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1. 13C discrimination in corn grain can be used to separate and quantify yield losses due to water and nitrogen stresses

Author:
Clay David E.; Clay Sharon A.; Lyon Drew J.; Blumenthal Juerg M.
Source:
Weed science 2005 v.53 no.1 pp. 23-29
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 plants; Triticum aestivum; Zea mays; analysis of variance; corn; equations; nitrogen; physiological response; weed science; wheat; Nebraska
Abstract:
... It is difficult to quantify the mechanism(s) responsible for competition-induced yield loss using traditional experimental techniques. A technique using yield and ¹³C discrimination (ΔΔ) for wheat, a C₃ plant, has been developed to separate total yield loss (TYL) into yield loss due to N (YLNS) and water (YLWS) stresses. The objective of this research was to determine whether the ΔΔ approach could ...
DOI:
10.1614/WS-04-070R1

2. 13C fractionation at the root–microorganisms–soil interface: A review and outlook for partitioning studies

Author:
Werth, Martin; Kuzyakov, Yakov
Source:
Soil biology & biochemistry 2010 v.42 no.9 pp. 1372-1384
ISSN:
0038-0717
Subject:
rhizosphere; C4 plants; soil temperature; soil organic matter; accuracy; shoots; air temperature; equations; cell respiration; soil microorganisms; soil respiration; dissolved organic carbon; carbon nitrogen ratio; kinetics; C3 plants; microbial activity; stable isotopes; roots; soil-plant interactions
Abstract:
... Natural variations of the 13C/12C ratio have been frequently used over the last three decades to trace C sources and fluxes between plants, microorganisms, and soil. Many of these studies have used the natural-13C-labelling approach, i.e. natural δ13C variation after C3–C4 vegetation changes. In this review, we focus on 13C fractionation in main processes at the interface between roots, microorgan ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.04.009

3. 13Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Roots and Shoots of Major Weed Species of Southern U.S. Rice Fields and Its Potential Use for Analysis of Rice–Weed Root Interactions

Author:
Gealy, David R.; Gealy, Glenn S.
Source:
Weed science 2011 v.59 no.4 pp. 587-600
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 plants; Cyperus esculentus; Digitaria sanguinalis; Echinochloa crus-galli; Leptochloa fusca subsp. fascicularis; Panicum; carbon; equations; grasses; greenhouses; isotopes; leaves; paddies; red rice; roots; shoots; soil; weeds; United States
Abstract:
... Assessing belowground plant interference in rice has been difficult in the past because intertwined weed and crop roots cannot be readily separated. A 13C discrimination method has been developed to assess distribution of intermixed roots of barnyardgrass and rice in field soils, but the suitability of this approach for other rice weeds is not known. 13C depletion levels in roots and leaves of ric ...
Handle:
10113/60892
DOI:
10.1614/WS-D-10-00140.1

4. A 16 ka climate record deduced from δ¹³C and C/N ratio in Qinghai Lake sediments, northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Author:
Shen Li; Wang Yong; Liu Xingqi; Ryo Matsumoto
Source:
Chinese journal of oceanology and limnology 2006 v.24 no.2 pp. 103-110
ISSN:
0254-4059
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 plants; carbon dioxide; climate; climate change; cold; forests; grains; humans; ice; lakes; melting; rivers; sediments; temperature; water hardness; watersheds; China; Europe
Abstract:
... On the basis of multi-proxy analysis on TOC, TN, C/N, organic δ¹³C and grain size, sediment record from Qinghai Lake provides evidences of stepwise-patterned climatic change since 16 ka BP. Results show that Qinghai Lake underwent six environmental stages. From 16.2 to 14.3 ka BP and from 4.0 to 2.1 ka BP, the organic δ¹³C value was controlled by the concentration of atmospheric CO₂. Relative high ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF02842807

5. The 18O‐signal transfer from water vapour to leaf water and assimilates varies among plant species and growth forms

Author:
Marco M. Lehmann; Gregory R. Goldsmith; Cathleen Mirande‐Ney; Rosemarie B. Weigt; Leonie Schönbeck; Ansgar Kahmen; Arthur Gessler; Rolf T.W. Siegwolf; Matthias Saurer
Source:
Plant, cell and environment 2020 v.43 no.2 pp. 510-523
ISSN:
0140-7791
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 plants; Crassulacean acid metabolism; aquatic plants; broadleaved trees; cacti and succulents; climatic factors; conifers; epiphytes; grasses; greenhouse experimentation; greenhouses; herbs; leaf characteristics; leaves; oxygen; relative humidity; shrubs; stable isotopes; sucrose; water vapor
Abstract:
... The ¹⁸O signature of atmospheric water vapour (δ¹⁸OV) is known to be transferred via leaf water to assimilates. It remains, however, unclear how the ¹⁸O‐signal transfer differs among plant species and growth forms. We performed a 9‐hr greenhouse fog experiment (relative humidity ≥ 98%) with ¹⁸O‐depleted water vapour (−106.7‰) on 140 plant species of eight different growth forms during daytime. We ...
DOI:
10.1111/pce.13682

6. A 3000-year high-resolution stalagmitebased record of palaeoclimate for northeastern South Africa

Author:
K. Holmgren; W. Karlén; S. E. Lauritzen; J. A. Lee-Thorp; T. C. Partridge; S. Piketh; P. Repinski; C. Stevenson; O. Svanered; P. D. Tyson
Source:
Holocene 1999 v.9 no.3 pp. 295-309
ISSN:
0959-6836
Subject:
C4 plants; color; grasses; organic matter; paleoclimatology; soil; stable isotopes; summer; temperature; Greenland; South Africa
Abstract:
... High-resolution stable isotope variations and growth structure analyses of the last three millennia of a 6600-year stalagmite record at Cold Air Cave, Makapansgat Valley, South Africa, are presented. Growth layers, which are measurable over the last 250 years, are shown to be annual. The correlation between the width of growth layers and precipitation is strongly positive. Changes inδ¹⁸O andδ¹³C a ...
DOI:
10.1191/095968399672625464

7. Above- and below-ground allocation and functional trait response to soil water inputs and drying rates of two common savanna grasses

Author:
Ciro Cabal; Daniel I. Rubenstein
Source:
Journal of arid environments 2018 v.157 pp. 1-12
ISSN:
0140-1963
Subject:
C4 plants; canopy; dry environmental conditions; drying; foraging; geometry; grasses; latitude; models; plant competition; plasticity; rain; root systems; roots; savannas; soil water; surface area; water storage; water stress
Abstract:
... The study of functional trait plasticity and optimal allocation strategies in a water competition context may help to explain the mechanisms relating plant competition to ecological semi-arid patterns. We measured four functional plant traits –root to shoot ratio, superficial to deep roots ratio, root diameter, and root estimated surface area to shoot ratio– in wild populations of two C4 grasses i ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.06.008

8. Above- and below-ground responses of C3-C4 species mixtures to elevated CO2 and soil water availability

Author:
Derner, Justin D.; Johnson, Hyrum; Kimball, Bruce; Pinter, Paul Jr.; Polley, Wayne; Tischler, Charles; Boutton, Thomas; Lamorte, Robert; Wall, Robert; Adam, Neal; Leavitt, Steven W.; Ottman, Michael J.; Matthias, Allan D.; Brooks, Talbot J.
Source:
Global change biology 2003 v.9 no.3 pp. 452-460
ISSN:
1365-2486
Subject:
cotton; carbon dioxide; plant growth; C4 plants; plant available water; Gossypium hirsutum; grain sorghum; elevated atmospheric gases; crop yield; Sorghum bicolor; C3 plants; Arizona
Abstract:
... We evaluated the influences of CO2[Control, approximately 370 micromol mol-1; 200 micromol mol-1 above ambient applied by free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)] and soil water (Wet, Dry) on above- and below-ground responses of C3 (cotton, Gossypium hirsutum) and C4 (sorghum, Sorghum bicolor) plants in monocultures and two density mixtures. In monocultures, CO2 enrichment increased height, leaf area, abov ...
Handle:
10113/34905
DOI:
10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00579.x

9. Aboveground productivity and root–shoot allocation differ between native and introduced grass species

Author:
Brian J. Wilsey; H. Wayne Polley
Source:
Oecologia 2006 v.150 no.2 pp. 300-309
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
C4 plants; introduced species; dry matter partitioning; indigenous species; C3 plants; prairies; forbs; biomass; Texas
Abstract:
... Plant species in grasslands are often separated into groups (C₄ and C₃ grasses, and forbs) with presumed links to ecosystem functioning. Each of these in turn can be separated into native and introduced (i.e., exotic) species. Although numerous studies have compared plant traits between the traditional groups of grasses and forbs, fewer have compared native versus introduced species. Introduced gr ...
Handle:
10113/9188
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-006-0515-z
PubMed:
16927104

10. Abrupt late Pleistocene ecological and climate change on Tahiti (French Polynesia)

Author:
Matthew Prebble; Rose Whitau; Jean‐Yves Meyer; Llewellyn Sibley‐Punnett; Stewart Fallon; Nick Porch
Source:
Journal of biogeography 2016 v.43 no.12 pp. 2438-2453
ISSN:
0305-0270
Subject:
Bacillariophyceae; C4 plants; Calophyllum inophyllum; Cyperaceae; Ficus; Paspalum vaginatum; Pritchardia; Sigesbeckia; algae; climate; climate change; ferns and fern allies; fossils; grasses; invertebrates; oceans; peat; plateaus; pollen; sediments; seeds; spores; trees; vegetation; wetlands; Pacific Ocean; Tahiti
Abstract:
... AIM: To reconstruct ecological changes from the fossil record of a unique wetland on the tropical oceanic island of Tahiti, between 44.5 and 38 cal. kyr bp. LOCATION: Vaifanaura'amo'ora, Tamanu Plateau, Punaru'u Valley, Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia (17°38′S, 149°32′50″E). METHODS: Fossil pollen, spores, seeds, diatoms and invertebrates were examined from a 3.7 m core consisting of Ple ...
DOI:
10.1111/jbi.12807

11. Abrupt transition of mesic grassland to shrubland: evidence for thresholds, alternative attractors, and regime shifts

Author:
Zak Ratajczak; Jesse B. Nippert; Troy W. Ocheltree
Source:
Ecology 2014 v.95 no.9 pp. 2633-2645
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
C4 plants; anthropogenic activities; data collection; ecosystems; grasses; grasslands; hysteresis; shrublands; shrubs
Abstract:
... Ecosystems with alternative attractors are susceptible to abrupt regime shifts that are often difficult to predict and reverse. In this study, we quantify multiple system dynamics to determine whether the transition of mesic grassland to shrubland, a widespread phenomenon, represents a linear reversible process, a nonlinear but reversible threshold process, or a transition between alternative attr ...
DOI:
10.1890/13-1369.1

12. Accelerated development in Johnsongrass seedlings (Sorghum halepense) suppresses the growth of native grasses through size-asymmetric competition

Author:
Susanne Schwinning; Heather Meckel; Lara G. Reichmann; H. Wayne Polley; Philip A. Fay
Source:
Plos One 2017 v.12 no.5 pp. 1-18
ISSN:
1932-6203
Subject:
Andropogon gerardii; C4 plants; Panicum virgatum; Schizachyrium scoparium; Sorghum halepense; biomass; correlation; crop-weed competition; fertilizer rates; greenhouses; indigenous species; invasive species; natural enemies; perennials; prediction; seedlings; soil fertility; sowing; warm season grasses; weeds
Abstract:
... Invasive plant species often dominate native species in competition, augmenting other potential advantages such as release from natural enemies. Resource pre-emption may be a particularly important mechanism for establishing dominance over competitors of the same functional type. We hypothesized that competitive success of an exotic grass against native grasses is mediated by establishing an early ...
Handle:
10113/5852151
DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0176042
PubMed:
28467488
PubMed Central:
PMC5415093
CHORUS:
10.1371/journal.pone.0176042

13. Acclimation of C4 metabolism to low light in mature maize leaves could limit energetic losses during progressive shading in a crop canopy

Author:
Chandra Bellasio; Howard Griffiths
Source:
Journal of experimental botany 2014 v.65 no.13 pp. 3725-3736
ISSN:
0022-0957
Subject:
C4 plants; acclimation; adenosine triphosphate; canopy; carbon dioxide; carboxylation; corn; leaves; light intensity; models; photosynthesis; photosynthetically active radiation; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; shade
Abstract:
... C4 plants have a biochemical carbon-concentrating mechanism that increases CO2 concentration around Rubisco in the bundle sheath. Under low light, the activity of the carbon-concentrating mechanism generally decreases, associated with an increase in leakiness (ϕ), the ratio of CO2 retrodiffusing from the bundle sheath relative to C4 carboxylation. This increase in ϕ had been theoretically associat ...
DOI:
10.1093/jxb/eru052
PubMed:
24591058
PubMed Central:
PMC4085954

14. Acclimation to low light by C4 maize: implications for bundle sheath leakiness

Author:
CHANDRA BELLASIO; HOWARD GRIFFITHS
Source:
Plant, cell and environment 2014 v.37 no.5 pp. 1046-1058
ISSN:
0140-7791
Subject:
C4 plants; acclimation; adenosine triphosphate; carbon; carbon dioxide; carboxylation; corn; gas exchange; leaves; light intensity; photochemistry; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase
Abstract:
... C4 plants have a biochemical carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) that increases CO₂ concentration around ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) in the bundle sheath (BS). Under limiting light, the activity of the CCM generally decreases, causing an increase in leakiness, (Φ), the ratio of CO₂ retrodiffusing from the BS relative to C4 carboxylation processes. Maize plants were grown ...
DOI:
10.1111/pce.12194
PubMed:
24004447

15. Accumulation of radioactive cesium in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) accessions cultivated in Fukushima in 2011 and 2012

Author:
Kiyoshi Yamazaki; Tsuyoshi Tokunaga; Hiroyoshi Iwata; Nobuhiro Tsutsumi; Toru Fujiwara
Source:
Soil science and plant nutrition 2019 v.65 no.3 pp. 298-304
ISSN:
1747-0765
Subject:
C4 plants; Sorghum bicolor; accidents; aerial parts; annuals; biofuels; biomass; cesium; crops; data collection; feedstocks; food safety; nuclear power; phytoremediation; power plants; radionuclides; risk
Abstract:
... The accident at Fukushima 1 Nuclear Power Plant in 2011 caused contamination by radioactive cesium (¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs) in surrounding areas. After this accident, concerns about Cs contamination, including food safety, have limited industrial activities and reconstruction in Fukushima. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an annual C₄ crop that can be used as biofuel feedstock due to its high bio ...
DOI:
10.1080/00380768.2019.1615385

16. Accumulation of the components of cyclic electron flow around photosystem I in C4 plants, with respect to the requirements for ATP

Author:
Noriko Ishikawa; Atsushi Takabayashi; Fumihiko Sato; Tsuyoshi Endo
Source:
Photosynthesis research 2016 v.129 no.3 pp. 261-277
ISSN:
0166-8595
Subject:
C3 photosynthesis; C4 photosynthesis; C4 plants; NADP (coenzyme); adenosine triphosphate; carbon dioxide; drought; electron transfer; gene expression; genes; light intensity; messenger RNA; photorespiration; photosystem I; proteins; temperature; thylakoids
Abstract:
... By concentrating CO₂, C₄ photosynthesis can suppress photorespiration and achieve high photosynthetic efficiency, especially under conditions of high light, high temperature, and drought. To concentrate CO₂, extra ATP is required, which would also require a change in photosynthetic electron transport in C₄ photosynthesis from that in C₃ photosynthesis. Several analyses have shown that the accumula ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11120-016-0251-0

17. Adaptation of C4 Bioenergy Crop Species to Various Environments within the Southern Great Plains of USA

Author:
Sumin Kim; James Kiniry; Amber Williams; Norman Meki; Lewis Gaston; Melinda Brakie; Alan Shadow; Felix Fritschi; Yanqi Wu
Source:
Sustainability 2017 v.9 no.1 pp. 89
ISSN:
2071-1050
Subject:
C4 plants; Miscanthus giganteus; Panicum virgatum; biofuels; biomass production; crop management; ecotypes; energy crops; environmental factors; feedstocks; fertilizer rates; growth performance; highlands; lowlands; models; nitrogen fertilizers; perennials; provenance; soil; soil fertility; Great Plains region; United States
Abstract:
... As high productivities of perennial grasses are evaluated for feedstock, a major consideration is biomass stability. In this study, two experiments were conducted to examine some components of this for two biofuel species: switchgrass (Panicum vigratum L.) and Miscanthus x giganteus (Mxg). The potential yields of these two species were evaluated under various environmental conditions across Southe ...
Handle:
10113/5642490
DOI:
10.3390/su9010089

18. Adaptation responses in C₄ photosynthesis of maize under salinity

Author:
Eiji Omoto; Mitsutaka Taniguchi; Hiroshi Miyake
Source:
Journal of plant physiology 2012 v.169 no.5 pp. 469-477
ISSN:
0176-1617
Subject:
C4 photosynthesis; C4 plants; bundle sheath cells; carbon; carbon dioxide; container-grown plants; corn; electron microscopy; enzyme activity; gas exchange; isotopes; leaf blade; malate dehydrogenase; malates; metabolites; orthophosphates; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; proteins; pyruvic acid; salinity; sodium chloride; starch; stomatal conductance
Abstract:
... The effect of salinity on C₄ photosynthesis was examined in leaves of maize, a NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) type C₄ species. Potted plants with the fourth leaf blade fully developed were treated with 3% NaCl solution for 5d. Under salt treatment, the activities of pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) and N ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jplph.2011.11.009
PubMed:
22209164

19. Adaptation to high temperature mitigates the impact of water deficit during combined heat and drought stress in C3 sunflower and C4 maize varieties with contrasting drought tolerance

Author:
Dilek Killi; Filippo Bussotti; Antonio Raschi; Matthew Haworth
Source:
Physiologia plantarum 2017 v.159 no.2 pp. 130-147
ISSN:
0031-9317
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 plants; Helianthus annuus; Zea mays; agricultural productivity; corn; drought; drought tolerance; food security; gas exchange; heat; heat stress; leaf area; photosynthesis; plant available water; plant growth; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; root systems; semiarid zones; stomatal conductance; temperature; water stress; water use efficiency
Abstract:
... Heat and drought stress frequently occur together, however, their impact on plant growth and photosynthesis (PN) is unclear. The frequency, duration and severity of heat and drought stress events are predicted to increase in the future, having severe implications for agricultural productivity and food security. To assess the impact on plant gas exchange, physiology and morphology we grew drought t ...
DOI:
10.1111/ppl.12490

20. Adaxial/abaxial specification in the regulation of photosynthesis and stomatal opening with respect to light orientation and growth with CO2 enrichment in the C4 species Paspalum dilatatum

Author:
Ana Sofia Soares; Simon P. Driscoll; Enrique Olmos; Jeremy Harbinson; Maria Celeste Arrabaça; Christine H. Foyer
Source:
new phytologist 2008 v.177 no.1 pp. 186-198
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
enzyme activation; ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; carbon dioxide; proteins; Paspalum dilatatum; C4 plants; stomatal conductance; stomatal movement; transmittance; carbon dioxide enrichment; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; photosynthesis; biomass; reflectance; stomata
Abstract:
... • Whole‐plant morphology, leaf structure and composition were studied together with the effects of light orientation on the dorso‐ventral regulation of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in Paspalum dilatatum cv. Raki plants grown for 6 wk at either 350 or 700 µl l⁻¹ CO₂. • Plant biomass was doubled as a result of growth at high CO₂ and the shoot:root ratio was decreased. Stomatal density was ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02218.x

21. Aeolianite, calcrete/microbialite and karst in southwestern Australia as indicators of Middle to Late Quaternary palaeoclimates

Author:
Matej Lipar; John A. Webb; Matthew L. Cupper; Ningsheng Wang
Source:
Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology 2017 v.470 pp. 11-29
ISSN:
0031-0182
Subject:
C4 plants; Persea; carbon; climate; coastal plains; dunes; karsts; limestone; luminescence; oxygen; paleoclimatology; rain; sand; stable isotopes; temperature; vegetation cover; wind; Western Australia
Abstract:
... The mid-Late Pleistocene and Holocene aeolianites of the Tamala Limestone on the northern Swan Coastal Plain in southwestern Western Australia consist of six members that show cyclic deposition of coastal aeolianite, overlain by calcrete/microbialite, karstified surface and palaeosol. Field work, combined with mineralogical, chemical, stable isotope analysis and uranium-thorium (U/Th) and opticall ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.019

22. African vegetation controlled by tropical sea surface temperatures in the mid-Pleistocene period

Author:
Schefuss, E.; Schouten, S.; Jansen, J.H.F.; Damste, J.S.S.
Source:
Nature 2003 v.422 no.6930 pp. 418-421
ISSN:
0028-0836
Subject:
C4 plants; paleoecology; plant cuticle; carbon; water temperature; waxes; alkanes; community ecology; plant ecology; stable isotopes; vegetation; paleoclimatology; Central Africa
Abstract:
... The dominant forcing factors for past large-scale changes in vegetation are widely debated. Changes in the distribution of C4 plants--adapted to warm, dry conditions and low atmospheric CO2 concentrations--have been attributed to marked changes in environmental conditions, but the relative impacts of changes in aridity, temperature and CO2 concentration are not well understood. Here, we present a ...
DOI:
10.1038/nature01500
PubMed:
12660780

23. Aggregate size and glucose level affect priming sources: A three-source-partitioning study

Author:
Jing Tian; Johanna Pausch; Guirui Yu; Evgenia Blagodatskaya; Yakov Kuzyakov
Source:
Soil biology & biochemistry 2016 v.97 pp. 199-210
ISSN:
0038-0717
Subject:
C4 plants; carbon dioxide; corn; dissolved organic carbon; glucose; microaggregates; microbial biomass; mineralization; soil organic matter; soil sampling; vegetation
Abstract:
... Decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) protected within aggregates can be accelerated via priming effect (PE) by the addition of fresh substrates. However, the knowledge of the sources of mineralization and PE in aggregate size classes is absent. We applied the three-source-partitioning isotopic (14C + δ13C) approach to determine how aggregate size classes affect the contribution of three C so ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.013

24. Aggregative movement of mesophyll chloroplasts occurs in a wide variety of C4 plant species

Author:
Yuta Kato; Toshiki Tsukaguchi; Itsuki Yata; Riho Yamamura; Takao Oi; Mitsutaka Taniguchi
Source:
Flora 2022 v.294 pp. 152133
ISSN:
0367-2530
Subject:
Amaranthaceae; Asteraceae; C4 plants; Eleusine coracana; abscisic acid; blue light; carboxy-lyases; chloroplasts; corn; flora; leaves; mesophyll; photosynthesis
Abstract:
... C₄ plants have two types of photosynthetic cells, mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells with different subcellular structures. In C₄ plants, maize and finger millet, the chloroplasts of M cells are normally distributed toward the periphery but redistribute toward the BS cell side in response to environmental stresses. This directional movement of M chloroplasts is called aggregative movement, ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.flora.2022.152133

25. Agricultural and biofuel implications of a species diversity experiment with native perennial grassland plants

Author:
DeHaan, Lee R.; Weisberg, Sanford; Tilman, David; Fornara, Dario
Source:
Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 2010 v.137 no.1-2 pp. 33-38
ISSN:
0167-8809
Subject:
functional diversity; grasses; plant breeding; C4 plants; perennials; energy crops; Lupinus; dry matter accumulation; crop yield; seasonal variation; species diversity; biofuels; indigenous species; low input agriculture; spatial variation; biomass; grasslands; Minnesota
Abstract:
... Two primary approaches to perennial biofuel crop production studied so far are fertilized grass monocultures and low-input high-diversity grasslands. While high-yielding perennial grass varieties are being developed in fertilized monocultures, breeding for yield in low-input high-diversity systems would be difficult. Before initiating breeding for low-input systems, it is therefore important to kn ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.agee.2009.10.017

26. Agroforestry enables high efficiency of light capture, photosynthesis and dry matter production in a semi-arid climate

Author:
Dongsheng Zhang; Guijuan Du; Zhanxiang Sun; Wei Bai; Qi Wang; Liangshan Feng; Jiaming Zheng; Zhe Zhang; Yang Liu; Shu Yang; Ning Yang; Chen Feng; Qian Cai; Jochem B. Evers; Wopke van der Werf; Lizhen Zhang
Source:
European journal of agronomy 2018 v.94 pp. 1-11
ISSN:
1161-0301
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 plants; agroforestry; annuals; apricots; biomass; climate change; dry matter accumulation; leaf area index; leaves; millets; peanuts; photosynthesis; radiation use efficiency; semiarid zones; sole cropping; sweet potatoes; trees; understory; wind erosion
Abstract:
... Agroforestry systems, which combine annual crops with trees, are used widely in semi-arid regions to reduce wind erosion and improve resource (e.g. water) use efficiency. Limited knowledge is available on optimizing such systems by the choice of crop species with specific physiological traits (i.e. C3 vs C4, N-fixing vs non-N-fixing). In this study we quantified the light interception and utilizat ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.eja.2018.01.001

27. Alcohol consumption or contamination: A preliminary study on the determination of the ethanol origin by stable carbon isotope analysis

Author:
Hang Chen; Baohua Shen; Sujing Zhang; Ping Xiang; Xianyi Zhuo; Min Shen
Source:
Forensic science international 2018 v.289 pp. 374-380
ISSN:
0379-0738
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 plants; alcohol drinking; beers; carbon; disinfectants; ethanol; mass spectrometry; stable isotopes; China
Abstract:
... The origin of ethanol detected in bio-samples whether it be from the consumption of alcoholic beverages or contamination with disinfectants has been questioned in court cases in China recently. The stable carbon isotope naturally occurs in carbon-containing compounds and can help determine the origin of the compound in question. In total, 42 types of beers and 11 types of disinfectants were analyz ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.013

28. Algorithms for estimating green leaf area index in C3 and C4 crops for MODIS, Landsat TM/ETM+, MERIS, Sentinel MSI/OLCI, and Venµs sensors

Author:
Anthony L. Nguy-Robertson; Anatoly A. Gitelson
Source:
Remote sensing letters 2015 v.6 no.5 pp. 360-369
ISSN:
2150-7058
Subject:
C4 plants; Glycine max; Landsat; Zea mays; algorithms; chlorophyll; corn; crops; irrigation; leaf area index; moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer; prediction; reflectance; remote sensing; soybeans; Nebraska
Abstract:
... This study developed a set of algorithms for satellite mapping of green leaf area index (LAI) in C3 and C4 crops. In situ hyperspectral reflectance and green LAI data, collected across eight years (2001–2008) at three AmeriFlux sites in Nebraska USA over irrigated and rain-fed maize and soybean, were used for algorithm development. The hyperspectral reflectance was resampled to simulate the spectr ...
DOI:
10.1080/2150704X.2015.1034888

29. Alkanes, compound-specific carbon isotope measures and climate variation during the last millennium from varved sediments of Lake Xiaolongwan, northeast China

Author:
Qing Sun; Manman Xie; Liming Shi; Zhuyue Zhang; Yuan Lin; Wenyu Shang; Kaijun Wang; Wei Li; Jiaqi Liu; Guoqiang Chu
Source:
Journal of paleolimnology 2013 v.50 no.3 pp. 331-344
ISSN:
0921-2728
Subject:
C4 plants; Dinophyceae; alkanes; biomarkers; carbon; climate; climate change; forests; grasses; isotopes; lakes; leaves; lipids; macrophytes; monsoon season; rain; sediments; summer; trees; water stress; water use efficiency; watersheds; China
Abstract:
... Annually laminated sediments in Lake Xiaolongwan, northeast China, contain a suite of n-alkanes (C₁₇–C₃₃) with a strong odd over even carbon number predominance. Biomarker n-alkane proxies (average chain length, Paq ratio, grass/tree ratio, carbon preference index and compound-specific δ¹³C values) were used to reconstruct climate changes that occurred over the last millennium. Compound-specific δ ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10933-013-9728-4

30. Allelopathy of a native shrub can help control invasive grasses at sites under ecological restoration in a Neotropical savanna

Author:
Polliana G. Lopes; Sarah C. Caldas Oliveira; Karina A. Salles; Alexandre B. Sampaio; Isabel B. Schmidt
Source:
Plant ecology & diversity 2018 v.11 no.4 pp. 527-538
ISSN:
1755-1668
Subject:
Asteraceae; C4 plants; allelopathy; biomass production; ecological restoration; field experimentation; forest trees; grasses; greenhouses; growth chambers; indigenous species; invasive species; leaf extracts; leaves; pastures; riparian forests; root growth; roots; savannas; soil
Abstract:
... Background: African C4 grasses threatens newly restored areas in Neotropical savannas. Allelopathy exhibited by some native species may contribute to ecological restoration. Aims: To establish the potential use of Lepidaploa aurea (Asteraceae) in ecological restoration of invaded savannas, we evaluated its allelopathic effects on two invasive grasses, a native grass, and two native trees (one sava ...
DOI:
10.1080/17550874.2018.1539132

31. Alleviation of Drought Stress Inhibition on Photosynthesis by Overexpression of PEPC in Rice

Author:
Bao-Yuan ZHOU; Zai-Song DING; Ming ZHAO
Source:
Acta agronomica sinica 2011 v.37 no.1 pp. 112-118
ISSN:
1875-2780
Subject:
C4 photosynthesis; C4 plants; Oryza sativa; drought; drought tolerance; gene overexpression; genes; highlands; paddies; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; rice; transgenic plants; water potential; water stress
Abstract:
... Introducing enzymes involved in photosynthesis of C₄ plants into rice (Oryza sativa L.) is supposed to enhance the photosynthesis and crop productivity. However, only a few researches showed that the photosynthesis and crop productivity have been improved by introducing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene into rice. In the present study, the photosynthetic rates (Pₙ) in 42 rice lines overe ...
DOI:
10.1016/S1875-2780(11)60004-7

32. Allocate carbon for a reason: Priorities are reflected in the 13C/12C ratios of plant lipids synthesized via three independent biosynthetic pathways

Author:
Youping Zhou; Hilary Stuart-Williams; Kliti Grice; Zachary E. Kayler; Saša Zavadlav; Angela Vogts; Florian Rommerskirchen; Graham D. Farquhar; Arthur Gessler
Source:
Phytochemistry 2015 v.111 pp. 14-20
ISSN:
0031-9422
Subject:
C4 plants; biochemical pathways; biosynthesis; carbon; chemical reactions; hormones; isotopes; leaves; membrane fluidity; mevalonic acid; photorespiration; sterols; tissues; waxes
Abstract:
... It has long been theorized that carbon allocation, in addition to the carbon source and to kinetic isotopic effects associated with a particular lipid biosynthetic pathway, plays an important role in shaping the carbon isotopic composition (13C/12C) of lipids (Park and Epstein, 1961). If the latter two factors are properly constrained, valuable information about carbon allocation during lipid bios ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.005

33. Allochthonous organic matter supplements and sediment transport in a polymictic reservoir determined using elemental and isotopic ratios

Author:
Filstrup, Christopher T.; Scott, J. Thad; Lind, Owen T.
Source:
Biogeochemistry 2009 v.96 no.1-3 pp. 87-100
ISSN:
0168-2563
Subject:
C4 plants; autumn; biomass; carbon nitrogen ratio; euphotic zone; food webs; lakes; nitrates; nitrogen; organic matter; phytoplankton; rivers; sediment deposition; sediment transport; sediments; spring; statistical models; winter
Abstract:
... Because allochthonous organic matter (OM) loading supplements autochthonous OM in supporting lake and reservoir food webs, C and N elemental and isotopic ratios of sedimenting particulate OM were measured during an annual cycle in a polymictic, eutrophic reservoir. Particulate organic C and N deposition rates were greatest during winter and lowest during spring. C:N ratios decreased through our st ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10533-009-9346-4

34. Allometric Models for Predicting Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Stock of Tropical Perennial C4 Grasses in Hawaii

Author:
Adel H. Youkhana; Richard M. Ogoshi; James R. Kiniry; Manyowa N. Meki; Mae H. Nakahata; Susan E. Crow
Source:
Frontiers in plant science 2017 v.8 no.650 pp. 1-9
ISSN:
1664-462X
Subject:
C4 plants; Cenchrus purpureus; aboveground biomass; allometry; altitude; bioenergy; carbon; carbon sinks; data collection; decision making; energy cane; environmental sustainability; equations; feedstocks; grasses; greenhouse gases; land management; leaves; mineral resources; model validation; models; perennials; prediction; rain; sugarcane; tropics; Maui
Abstract:
... Biomass is a promising renewable energy option that provides a more environmentally sustainable alternative to fossil resources by reducing the net flux of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere. Yet, allometric models that allow the prediction of aboveground biomass (AGB), biomass carbon (C) stock non-destructively have not yet been developed for tropical perennial C4 grasses currently under conside ...
Handle:
10113/5700668
DOI:
10.3389/fpls.2017.00650
PubMed:
28512463
PubMed Central:
PMC5411447
CHORUS:
10.3389/fpls.2017.00650

35. Altered rainfall patterns, gas exchange, and growth in grasses and forbs

Author:
Fay, P.A.; Carlisle, J.D.; Danner, B.T.; Lett, M.S.; McCarron, J.K.; Stewart, C.; Knapp, A.K.; Blair, J.M.; Collins, S.L.
Source:
International journal of plant sciences 2002 v.163 no.4 pp. 549-557
ISSN:
1058-5893
Subject:
gas exchange; drought; plant density; soil depth; C3 plants; interspecific variation; stomatal conductance; photosynthesis; leaves; weight; C4 plants; soil water content; leaf water potential; canopy; Solidago canadensis; rain; carbon nitrogen ratio; Andropogon gerardii; light; leaf conductance; Kansas
DOI:
10.1086/339718

36. Alternative splicing produces an H-protein with better substrate properties for the P-protein of glycine decarboxylase

Author:
Hasse, Dirk; Mikkat, Stefan; Hagemann, Martin; Bauwe, Hermann
Source:
FEBS journal 2009 v.276 no.23 pp. 6985-6991
ISSN:
1742-464X
Subject:
Arabidopsis; C4 plants; Flaveria; alanine; alternative splicing; catalytic activity; genes; peas; proteins
Abstract:
... Several thousand plant genes are known to produce multiple transcripts, but the precise function of most of the alternatively encoded proteins is not known. Alternative splicing has been reported for the H-protein subunit of glycine decarboxylase in the genus Flaveria. H-protein has no catalytic activity itself but is a substrate of the three enzymatically active subunits, P-, T- and L-protein. In ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07406.x
PubMed:
19860829

37. Aluminum tolerance in Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides [Munro] Hack.): Excluding Al from root

Author:
Jun Yan; Jingbo Chen; Li Yu; Jianxiu Liu
Source:
Scientia horticulturae 2012 v.143 no. pp. 212-219
ISSN:
0304-4238
Subject:
C4 plants; Eremochloa ophiuroides; acid soils; acid tolerance; aluminum; citrates; grasses; lanthanum; metal tolerance; phosphorus; root exudates; roots; secretion; starvation; China
Abstract:
... Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides [Munro] Hack.) is a C4 perennial grass and well adapted to acid soils. Centipedegrass accession E041 (Lingchuan, Guangxi Province, China) was found to be more tolerant to Aluminum (Al) than E006 (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China). The objective of this study was to identify possible mechanisms associated with centipedegrass. After exposure to Al, citrate was ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scienta.2012.06.001

38. Amount and stability of recent and aged plant residues in degrading peatland soils

Author:
Cédric Bader; Moritz Müller; Rainer Schulin; Jens Leifeld
Source:
Soil biology & biochemistry 2017 v.109 pp. 167-175
ISSN:
0038-0717
Subject:
carbon dioxide; peat; C4 plants; soil organic carbon; plant residues; mineral soils; corn; peatlands; Miscanthus giganteus; organic production; organic soils; drainage; grasslands; grassland soils
Abstract:
... Peatlands store large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC). Drainage, required for agriculture, aerates these organic soils and triggers rapid peat decomposition. In turn, cultivation of organic soils is also accompanied by input of young organic carbon (YOC) from plant residues. The extent to which YOC inputs compensate for oxidative peat loss is unknown. Furthermore, the lability of YOC in organ ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.01.029

39. Analysis of Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes for Natal Host Determination of Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Adults

Author:
Jackson R. E.; Snodgrass G. L.; Allen K. C.; Perera O. P.; Price L.
Source:
Southwestern entomologist 2012 v.37 no.2 pp. 123-132
ISSN:
0147-1724
Subject:
carbon; summer; C3 plants; stable isotopes; adults; Gossypium hirsutum; nymphs; Lygus lineolaris; Zea mays; C4 plants; broccoli; Amaranthus; insect pests; host plants; corn; cotton; rearing; nitrogen; Brassica oleracea var. italica; ecology; instars; spring; immatures
Abstract:
... Tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is the major insect pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in the mid-South. This pest moves into cotton fields from non-cotton hosts during late spring and early summer. Stable carbon isotope (SCI) analysis was used to characterize plant hosts of tarnished plant bugs, as well as adult tarnished plant bugs that had developed as immatures ...
DOI:
10.3958/059.037.0204

40. Analysis of Interferences Between C(3) and C(4) Grasses in Relation to Temperature and Soil Nitrogen Supply

Author:
Edward K. Christie; James K. Delting
Source:
Ecology 1982 v.63 no.5 pp. 1277-1284
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Agropyron; Bouteloua curtipendula; C4 plants; experimental design; grasses; grasslands; night temperature; nitrogen; nutrient use efficiency; soil temperature
Abstract:
... The replacement series experimental design and mathematical procedures of de Wit were used to study the influence of soil nitrogen supply and temperature on the growth, in monoculture and in mixture, of two North American grassland species, Agropyran smithii (a C₃ pathway species) and Bouteloua curtipendula (C₄). At 20/12°C day/night temperatures, direct competition for soil nitrogen resulted in l ...
DOI:
10.2307/1938855

41. Analysis of donors of electrons to photosystem I and cyclic electron flow by redox kinetics of P700 in chloroplasts of isolated bundle sheath strands of maize

Author:
Ivanov, Boris; Asada, Kozi; Edwards, Gerald E.
Source:
Photosynthesis research 2007 v.92 no.1 pp. 65-74
ISSN:
0166-8595
Subject:
C4 plants; NADP (coenzyme); Zea mays; adenosine triphosphate; aerobic conditions; antimycin A; chlorophyll; chloroplasts; corn; electrons; far-red light; ferredoxin-NADP reductase; malates; oxidation; oxygen; photosystem I; photosystem II; reaction kinetics; rotenone
Abstract:
... Bundle sheath chloroplasts of NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) type C₄ species have a high demand for ATP, while being deficient in linear electron flow and oxidation of water by photosystem II (PSII). To evaluate electron donors to photosystem I (PSI) and possible pathways of cyclic electron flow (CEF1) in isolated bundle sheath strands of maize (Zea mays L.), an NADP-ME species, light-induced redox k ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11120-007-9166-0
PubMed:
17551845

42. Analysis of gene expression and histone modification between C4 and non-C4 homologous genes of PPDK and PCK in maize

Author:
Xiu-mei Dong; Yuan Li; Qing Chao; Jie Shen; Xiu-jie Gong; Biligen-gaowa Zhao; Bai-chen Wang
Source:
Photosynthesis research 2016 v.129 no.1 pp. 71-83
ISSN:
0166-8595
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 photosynthesis; C4 plants; Zea mays; acetylation; corn; correlation; dry environmental conditions; ecosystems; evolution; gene expression; genes; histones; leaves; lysine; messenger RNA; pollination; promoter regions; roots; seeds; stems; transcription (genetics)
Abstract:
... More efficient photosynthesis has allowed C₄ plants to adapt to more diverse ecosystems (such as hot and arid conditions) than C₃ plants. To better understand C₄ photosynthesis, we investigated the expression patterns of C₄ genes (C4PPDK and PCK1) and their non-C₄ homologous genes (CyPPDK1, CyPPDK2, and PCK2) in the different organs of maize (Zea mays). Both C₄ genes and non-C₄ genes showed organ- ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11120-016-0271-9

43. Analysis of gene sequences indicates that quantity not quality of chloroplast small HSPs improves thermotolerance in C4 and CAM plants

Author:
Samina N. Shakeel; Noor Ul Haq; Scott Heckathorn; D. S. Luthe
Source:
Plant cell reports 2012 v.31 no.10 pp. 1943-1957
ISSN:
0721-7714
Subject:
Agave americana; Amaranthus retroflexus; C4 plants; Spartina alterniflora; amino acid sequences; complementary DNA; electron transfer; genes; heat shock proteins; heat tolerance; nucleotide sequences; photosystem II; protein synthesis; thylakoids; wild plants
Abstract:
... Chloroplast-localized small heat-shock proteins (Cp-sHSP) protect Photosystem II and thylakoid membranes during heat and other stresses, and Cp-sHSP production levels are related to plant thermotolerance. However, to date, a paucity of Cp-sHSP sequences from C4 or CAM species, or from other extremely heat-tolerant species, has precluded an examination to determine if Cp-sHSP genes or proteins migh ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00299-012-1307-z
PubMed:
22797908

44. Analysis of the Differential Response of Five Annuals to Elevated CO2 during Growth

Author:
K. Garbutt; W. E. Williams; F. A. Bazzaz
Source:
Ecology 1990 v.71 no.3 pp. 1185-1194
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Abutilon theophrasti; Amaranthus retroflexus; Ambrosia artemisiifolia; C3 plants; C4 plants; Chenopodium album; Setaria faberi; annuals; biomass; carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide enrichment; flowering; flowers; fruits; germination; leaf area; leaves; nitrogen; nitrogen content; photosynthesis; physiological response; reproduction; stomatal conductance; water potential; Illinois
Abstract:
... In order to investigate the effects, without competition, of CO₂ on germination, growth, physiological response, and reproduction, we focussed on co—occurring species that are prominent members of an annual community in Illinois. Five species of old field annual plants—Abutilon theophrasti (C₃), Amaranthus retroflexus (C₄), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (C₃), Chenopodium album (C₃), and Setaria faberii ...
DOI:
10.2307/1937386

45. Anatomical constraints to C4 evolution: light harvesting capacity in the bundle sheath

Author:
Chandra Bellasio; Marjorie R. Lundgren
Source:
new phytologist 2016 v.212 no.2 pp. 485-496
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 photosynthesis; C4 plants; absorption; adenosine triphosphate; carbon dioxide; evolution; leaves; mesophyll; models
Abstract:
... In C₄ photosynthesis CO₂ assimilation and reduction are typically coordinated across mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells, respectively. This system consequently requires sufficient light to reach BS to generate enough ATP to allow ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration in BS. Leaf anatomy influences BS light penetration and therefore constrains C₄ cycle functionality. Using an absorp ...
DOI:
10.1111/nph.14063

46. Anatomy and ultrastructure of embryonic leaves of the C₄ species Setaria viridis

Author:
Nicia E G Junqueira; Bianca Ortiz-Silva; Marcos Vinícius Leal-Costa; Márcio Alves-Ferreira; Hugh G Dickinson; Jane A Langdale; Fernanda Reinert
Source:
Annals of botany 2018 v.121 no.6 pp. 1163-1172
ISSN:
1095-8290
Subject:
C4 plants; Setaria viridis; bundle sheath cells; chloroplasts; corn; developmental stages; genes; germination; grasses; leaf development; leaf primordia; malates; mesophyll; models; nicotinamide; phosphates; photosynthesis; seeds; transmission electron microscopy; ultrastructure
Abstract:
... Setaria viridis is being promoted as a model C₄ photosynthetic plant because it has a small genome (~515 Mb), a short life cycle (~60 d) and it can be transformed. Unlike other C₄ grasses such as maize, however, there is very little information about how C₄ leaf anatomy (Kranz anatomy) develops in S. viridis. As a foundation for future developmental genetic studies, we provide an anatomical and ul ...
DOI:
10.1093/aob/mcx217
PubMed:
29415162
PubMed Central:
PMC5946840

47. Annual and seasonal variations in gross primary productivity across the agro-climatic regions in India

Author:
Roma Varghese; M. D. Behera
Source:
Environmental monitoring and assessment 2019 v.191 no.10 pp. 631
ISSN:
0167-6369
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 plants; agroclimatology; air temperature; algorithms; carbon; carbon dioxide; carbon sinks; dewpoint; eddy covariance; gross primary productivity; models; moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer; monitoring; monsoon season; photosynthetically active radiation; remote sensing; seasonal variation; summer; terrestrial ecosystems; water stress; Himalayan region; India
Abstract:
... Gross primary productivity (GPP) is a vital ecosystem variable that is used as a proxy to study the functional behaviour of a terrestrial ecosystem and its ability to regulate atmospheric CO₂ by working as a carbon pool. India, having the potential terrestrial ecosystem dynamics to absorb the atmospheric carbon dioxide to some extent, is one of the least-explored regions in terms of carbon monitor ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10661-019-7796-2

48. Annual isotopic diet (δ13C, δ18O) of Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888) from Brazilian Intertropical Region

Author:
Mário André Trindade Dantas; Alexandre Liparini; Lidiane Asevedo; Lucas de Melo França; Alexander Cherkinsky
Source:
Quaternary international 2022 v.610 pp. 38-43
ISSN:
1040-6182
Subject:
C3 plants; C4 plants; Holocene epoch; Proboscidea (mammals); carbon isotopes; dental calculus; diet; extinct species; feeding behavior; fossils; grasses; oxygen isotopes; paleoclimatology; rain; stable isotopes; tooth enamel; Brazil
Abstract:
... Notiomastodon platensis was an endemic South American proboscidean, which could reach about six tons and had a mixed feeder diet with predominance of C₄ grasses in Brazilian Intertropical Region (BIR). In the last decades, its feeding behavior has been rebuilt mainly through dental calculus, enamel microwear and stable isotope analyses. However, all these techniques allow us to know only punctual ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.quaint.2021.06.015

49. Annual mowing maintains plant diversity in threatened temperate grasslands

Author:
Annabel L. Smith; Russell L. Barrett; Richard N. C. Milner
Source:
Applied vegetation science 2018 v.21 no.2 pp. 207-218
ISSN:
1402-2001
Subject:
Asperula; Avena (Poaceae); C3 plants; C4 plants; Nassella neesiana; biomass; botanical composition; community structure; conservation areas; ecological function; ecological invasion; evolution; fire suppression; forbs; grasses; grasslands; grazing; herbicides; hygiene; indigenous species; introduced plants; models; moieties; mowing; perennials; plant communities; spring; summer; Australia
Abstract:
... QUESTIONS: Disturbance regimes shaped the evolution of grasslands but grazing exclusion and fire suppression have caused unprecedented increases in grassland biomass and biodiversity declines. Mowing reduces biomass but is not widely practiced in conservation reserves because of concerns about facilitating exotic plant invasion and altering ecosystem function. We asked whether regular mowing affec ...
DOI:
10.1111/avsc.12365

50. Annual variation in δ¹³C values of maize and wheat: Effect on estimates of decadal scale soil carbon turnover

Author:
Bent T. Christensen; Jørgen E. Olesen; Elly M. Hansen; Ingrid K. Thomsen
Source:
Soil biology & biochemistry 2011 v.43 no.9 pp. 1961-1967
ISSN:
0038-0717
Subject:
C4 plants; uncertainty; corn; fallow; soil; corn silage; carbon; winter wheat; C3 plants; biomass; climate
Abstract:
... On sites where C4-plants have replaced C3-plants, changes in soil δ¹³C allow the turnover of C3- and C4-derived C to be separated. Studies of decadal scale turnover of soil C following conversion to C4-plants generally lack δ¹³C values for previous C4-residue inputs and assume that estimates of C4-derived soil C to be based on a fixed δ¹³C value. Further assumptions are that changes in the initial ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.06.008