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You searched for: Subject term Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica Remove constraint Subject term: Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica Subject term Spain Remove constraint Subject term: Spain
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1. Altered climate memory characterizes tree growth during forest dieback

Author:
Laura Marqués; Kiona Ogle; Drew M.P. Peltier; J. Julio Camarero
Source:
Agricultural and forest meteorology 2022 v.314 pp. 108787
ISSN:
0168-1923
Subject:
Abies alba; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Pinus sylvestris; Quercus pubescens; decline; dieback; forests; growth rings; memory; meteorology; summer; temperature; tree growth; vigor; Spain
Abstract:
... Warming temperatures and droughts are driving widespread forest dieback and growth decline worldwide. In forests experiencing dieback, declining trees may exhibit altered climate memory of growth, indicative of physiological impairment. Thus, we evaluated climate-growth responses of trees in four drought-disturbed forests dominated either by gymnosperms (Abies alba, Pinus sylvestris) or angiosperm ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108787

2. Factors controlling the buildup of humus and particulate organic matter in European beech and Scots pine stands at their southernmost distribution limits (Moncayo Massif, Spain)

Author:
J.L. Mora; M. Molina–Clerencia; A. Girona–García; C. Martí–Dalmau; D. Badía–Villas
Source:
Geoderma 2021 v.401 pp. 115211
ISSN:
0016-7061
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Pinus sylvestris; altitude; bioactive properties; cellulose; climate; habitats; hemicellulose; humus; lipids; particulate organic matter; topsoil; trees; Iberian Peninsula; Spain
Abstract:
... Forests of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the Iberian Peninsula contain some of the southernmost localities of these species and thus may display highly sensitive responses to environmental variations as a result of subjection to particular climate stresses. In this study, we investigated the effects of elevation and dominant tree species (beech vs. pine) on ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115211

3. Machine learning approach to predict leaf colour change in Fagus sylvatica L. (Spain)

Author:
Diego Gómez; Pablo Salvador; Julia Sanz; Jorge Gil; Juan Fernando Rodrigo; José Luis Casanova
Source:
Agricultural and forest meteorology 2021 v.310 pp. 108661
ISSN:
0168-1923
Subject:
Bayesian theory; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; autumn; climate change; color; cost effectiveness; forests; leaves; linear models; meteorology; remote sensing; sea level; support vector machines; temperature; time series analysis; trees; Spain
Abstract:
... The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is one of the most important deciduous tree species in Europe. In this study, we analyse the autumn senescence dynamics of Spanish beech forests using time series satellite data between 2001 and 2017. In addition, we used nine Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to predict the day of the year (DOY) in which their leaf colour change is at 75% (75CF), 10 days ahe ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108661

4. Pinus sylvestris L. and Fagus sylvatica L. effects on soil and root properties and their interactions in a mixed forest on the Southwestern Pyrenees

Author:
Antonio Yeste; Juan A. Blanco; J. Bosco Imbert; Helena Zozaya-Vela; Martín Elizalde-Arbilla
Source:
Forest ecology and management 2021 v.481 pp. 118726
ISSN:
0378-1127
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Pinus sylvestris; administrative management; biodiversity; fine roots; forest ecology; microbial biomass; mixed forests; natural regeneration; spatial distribution; trees; Spain
Abstract:
... Tree species alter soil properties, potentially modifying forest nutrients cycling. In the current management context in which mixed species forests are favoured over monocultures due to their biodiversity and productivity-related advantages, the assessment of species effects on soils, as well as their interactions with other species, gains increasing relevance. In this study, the effects of Scots ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118726

5. Structure, environmental patterns and impact of expected climate change in natural beech-dominated forests in the Cantabrian Range (NW Spain)

Author:
Javier Castaño-Santamaría; Carlos A. López-Sánchez; José Ramón Obeso; Marcos Barrio-Anta
Source:
Forest ecology and management 2021 v.497 pp. 119512
ISSN:
0378-1127
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; administrative management; botanical composition; canopy; climate change; dead wood; forests; geometry; habitats; inventories; photoperiod; prediction; shrubs; soil pH; species richness; stand density; tree and stand measurements; tree height; trees; Spain
Abstract:
... The European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) occurs in the Cantabrian Range (NW Spain), at the southwestern limit of the wide distribution area of the species in Europe, forming relatively unmanaged forests of high biodiversity value. In this study, we measured three-dimensional positions, diameter at breast height and height of all the trees present in 112 inventory plots established in beech-dominate ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119512

6. The intraspecific variation of functional traits modulates drought resilience of European beech and pubescent oak

Author:
Ester González de Andrés; Teresa Rosas; Jesús Julio Camarero; Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta
Source:
journal of ecology 2021 v.109 no.10 pp. 3652-3669
ISSN:
0022-0477
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Quercus pubescens; carbon; drought; embolism; forests; intraspecific variation; isotopes; leaves; models; nitrogen content; stomatal movement; tree growth; tree height; trees; turgor; xylem; Spain
Abstract:
... A higher frequency and intensity of droughts will impair forest productivity. Therefore, improving our understanding of which factors enhance tree growth resilience against drought has become a crucial issue, but we lack information at the intraspecific level. In this study, we investigate the role played by climatic conditions and tree characteristics in the growth response to severe droughts in ...
DOI:
10.1111/1365-2745.13743

7. Warmer springs have increased the frequency and extension of late-frost defoliations in southern European beech forests

Author:
Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda; Alfredo Di Filippo; Gianluca Piovesan; Vicente Rozas; Luca Di Fiore; Miguel García-Hidalgo; Ana I. García-Cervigón; Diego Muñoz-Garachana; Michele Baliva; José M. Olano
Source:
Science of the total environment 2021 v.775 pp. 145860
ISSN:
0048-9697
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; climate change; defoliation; frost; growth rings; photosynthesis; risk; spring; Alps region; Italy; Spain
Abstract:
... Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme climate events, causing profound impacts on forest function and composition. Late frost defoliation (LFD) events, the loss of photosynthetic tissues due to low temperatures at the start of the growing season, might become more recurrent under future climate scenarios. Therefore, the detection of changes in late-frost risk in response to global ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145860

8. Lowest drought sensitivity and decreasing growth synchrony towards the dry distribution margin of European beech

Author:
Lena Muffler; Robert Weigel; Andrew J. Hacket‐Pain; Marcin Klisz; Ernst van der Maaten; Martin Wilmking; Juergen Kreyling; Marieke van der Maaten‐Theunissen
Source:
Journal of biogeography 2020 v.47 no.9 pp. 1910-1921
ISSN:
0305-0270
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; biogeography; climate; cold; dendroecology; drought; drought tolerance; frost; risk; spring; temperature; water stress; winter; Poland; Spain; Sweden
Abstract:
... AIM: Climate limits the potential distribution ranges of species. Establishment and growth of individuals at range margins is assumed to be more limited by extreme events such as drought or frost events than in the centre of their range. We explore whether the growth of beech is more sensitive to drought towards the dry distribution margin and more sensitive to frost towards the cold distribution ...
DOI:
10.1111/jbi.13884

9. Insights into the potential host range of Phytophthora foliorum

Author:
Anna R. Harris; Joan F. Webber
Source:
Forest pathology 2019 v.49 no.6 pp. e12556
ISSN:
1437-4781
Subject:
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Larix decidua; Larix kaempferi; Phytophthora lateralis; Phytophthora ramorum; Rhododendron ponticum; agar; bark; host range; hosts; hybrids; invasive species; leaves; pathogens; surveys; temperature; trees; California; Scotland; Spain; Tennessee
Abstract:
... During a survey for Phytophthora ramorum undertaken in north‐west Scotland in early 2016, Phytophthora foliorum was found infecting foliage of the invasive shrub Rhododendron ponticum. Prior to this, P. foliorum had only been reported from foliage of hybrid azaleas in nurseries in California and Tennessee and from azalea plants in an ornamental nursery in Spain. No other hosts were known, and much ...
DOI:
10.1111/efp.12556

10. Summer drought and spring frost, but not their interaction, constrain European beech and Silver fir growth in their southern distribution limits

Author:
Antonio Gazol; J. Julio Camarero; Michele Colangelo; Martín de Luis; Edurne Martínez del Castillo; Xavier Serra-Maluquer
Source:
Agricultural and forest meteorology 2019 v.278 pp. 107695
ISSN:
0168-1923
Subject:
Abies alba; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; climate; data collection; drought; evapotranspiration; forests; frost; frost injury; global warming; growing season; growth rings; leaves; phenology; remote sensing; risk; spring; summer; temperature; tree growth; trees; Spain
Abstract:
... Climate warming has lengthened the growing season by advancing leaf unfolding in many temperate tree species. However, an earlier leaf unfolding increases also the risk of frost damage in spring which may reduce tree radial growth. In equatorward populations of temperate tree species, both late frosts and summer droughts impose two constraints to tree growth, but their effects on growth are unders ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107695

11. Tree allometry variation in response to intra- and inter-specific competitions

Author:
Miren del Río; Andrés Bravo-Oviedo; Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado; Sonia Condés
Source:
Trees 2019 v.33 no.1 pp. 121-138
ISSN:
0931-1890
Subject:
Abies alba; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Pinus sylvestris; Quercus petraea; allometry; forest inventory; forests; interspecific competition; intraspecific competition; mixed stands; models; national forests; shade tolerance; species diversity; stand density; tree and stand measurements; tree crown diameter; trees; Spain
Abstract:
... KEY MESSAGE: Crown, height and stem allometry vary with stand density and species composition, the plasticity in response to inter- and intra-specific competitions being related to species shade tolerances. Determining the way in which variability in tree allometry is modulated by intra- and inter-specific competitions in different species and stand compositions is of particular interest for fores ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00468-018-1763-3

12. Challenges for growth of beech and co-occurring conifers in a changing climate context

Author:
Edurne Martinez del Castillo; Peter Prislan; Jožica Gričar; Vladimir Gryc; Maks Merela; Kyriaki Giagli; Martin de Luis; Hanuš Vavrčík; Katarina Čufar
Source:
Dendrochronologia 2018 v.52 pp. 1-10
ISSN:
1125-7865
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Picea abies; Pinus sylvestris; climate change; climatic factors; conifers; forest trees; weather; wood; xylem; Czech Republic; Slovenia; Spain
Abstract:
... Given recent climatic trends, it is crucial to understand the plasticity and adaptiveness of forest trees in order to evaluate their current and future responses to changing climatic conditions. We investigated inter- and intra-annual xylem growth and its relation to weather factors in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and a co-occurring conifer, either Norway spruce (Picea abies) or Scots pine (Pi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.dendro.2018.09.001

13. Changes in Topsoil Properties after Centennial Scots Pine Afforestation in a European Beech Forest (NE Spain)

Author:
Antonio Girona-García; David Badía-Villas; Clara Martí
Source:
Forests 2018 v.9 no.6 pp. -
ISSN:
1999-4907
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Pinus sylvestris; acidity; afforestation; aggregate stability; aluminum; calcium; cation exchange capacity; deforestation; forest types; iron; magnesium; pH; potassium; sodium; topsoil; water repellent soils; Spain
Abstract:
... In this work, we studied the effects of centenary Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) afforestation on topsoil properties conducted in a deforested area that was previously occupied by a natural European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest. Organic layers and topsoil Ah mineral horizons (0–10 cm) were sampled in the Scots pine and European beech forests of Moncayo Natural Park (north-eastern Spai ...
DOI:
10.3390/f9060343

14. Effect of Species Complementarity on Financial Return in Mixed Stands of European Beech and Scots Pine in Northern Spain

Author:
Fernando García-Robredo
Source:
Forests 2018 v.9 no.9 pp. -
ISSN:
1999-4907
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Pinus sylvestris; biodiversity; ecosystems; forest inventory; forest management; global change; mixed forests; mixed stands; mixing ratio; models; national forests; prices; probability distribution; profitability; risk; stumpage; yield tables; Spain
Abstract:
... The research on mixed-species forestry has rapidly increased in recent decades because there is a growing interest in these types of stands for environmental reasons. Their positive influence on ecosystem biodiversity, stability and resilience, as well as their role in the new challenge brought up by the adaptation to global change, have been the object of many research works. However, the economi ...
DOI:
10.3390/f9090559

15. Climate influences on the maximum size-density relationship in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands

Author:
Sonia Condés; Patrick Vallet; Kamil Bielak; Andrés Bravo-Oviedo; Lluís Coll; Mark J. Ducey; Maciej Pach; Hans Pretzsch; Hubert Sterba; Jordi Vayreda; Miren del Río
Source:
Forest ecology and management 2017 v.385 pp. 295-307
ISSN:
0378-1127
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Pinus sylvestris; climate; environmental factors; forest inventory; growth models; guidelines; humidity; mixing; stand density; Austria; France; Germany; Poland; Spain
Abstract:
... The maximum size-density relationship (MSDR) reflects the boundary site occupancy and the self-thinning line for a given species, being a useful tool in forestry. Studies focusing on the MSDR often do not cover the whole distribution of the studied species, which results in different boundaries for a given species in different regions. A common MSDR is lacking for the increasingly demanded large-s ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.059

16. Climate threats on growth of rear-edge European beech peripheral populations in Spain

Author:
I. Dorado-Liñán; L. Akhmetzyanov; A. Menzel
Source:
International journal of biometeorology 2017 v.61 no.12 pp. 2097-2110
ISSN:
0020-7128
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; bioclimatology; biogeography; carbohydrates; climatic factors; forest trees; summer; temperate forests; temperature; tree growth; winter; Iberian Peninsula; Spain
Abstract:
... European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in the Iberian Peninsula are a clear example of a temperate forest tree species at the rear edge of its large distribution area in Europe. The expected drier and warmer climate may alter tree growth and species distribution. Consequently, the peripheral populations will most likely be the most threatened ones. Four peripheral beech forests in the Iberian ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00484-017-1410-5

17. Species proportions by area in mixtures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

Author:
Gerald Dirnberger; Hubert Sterba; Sonia Condés; Christian Ammer; Peter Annighöfer; Admir Avdagić; Kamil Bielak; Gediminas Brazaitis; Lluís Coll; Michael Heym; Václav Hurt; Viktor Kurylyak; Renzo Motta; Maciej Pach; Quentin Ponette; Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado; Jerzy Skrzyszewski; Vít Šrámek; Géraud de Streel; Miroslav Svoboda; Tzvetan Zlatanov; Hans Pretzsch
Source:
European journal of forest research 2017 v.136 no.1 pp. 171-183
ISSN:
1612-4669
Subject:
silvicultural practices; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; dry environmental conditions; leaf area; forest stands; trees; forest inventory; Pinus sylvestris; stand basal area; Lithuania; Belgium; Spain; Bulgaria
Abstract:
... Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominate many of the European forest stands. Also, mixtures of European beech and Scots pine more or less occur over all European countries, but have been scarcely investigated. The area occupied by each species is of high relevance, especially for growth evaluation and comparison of different species in mixed and monospecifi ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10342-016-1017-0

18. Does excess nitrogen supply increase the drought sensitivity of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings?

Author:
Christoph Dziedek; Goddert von Oheimb; Leonor Calvo; Andreas Fichtner; Wolf-Ulrich Kriebitzsch; Elena Marcos; Witja Till Pitz; Werner Härdtle
Source:
Plant ecology 2016 v.217 no.4 pp. 393-405
ISSN:
1385-0237
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; atmospheric deposition; biodiversity; biomass production; carbon; climate change; drought; forest ecosystems; genetic variation; greenhouse experimentation; leaves; mountains; nitrogen; nitrogen fertilizers; seedlings; tree growth; Spain
Abstract:
... Climate change and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen affect biodiversity patterns and functions of forest ecosystems worldwide. Many studies have quantified tree growth responses to single global change drivers, but less is known about the interaction effects of these drivers at the plant and ecosystem level. In the present study, we conducted a full-factorial greenhouse experiment to analyse sin ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11258-016-0581-1

19. Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe

Author:
H. Pretzsch; M. del Río; Ch. Ammer; A. Avdagic; I. Barbeito; K. Bielak; G. Brazaitis; L. Coll; G. Dirnberger; L. Drössler; M. Fabrika; D. I. Forrester; K. Godvod; M. Heym; V. Hurt; V. Kurylyak; M. Löf; F. Lombardi; B. Matović; F. Mohren; R. Motta; J. den Ouden; M. Pach; Q. Ponette; G. Schütze; J. Schweig; J. Skrzyszewski; V. Sramek; H. Sterba; D. Stojanović; M. Svoboda; M. Vanhellemont; K. Verheyen; K. Wellhausen; T. Zlatanov; A. Bravo-Oviedo
Source:
European journal of forest research 2015 v.134 no.5 pp. 927-947
ISSN:
1612-4669
Subject:
drought; mixed stands; trees; risk; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; production technology; pure stands; site index; climate change; stand density; Pinus sylvestris; temperature; climatic factors; mixing; timber production; forest inventory; stand basal area; Ukraine; Sweden; Bulgaria; Spain
Abstract:
... Mixing of complementary tree species may increase stand productivity, mitigate the effects of drought and other risks, and pave the way to forest production systems which may be more resource-use efficient and stable in the face of climate change. However, systematic empirical studies on mixing effects are still missing for many commercially important and widespread species combinations. Here we s ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10342-015-0900-4

20. Assessment of spatial discordance of primary and effective seed dispersal of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) by ecological and genetic methods

Author:
M. Millerón; U. López de Heredia; Z. Lorenzo; J. Alonso; A. Dounavi; L. Gil; N. Nanos
Source:
Molecular ecology 2013 v.22 no.6 pp. 1531-1545
ISSN:
0962-1083
Subject:
canopy; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; animals; saplings; seeds; seedlings; seed trees; genes; genotype; progeny; parentage; statistical models; seed dispersal; forests; Spain
Abstract:
... Spatial discordance between primary and effective dispersal in plant populations indicates that postdispersal processes erase the seed rain signal in recruitment patterns. Five different models were used to test the spatial concordance of the primary and effective dispersal patterns in a European beech (Fagus sylvatica) population from central Spain. An ecological method was based on classical inv ...
DOI:
10.1111/mec.12200
PubMed:
23379310

21. Flushing phenology and fitness of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances from a trial in La Rioja, Spain, segregate according to their climate of origin

Author:
T. Matthew Robson; Erwin Rasztovits; Pedro J. Aphalo; Ricardo Alia; Ismael Aranda
Source:
Agricultural and forest meteorology 2013 v.180 pp. 76-85
ISSN:
0168-1923
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; Mediterranean climate; climate change; drought; drought tolerance; frost; phenology; provenance; spring; summer; survival rate; tree mortality; Alps region; Balkans; Belgium; Bulgaria; England; Italy; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland
Abstract:
... European beech (Fagus sylvatica) reaches the south-western limit of its distribution in northern Spain, beyond which the Mediterranean climate is thought to restrict further expansion of the species range. Consequently, current and future climate change in the region is expected to push back the range margin and threaten the survival of local beech populations. In a provenance trial of pan-Europea ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.05.008

22. Phytogeographical evidence for post-glacial dispersal limitation of European beech forest species

Author:
Willner, Wolfgang; Di Pietro, Romeo; Bergmeier, Erwin
Source:
Ecography 2009 v.32 no.6 pp. 1011-1018
ISSN:
0906-7590
Subject:
Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; cluster analysis; forests; fossils; phytogeography; phytosociology; planting; regression analysis; soil types; species diversity; trees; understory; Alps region; Greece; Spain
Abstract:
... The post-glacial migration of European beech Fagus sylvatica has been addressed by many studies using either genetic or fossil data or a combination of both. In contrast to this, only little is known about the migration history of beech forest understorey species. In a review of phytosociological literature, we identified 110 plant species which are closely associated with beech forest. We divided ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05957.x

23. Migration, invasion and decline: changes in recruitment and forest structure in a warming-linked shift of European beech forest in Catalonia (NE Spain)

Author:
Peñuelas, Josep; Ogaya, Romà; Boada, Martí; Jump, Alistair S.
Source:
Ecography 2007 v.30 no.6 pp. 829-837
ISSN:
0906-7590
Subject:
land use change; Quercus; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; photographs; decline; mountains; population distribution; surveys; trees; global warming; planting; ecosystems; altitude; population structure; forests; Spain
Abstract:
... Altitudinal upward shifts of species' ranges have occurred across a wide range of taxonomic groups and geographical locations during the twentieth century in response to current climate warming. However, actual data of plant species' altitudinal shifts are still scarce and not always clear. Here we provide a more detailed investigation of a previously reported European beech Fagus sylvatica forest ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.2007.0906-7590.05247.x

24. Seasonal changes in apparent hydraulic conductance and their implications for water use of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and sessile oak [Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl] in South Europe

Author:
Aranda, I.; Gil, L.; Pardos, J.A.
Source:
Plant ecology 2005 v.179 no.2 pp. 155-167
ISSN:
1385-0237
Subject:
Quercus petraea; forest trees; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; stomatal conductance; gas exchange; physiological transport; dry environmental conditions; drought; seasonal variation; plant response; ornamental trees; water potential; hydraulic conductivity; leaves; Spain; Mediterranean region

25. Fruit removal, pyrene dispersal, post-dispersal predation and seedling establishment of a bird-dispersed tree

Author:
Obeso, J.R.; Fernandez-Calvo, I.C.
Source:
Plant ecology 2003 v.165 no.2 pp. 223-233
ISSN:
1385-0237
Subject:
seed germination; viability; ungulates; Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica; seed dispersal; seed predation; spatial distribution; forest litter; microhabitats; seedling emergence; Ilex aquifolium; rodents; browsing; birds; Spain
Abstract:
... The recruitment of a dioecious bird-dispersed tree, the holly Ilex aquifolium (Aquifoliaceae), was studied considering the stages of fruit removal by birds, seed rain, post-dispersal seed predation, seed germination and seedling survival. The main objective was to test the effect of different microhabitats within a beech forest on recruitment stages. Migrant thrushes were the main dispersers of th ...