An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Oryza sativa; anthocyanins; varieties; genetic variation; chemical constituents of plants; United States; Japan; China; Philippines; Indonesia; South Korea; North Korea
green manures; composts; chemical analysis; application rate; Japan
Abstract:
... Farm manures have always been of great importance in the fertilizer program of the Japanese farmer. Among the various farm manures used by Japanese farmers, compost is the most important source of plant nutrients. In 1946, it supplied 47% of the total nitrogen, 66% of the total phosphoric acid, and 64% of the total potash applied to the soils of Japan. Night soil ranks next to compost in the Japan ...
... One sample of H₂O₂-treated, iron oxide-extracted soil is treated with 2% Na₂CO₃ solution for 60 minutes and another with NaOAc of pH 3.5 for 15 minutes, at boiling. Both samples are washed with neutral NaOAc and the cation-exchange capacity is determined with Ca replaced with NaOAc. The difference obtained between the two samples is referred to as the “cation-exchange capacity delta value,” and av ...
... The study of modernization in Japan has attracted concerted effort on the part of Japanese scholars, channeled in part through an inter-university, inter disciplinary seminar with which the author is associated (1958-59). The fundamental method is the highly valid, yet peculiarly Japanese, one of bio- historic study, concentrating in particular on the sub-leaders who stood between the topmost elit ...
rural population; social behavior; urban population; Japan
Abstract:
... Reports on a conference at Stanford on urban-rural relations in Japan, and summarizes a number of papers by an inter-cultural, inter-disciplinary group of scholars. (Cf. A. W. Burks' "'Kindaika," PROD, May 1959). ...
Japan; agronomy; dent corn; hybrids; nitrogen; silage; Corn Belt region
Abstract:
... SynopsisRelatively early maturing dent corn hybrids from the USA and Japan were grown in Hokkaido in 1958 and 1959. Yields of grain and silage were comparable to those of northern U.S.A. Cornbelt. Response to nitrogen and interaction between hybrid and location were measured. Population, studies at two locations were reported. ...
agricultural development; agricultural productivity; comparative study; developing countries; fertilizers; time series analysis; Japan
Abstract:
... This study explores the historical dynamism of Japanese agriculture from the side of fertilizer demand. It is intended to extract lessons for today's emerging nations from Japan's experience of agricultural development. The causes of enormous increase in fertilizer input, which played a key role in raising agricultural productivity in Japan, are identified, and their contributions are measured on ...
agricultural economics; agricultural programs and projects; exports; issues and policy; markets; monopoly; prices; production costs; tariffs; wheat; Australia; Canada; Japan; United Kingdom
Abstract:
... The government grain programs of Canada and Australia, two important grain‐exporting countries, and those of Japan and the United Kingdom, two important grain‐importing countries, illustrate the variation in foreign government grain programs. Although all four countries have producer support prices, Canada and Australia have Wheat Boards, monopolistic in form, which buy grain from producers, the U ...
Linepithema humile; Pheidole megacephala; fauna; habitat preferences; indigenous species; microhabitats; surveys; Africa; Australia; Bermuda; Caribbean; Florida; Japan; South America
Abstract:
... Ants which actively extent their ranges and displace long—established populations of indigenous species on a world scale are limited to relatively few species. Two of the most striking are Pheidole megacephala and Iridomyrmex humilis. The former expanded its range from its original supposed home in middle Africa during the last century, displacing native species on a vast scale from Australia and ...
agricultural economics; beans; demand elasticities; econometric models; economic analysis; exports; humans; least squares; market analysis; markets; prices; soybean meal; soybean oil; soybeans; statistical models; Canada; Japan; United States; Western European region
Abstract:
... A 10‐equation simultaneous model of the soybean economy was constructed. This involved relationships representing quantities demanded domestically as well as exported, for both soybean oil and soybean meal. Estimates of the structural parameters of the model were obtained by the two‐stage least‐squares procedure, using first differences of the data. The estimates indicate an annual necessary incre ...
... This essay aims to provide strategic guides for Asian development by evaluating the contribution of innovations in the fertilizer industry to the growth of agricultural productivity in Japan from 1883 to 1937. Estimates of the levels of fertilizer inputs and grain yields per hectare are made for the hypothetical cases in which the fertilizer industry did not develop as it actually did. Results ind ...
A horizons; B horizons; Inceptisols; Orthods; Picea; Podzols; allophane; base saturation; clay fraction; forests; volcanic ash; Alaska; Aleutian Islands; Japan; New Zealand; South America
Abstract:
... These are the major well-drained soils of nonmountainous areas of Kodiak Island, the Aleutian Islands, and the Alaska peninsula, and they occur as well in southwestern Kenai peninsula. The soils were formerly classified in the Ando group on the basis of similarities to that group as originally proposed in Japan. Three profiles were studied as examples of the group and to illustrate differences in ...
demand elasticities; farms; households; income; income elasticities; least squares; prices; time series analysis; Japan; United States
Abstract:
... Using cross‐section data, the demand elasticities for basic living materials were estimated by least‐squares and instrumental variables. Income and own‐ and cross‐price elasticities were derived from time‐series data by ordinary least‐squares and combined technique. It is interesting to compare the estimated parameters using different estimating methods. The order of magnitude of the income elasti ...
... Four moderately to strongly weathered soils from Hawaii and one moderately weathered soil from Japan, all derived from volcanic ash, were treated to separate out the allophane. The separates are described. With one exception, the fine clay fractions (<0.1µ) were almost X-amorphous with only weak bands of 2:1 lattice clay minerals. The exception, the Waikaloa soil, contained much halloysite. Coarse ...
... Two wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), ‘Norin’ 10/3* ‘Pawnee’ //2* ‘Kaw’ and Norin 10/5*Pawnee, were studied for heritability and for interrelationships among plant height, spike length, tillering ability, and kernel weight. Norin 10 is a short cultivar introduced from Japan, while Kaw and Pawnee are adapted cultivars in Kansas. Heritabilily estimates were calculated by conventional a ...
agricultural productivity; developing countries; education; elasticities; fertilizers; guidelines; labor; production functions; India; Japan; United States
Abstract:
... This study explores the causes of enormous agricultural productivity differences now existing among the developed and less developed countries. Factors are identified that determine the productivity gap, and their influences are gauged on the 1957–62 national aggregate data of 38 nations. Aggregate production functions are estimated on the cross‐country data; and, with the estimates of production ...
... Freezing resistance studies were carried out on Salix sachalinensis (northern Japan), S. Sieboldiana (southwestern Japan), S. babylonica (Japan proper and Hachijo Island), S. caerulea (Lahore, Pakistan), S. tetrasperma (Singapore and Quetta, Pakistan), S. bonplandiana (Mexico City), and S. safsaf (Cairo). Twigs of the tenderest willows (S. Sieboldiana) wintering in the southwestern part of Japan r ...
... During the growing season alpine plants on Mt. Kurodake (1,984 m) in the Taisetsu mountain range in Hokkaido, Japan, survived freezing to only —5° to —7°C. Even after exposure to 0° and —3°C for 2 weeks, the resistance to freezing of these plants increased only slightly. During the winter, however, most alpine plants studied survived freezing at temperatures below —30°. Salix pauciflora, Diapensia ...
exports; international agreements; international trade; markets; politics; trade barriers; Australia; Japan
Abstract:
... The leitmotif of this paper is the strong, rising and alarming trend of deficits in Australia's balance of payments current account, which makes it overwhelmingly important to increase exports. Market promotion, substantially the existing method, will not do the job in a world with politically set up trade barriers. Multilateral political negotiations about the removal of the trade barriers within ...
Abies sachalinensis; Picea; bark; cold; conifers; freezing; frozen soils; leaves; soil temperature; solar radiation; stems; topographic slope; trees; winter; Japan
Abstract:
... In 1966—67 in the eastern part of Hokkaido, where severe cold weather and a dry state prevailed throughout the winter, most young conifers, especially those wintering on the southern slopes, were seriously damaged. Minimum temperature was about —30°C, and soil temperature at 10—cm depth even on the southern slopes remained below zero for 3.5 months. Soil was frozen down to about 40 cm. Temperature ...
agricultural subsidies; industrialization; per-capita income; prices; rice; Japan
Abstract:
... Until only a decade ago, Japan's rice policy had been primarily designed to procure “cheap” rice for the industrial population from domestic and colonial producers. For the promotion of industrialization and economic growth the price of rice, the principal wage good, had been kept low to prevent the rise in the wage rate of urban industrial workers. The shift from the traditional cheap rice policy ...
fabrics; information services; textile fibers; Japan; Western European region
Abstract:
... Study of interjournal references reveals that authors of the leading American and British textile research journals rarely cite research reports from Japan and other countries of Western Europe. The reverse flow, however, is consider able for many countries. This unbalance in information flow was first studied for the period 1963-65 and is virtually unchanged in 1967-70. Recent developments in tex ...
X-radiation; X-ray diffraction; allophane; clay; halloysite; scanning electron microscopy; sodium hydroxide; soil horizons; volcanic soils; weathering; Hawaii; Japan; New Zealand
Abstract:
... Mineralogical analyses of clays from two Alotenango soil horizons were made by utilizing transmission and scanning electron microscopy, infrared, X-ray diffraction, and chemical methods. This report of spheroidal halloysite demonstrates the presence of this mineral form in an area of important volcanic ash-derived soils where it has not been previously identified. The presence of spheroidal halloy ...
agricultural economics; agricultural products; Japan
Abstract:
... The demand system or matrix for food commodities and commodity groups in Japan is constructed. A demand matrix is obtained by an alternative version of the linear expenditure system, implying a practical and convenient approximation to Powell's system. Indicators of goodness of fit are quite high for the system developed. ...
allophane; drying; liquids; plasticity; rehydration; shrinkage; soil; Caribbean; Japan
Abstract:
... Allophane imparts unusual physical properties to soils. Some of these properties change markedly when the soil is dried. Samples of moist soils were obtained from two different areas. Plasticity and shrinkage were measured, as indicators of other physical properties, on both moist and dried samples. Several chemical measurements commonly used to characterize allophane were also made on the samples ...
Oryza sativa; agricultural economics; agricultural research; economic development; funding; income; plant breeding; public research; rice; Japan
Abstract:
... Research contributes to the public good and public support is required in order to attain a socially optimum level of investment in research. However, the extremely high rate of returns to rice research in Japan provides evidence that an underinvestment in agricultural research is typical. Financing rice research out of government tax revenue is rationalized in terms of its contribution to the nat ...
agricultural economics; agricultural industry; imperfect competition; labor; labor market; models; per-capita income; production economics; Japan
Abstract:
... The goal of this study is to understand and measure the effect of differential rates of technical change in the agricultural and nonagricultural sector on per capita income growth and sectoral allocation of income and factors of production. A fairly simple dynamic general equilibrium model with an agricultural and nonagricultural sector was constructed along neoclassical lines (but including labor ...
air drying; allophane; clay soils; water content; Caribbean; Japan
Abstract:
... Water retention and transmission were measured on eight samples of allophane soils from the West Indies and Japan. Standard methods of pressure plate, horizontal infiltration and steady-state horizontal flux were used. Soils with high allophane content have a sigmoid water content vs. log suction curve. Drying does not change the shape of the curve, but decreases the water content at any suction. ...
allophane; anion exchange capacity; cations; clay; electrical charges; gels; hysteresis; oxalates; pH; phosphates; potassium chloride; sodium carbonate; titration; washing; Australia; Brazil; Japan; New Zealand; South Africa
Abstract:
... The effects of pH, phosphate, oxalate, pyrophosphate, citratedithionite-bicarbonate and Na₂CO₃ pretreatments on the positive and negative exchange charges of sesquioxidic clays from soils of South Africa, Australia, Brazil, Japan, and New Zealand were measured using 0.05N KCl as index electrolyte according to a method which obviates a washing step for removal of excess salt prior to replacement of ...
... Torsional rigidity is one of the most important mechanical properties of fibers and yarns and has considerable effects on the performance of fabrics made therefrom. A new instrument called a Torsional Rigidity Analyzer has been developed by TORAY Industries, Inc., a synthetic fiber manufacturer in Japan, for the measurement of torsional rigidity, torsional hysteresis, and residual torque of all fi ...
adsorption; allophane; cation exchange capacity; cations; chemical composition; clay; drying; micropores; porosity; surface area; water vapor; Caribbean; Japan
Abstract:
... Surface area and micropore size distribution were calculated from measurements of adsorption of water vapor at 25°C on a group of allophane soils from the West Indies and from Japan. The changes in pore-size distribution on drying were measured. Specific surface area varied between 100 and 400 m²/g, and the dominant pore radius was about 7Å. Cation-exchange capacity measured with different cations ...
fish; food analysis; nitrites; stabilizers; analytical methods; Japan
Abstract:
... Japan generally limits the use of nitrite as a color stabilizing food additive and prohibits its use in cod roe. Since cod roe naturally contains nitrites, the reference method of ISO for determining the nitrite content had to be modified. Modifications included reducing volumes of color-development solutions and altering the color-development process, increasing color intensity by a factor of 4. ...
agricultural economics; crop production; elasticities; labor; rice; Japan
Abstract:
... The process of the growth of rice production in Japan is analyzed by decomposition analysis of factor input demand. The variation in factor input demand is broken down into three components: output level, factor substitution along an isoquant, and technical change. The analysis is carried out using the estimates of Allen partial elasticities of substitution calculated from the fitted transcendenta ...
agricultural trade; farms; gross national product; imports; issues and policy; livestock; models; products and commodities; Japan
Abstract:
... Using a Corden/Johnson model the welfare costs of current and future Japanese agricultural trade and production policies are evaluated for the eight major cereal and livestock commodities produced and imported in Japan. It is estimated that the net social loss in consumption and production of 1975/76 import and production distortions for the eight commodities is $@@‐@@276 million and $@@‐@@111 mil ...
Dactylis glomerata; Japan; heading; plant height; spring; vigor; California
Abstract:
... Six plant characteristics of ‘Latar’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were studied at Prosser, Wash., to evaluate population stability after two generations of increase at four locations in the western USA and at two locations in Japan. Populations consisting of 108 spaced plants from each of 35 increases were compared to plants from the original seed lot used at the six locations to establish ...
... A small Japanese combine used in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields in Japan was modified to harvest rice research plots by removing the auger assembly and replacing it with a removable grain collection tray that holds up to 5 kg of grain. The combine cuts a swath 0.8 m wide. Our plots are normally 4 to 7 m long. A crew of two can harvest approximately 60 plots per hour, whereas, it would take the same ...
absorbance; artificial colors; cardboard; color; paper; pigments; Japan
Abstract:
... In Japan artificial colors and pigments can be used for food packages if they are processed so that the artificial color or pigment will not be eluted to contaminate food. Ten samples of cardboard and five samples of wrapping paper were subjected to the elution test. One hundred cm2 of cardboard or paper was immersed in water at 40 C and held for 30 min. Artificial color was eluted from all sample ...
... Foundation and certified seed lots of ‘Kenland’ red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) produced in the western U.S., Kentucky, and Japan were evaluated in Kentucky, Indiana, and Maryland in comparison with Kentucky produced breeder seed to determine the frequency and significance of genetic shifts. Genetic shift toward lower yield and less persistence generally occurred with advancing generation, and ...
Abies mariesii; Picea jezoensis; Rhododendron; Sasa; Tsuga diversifolia; bamboos; coniferous forests; conifers; ferns and fern allies; forest communities; herbs; mosses and liverworts; mountains; shade tolerance; soil quality; stony soils; vascular plants; Eastern United States; Japan
Abstract:
... Mature subalpine forest communities were sampled at four locations in central Honshu, Japan–Mounts Fuji and Ontake and Yatsugatake and Chichibu Mountains. Data were subjected to similarity—ordination and association analyses. There are three major groups of communities: Tsuga diversifolia/moss, Abies spp./herb, and conifer/Sasa. Tsuga/moss forest understories are depauperate in vascular plants or ...
... Two exotic armored scales, Fiorinia externa Ferris and Tsugaspidiotus tsugae (Marlatt), native to Japan occur sympatrically in the northeastern United States where they often attain high population densities on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere. Both scales preferentially colonize the young needles of the lower hemlock crown, which intensities competition between them when food and space ...
Bradyrhizobium japonicum; Glycine max; Japan; Rhizobium; ecotypes; genes; nodulation; serotypes; soybeans; symbiosis; China; South East Asia
Abstract:
... A sample of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant introductions from Asia, representing maturity groups 00 through X, was tested for the presence of the Rj₂ and Rj₄ genes. Both of these genes condition ineffective nodulation responses: Rj₂, specifically with the cl and 122 serogroups of Rhizobium japonicum; Rj₄, with R. japonicum strain 61. Rj₂ was present in 19 of the 851 fines tested. The 19 li ...
Dacrydium; Eucalyptus; Nothofagus; Podocarpus nivalis; altitude; conifers; freezing; frost resistance; leaves; temperate zones; temperature; treeline; trees; tropics; winter; Australasian region; Australia; Japan; New Zealand; South America
Abstract:
... Maximal resistance to winter freezing of trees of the South Temperature Zone, especially subalpine trees of Australasia, was assessed. Most of the tree species which grow in lower altitudes were marginally hardy to —10°. Subalpine and alpine shrubby species such as Podocarpus nivalis, P. lawrencei and Dacrydium bidwillii were the hardiest conifers in New Zealand and Australia, resisting freezing t ...
... Gyrinicola batrachiensis (Walton, 1929) n.comb. (=Pharyngodon batrachiensis Walton, 1929) was found in seven species of anurans belonging to the Ranidae, Hylidae, and Bufonidae in New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario, Canada. Transformed anurans were not infected. The species is redescribed from material collected near Guelph, Ontario. Pharyngodon armatus Walton, 1933 is considered a synonym of G. b ...
ammonium nitrogen; basins; calcium; cropland; drainage; forests; inorganic ions; land use; magnesium; multivariate analysis; nitrate nitrogen; nitrite nitrogen; potassium; sodium; streams; water quality; Japan
Abstract:
... The effect of land use patterns on stream water quality was studied in the agricultural landscape of the Kakioka Basin, Japan. Stream water was sampled from 52 sites three times in 1979, and the concentration of 10 inorganic ions (NO₃-N, NO₂-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, and SO₄-S) was analyzed. Land uses (forests, croplands, and settlement areas) in the drainage areas for respective sites w ...
domestic markets; fabrics; labor force; raw materials; textile fibers; textile industry; yarns; Japan
Abstract:
... The worldwide fiber and textile industries are approaching a high level of maturity, but the growth rate is gradually leveling off. This is particularly so in the developed countries, and Japan is no exception. Japanese fiber producers are not large and therefore do not receive the benefits of mass- scale production, particularly since their domestic market is limited. In addition, their raw mater ...
... Maximal winter hardiness of trees in high—altitude forest zones, especially near timberlines in the East Himalaya, was assessed. A timberline coniferous species of the East Himalaya, Abies spectabilis, was marginally hardy to —20° to —23°C. Larix potanini, a high—altitude species which is the least hardy species of the genus Larix, also showed the same range of hardiness. The hardiness of these sp ...
Ventrifossa; new species; Japan; Philippines; South China Sea
Abstract:
... Ventrifossa johnboborum is described from four specimens collected in the Bismarck Sea, Philippines, and the South China Sea. The new species is closely related to V. misakia Jordan and Gilbert from Japan, and the two constitute the sole members of subgenus Sokodara Iwamoto, 1979. ...
... The genus Myersina is characterised, and the type species, Myersina macrostoma. re-described from the holotype and recently collected specimens from Japan. Myersina lachneri is described as a new species based on four specimens from New Britain. ...
Cryptomeria japonica; atmospheric precipitation; climate; coasts; fossils; islands; mountains; pollen; refuge habitats; Japan; Sea of Japan
Abstract:
... Cryptomeria japonica had multiple refugia in Japan where relatively moist, cool climates prevailed during the last glacial period. Its expansion began from scattered full—glacial centers of distribution °15 000 yr ago, reaching its maximum abundance from °7000—2000 yr ago. On one migration pathway, along the southwestern Japan Sea coast, the movement was initially from the coastal refugia to the i ...
... In the last several years, the number of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) patients began to increase throughout the mainland of Japan, not excepting Aomori Prefecture in the northern district. By analysing the data on distribution of chiggers, the outbreak of cases, and the isolation of Rickettsia in Aomori Prefecture, the author discusses the epidemiological aspects of the new type (spring an ...
... distribution and relative abundance of mosquitoes on U.S. Air Force installations in the Pacific, notes on mosquito-borne disease potential, includes malaria in the Philippines ...
agricultural subsidies; equations; international trade; macroeconomics; markets; models; nontariff trade barriers; prices; rapeseed; soybeans; Brazil; Japan; United States
Abstract:
... Policy variables are typically treated as exogenous variables in agricultural commodity models. In this paper evidence that policy variables can be successfully endogenized in a world trade model of the soybean/rapeseed and products market is presented. Minimum price support equations are estimated for U.S., Brazilian, and Japanese soybeans, and EC and Japanese rapeseed. Macroeconomic indicator va ...
air pollution; basins; cadmium; chromium; cobalt; copper; dams (hydrology); estuaries; iron; lead; manganese; nickel; river water; rivers; rocks; sediments; silver; tin; topsoil; total suspended solids; watersheds; zinc; Japan
Abstract:
... Concentrations of 22 elements in suspended and dissolved solids in rivers, various sieved particles, and interstitial waters of dam sediments were determined in the Takahashi River Basin on whose estuary stands the Mizushima industrial area, one of the biggest in Japan. In this basin, because of the increased atmospheric pollution, the input of the volatile elements Zn, Cd, Sn, Pb, and Ag from the ...
Laodelphax striatellus; allopatry; crossing; cytoplasmic incompatibility; eggs; females; males; Japan
Abstract:
... The small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Homoptera, Delphacidae), shows reproductive cytoplasmic incompatibility between laboratory-cultured strains. Wild planthoppers were crossed for the purpose of examining the incompatibility principle in allopatric field populations. On the basis of the incompatibility recorded in field populations, Japanese planthopper populations were divided in ...
Betula; Cercidiphyllum japonicum; age; hardwood; juvenile wood; pith; trees; Japan
Abstract:
... In the ring-porous hardwoods the changes of basic density are influenced by ring width, while basic density of diffuse-porous hardwoods is almost independent of ring width. The radial variations of basic density in each ring width class are useful for distinguishing between age and growth effects. In three species of ring-porous hardwoods and four of diffuse-porous hardwoods grown in Hokkaido, Jap ...
Blidingia; asexual reproduction; fronds; gametophytes; life history; sexual reproduction; sporophytes; spring; zoospores; Japan
Abstract:
... Blidingia minima (Näg. ex Kütz.) Kylin from Muroran, Hokkaido, Japan, has been shown to exhibit four patterns of life history in culture. Sexual reproduction, reported fully for the first time in the genus, occurs in two of them. I. An isomorphic‐heteromorphic complex in which erect, tubular sporophytes alternate with dioecious gametophytes of the same forms, with the irregular production by both ...