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You searched for: Subject synapomorphy Remove constraint Subject: synapomorphy
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1. Are lungfishes the sister group of tetrapods?

Author:
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1985 v.25 no.4 pp. 379-397
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Tetrapoda; appendages; probability; synapomorphy
Abstract:
... It is generally accepted that rhipaidistian crossopterygians are the closest relatives of tetrapods. Rosen, Forey, Gardiner & Patterson (1981) challenge this view and contend that lungfishes are the sister group of tetrapods. They present a detailed cladistic analysis and claim to identify a large number of synapomorphies shared by lungfishes and tetrapods but not by rhipidistians. Their analysis ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb00403.x

2. An alternative view of generic delimitation and relationships in tribe Cereeae (Cactaceae)

Author:
N. P. Taylor; D. C. Zappi
Source:
Bradleya 1989 v.7 pp. 13-40
ISSN:
0265-086X
Subject:
Cereus; Melocactus; Pilosocereus; Uebelmannia; ancestry; computer software; dehiscence; fruits; herbaria; monophyly; pulp; stemwood; synapomorphy
Abstract:
... Generic limits and relationships in tribe Cereeae are reviewed and reassessed using cladistic methodology. Based on field and herbarium studies, and on reliable published observations, 20 characters are discussed in detail, polarized into plesiomorphic (primitive) and apomorphic (derived) states and then employed in the generation of a series of phylogenetic hypotheses using the PAUP computer prog ...
DOI:
10.25223/brad.n7.1989.a2

3. Characters: the central mystery of taxonomy and systematics

Author:
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1991 v.44 no.2 pp. 121-139
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
ancestry; eyes; models; synapomorphy; taxonomy
Abstract:
... Taxonomic and systematic theory is hopelessly confused because the term character has nine different, previously confused, meanings. After a historical analysis, it is shown that some form pairs, one used in taxonomy (= operational identification of phenetic patterns of character x individual spread) and the other in systematics (= theoretical analysis of patterns of taxonomy). On the basis of a s ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1991.tb00611.x

4. Phylogeny and species limits in the Palaearctic chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita complex: mitochondrial genetic differentiation and bioacoustic evidence

Author:
A. J. Helbig; J. Martens; I. Seibold; F. Henning; B. Schottler; M. Wink
Source:
Ibis 1996 v.138 no.4 pp. 650-666
ISSN:
0019-1019
Subject:
Palearctic region; Phylloscopus collybita; adults; bioacoustics; cytochrome b; gene flow; genetic variation; hybridization; mitochondria; mitochondrial genes; mitochondrial genome; mountains; nucleotide sequences; phenotype; plumage; secondary contact; synapomorphy; vocalization; Canary Islands; Caucasus region; Iberian Peninsula
Abstract:
... Nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1041 bp), analysis of vocalizations and behavioural evidence from zones of contact were used to reassess the species limits and phylogenetic relationships at the species and subspecies levels in the Phylloscopus collybita complex. A new classification is proposed which recognizes four biological species. Phylloscopus brehmii (Iberia) and ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1474-919X.1996.tb04767.x

5. The statistical reliability of synapomorphic analyses

Author:
P. H. A. Sneath
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1996 v.58 no.4 pp. 483-498
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Tetrapoda; data analysis; simulation models; statistical analysis; synapomorphy
Abstract:
... A statistical test has been developed to ascertain whether a given number of presumptive synapomorphies between one pair of taxa is significantly greater than the number between another pair of taxa. This is shown to be a form of testing the significance of a difference between two proportions. It is necessary first to adjust for common patterns of synapomorphy that raise or lower both numbers. Th ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01448.x

6. Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical characters

Author:
Walter S. Judd; Steven R. Manchester
Source:
Brittonia 1997 v.49 no.3 pp. 384-405
ISSN:
0007-196X
Subject:
Malvaceae; anthers; calyx; corolla; monophyly; nectaries; palynology; paraphyly; plant taxonomy; synapomorphy; trichomes
Abstract:
... We report a phylogenetic analysis of “core” Malvales (Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Bombacaceae, and Malvaceae) based on morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical features. The results of the analyses lead to the conclusion that Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Bombacaceae, as variously delimited, are paraphyletic; only the Malvaceae are likely monophyletic. The genera of “core” Malvales for ...
DOI:
10.2307/2807839

7. An Archaeotrogon (Aves: Archaeotrogonidae) from the Middle Eocene of the Grube Messel (Hessen, Germany)?

Author:
Gerald Mayr
Source:
Journal für Ornithologie 1998 v.139 no.2 pp. 121-129
ISSN:
0021-8375
Subject:
Eocene epoch; birds; coracoid; holotypes; new genus; pigmentation; synapomorphy; tail; Germany
Abstract:
... A bird from the Middle Eocene of the Grube Messel (Hessen, Deutschland) is described as a new genus and species of the Archaeotrogonidae Mourer-Chauviré 1980 (incertae sedis). The specimens from Messel would be the first articulated skeletons of this family.Hassiavis laticauda n. gen. n. sp. is distinguished from the genusArchaeotrogon Milne-Edwards 1892 in the morphology of the coracoid. The exce ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF01651221

8. A new stenothoid species related to the taxonRaumahara Barnard, from Australia (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridea)

Author:
T. Krapp-Schickel; H. G. Andres
Source:
Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 1998 v.52 no.1 pp. 51-58
ISSN:
0174-3597
Subject:
Amphipoda; coasts; synapomorphy; Australia
Abstract:
... Benthic samplings along the southern temperate coast of Australia yielded stenothoid specimens related to the taxonRaumahara Barnard. ?Raumahara virdurorum sp. n. is described, illustrated, and the systematic position within the genus is discussed.Raumahara seems to be a nonmonophyletic group, as not one synapomorphic character can be discerned that exactly fits for each member of this taxon. ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF02908735

9. Biogeography, geographic variation and habitat preference in the Amazilia Hummingbird,Amazilia amazilia Lesson (Aves: Trochilidae), with notes on the status ofAmazilia alticola Gould

Author:
André-Alexander Weller
Source:
Journal für Ornithologie 2000 v.141 no.1 pp. 93-101
ISSN:
0021-8375
Subject:
Trochilidae; bioacoustics; biogeography; geographical variation; habitat preferences; habitats; hummingbirds; synapomorphy; Andes region; Ecuador
Abstract:
... This paper reviews the biogeography, geographic variation, and habitat characteristics of the Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilia amazilia). Based on morphological features, habitat preferences, and bioacoustics, I propose that the currently recognized subspeciesA. a. alticola should be regarded as a species distinct fromA. amazilia. Synapomorphic characters found in both taxa indicate membership of th ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF01651776

10. Taxonomy and phylogeny of osmundea (rhodomelaceae, rhodophyta) in atlantic europe

Author:
Ki Wan Nam; Christine A. Maggs; Lynne McIvor; Michael J. Stanhope
Source:
Journal of phycology 2000 v.36 no.4 pp. 759-772
ISSN:
0022-3646
Subject:
Fucus; Laurencia obtusa; data collection; females; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; synapomorphy; taxonomy; France; Norway
Abstract:
... Two species of Osmundea Stackhouse (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) that occur in Atlantic Europe have been confused under the names Osmundea ramosissima (Oeder) Athanasiadis and Osmundea truncata (Kützing) Nam et Maggs, regarded until now as a synonym of O. ramosissima. An epitype from its type locality (Stavanger, Norway) is selected for Osmundea ramosissima Athanasiadis, recognized here as a valid n ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.00013.x

11. Notes on Lampranthus otzenianus and L. uniflorus (Mesembryanthema, Aizoaceae)

Author:
F.L.S. H.E.K. Hartmann
Source:
Bradleya 2001 v.19 pp. 83-90
ISSN:
0265-086X
Subject:
Drosanthemum; Lampranthus; synapomorphy
Abstract:
... Relations of L. otzenianus and L. uniflorus to the genera Drosanthemum Schwantes and Lampranthus N.E.Br. are discussed, synapomorphies for the two species are presented and similarities with the genus Malephora are described. Differences between the species are pointed out. ...
DOI:
10.25223/brad.n19.2001.a10

12. Phylogenetic analyses of Bolidophyceae (Heterokontophyta) using rbcL gene sequences support their sister group relationship to diatoms

Author:
N. Daugbjerg; L. Guillou
Source:
Phycologia 2001 v.40 no.2 pp. 153-161
ISSN:
2330-2968
Subject:
Bacillariophyceae; Bolidophyceae; ancestry; flagellum; genes; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; statistical analysis; synapomorphy; Mediterranean Sea; Pacific Ocean
Abstract:
... Nearly complete (> 97%) chloroplast-encoded rbcL gene sequences were determined for Bolidomonas mediterranea from the eastern Mediterranean Sea and two strains of B. pacifica var. eleuthera from the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The three sequences were added to an rbcL data matrix comprising 45 taxa representing 11 of the 12 recognized classes of Hetero-kontophyta. Phylogenetic analyses that used max ...
DOI:
10.2216/i0031-8884-40-2-153.1

13. Systematics and biogeography of the Andean genusEriocnemis (Aves: Trochilidae)

Author:
Karl-L. Schuchmann; André-A. Weller; Iris Heynen
Source:
Journal für Ornithologie 2001 v.142 no.4 pp. 433-481
ISSN:
0021-8375
Subject:
Trochilidae; biogeography; geographical variation; hybrids; new subspecies; plumage; synapomorphy; tail; tibia; tropical montane cloud forests; Andes region; Ecuador; Peru; Venezuela
Abstract:
... With 11 currently recognised species, the genusEriocnemis (Reichenbach, 1849) is one of the most diversified Andean trochilid groups occupying mainly open montane habitats such as the edges of cloud forest or páramos. On the basis of distributional and morphological patterns, this study highlights the geographical variation and biogeography of the taxon. Characteristics common to all these species ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF01651342

14. Phylogenetic relationships between Bryum and supposedly closely related genera

Author:
N. Pedersen; L. Hedenäs
Source:
Journal of bryology 2002 v.24 no.4 pp. 277-289
ISSN:
1743-2820
Subject:
Bryum argenteum; bryology; gametophytes; leaves; paraphyly; peristome; sporophytes; synapomorphy; winter
Abstract:
... The phylogeny of the genus Bryum was studied using cladistic analyses under the maximum parsimony criterion of evolution of anatomical and morphological characters. Three analyses were made with 32 Bryum species plus 20 species from genera supposedly closely related to Bryum, and with Amblyodon dealbatus (Sw. ex Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp., Meesia uliginosa Hedw., and Leptostomum macrocarpum (Hedw.) Ba ...
DOI:
10.1179/037366802125002104

15. 18S rDNA phylogeny and evolution of cap development in Polyphysaceae (formerly Acetabulariaceae; Dasycladales, Chlorophyta)

Author:
Sigrid Berger; Ulrike Fettweiss; Stefan Gleissberg; Larry B. Liddle; Ursula Richter; Heiko Sawitzky; Giuseppe C. Zuccarello
Source:
Phycologia 2003 v.42 no.5 pp. 506-561
ISSN:
2330-2968
Subject:
Acetabularia; Bayesian theory; Halicoryne; acetabulum; cell biology; histology; morphometry; new genus; nucleotide sequences; synapomorphy
Abstract:
... Cells of the members of the Dasycladales have a unique body plan well known from fossils. They persist today in 38 recognized species. This study investigates in detail the development of reproductive structures in 17 Polyphysaceae (= Acetabulariaceae) species and provides a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 18S ribosomal DNA sequence data of 23 species of the order Dasycladales, including 17 of ...
DOI:
10.2216/i0031-8884-42-5-506.1

16. Utility of complete large and small subunit rRNA genes in resolving the phylogeny of the Neodermata (Platyhelminthes): implications and a review of the cercomer theory

Author:
A. E. Lockyer; P. D. Olson; D. T. J. Littlewood
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 2003 v.78 no.2 pp. 155-171
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Bayesian theory; Cestoda; Monogenea; Polycladida; Trematoda; Tricladida; data collection; genes; monophyly; paraphyly; ribosomal DNA; ribosomal RNA; statistical analysis; synapomorphy; trees
Abstract:
... We combined nearly complete sequences of large (LSU) and small (SSU) subunit rDNA from 32 flatworm species to estimate the phylogeny of the Platyhelminthes using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Rooted against the Catenulida, combined evidence trees offered no support for the Revertospermata, which was also rejected by constraint analysis. Generally, nodal supp ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00141.x

17. A re-evaluation of the genera Beckerella and Ptilophora (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) based on molecular and morphological data

Author:
E. M. Tronchin; D. W. Freshwater; J. J. Bolton
Source:
Phycologia 2003 v.42 no.1 pp. 80-89
ISSN:
2330-2968
Subject:
Gelidiales; monophyly; nucleotide sequences; paraphyly; ribosomal DNA; synapomorphy
Abstract:
... Because the merger of the genera Prilophora and Beckerella (Gelidiales, Rhodophyceae) into the single genus Ptilophora has not been universally accepted, we have reassessed this proposal using both molecular and morphological data. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences for rbcL and large-subunit ribosomal DNA from 36 and 24 species of Gelidiales, respectively, place species of Beckerella and Ptil ...
DOI:
10.2216/i0031-8884-42-1-80.1

18. Phylogenetic relationships of the stromateoid fishes (Perciformes)

Author:
Ryu Doiuchi; Tomoyasu Sato; Tetsuji Nakabo
Source:
Ichthyological research 2004 v.51 no.3 pp. 202-212
ISSN:
1341-8998
Subject:
Ariomma; Centrolophus; Hyperoglyphe; Icichthys; Nomeidae; Psenopsis; Schedophilus; Seriolella; Stromateidae; monophyly; pharynx; research; synapomorphy
Abstract:
... The phylogenetic relationships of all 16 genera (plus Psenes pellucidus) of the suborder Stromateoidei were estimated cladistically based on 43 osteological, myological, and external characters. Thirty equally parsimonious trees were obtained. Based on the strict consensus tree, Centrolophidae was nonmonophyletic, Psenopsis being placed as a sister group of a clade comprising Amarsipus, Ariomma, n ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10228-004-0216-8

19. Commentary: Typology, Homology, and Homoplasy in Comparative Wood Anatomy

Author:
Mark E. Olson
Source:
IAWA journal v.26 no.4 pp. 507-522
ISSN:
0928-1541
Subject:
synapomorphy; wood; wood anatomy; woody plants
Abstract:
... Comparative wood anatomy consists of two main efforts: wood identification and evolutionary studies. Evolutionary studies can be divided into two main areas: systematic wood anatomy and ecological wood anatomy. The goal of wood identification is the association of a name with a sample; that of systematic wood anatomy is the discovery of the nested hierarchy of synapomorphies that characterize the ...
DOI:
10.1163/22941932-90000131

20. An Aegialodontid Upper Molar and the Evolution of Mammal Dentition

Author:
Lopatin, Alexey V.; Averianov, Alexander O.
Source:
Science 2006 v.313 no.5790 pp. 1092
ISSN:
0036-8075
Subject:
developmental stages; food processing; grinding; mammals; synapomorphy; teeth; Mongolia
Abstract:
... The most obvious key synapomorphy of the therian mammals is the tribosphenic pattern of their molars. Tribosphenic teeth are capable of both shearing and grinding, which substantially increase effectiveness of food processing and, in turn, permit evolution of a wide range of dietary specializations. Functional tribospheny developed repeatedly during mammalian evolution but was successful only in t ...
DOI:
10.1126/science.1128530