EG) on novel Pt–CeO₂/C catalysts in alkaline media has been studied and shows an improved performance in terms of the electrode activity and the poisoning resistance. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b408589b

37. Selective production of hydrogen from partial oxidation of methanol over silver catalysts at low temperatures

Author:
Liuye Mo; Xiaoming Zheng; Chuin-Tih Yeh
Source:
Chemical communications 2004 v. no.12 pp. 1426-1427
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; hydrogen; methanol; oxidation; silver; temperature
Abstract:
... Hydrogen can be effectively and selectively produced from the partial oxidation of methanol over Ag/CeO₂–ZnO catalyst at low temperatures (Tᵣ < 200 °C). ...
DOI:
10.1039/b401463d

38. Spherical carbon capsules with hollow macroporous core and mesoporous shell structures as a highly efficient catalyst support in the direct methanol fuel cell

Author:
Geun Seok Chai; Suk Bon Yoon; Jung Ho Kim; Jong-Sung Yu
Source:
Chemical communications 2004 v. no.23 pp. 2766-2767
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
carbon; catalysts; catalytic activity; electrodes; fuel cells; methanol; oxidation; porous media
Abstract:
... Carbon capsules with hollow core and mesoporous shell (HCMS) structures were used as a support material for Pt₅₀–Ru₅₀ catalyst, and the catalytic performance of the HCMS supported catalyst in the direct methanol fuel cell was described; the HCMS carbon supported catalysts exhibited much higher specific activity for methanol oxidation than the commonly used E-TEK catalyst by about 80%, proving that ...
DOI:
10.1039/b412747c

39. An improved palladium-based DMFCs cathode catalyst

Author:
Huanqiao Li; Qin Xin; Wenzhen Li; Zhenhua Zhou; Luhua Jiang; Shaohua Yang; Gongquan Sun
Source:
Chemical communications 2004 v. no.23 pp. 2776-2777
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; cathodes; chemical reactions; electrochemistry; fuel cells; methanol; palladium; platinum; polyols
Abstract:
... A novel carbon-supported palladium-rich Pd₃Pt₁/C catalyst prepared by a modified polyol process showed a better cell performance than Pt/C in direct methanol fuel cells, which may be attributed to palladium's inactivity to methanol electro-oxidation while exhibiting good performance to oxygen reduction reaction. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b409539a

40. Characteristics of methoxycarbonylation of aromatic diamine with dimethyl carbonate to dicarbamate using a zinc acetate catalyst

Author:
Toshihide Baba; Akane Kobayashi; Yukio Kawanami; Koji Inazu; Akio Ishikawa; Tsuneo Echizenn; Kazuhito Murai; Shinji Aso; Masamitsu Inomata
Source:
Green chemistry 2005 v.7 no.3 pp. 159-165
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
absorption; aromatic amines; carbonates; catalysts; diamines; green chemistry; methanol; zinc; zinc acetate
Abstract:
... The methoxycarbonylation of aromatic diamines such as 2,4-toluene diamine with dimethyl carbonate using Zn(OAc)₂·2H₂O as a catalyst is examined to determine the influence of reaction variables on the yields of mono- and di-carbamates. These reactions yield dimethyltoluene-2,4-dicarbamate in 98% yield over 2 h at 453 K. An induction period is observed in the reaction of aromatic amines with dimethy ...
DOI:
10.1039/b413334j

41. Chemical recycling of polycarbonate in a semi-continuous lab-plant. A green route with methanol and methanol–water mixtures

Author:
Raúl Piñero; Juan García; María José Cocero
Source:
Green chemistry 2005 v.7 no.5 pp. 380-387
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
alcoholysis; bisphenol A; byproducts; carbonates; catalysts; catalytic activity; crystallization; crystals; depolymerization; green chemistry; methanol; sodium hydroxide; solvents; temperature; wastes
Abstract:
... Alkali-catalysed depolymerization of polycarbonate (PC) wastes by alcoholysis in supercritical or near critical conditions has been studied in order to recover the essential monomer bisphenol A (BPA) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as a valuable by-product. This work aims to study the continuous process and possible scale-up for decomposition of both commercial PC and PC plastic wastes using methanol ...
DOI:
10.1039/b500461f

42. Lipid rich compositions, production of lipid rich compositions, production of fatty acid alkyl esters from heterogeneous lipid mixtures

Author:
Haas, M.J.; Scott, K.M.; Michalski, P.J.; Runyon, S.
Source:
United States Department of Agriculture patents 2005 no.US 6,855,838 B2 pp. -
Subject:
yellow grease; patents; methanol; vegetable oil; soapstock; sulfuric acid; free fatty acids; catalysts; esterification; animal fats and oils; pH; fatty acid esters; steaming; USDA; alkali treatment; United States
Abstract:
... The present invention relates to a method for producing fatty acid alkyl esters, involving esterifying a material containing free fatty acids (FFA) with an alcohol and an inorganic acid catalyst to form a product containing fatty acid alkyl esters, wherein (i) the material contains at least about 40% FFA and is produced by reacting a feedstock with steam and sulfuric acid at a pH of about 1-about ...
Handle:
10113/6932

43. Metal-coated nanoscale TiO₂ catalysts for enhanced CO₂ photoreduction

Author:
Pankaj Pathak; Mohammed J. Meziani; Linette Castillo; Ya-Ping Sun
Source:
Green chemistry 2005 v.7 no.9 pp. 667-670
ISSN:
1463-9270
Subject:
carbon dioxide; catalysts; coatings; green chemistry; hydrophilicity; methanol; nanoparticles; nanosilver; photocatalysis; silver; titanium dioxide
Abstract:
... Nanoscale TiO₂ particles embedded in the hydrophilic cavities of Nafion membrane films were coated with silver for significantly improved photoconversion of CO₂. The primary product from the photocatalytic reduction became methanol, with the overall conversion efficiency higher than that without the silver coating. These catalytic films are also stable chemically and photochemically, reusable in r ...
DOI:
10.1039/b507103h

44. Multiple mutagenesis of the Candida rugosa LIP1 gene and optimum production of recombinant LIP1 expressed in Pichia pastoris

Author:
S.W. Chang; C. J. Shieh; G. C. Lee; J. F. Shaw
Source:
Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2005 v.67 no.2 pp. 215-224
ISSN:
0175-7598
Subject:
temperature; thermal stability; Candida rugosa; substrate specificity; Komagataella pastoris; methanol; glucose; polymerase chain reaction; yeast extract; catalysts; codons; esterification; response surface methodology; lipolysis; hydrolysis; pH; site-directed mutagenesis; biomass; isozymes
Abstract:
... Candida rugosa lipase, a significant catalyst, had been widely employed to catalyze various chemical reactions such as non-specific, stereo-specific hydrolysis and esterification for industrial biocatalytic applications. Several isozymes encoded by the lip gene family, namely lip1 to lip7, possess distinct thermal stability and substrate specificity, among which the recombinant LIP1 showed a disti ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00253-004-1815-z

45. Noncatalytic mono-N-methylation of aniline in supercritical methanol: the kinetics and acid/base effect

Author:
Yoshihiro Takebayashi; Yoshinori Morita; Hideki Sakai; Masahiko Abe; Satoshi Yoda; Takeshi Furuya; Tsutomu Sugeta; Katsuto Otake
Source:
Chemical communications 2005 v. no.31 pp. 3965-3967
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
aniline; catalysts; catalytic activity; chemical reactions; methanol; potassium hydroxide; reaction mechanisms; sodium hydroxide
Abstract:
... Aniline is easily N-methylated in supercritical methanol without catalyst at 350 °C and 0.237 g cm⁻³ to give mono-N-methylaniline with high selectivity, and the reaction rate is increased by a small amount of base (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, and CH₃ONa), indicating a difference in the reaction mechanism from the ordinary acid-catalyzed one. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b504050g

46. Simple and controllable synthesis of highly dispersed Pt–Ru/C catalysts by a two-step spray pyrolysis process

Author:
Xinzhong Xue; Tianhong Lu; Changpeng Liu; Wei Xing
Source:
Chemical communications 2005 v. no.12 pp. 1601-1603
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
carbon; catalysts; catalytic activity; electrochemistry; methanol; oxidation; pyrolysis
Abstract:
... A carbon supported Pt–Ru catalyst with uniform distribution and small average size of the Pt–Ru particles was synthesized using a two-step spray pyrolysis (SP) method; the electrocatalytic activity of the prepared catalyst for methanol oxidation is better than that of the standard commercial catalyst. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b418227h

47. Tin-catalyzed conversion of trioses to alkyl lactates in alcohol solution

Author:
Yukiko Hayashi; Yoshiyuki Sasaki
Source:
Chemical communications 2005 v. no.21 pp. 2716-2718
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; catalytic activity; chlorides; esterification; ethanol; glyceraldehyde; lactates; methanol; reaction mechanisms; tin; trioses
Abstract:
... Tin chlorides, SnCl₂ and SnCl₄·5H₂O are excellent catalysts for the reactions of trioses, dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde with alcohols (MeOH, EtOH and nBuOH) to give alkyl lactates, whose reaction mechanism involves the intermediary formation of pyruvic aldehyde followed by its esterification, which is distinctively promoted by tin halides. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b501964h

48. A unique microwave effect on the microstructural modification of Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalysts for steam reforming of methanol

Author:
Xin-Rong Zhang; Lu-Cun Wang; Yong Cao; Wei-Lin Dai; He-Yong He; Kang-Nian Fan
Source:
Chemical communications 2005 v. no.32 pp. 4104-4106
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
aluminum oxide; catalysts; chemical reactions; copper; cupric oxide; hydrogen production; methanol; microwave radiation; steam; zinc oxide
Abstract:
... A short time (3–10 min) of microwave irradiation on the CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃ oxide precursor can result in a unique tailored microstructural modification on the catalyst, leading to a significantly enhanced performance for H₂ production from steam reforming of methanol. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b502997j

49. Direct methane conversion to methanol by ionic liquid-dissolved platinum catalysts

Author:
Jihong Cheng; Zaiwei Li; Mark Haught; Yongchun Tang
Source:
Chemical communications 2006 v. no.44 pp. 4617-4619
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
catalysts; ionic liquids; methane; methanol; oxidation; oxides; platinum; salts; sulfuric acid
Abstract:
... Ternary systems of inorganic Pt salts and oxides, ionic liquids and concentrated sulfuric acid are effective at catalyzing the direct, selective oxidation of methane to methanol and appear to be more water tolerant than the Catalytica reaction. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b610328f

50. Esterification of oleic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide catalyzed by functionalized mesoporous silica and an immobilized lipase

Author:
Michael A. JACKSON; Isa K. MBARAKA; Brent H. SHANKS
Source:
Applied Catalysis A: General 2006 v.310 pp. 48-53
ISSN:
0926-860X
Subject:
silica; carbon dioxide; methanol; immobilized enzymes; porosity; catalysts; activation energy; triacylglycerol lipase; esterification; porous media; sulfonic acids; oleic acid; enzyme activity; catalytic activity
Abstract:
... Organosulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silicas were tested for catalytic performance in the esterification of oleic acid with methanol in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide. The energy of activation of the sulfonic acid catalysts was found to be about 42 kJ/mol and was shown to be independent of pore size. The catalytic activity of the functionalized silicas was compared to a standard aci ...
Handle:
10113/62058
DOI:
10.1016/j.apcata.2006.05.019