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1. Evaluation of prognostic indicators for injured turtles presenting to a wildlife clinic

Author:
Taylor M. Gregory; Cassidy Hubbard; Emily Schlake; Daniel Mejia; Kent R. Passingham; Gregory A. Lewbart; Tara M. Harrison
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2022 v.53 no.1 pp. 209-213
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Chelydra serpentina; Chrysemys picta; Pseudemys concinna; Terrapene carolina; Trachemys scripta scripta; anemia; clinical examination; glucose; habitats; hypoglycemia; lactic acid; males; medicine; mortality; physiology; prognosis; temperature; turtles; veterinary medicine; wildlife; zoos; North Carolina
Abstract:
... The Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) at North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine currently sees over 500 chelonian cases a year. Each turtle receives a thorough physical examination as the main evaluation of its health because further diagnostics are cost prohibitive in a donation-based facility. Thus, there is a need to further understand how a few economical diagnostics can evaluat ...
DOI:
10.1638/2020-0200

2. Comparing the effects of lithium heparin and dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on hematologic values in eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Katy Klein; Brina Gartlan; Greta Doden; Kelcie Fredrickson; Laura Adamovicz; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2021 v.51 no.4 pp. 999-1006
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
EDTA (chelating agent); Terrapene carolina; anticoagulants; erythrocytes; hematocrit; heparin; heterophils; leukocyte count; lithium; medicine; monocytes; turtles; wildlife; zoos; Illinois
Abstract:
... Anticoagulants are employed to prevent clotting and preserve cellular morphology for clinical pathology tests. Lithium heparin (LH) is the most frequently used anticoagulant in chelonians; however, dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) may be superior in some species. Although eastern box turtles' (Terrapene carolina carolina) hematologic parameters are well studied, the effects of di ...
DOI:
10.1638/2020-0109

3. Detection of a novel herpesvirus associated with squamous cell carcinoma in a free-ranging Blanding’s turtle

Author:
Kirsten E. Andersson; Laura Adamovicz; Lauren E. Mumm; John M. Winter; Gary Glowacki; Rachel Teixeira-Neto; Michael J. Adkesson; Eric T. Hostnik; Ellen Haynes; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation 2021 v.33 no.2 pp. 348-351
ISSN:
1943-4936
Subject:
Emydoidea blandingii; Terrapene carolina; adults; biopsy; histopathology; males; sea turtles; sequence homology; squamous cell carcinoma; wildlife
Abstract:
... The spread of both infectious and noninfectious diseases through wildlife populations is of increasing concern. Neoplastic diseases are rarely associated with population-level impacts in wildlife; however, impacts on individual health can be severe and might reflect deteriorating environmental conditions. An adult male free-ranging Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) originally captured in 20 ...
DOI:
10.1177/1040638721989302

4. Enhancing Chelonian Health Assessments by Determining Agreement in Pathogen Detection between Sampling Sites Using Quantitative PCR

Author:
Taylor J. Willis; Marta Kelly; Laura Adamovicz; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of wildlife diseases 2022 v.58 no.2 pp. 399-403
ISSN:
0090-3558
Subject:
DNA; Terrapene carolina; cloaca; microbial detection; monitoring; pathogens; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; wildlife
Abstract:
... Pathogen surveillance is common in chelonians and multiple anatomical sampling sites are used for pathogen detection, but agreement between these sites has not been assessed. The objective of this study was to assess agreement between three sampling sites, oral swab (OS), cloacal swab (CS), and combined oral/cloacal swab (OCS), for detecting three pathogens in eastern box turtles (Terrapene caroli ...
DOI:
10.7589/JWD-D-21-00096

5. Fire management alters the thermal landscape and provides multi‐scale thermal options for a terrestrial turtle facing a changing climate

Author:
Ellen P. Robertson; Evan P. Tanner; R. Dwayne Elmore; Samuel D. Fuhlendorf; Jonathan D. Mays; Jennifer Knutson; John R. Weir; Scott R. Loss
Source:
Global change biology 2022 v.28 no.3 pp. 782-796
ISSN:
1354-1013
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; ambient temperature; climate; climate change; ectothermy; habitat preferences; landscapes; telemetry; thermal properties; turtles; vegetation; vegetation structure; wildlife
Abstract:
... As effects of climate change intensify, there is a growing need to understand the thermal properties of landscapes and their influence on wildlife. A key thermal property of landscapes is vegetation structure and composition. Management approaches can alter vegetation and consequently the thermal landscape, potentially resulting in underappreciated consequences for wildlife thermoregulation. Consi ...
DOI:
10.1111/gcb.15977

6. Overwintering behavior reduces mortality for a terrestrial turtle in forests managed with prescribed fire

Author:
John H. Roe; Zachery Bayles
Source:
Forest ecology and management 2021 v.486 pp. 118990
ISSN:
0378-1127
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; administrative management; dormancy; forest ecology; forest management; hardwood; highlands; mortality; nontarget organisms; overwintering; prescribed burning; radio telemetry; refuge habitats; turtles; winter
Abstract:
... Prescribed fire is an essential management practice in pyrogenic ecosystems, but fire can also be a significant disturbance and source of mortality for both target and non-target species. Seasonal periods of animal inactivity may provide opportunities to design burn plans that minimize negative impacts to species of conservation concern, but few studies have rigorously examined this possibility. U ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foreco.2021.118990

7. Prevalence of Intraerythrocytic Parasites in Macrochelys temminckii, Emydoidea blandingii, Terrapene carolina, and Terrapene ornata

Author:
Raquel Doke; Kara Hiebert; Melanie Repella; Megan Stuart; Lauren Mumm; John Winter; Laura Adamovicz; Gary Glowacki; Ethan Kessler; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of herpetological medicine and surgery 2022 v.32 no.1 pp. 56-62
ISSN:
1529-9651
Subject:
Emydoidea blandingii; Macrochelys temminckii; Terrapene carolina; adults; alligators; blood; hemoparasites; medicine; surgery; turtles; Illinois
Abstract:
... Few studies have characterized the prevalence of intraerythrocytic parasites in free-ranging chelonian populations or their occurrence across habitats. It is hypothesized that chelonians in different habitats have different exposures to vectors and thus differences in hemoparasite presence. This study explored the prevalence and intensity of intraerythrocytic parasites by examining blood smears fr ...
DOI:
10.5818/JHMS-S-20-00017

8. Replication of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Amphibian and Reptile-Derived Cell Lines

Author:
Melanie Rissmann; Matthias Lenk; Franziska Stoek; Claudia A. Szentiks; Martin Eiden; Martin H. Groschup
Source:
Pathogens 2021 v.10 no.6 pp. -
ISSN:
2076-0817
Subject:
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus; Terrapene carolina; amphibians; cell lines; ecology; fluorescent antibody technique; genome; turtles; viral antigens; viruses; West Asia
Abstract:
... Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne virus, which has led to devastating epidemics in African countries and on the Arabian Peninsula. Results of in-vivo, in-vitro and field studies suggested that amphibians and reptiles may play a role as reservoir hosts of RVFV, promoting its maintenance during inter-epidemic periods. To elucidate this hypothesis, we examined two new ...
DOI:
10.3390/pathogens10060681

9. State‐wide population characteristics and long‐term trends for eastern box turtles in North Carolina

Author:
John H. Roe; Gabrielle J. Graeter; Ashley A. LaVere; Ann B. Somers
Source:
Ecosphere 2021 v.12 no.2 pp. e03378
ISSN:
2150-8925
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; body size; ecoregions; land use; landscapes; mark-recapture studies; models; population dynamics; population viability; probability; survival rate; urban development; wetlands; North Carolina
Abstract:
... Turtles are in decline worldwide, and the magnitude and recent acceleration of population declines requires immediate action to inform conservation and management plans. Long‐term studies of population trends and characteristics covering multiple populations across a range of environmental contexts are needed to guide the most effective management decisions, yet such studies are uncommon. Eastern ...
DOI:
10.1002/ecs2.3378

10. Student perceptions after touching vs. holding educational animals

Author:
Lauryn Gilmer; Nick Fuhrman
Source:
Advancements in agricultural development 2021 v.2 no.2 pp. -
ISSN:
2690-5078
Subject:
Pantherophis guttatus; Terrapene carolina; agricultural development; habitats; qualitative analysis; snakes; turtles
Abstract:
... Educators often use reptiles as ambassadors of environmental messages during presentations because of their ease of transport and handling. Although learners may be provided opportunities to touch or hold these animals, this presents a variety of safety and liability issues for the learner and animal. Little is known about whether touching or holding an animal influences perceptions of the animal ...
DOI:
10.37433/aad.v2i2.129

11. Tissue changes observed in eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) following a prescribed fire

Author:
Matthew D. Cross; Jennifer W. Mayer; David T. Cross
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2021 v.51 no.4 pp. 1047-1051
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; breathing; inflammation; medicine; mortality; prescribed burning; smoke; wildlife; zoos
Abstract:
... Necropsies were performed on five eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), found in an area recently subjected to an early-season prescribed fire, to determine whether mortality was burn related. External injuries primarily consisted of burns to exposed extremities and carapacial scutes which ranged from two burned scales to >80% of the shell. Internally, there was no evidence of smoke i ...
DOI:
10.1638/2019-0046

12. You can go your own way: No evidence for social behavior based on kinship or familiarity in captive juvenile box turtles

Author:
Sasha J. Tetzlaff; Jinelle H. Sperry; Brett A. DeGregorio
Source:
Applied animal behaviour science 2022 v.248 pp. 105586
ISSN:
0168-1591
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; body size; cold; conspecificity; heat; juveniles; kinship; social behavior
Abstract:
... Behavioral interactions between conspecific animals can be influenced by relatedness and familiarity. Compared to other vertebrate taxa, considering such aspects of social behavior when housing captive reptiles has received less attention, despite the implications this could have for informing husbandry practices, enhancing welfare, and influencing outcomes of conservation translocations. To test ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105586

13. An Ad Hoc Translocation of Urban Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Erin E. Poor; Annette Spivy; Lindsay Rohrbaugh; Jennifer M. Mullinax
Source:
Northeastern naturalist 2020 v.27 no.4 pp. 631-640
ISSN:
1092-6194
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; administrative management; home range; human population; managers; monitoring; population; turtles; urban areas; wildlife; wildlife habitats
Abstract:
... As the human population grows and wildlife habitat is lost, managers are increasingly reliant on hands-on management strategies such as translocation. Without much evidence suggesting success, moving a species or population from one location to another has been controversial for some taxa, especially for wildlife in urban areas. Here, in an ad hoc translocation of Terrapene carolina carolina (East ...
DOI:
10.1656/045.027.0403

14. Assessment of hematologic and corticosterone response in free‐living eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at capture and after handling

Author:
Kayla L. Boers; Matthew C. Allender; Lauren J. Novak; Jamie Palmer; Laura Adamovicz; Sharon L. Deem
Source:
Zoo biology 2020 v.39 no.1 pp. 13-22
ISSN:
0733-3188
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; animal handling; basophils; corticosterone; eosinophils; hematology; heterophils; leukocyte count; lymphocytes; monocytes; reptiles; wildlife; Illinois; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Hematology is a common tool for wildlife health assessments. Manual leukocyte counts are required in reptiles, however, disagreement between quantification methods has been observed in some chelonians. This study determined agreement between two methods of leukocyte quantification, eosinophilic leukopet, and blood film white blood cell (WBC) estimates, in free‐living eastern box turtles (Terrapene ...
DOI:
10.1002/zoo.21518

15. Blood lactate concentrations in eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) following capture by a canine search team

Author:
Katy Klein; Laura Adamovicz; Christopher A. Phillips; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2021 v.52 no.1 pp. 259-267
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Mycoplasma; Terrapene carolina; anaerobiosis; blood; blood flow; clinical examination; dogs; hematocrit; lactic acid; medicine; microbial detection; oxygen; pathogens; point-of-care systems; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; wildlife; zoos
Abstract:
... Studies to assess wildlife health commonly evaluate clinical pathology changes, immune responses, pathogen presence, and contaminant exposure, but novel modalities are needed to characterize the unique physiologic responses of reptiles. Lactate is an indicator of hypoperfusion and/or anaerobic respiration and can be quickly and easily measured using a point-of-care analyzer. This study evaluated b ...
DOI:
10.1638/2020-0071

16. Comparison of Dilution on Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) and Marine Toad (Rhinella marinus) Blood Parameters as Measured on a Portable Chemistry Analyzer

Author:
John A. Griffioen; Devorah M. Stowe; Macy Trosclair; Larry J. Minter; Chelsey Vanetten; Tara M. Harrison
Source:
Veterinary medicine international 2020 v.2020 pp. -
ISSN:
2042-0048
Subject:
Rhinella marina; Terrapene carolina; blood; calcium; carbon dioxide; chemical species; glucose; ionization; patients; point-of-care systems; toads; veterinary medicine
Abstract:
... Biochemical testing is an important clinical tool in evaluating the physiology of reptiles and amphibians. Suitable point of care analyzers can allow for rapid delivery of results, but small patient size can inhibit sufficient sample collection. This study evaluated the utility of sample dilution with sterile distilled water as a means of biochemical evaluation when sample volume is limited. Blood ...
DOI:
10.1155/2020/8843058

17. Consumption Patterns of a Generalist Omnivore: Eastern Box Turtle Diets in the Long Island Pine Barrens

Author:
Miranda P. Figueras; Timothy M. Green; Russell L. Burke
Source:
Diversity 2021 v.13 no.8 pp. -
ISSN:
1424-2818
Subject:
Coleoptera; Terrapene carolina; dead animals; diet; fruits; habitats; leaves; mushrooms; omnivores; pine barrens; prey species; turtles; Northeastern United States
Abstract:
... Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina) are diet generalists and as such are predicted to have diverse diets in which familiar, low-quality foods are eaten consistently at low levels, and high-quality foods are rare but eaten whenever available. Previous work showed that they feed opportunistically on seasonally available plants (shoots, leaves, flowers, and fruit), invertebrates, mushrooms, and ...
DOI:
10.3390/d13080345

18. Development and validation of a quantitative PCR assay for detection of Terrapene herpesvirus 2 in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Aubrey I. Engel; Laura Adamovicz; James F.X. Wellehan; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of virological methods 2020 v.286 pp. 113968
ISSN:
0166-0934
Subject:
DNA; DNA-directed DNA polymerase; Terrapene carolina; blood; carcinogenicity; cloaca; conjunctivitis; detection limit; genes; hepatitis; monitoring; morbidity; mortality; papilloma; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; respiratory tract diseases
Abstract:
... Herpesviruses are associated with disease in many chelonian species, resulting in pathology such as respiratory tract infection, stomatitis, conjunctivitis, hepatitis, and papillomatosis. Herpesvirus-associated fibropapillomas cause significant morbidity and mortality in marine turtles, and have been identified in an eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) infected with Terrapene herpesvi ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113968

19. Direct and Indirect Effects of Fire on Eastern Box Turtles

Author:
Katie A. Harris; Joseph D. Clark; R. Dwayne Elmore; Craig A. Harper
Source:
journal of wildlife management 2020 v.84 no.7 pp. 1384-1395
ISSN:
0022-541X
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; fire intensity; home range; mortality; prescribed burning; risk; temperature; turtles; wildlife management; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Prescribed fire is an increasingly important management tool for eastern deciduous forests, but relativity little is known about the direct effects of fire on the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina). We used very high frequency (VHF) transmitters to monitor mortality, movement, and spatial ecology of 118 box turtles in response to 17 prescribed fires across 4 seasons and 3 sites in ea ...
DOI:
10.1002/jwmg.21920

20. Feasibility of a blind perineural injection technique for brachial plexus blockade in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina): a cadaver study

Author:
Alissa B. Mones; Melinda A. Gorges; Stephen M. Santangelo; Gregory A. Lewbart; Tara M. Harrison; Mathew P. Gerard
Source:
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia 2021 v.48 no.5 pp. 789-797
ISSN:
1467-2987
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; analgesia; anesthesia; aqueous solutions; cadaver; dissection; freeze-thaw cycles; methylene blue; nerve tissue; plexus
Abstract:
... To describe the anatomy of the brachial plexus in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), develop a blind perineural injection technique for brachial plexus blockade and evaluate the distribution of three volumes of new methylene blue dye for injection in cadavers.Prospective, randomized, blinded cadaveric study.A total of 24 frozen-thawed box turtle cadavers; two turtles identified wit ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vaa.2021.04.007

21. First report of rapid eye color change in a non‐avian tetrapod

Author:
Bradley E. Carlson; Keith Klein; Chaz Rhodes
Source:
Ethology 2020 v.126 no.9 pp. 942-946
ISSN:
0179-1613
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; color; eyes; fish; integument; males; reproductive behavior; sexual dimorphism; sexual maturity
Abstract:
... Like coloration of the integument, eye color can be a significant but understudied component of communication and reproductive behavior. Eye color can change with sexual maturation and become sexually dimorphic, but in a few birds and fish, eye color can also change rapidly in response to the environment. There are few cases of the latter, and we report here several instances of such change in eye ...
DOI:
10.1111/eth.13068

22. Homologous whole blood transfusion for treatment of severe anemia in five Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Meghan M. Louis; Anthony J. Cerreta; John A. Griffioen; Michelle L. Mehalick; Gregory A. Lewbart; Olivia A. Petritz
Source:
Journal of exotic pet medicine 2020 v.35 pp. 27-33
ISSN:
1557-5063
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; anemia; blood; blood transfusion; body weight; climate change; habitat destruction; jugular vein; medicine; patients; predation; trade; turtles; veterinary medicine; North Carolina
Abstract:
... The Eastern box turtle (EBT) (Terrapene carolina carolina) is an iconic North American species and the state reptile of North Carolina. In recent decades its numbers have been threatened by various anthropogenic factors including habitat loss, vehicular trauma, domestic pet predation, climate change, and collection for both the legal and illegal pet trade. Since 1997 the NC State College of Veteri ...
DOI:
10.1053/j.jepm.2020.05.013

23. Identification of Factors Affecting Predation Risk for Juvenile Turtles Using 3D Printed Models

Author:
Sasha J. Tetzlaff; Alondra Estrada; Brett A. DeGregorio; Jinelle H. Sperry
Source:
Animals 2020 v.10 no.2 pp. -
ISSN:
2076-2615
Subject:
Procyon lotor; Terrapene carolina; habitat destruction; habitat preferences; habitats; juveniles; mesopredators; odors; predation; predator control; risk; three-dimensional printing
Abstract:
... Although it is widely accepted that juvenile turtles experience high levels of predation, such events are rarely observed, providing limited evidence regarding predator identities and how juvenile habitat selection and availability of sensory cues to predators affects predation risk. We placed three-dimensional printed models resembling juvenile box turtles (Terrapene carolina) across habitats com ...
DOI:
10.3390/ani10020275

24. Mortality investigation of monitored eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) in central illinois, usa, from 2016–18

Author:
Jeremy M. Rayl; Laura Adamovicz; Adam W. Stern; Miranda D. Vieson; Christopher A. Phillips; Marta Kelly; Michelle Beermann; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of wildlife diseases 2020 v.56 no.2 pp. 306-315
ISSN:
0090-3558
Subject:
Ranavirus; Terrapene carolina; amphibians; blood; body temperature; cloaca; death; die-off; hematology; inflammation; interleukin-10; interleukin-1beta; microprocessors; necropsy; pathogenesis; pathogens; radio transmitters; spring; state parks; thermometers; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; turtles; Illinois
Abstract:
... Mortality events in eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) threaten conservation efforts across the species range. These events are often under-diagnosed and, when observed, predictive health factors are unavailable prior to death. At Kickapoo State Park in central Illinois, USA, ranaviruses caused observed mortality events in amphibians and chelonians in 2014 and 2015. Following these ...
DOI:
10.7589/2019-01-016

25. Nest-Site Fidelity and Sex-Biased Dispersal Affect Spatial Genetic Structure of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at Their Northern Range Edge

Author:
Jennifer A. Moore; Eric M. McCluskey; Breanna Gould; Patrick Laarman; Jan Sapak
Source:
Copeia 2020 v.108 no.1 pp. 19-28
ISSN:
0045-8511
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; autocorrelation; biological corridors; endangered species; females; genetic structure; genetic variation; genotype; georeferencing; habitats; males; microsatellite repeats; nesting; nesting sites; philopatry; principal component analysis; turtles; viability; Michigan
Abstract:
... Dispersal and nesting philopatry are two processes that affect the connectivity, evolution, and long-term viability of populations, and thus have important conservation implications for threatened and endangered species. Here we investigate dispersal, relatedness, and the fine-scale spatial genetic structure of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at the northern extreme of their geog ...
DOI:
10.1643/CE-19-206

26. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of salmonella spp. in two free-ranging populations of eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Greta Doden; Brina Gartlan; Katy Klein; Carol W. Maddox; Laura A. Adamovicz; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2021 v.52 no.3 pp. 863-871
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Salmonella; Terrapene carolina; antibiotic resistance; antibiotics; biochemistry; carrier state; cloaca; dogs; hematology; humans; medicine; salmonellosis; serotypes; spring; summer; turtles; wildlife; zoonoses; zoos; Illinois; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Salmonellosis is an important zoonotic infection, and exposure to pet reptiles has been implicated in several human outbreaks. Although several studies report a low prevalence of salmonellae in free-ranging chelonians, they may serve as a reservoir. In spring and summer of 2013 and 2019, free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from populations in Illinois (rural) and Tenness ...
DOI:
10.1638/2020-0061

27. Temporal patterns in admission of eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) at a north carolina wildlife clinic as a reflection of climate

Author:
Zachary C. Ready; Emile P. Chen; Gregory A. Lewbart
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2020 v.51 no.2 pp. 363-370
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Terrapene carolina; ambient temperature; climate; climate change; databases; medicine; turtles; veterinary medicine; wildlife; zoos; North Carolina
Abstract:
... Significant impacts of global climate change on wildlife have been documented and are projected to continue. Reptiles have been suggested as being especially susceptible to these effects along with other anthropogenic impacts on their environment. A retrospective review of medical records for 2,356 wild eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) admitted to the Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) at t ...
DOI:
10.1638/2019-0136

28. Analysis of fatty acid profiles for eastern box (terrapene carolina carolina) and common snapping (chelydra serpentine) turtles in wild and managed care environments

Author:
Khushboo Dass; Elizabeth Koutsos; Larry J. Minter; Kimberly Ange-van Heugten
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2020 v.51 no.3 pp. 478-484
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Chelydra serpentina; Terrapene carolina; blood; diagnostic techniques; docosapentaenoic acid; eicosatrienoic acid; erucic acid; fatty acid composition; immune system; linoleic acid; medicine; myristic acid; nervonic acid; omnivores; serpentine; wildlife; zoos
Abstract:
... The housing of wild animals in managed care facilities requires attention to all aspects of husbandry. Diets of wild animals often differ in composition, consistency, and quantity when compared with those in managed care settings including zoos, rehabilitation facilities, and aquaria. It was hypothesized that dietary differences from wild versus managed care would be reflected in data of circulati ...
DOI:
10.1638/2019-0146

29. Behavioural and physiological responses to simulated predator-induced stress in the eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina

Author:
Victoria L. Preston; Jessica M. Vannatta; Matthew Klukowski
Source:
Amphibia-reptilia 2020 v.41 no.3 pp. 387-398
ISSN:
0173-5373
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; corticosterone; head; lactic acid
Abstract:
... In spite of the fully-hinged shell being the defining characteristic of box turtles, few studies have quantified the behavioural use of the shell in response to predator encounters. While it is often assumed that box turtles simply withdraw into their shell in response to threats, we expected variability among individuals in shell usage and in the degree of head and limb retraction because withdra ...
DOI:
10.1163/15685381-bja10008

30. Body condition of eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) evaluated by computed tomography

Author:
Suzette dePersio; Matthew C. Allender; Michael J. Dreslik; Laura Adamovicz; Christopher A. Phillips; Brittany Willeford; Lauren Kane; Stephen Joslyn; Robert T. O'Brien
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2019 v.50 no.2 pp. 295-302
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; body condition; computed tomography; health status; linear models; lipid content; morphometry; Illinois
Abstract:
... Conservation efforts determining the health status of individuals can aid in assessing population health and sustainability. Body condition was determined in 65 free-ranging Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from four locations in Vermilion County, Illinois, in the months of May, July, and September 2014, 2015, and 2016 using computed tomography (CT). Physical examinations were per ...
DOI:
10.1638/2018-0201

31. Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success

Author:
Sasha J. Tetzlaff; Jinelle H. Sperry; Bruce A. Kingsbury; Brett A. DeGregorio
Source:
Global ecology and conservation 2019 pp. -
ISSN:
2351-9894
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; body size; captive animals; death; environmental enrichment; mortality; predation; probability; rearing; turtles
Abstract:
... Raising captive animals past critical mortality stages for eventual release (head-starting) is a common conservation tactic. Counterintuitively, post-release survival can be low. Post-release behavior affecting survival could be influenced by captive-rearing duration and housing conditions. Practitioners have adopted environmental enrichment to promote natural behaviors during head-starting such a ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00797

32. Challenges and Opportunities for Terrapene carolina carolina Under Different Climate Scenarios

Author:
Amanda K. Martin; Karen V. Root
Source:
Remote Sensing 2020 v.12 no.5 pp. -
ISSN:
2072-4292
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; anthropogenic activities; climate; climate change; conservation areas; ectothermy; endothermy; environmental factors; geographical distribution; habitats; models; population dynamics; prediction; remote sensing; reptiles; temperature; vulnerable species; United States
Abstract:
... An unprecedented rate of global climate change as a result of human impacts has affected both endotherms and ectotherms. This is of special concern for ectotherms, such as reptiles, as these species are suffering from large population declines and lack the dispersal ability of other taxa. There are many protected areas across the United States; however, these areas are fragmented, which hinders di ...
DOI:
10.3390/rs12050836

33. Fatal ranavirus infection in a group of zoo-housed meller's chameleons (trioceros melleri)

Author:
Lauren B. Peiffer; Samantha Sander; Kathleen Gabrielson; Allan P. Pessier; Matthew C. Allender; Thomas Waltzek; Kuttichantran Subramaniam; Natalie Stilwell; Laura Adamovicz; Ellen Bronson; Lisa M. Mangus
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2019 v.50 no.3 pp. 696-705
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Frog virus 3; Herpesviridae; Terrapene carolina; Trioceros; animal diseases; appetite; body condition; bone marrow; disease transmission; juveniles; kidneys; liver; mortality; nasal cavity; nasal mucosa; necropsy; necrosis; phylogeny; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; reptiles; sequence analysis; skin lesions; spleen; tongue; viruses; zoos
Abstract:
... A group of five juvenile Meller's chameleons (Trioceros melleri) experienced 100% mortality over a period of 1 mo due to ranavirus infection. The index case was found dead without premonitory signs. The three subsequent cases presented with nonspecific clinical signs (lethargy, decreased appetite, ocular discharge) and were ultimately euthanatized. The final case died after initially presenting wi ...
DOI:
10.1638/2018-0044

34. Individual variation in boldness in turtles is consistent across assay conditions and behavioural measures

Author:
Joseph M. Pich; A.J. Belden; Bradley E. Carlson
Source:
Behaviour v.156 no.10 pp. 1039-1056
ISSN:
0005-7959
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; temperament; turtles
Abstract:
... Temperament traits are often measured under artificial conditions, which may not necessarily predict behaviour in naturalistic contexts. A reliable behavioural assay should yield similar results as tests performed under alternative conditions, but this is not frequently evaluated in free-living animals. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) exhibit individually consistent boldness behaviour in ...
DOI:
10.1163/1568539X-00003555

35. Long‐term behavioral repeatability in wild adult and captive juvenile turtles (Terrapene carolina): Implications for personality development

Author:
Bradley E. Carlson; Sasha J. Tetzlaff
Source:
Ethology 2020 v.126 no.6 pp. 668-678
ISSN:
0179-1613
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; adults; body temperature; captive animals; environmental factors; juveniles; models; ontogeny; personality; turtles; variance
Abstract:
... Animal personality can be defined as conspecific individuals consistently differing in behavioral tendencies. Personality is typically identified by behavioral repeatability, which occurs when within‐individual variance is low relative to among‐individual variance in the population. Intraspecific comparisons of behavioral repeatability in juveniles and adults within and across years are rare, but ...
DOI:
10.1111/eth.13024

36. Population pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in clinically diseased or injured Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina), yellow‐bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta), and river cooters (Pseudemys concinna)

Author:
John A. Griffioen; Gregory A. Lewbart; Mark G. Papich
Source:
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics 2020 v.43 no.2 pp. 222-230
ISSN:
0140-7783
Subject:
Pseudemys concinna; Terrapene carolina; Trachemys scripta scripta; antibacterial properties; antibiotics; blood sampling; ciprofloxacin; enrofloxacin; half life; metabolites; minimum inhibitory concentration; nonlinear mixed effects models; pharmacokinetics; subcutaneous injection; turtles; wildlife
Abstract:
... Enrofloxacin is frequently administered to turtles in wildlife clinics during rehabilitation due to its wide spectrum of antibacterial activity and availability of injectable formulations. However, sufficient pharmacokinetic data to guide dosing are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in chelonia ...
DOI:
10.1111/jvp.12843

37. Post-Natal Movement, Habitat Use, and Hibernacula Selection of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Southern New England

Author:
Barbara J. Nicholson; Dennis P. Quinn; Marc A. Rivadeneyra
Source:
Northeastern naturalist 2020 v.27 no.2 pp. 358-380
ISSN:
1092-6194
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; canopy; clutch size; eggs; forests; hatching; hibernation; home range; juveniles; microhabitats; mortality; nests; overwintering; postpartum period; radio telemetry; shrubs; trees; turtles; New England region
Abstract:
... Understanding movement patterns of hatchling Terrapene carolina carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) may be critical to guide conservation and management efforts since little is known about this early life-history stage. We used radio-telemetry to track 10 hatchling Eastern Box Turtles from 28 August 2012 to 21 August 2013 in Hamden, CT, to investigate postnatal movement patterns, habitat use, and hibern ...
DOI:
10.1656/045.027.0216

38. Predators May Lose Interest in Turtle Acclimation Pens: Implications for Translocations Using Soft Release

Author:
Sasha J. Tetzlaff; Charlotte J. Robinson; Bruce A. Kingsbury; Jinelle H. Sperry; Brett A. Degregorio
Source:
Chelonian conservation and biology 2020 v.19 no.1 pp. 141-144
ISSN:
1943-3956
Subject:
Procyon lotor; Sciurus niger; Terrapene carolina; acclimation; foxes; juveniles; predation; risk
Abstract:
... We opportunistically investigated predator visits to enclosed acclimation pens containing juvenile eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) over a 34-d acclimation period using motion-triggered cameras. Daily visitation probability by raccoons (Procyon lotor) and fox squirrels (Sciurus niger; the only predator species observed visiting) decreased from a peak of 36% probability of a visit on the fi ...
DOI:
10.2744/CCB-1405.1

39. Prevalence of box turtle adenovirus in eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) presented to a wildlife rehabilitation center in virginia, usa

Author:
Dana Franzen-Klein; Laura Adamovicz; David McRuer; Stella A. Carroll; James F. X. Wellehan; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2020 v.50 no.4 pp. 769-777
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae infections; DNA; Terrapene carolina; accidents; albumins; habitat fragmentation; hypoalbuminemia; morbidity; mortality; mouth; pathogens; population dynamics; probability; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; surveys; turtles; wildlife; wildlife rehabilitation; Virginia
Abstract:
... Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) are a native North American species with a declining population trend that may be attributable to habitat fragmentation, vehicle collisions, and disease. Adenoviral infections can cause significant morbidity and mortality in captive reptile populations. Adenoviruses have been documented in box turtles, but their occurrence and impact in wild popula ...
DOI:
10.1638/2018-0238

40. Proximity to highways has limited influence on space use and physiology of terrestrial testudines

Author:
Nicole M. Weigand; Ryan B. Wagner; Christopher M. Tonra; Viorel D. Popescu
Source:
European journal of wildlife research 2019 v.65 no.5 pp. 80
ISSN:
1612-4642
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; bioassays; canopy; corticosterone; forests; highways; home range; humans; keratin; landscapes; males; mortality; physiology; population dynamics; radio telemetry; roadsides; sublethal effects; turtles; understory; vegetation cover; Ohio
Abstract:
... Transportation infrastructure is one of the mainstays of human modification of terrestrial landscapes. Turtle populations are highly affected by roads through direct mortality, contributing to population declines. However, sub-lethal effects, such as increased physiological stress, may indirectly affect turtle demographic rates, particularly in populations recently exposed to roads. We took advant ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10344-019-1315-1

41. Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Emma L. Houck; Eli B. Cohen; Mandy Womble; Gregory A. Lewbart; Olivia A. Petritz
Source:
Veterinary radiology & ultrasound 2019 v.60 no.5 pp. 473-484
ISSN:
1058-8183
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; barium sulfate; colon; duodenum; gastrointestinal diseases; morbidity; radiography; sphincters; stomach; turtles
Abstract:
... Gastrointestinal disorders are an important cause of morbidity in box turtles (Terrapene carolina Carolina), however published information is currently lacking on the normal radiographic anatomy, transit, and emptying times of the gastrointestinal tract. A total of 15 healthy box turtles were recruited for this prospective, anatomic, reference interval study. Three‐view radiographic series (vertic ...
DOI:
10.1111/vru.12792

42. Spatial Ecology and Resource Selection of Eastern Box Turtles

Author:
Katie A. Harris; Joseph D. Clark; R. Dwayne Elmore; Craig A. Harper
Source:
journal of wildlife management 2020 v.84 no.8 pp. 1590-1600
ISSN:
0022-541X
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; botanical composition; coarse woody debris; habitats; home range; telemetry; understory; vegetation cover; vegetation types; wildlife management; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) are widely distributed throughout the eastern United States. Although once common throughout much of its distribution, the species has experienced declines in local populations. Understanding resource selection is important for the conservation of this species; however, few data exist on resource selection for eastern box turtles in the southeaster ...
DOI:
10.1002/jwmg.21945

43. A Surfeit of Studies: What Have We Learned from All the Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina and T. ornata) Home Range Studies?

Author:
Christopher W. Habeck; Miranda P. Figueras; Jean E. Deo; Russell L. Burke
Source:
Diversity 2019 v.11 no.5 pp. -
ISSN:
1424-2818
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; analytical methods; ecoregions; females; home range; males; meta-analysis; stochastic processes; turtles
Abstract:
... Home range (HR) studies are a particularly common approach to investigations of animal habitat use, resource availability, and response to management manipulation such as relocations. Terrapene carolina (Eastern box turtle) and its sister taxon T. ornata (Ornate box turtle) are especially popular subjects of HR studies because they are relatively easily tracked. Terrapene HR studies have revealed ...
DOI:
10.3390/d11050068

44. Tradeoffs with Growth and Behavior for Captive Box Turtles Head-Started with Environmental Enrichment

Author:
Sasha J. Tetzlaff; Jinelle H. Sperry; Brett A. DeGregorio
Source:
Diversity 2019 v.11 no.3 pp. -
ISSN:
1424-2818
Subject:
Procyon lotor; Terrapene carolina; captive animals; environmental enrichment; foraging; juveniles; predation; turtles; urine
Abstract:
... Head-starting is a conservation strategy that entails releasing captive-reared animals into nature at sizes large enough to better resist post-release predation. However, efforts to maximize growth in captivity may jeopardize development of beneficial behaviors. Environmental enrichment can encourage natural behaviors before release but potentially comes with a tradeoff of reduced growth in comple ...
DOI:
10.3390/d11030040

45. A quantitative pcr assay for a mycoplasma from emydid turtles indicates high prevalence in healthy three-toed box turtles (terrapene carolina triunguis) from missouri, usa

Author:
Franziska C. Sandmeier; Rachel Ruiz; Kendra Leonard; Brandon Bayer; Connor Dowd; Taylor Urban
Source:
Journal of wildlife diseases 2019 v.55 no.3 pp. 589-596
ISSN:
0090-3558
Subject:
Mycoplasma agassizii; Terrapene carolina; antibiotics; microorganisms; mycoplasmosis; pathogens; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; respiratory tract diseases; tortoises; turtles; vehicles (equipment); wildlife; Missouri
Abstract:
... We evaluated cause of injury and quantified levels of three potential mycoplasmal pathogens (Mycoplasma agassizii, Mycoplasma testudineum, and an emydid mycoplasma) in three-toed box turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis) from the greater St. Louis, Missouri, US area, brought to and housed at the Wildlife Rescue Center (Ballwin, Missouri, US) in 2015 and 2016. We created a probebased quantitative ...
DOI:
10.7589/2018-09-221

46. Assessment of a visual scoring system for identifying and quantifying anemia in male eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Anthony J. Cerreta; Michelle L. Mehalick; Michael K. Stoskopf; Daniel S. Dombrowski; Gregory A. Lewbart
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2018 v.49 no.4 pp. 977-982
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; adults; anemia; color; eyes; females; hematocrit; hospitals; humans; males; turtles
Abstract:
... The North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Turtle Rescue Team (TRT) regularly admits wild eastern box turtles (EBT) (Terrapene carolina carolina) for treatment and rehabilitation. Adult males of this species generally have an impressive red coloration of the iris, a feature commonly used to differentiate them from their brown-eyed female conspecifics. Male EBTs that present ...
DOI:
10.1638/2018-0045.1

47. Captive-reared juvenile box turtles innately prefer naturalistic habitat: Implications for translocation

Author:
Sasha J. Tetzlaff; Jinelle H. Sperry; Brett A. DeGregorio
Source:
Applied animal behaviour science 2018 v.204 pp. 128-133
ISSN:
0168-1591
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; habitat preferences; habitats; juveniles; personality; probability; rearing; turtles
Abstract:
... Habitat choice has broad repercussions for animals, but mechanisms influencing such choices are generally not understood. When conducting conservation translocations using captive-reared animals, elucidating mechanisms influencing habitat preference pre-release could inform rearing methods and post-release behavior. We raised 32 captive-born eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) for eight month ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.applanim.2018.03.007

48. Discovery of an Australian Chelonia mydas papillomavirus via green turtle primary cell culture and qPCR

Author:
Narges Mashkour; Alicia Maclaine; Graham W. Burgess; Ellen Ariel
Source:
Journal of virological methods 2018 v.258 pp. 13-23
ISSN:
0166-0934
Subject:
Bohle iridovirus; Chelonia mydas; Mycoplasma; Papillomaviridae; Terrapene carolina; cell culture; cell lines; coasts; cytopathogenicity; diagnostic techniques; eggs; fetal bovine serum; foraging; genes; islands; karyotyping; mitochondrial DNA; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; skin neoplasms; turtles; viruses; Queensland
Abstract:
... The number of reptilian viruses detected are continuously increasing due to improvements and developments of new diagnostic techniques. In this case we used primary cell culture and qPCR to describe the first Australian Chelonia mydas papillomavirus. Commercial chelonian cell lines are limited to one cell line from a terrestrial turtle (Terrapene Carolina). To establish primary cultures from green ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.04.004

49. Ecology of neonate eastern box turtles with prescribed fire implications

Author:
Patrick B. Laarman; Paul W. Keenlance; Joseph T. Altobelli; Chris M. Schumacher; Phillip Huber; Joseph J. Jacquot; Jennifer A. Moore
Source:
journal of wildlife management 2018 v.82 no.7 pp. 1385-1395
ISSN:
0022-541X
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; canopy; edge effects; forests; highlands; land cover; logit analysis; mortality; neonates; nests; overwintering; prescribed burning; radio telemetry; risk; wildlife management; Huron-Manistee National Forest; Michigan
Abstract:
... Little is known about the movements and behavior of neonate eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). We investigated spatial ecology of neonate eastern box turtles at 4 upland openings in the Manistee National Forest, Michigan, USA, 2012–2016. We protected nests and used radio‐telemetry to document dispersal from nests, land cover types used for overwintering, and residency time of neona ...
DOI:
10.1002/jwmg.21503

50. Effects of gap-based silviculture on thermal biology of a terrestrial reptile

Author:
Mickey Agha; Brian D. Todd; Ben Augustine; John M. Lhotka; Leo J. Fleckenstein; Mariah Lewis; Clint Patterson; Jeffrey W. Stringer; Steven J. Price
Source:
Wildlife research 2018 v.45 no.1 pp. 72-81
ISSN:
1448-5494
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; ambient temperature; body temperature; canopy gaps; clearcutting; forests; harvesting; microhabitats; reproduction; silvicultural practices; turtles
Abstract:
... Context. Terrestrial reptiles require varied thermal environments to promote optimal physiological performance, growth, reproduction, and survival. Aims. Our study was designed to determine whether gap-based silvicultural practices offer suitable thermal environments for eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) by examining environmental temperature variation and body temperature of eastern box tu ...

51. Evaluation of acupuncture points governing vessels 1 and 26 on anesthetic recovery of eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Anthony J. Cerreta; Meghan E. Walker; Tara M. Harrison
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2018 v.49 no.4 pp. 870-874
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; abscess; acupuncture; anesthesia; anesthetics; breathing; intramuscular injection; postoperative complications; probability; turtles
Abstract:
... Intramuscular administration of anesthetic agents in chelonians may result in a prolonged (≥1 hr) return of spontaneous movement and breathing, which increases the probability for peri- and postoperative complications. The acupuncture point governing vessel (GV)-26 has been demonstrated to reduce anesthetic recovery times from inhalant anesthesia in other species. In this study, 30 eastern box tur ...
DOI:
10.1638/2018-0005.1

52. Identification of Hemotropic Mycoplasmas in an Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) and a Yellow-bellied Slider (Trachemys scripta scripta) from North Carolina, USA

Author:
Jo Jarred; Gregory A. Lewbart; Kelsey Stover; Brittany Thomas; Ricardo Maggi; Edward B. Breitschwerdt
Source:
Journal of wildlife diseases 2018 v.54 no.2 pp. 371-374
ISSN:
0090-3558
Subject:
Bartonella; DNA; Mycoplasma; Terrapene carolina; Trachemys scripta scripta; genetic similarity; necropsy; polymerase chain reaction; ribosomal RNA; spleen; turtles; North Carolina
Abstract:
... Mycoplasma spp. are known from several chelonian and other reptilian species. We determined if turtles obtained by the Turtle Rescue Team at North Carolina State University are carriers of hemotropic Mycoplasma or Bartonella spp. Spleen samples were collected at necropsy during May through July, 2014 from 53 turtles of seven species. All turtles were dead or were euthanized upon arrival due to sev ...
DOI:
10.7589/2017-07-153

53. Tissue enzyme activities in free-living eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Laura Adamovicz; John Griffioen; Anthony Cerreta; Gregory A. Lewbart; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2019 v.50 no.1 pp. 45-54
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; alanine transaminase; alkaline phosphatase; aspartate transaminase; creatine kinase; enzyme activity; gall bladder; gamma-glutamyltransferase; gastrointestinal system; glutamate dehydrogenase; kidneys; liver; lungs; myocardium; pancreas; reptiles; skeletal muscle; spleen
Abstract:
... Plasma biochemical enzymes are commonly assayed as part of a diagnostic evaluation for zoological species, but their interpretation is complicated by a lack of knowledge about tissue of origin in many reptiles. This study evaluated tissue specificity of six biochemical enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], creatine kinase [CK], gamma ...
DOI:
10.1638/2018-0079

54. Water exchange relationships predict overwintering behavior in hatchling turtles

Author:
M.P. Figueras; B.A. Bastarache; R.L. Burke
Source:
Canadian journal of zoology 2018 v.96 no.8 pp. 928-932
ISSN:
1480-3283
Subject:
Glyptemys insculpta; Malaclemys terrapin; Terrapene carolina; body size; cold; drought tolerance; ectothermy; environmental hazards; freezing; hatching; microhabitats; nests; overwintering; predation; risk; temperate zones; turtles; winter
Abstract:
... Neonatal ectotherms face a wide range of environmental hazards because of the diverse habitats that they inhabit and their small body sizes; this is especially true among turtles that live in temperate zones and experience cold winter conditions after hatching. Such hatchlings must balance challenges involving desiccation, freezing, and predation, among other threats. Turtle hatchlings either over ...
DOI:
10.1139/cjz-2017-0132

55. Characterizing the 25-hydroxyvitamin d status of two populations of free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Megan K. Watson; John Byrd; Christopher A. Phillips; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2017 v.48 no.3 pp. 742-747
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; calcium; hyperparathyroidism; turtles; ultraviolet radiation; vitamin D; vitamin D deficiency; vitamin status; Illinois; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Ultraviolet B radiation is recommended for captive reptiles to stimulate production of adequate levels of vitamin D; however, little is known regarding the vitamin D status in many free-ranging populations. Current reference ranges for vitamin D in eastern box turtles have not yet been established. Sixty free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from two well-studied populatio ...
DOI:
10.1638/2016-0236.1

56. Consistently bolder turtles maintain higher body temperatures in the field but may experience greater predation risk

Author:
E. A. Free Kashon; Bradley E. Carlson
Source:
Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 2018 v.72 no.1 pp. 9
ISSN:
0340-5443
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; body temperature; ectothermy; environmental factors; fecundity; mortality; natural selection; phenotype; predation; risk; turtles
Abstract:
... Behavioral ecologists have assumed that animals will optimize behavior to match their current situation, yet studies reveal limited behavioral flexibility and extensive variation among individuals in their response to a similar stimulus. This phenomenon is referred to as “animal personality,” and recent efforts seek to determine the implications of personality for interactions with the biotic and ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00265-017-2428-8

57. Detection of Ranavirus in Eastern Fence Lizards and Eastern Box Turtles in Central Virginia

Author:
Rachel M. Goodman; Kristian M. Hargadon; E. Davis Carter
Source:
Northeastern naturalist 2018 v.25 no.3 pp. 391-398
ISSN:
1092-6194
Subject:
Ranavirus; Sceloporus undulatus; Terrapene carolina; amphibians; mortality; pathogens; screening; surveys; tissues; turtles; Virginia
Abstract:
... Ranaviruses are a group of emerging infectious pathogens that threaten reptiles around the world; however, their geographic and taxonomic distribution in wild reptiles is understudied relative to amphibians. We sampled tissues from 2 reptile species: Terrapene Carolina carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) and Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern Fence Lizard) in central Virginia to determine if they carried the ...
DOI:
10.1656/045.025.0306

58. Detection of copathogens in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) in illinois and tennessee

Author:
Grace A. Archer; Christopher A. Phillips; Laura Adamovicz; Mark Band; John Byrd; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2017 v.48 no.4 pp. 1127-1134
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Adenoviridae; Ambystoma tigrinum virus; Anaplasma; Bohle iridovirus; Borrelia burgdorferi; Coccidiomorphea; Herpesviridae; Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus; Mycoplasma agassizii; Salmonella; Terrapene carolina; blood sampling; disease resistance; epizootic diseases; microbial detection; models; morbidity; mortality; pathogens; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; surveys; tortoises; Illinois; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Conservation efforts are investigating the impact of diseases within a species of interest, including prevalence and transmission and morbidity and mortality rates. However, the majority of these studies focus solely on the characteristics of a single pathogen. Recently, the role of copathogens has been reported to impact disease susceptibility and mortality. To that effect, a survey was conducted ...
DOI:
10.1638/2017-0148R.1

59. Detection of ranavirus using bone marrow harvested from mortality events in eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Claire E. Butkus; Matthew C. Allender; Christopher A. Phillips; Laura A. Adamovicz
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2017 v.48 no.4 pp. 1210-1214
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Frog virus 3; Terrapene carolina; biologists; bone marrow; frogs; harvesting; monitoring; mortality; pathogens; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; turtles; veterinarians; wildlife
Abstract:
... The causes of free-living chelonian mortality events are often unknown because of infrequent recovery of remains and rapid postmortem decomposition. This study describes a technique to harvest bone marrow and detect frog virus 3-like ranavirus (FV3) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction in skeletonized eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) (N = 87), and assesses agreement with c ...
DOI:
10.1638/2017-0098.1

60. Morbidity and mortality of wild turtles at a north carolina wildlife clinic: a 10-year retrospective

Author:
Alexandra Sack; Eric Butler; Peter Cowen; Gregory A. Lewbart
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2017 v.48 no.3 pp. 716-724
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Chelydra serpentina; Chrysemys picta; Pseudemys; Terrapene carolina; abscess; gravid females; head; humans; medical records; morbidity; mortality; myiasis; patients; respiratory tract diseases; risk; turtles; veterinary medicine; wildlife; North Carolina
Abstract:
... The medical records from 1,847 wild turtle patients seen between 2005 and 2014 by the Turtle Rescue Team at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine were analyzed. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina; n = 947), yellow-bellied sliders (Trachemys scripta scripta; n = 301), cooters (Pseudemys spp.; n = 235), common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina; n = 165) ...
DOI:
10.1638/2016-0053.1

61. Translocated and Resident Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene c. carolina) in New York: Movement Patterns and Habitat Use

Author:
Megan C. Henriquez; Suzanne K. Macey; Erin E. Baker; Lisa B. Kelly; Rachel L. Betts; Michael J. Rubbo; J. Alan Clark
Source:
Northeastern naturalist 2017 v.24 no.3 pp. 249-266
ISSN:
1092-6194
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; conservation areas; data collection; habitats; hibernation; home range; turtles; New York
Abstract:
... Translocation of animals to new habitats is a common conservation management strategy but is of uncertain effectiveness. Terrapene c. carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) are often the subject of translocation efforts. To understand the effectiveness of this strategy, we radio-tracked 19 translocated and 7 resident Eastern Box Turtles to assess movement patterns and habitat use, including hibernacula sel ...
DOI:
10.1656/045.024.0303

62. Use of computed tomography–guided percarapacial ovocentesis in the management of dystocia in an eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina)

Author:
Michael J. Adkesson
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2018 v.49 no.4 pp. 1007-1011
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; adverse effects; animals; biopsy; computed tomography; dystocia; eggs; medicine; oviducts; oxytocin; veterinary medicine
Abstract:
... Computed tomography (CT)–guided percarapacial ovocentesis in an Eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) was performed after medical management failed to resolve dystocia related to an irregular, oversized egg (38 × 30 × 35 mm). A 2.38-mm Steinmann pin was drilled through the carapace at the dorsal aspect of the seventh marginal scute, allowing introduction of an 18-ga needle through the carapace a ...
DOI:
10.1638/2017-0176.1

63. A turtle cognition research demonstration enhances visitor engagement and keeper‐animal relationships

Author:
Andrew C. Alba; Katherine A. Leighty; Victoria L. Pittman Courte; Alison P. Grand; Tamara L. Bettinger
Source:
Zoo biology 2017 v.36 no.4 pp. 243-249
ISSN:
0733-3188
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; animal welfare; aquariums; cognition; environmental enrichment; learning; professionals; questionnaires; researchers; turtles; zoos
Abstract:
... Environmental enrichment techniques present animals with cognitive challenges while providing them opportunities to make choices and exert control over their environment. In this way, cognitive research and training is enriching to animals and can be used as a form of enrichment in zoos and aquariums. Cognitive research demonstrations also provide an opportunity to enhance visitor experience, as w ...
DOI:
10.1002/zoo.21373

64. Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina bauri) on Ancient, Anthropogenic Shell Work Islands in the Ten Thousand Islands Mangrove Estuary, Florida, USA

Author:
Source:
Journal of herpetology 2016 v.50 no.1 pp. 94-101
ISSN:
0022-1511
Subject:
Procyon lotor; Terrapene carolina; adults; body size; ecosystems; ecotones; estuaries; females; forests; habitats; hardwood; islands; males; mechanization; population size; predation; turtles; Florida
Abstract:
... We investigated the ecology, distribution, and density of Florida Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina bauri Taylor, 1895) populations in the Ten Thousand Islands (TTI), an estuarine mangrove ecosystem in southwestern Florida. The distribution and ecology of Box Turtles in this region and this habitat type have not been previously investigated. The study area encompassed 18 islands and included five nat ...
DOI:
10.1670/13-149

65. Clinical Mycoplasma sp. Infections in Free-living Three-toed Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis) in Missouri, USA

Author:
Palmer Jamie L.; Blake Stephen; Wellehan James F. X.; Childress April L.; Deem Sharon L.
Source:
Journal of wildlife diseases 2016 v.52 no.2 pp. 378-382
ISSN:
0090-3558
Subject:
Mycoplasma; Terrapene carolina; birds; edema; fish; gophers; mycoplasmosis; nose; pathogens; polymerase chain reaction; respiratory tract diseases; tortoises; turtles; weight loss; Missouri
Abstract:
... Mycoplasma species, which can cause upper respiratory tract disease (URTD), are significant pathogens of birds, mammals, fish, and reptiles. Mycoplasmosis is of high concern for chelonian conservation, with the most well-documented cases in gopher and desert tortoises. Mycoplasma sp. infections have been reported in captive and free-living box turtles (Terrapene spp.). We documented URTD associate ...
DOI:
10.7589/2015-07-189

66. Development and validation of quantitative PCR for detection of Terrapene herpesvirus 1 utilizing free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Lauren P. Kane; David Bunick; Mohamed Abd-Eldaim; Elena Dzhaman; Matthew C. Allender
Source:
Journal of virological methods 2016 v.232 pp. 57-61
ISSN:
0166-0934
Subject:
DNA-directed DNA polymerase; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae infections; Terrapene carolina; epidemiology; genes; morbidity; mortality; pathogens; plasmids; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; respiratory system; viruses
Abstract:
... Diseases that affect the upper respiratory tract (URT) in chelonians have been well described as a significant contributor of morbidity and mortality. Specifically, herpesviruses are common pathogens in captive chelonians worldwide, but their importance on free-ranging populations is less well known. Historical methods for the diagnosis of herpesvirus infections include virus isolation and convent ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.002

67. Influences on Standard Metabolism in Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina)

Author:
C.M. Gienger; Eva M. Urdiales
Source:
Chelonian conservation and biology 2017 v.16 no.2 pp. 159-163
ISSN:
1943-3956
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; body temperature; energy; environmental factors; evolution; life history; metabolism
Abstract:
... Knowledge of species-specific patterns of energy use is important for understanding the evolution of life histories as well as for determining how species might respond to alterations in environmental conditions. We measured standard metabolic rates (SMRs) in 59 Eastern Box Turtles (mass range = 106−510 g) and determined how differences in body mass and body temperature (20°C vs. 30°C) influenced ...
DOI:
10.2744/CCB-1252.1

68. Modeling Hematologic and Biochemical Parameters with Spatiotemporal Analysis for the Free-Ranging Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Illinois and Tennessee, a Potential Biosentinel

Author:
Terrell C. Lloyd; Matthew C. Allender; Grace Archer; Christopher A. Phillips; John Byrd; A. Russell Moore
Source:
EcoHealth 2016 v.13 no.3 pp. 467-479
ISSN:
1612-9202
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; aspartate transaminase; bile acids; calcium; clearcutting; creatine kinase; environmental health; habitats; hematocrit; home range; indicator species; interspecific variation; leukocytes; models; phosphorus; total solids; turtles; uric acid; variance; Illinois; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Box turtles are long-lived, inhabit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and have relatively small home ranges making them a suitable candidate as a sentinel. To characterize their changes in response to environmental health, assessment of observed variation of this species is required. Thus, a comparative health assessment was employed in 825 Eastern box turtles in east central Illinois and Oak ...
DOI:
10.1007/s10393-016-1142-8

69. Multi-drug resistance patterns of enteric bacteria in two populations of free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Cari Rasmussen; Matthew C. Allender; Christopher A. Phillips; John Byrd; Terrell Lloyd; Carol Maddox
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2017 v.48 no.3 pp. 708-715
ISSN:
1937-2825
Subject:
Gram-positive bacteria; Terrapene carolina; amikacin; ampicillin; antibiotic resistance; cefazolin; cefovecin; cefoxitin; ceftiofur; chloramphenicol; clindamycin; enrofloxacin; erythromycin; gentamicin; hematocrit; intestinal microorganisms; leukocyte count; leukocytes; marbofloxacin; multiple drug resistance; oxacillin; ticarcillin; total solids; turtles; Illinois; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Gram-negative isolates (n = 84) from 71% of free-ranging Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Illinois and Tennessee, United States, demonstrated resistance to at least one antibiotic while 30% of isolates demonstrated resistance to two or more antibiotics. Resistance was observed against cefoxitin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefazolin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, cefovecin, and cef ...
DOI:
10.1638/2016-0194.1

70. Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953 (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae) from the Gulf Coast Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina major (Agassiz, 1857) (Testudines: Emydidae) in Mississippi, U.S.A.

Author:
Richardson Dennis J.; McAllister Chris T.; Heaton Andrew J.; Pulis Eric E.; Moser William E.
Source:
Comparative parasitology 2016 v.83 no.2 pp. 272-274
ISSN:
1525-2647
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; coasts; geographical distribution; turtles; Mississippi
Abstract:
... Fourteen individuals of the leech Placobdella multilineata were found feeding on a Gulf Coast box turtle, Terrapene carolina major, collected in Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A., representing a new host and state geographic distribution record. This represents the first vouchered report of a leech from any North American box turtle. ...
DOI:
10.1654/4803s.1

71. Prevalence of terrapene herpesvirus 1 in free-ranging eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) in tennessee and illinois, usa

Author:
Lauren P. Kane; Matthew C. Allender; Grace Archer; Elena Dzhaman; John Pauley; A. Russell Moore; Marilyn O. Ruiz; Rebecca L. Smith; John Byrd; Christopher A. Phillips
Source:
Journal of wildlife diseases 2017 v.53 no.2 pp. 285-295
ISSN:
0090-3558
Subject:
DNA; Herpesviridae; Terrapene carolina; adults; epidemiology; females; hematocrit; juveniles; lymphocytes; males; monocytes; mucosa; multivariate analysis; odds ratio; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; respiratory system; signs and symptoms (animals and humans); total solids; turtles; viruses; Illinois; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Diseases affecting the upper respiratory tract, such as herpesviruses, are well described in captive chelonians worldwide, but their importance in free-ranging populations is less well known. To characterize the disease epidemiology of terrapene herpesvirus 1 (TerHV1), 409 free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in Tennessee and Illinois, US were tested for TerHV1 in 2013 an ...
DOI:
10.7589/2016-06-138

72. Coinfection with a novel fibropapilloma-associated herpesvirus and a novel Spirorchis sp. in an eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) in Florida

Author:
Sara B. Yonkers; Renata Schneider; Drury R. Reavill; Linda L. Archer; April L. Childress; James F. X. Wellehan
Source:
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v.27 no.4 pp. 408-413
ISSN:
1943-4936
Subject:
Trematoda; legs; macrophages; Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5; disease severity; quality of life; dermis; mixed infection; pathogens; sequence analysis; giant cells; sea turtles; polymerase chain reaction; granuloma; Terrapene carolina; blood flukes; biopsy; trematode infections; eggs; wildlife; remission; inflammation; cardiovascular system; Florida
Abstract:
... Herpesviruses are important pathogens of chelonians, and include Chelonid herpesvirus 5, which is associated with fibropapillomatosis in sea turtles. Spirorchid trematodes are blood flukes that reside within the cardiovascular system of marine turtles and may be associated with severe disease. An eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) at the South Florida Wildlife Care Center (Fort Lauderdale, Fl ...
DOI:
10.1177/1040638715589612

73. Concurrent Phaeohyphomycosis and Ranavirus Infection in an Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina) in Athens, Georgia, USA

Author:
Perpiñán David; Blas-Machado Uriel; Sánchez Susan; Miller Debra L.
Source:
Journal of wildlife diseases 2016 v.52 no.3 pp. 742-745
ISSN:
0090-3558
Subject:
Ranavirus; Terrapene carolina; mixed infection; streams; turtles; Georgia
Abstract:
... An eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) was found in a stream in the southeastern US, with a mass affecting the distal right forelimb. The turtle developed complications during hospitalization, including lethargy and oral caseous plaques and eventually died. Postmortem analyses diagnosed a mixed infection of phaeohyphomycosis and Ranavirus. ...
DOI:
10.7589/2014-08-195

74. Consequences of individual removal on persistence of a protected population of long‐lived turtles

Author:
C. K. Dodd; V. Rolland; M. K. Oli
Source:
Animal conservation 2016 v.19 no.4 pp. 369-379
ISSN:
1367-9430
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; cold; data collection; drought; habitat destruction; habitats; hurricanes; mark-recapture studies; population growth; population size; population structure; sociodemographic characteristics; turtles; Florida
Abstract:
... Box turtles Terrapene carolina are long‐lived vertebrates found in many habitats throughout eastern North America. Because they routinely live >30–70 years, individuals and populations likely face periodic catastrophic effects from habitat alteration, such as hurricanes and other violent storms, flooding, and climatic perturbations such as cold or drought. We used a dataset based on a 16‐year mark ...
DOI:
10.1111/acv.12253

75. Experimental challenge study of fv3-like ranavirus infection in previously fv3-like ranavirus infected eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) to assess infection and survival

Author:
Hausmann Jennifer C.; Wack Allison N.; Allender Matthew C.; Cranfield Mike R.; Murphy Kevin J.; Barrett Kevin; Romero Jennell L.; Wellehan James F. X.; Blum Stella A.; Zink M. Christine; Bronson Ellen
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2015 v.46 no.4 pp. 732-746
ISSN:
1042-7260
Subject:
Herpesviridae infections; Ranavirus; Terrapene carolina; blood; frogs; hibernation; immunity; inclusion bodies; mouth; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; spleen; summer; turtles; viral shedding; viruses; zoos; Maryland
Abstract:
... The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore experienced an outbreak of Frog virus-3 (FV3)-like ranavirus during the summer of 2011, during which 14 of 27 (52%) of its captive eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) survived. To assess survival, immunity, and viral shedding, an experimental challenge study was performed in which the surviving, previously infected turtles were reinfected with the outbre ...
DOI:
10.1638/2015-0022.1

76. Internal Body Temperatures of an Overwintering Adult Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle)

Author:
Burke Russell L.; Calle Paul P.; Figueras Miranda P.; Green Timothy M.
Source:
Northeastern naturalist 2016 v.23 no.3 pp. 364-366
ISSN:
1092-6194
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; adults; air temperature; body temperature; cold; data collection; freezing; overwintering; snowpack; turtles
Abstract:
... Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) is the only turtle species in which adults are known to be tolerant of freezing. We report the first systematically collected data on internal body temperatures of an overwintering Eastern Box Turtle. Despite nearby air temperatures as low as -21.8 °C, this turtle probably supercooled rather than froze. Snow cover, thermal inertia, and the insulating effects ...
DOI:
10.1656/045.023.0304

77. Ranavirus epizootic in captive eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) with concurrent herpesvirus and mycoplasma infection: management and monitoring

Author:
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2016 v.47 no.1 pp. 256-270
ISSN:
1042-7260
Subject:
Frog virus 3; Mycoplasma; Terrapene carolina; ambient temperature; antibiotics; epizootic diseases; fluid therapy; monitoring; necropsy; nutritional support; pathogens; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; survival rate; tissues; turtles; viruses; Maryland
Abstract:
... Frog virus 3 (FV3) and FV3-like viruses are members of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) and are becoming recognized as significant pathogens of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) in North America. In July 2011, 5 turtles from a group of 27 in Maryland, USA, presented dead or lethargic with what was later diagnosed as fibrinonecrotic stomatitis and cloacitis. The presence of ...
DOI:
10.1638/2015-0048.1

78. Spring emergence of Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina): influences of individual variation and scale of temperature correlates

Author:
Brett A. DeGregorio; Tracey D. Tuberville; Robert A. Kennamer; Bess B. Harris; I. Lehr Brisbin
Source:
Canadian journal of zoology 2016 v.95 no.1 pp. 23-30
ISSN:
0008-4301
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; air temperature; burrowing; dormancy; environmental factors; habitats; life history; meteorological data; mortality; probability; soil; surface temperature; turtles; weather stations
Abstract:
... Many organisms spend considerable time in dormancy to avoid stressful environmental conditions. Understanding the timing and triggers of dormancy behavior is critical for understanding an animal’s life history and behavior. Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina (L., 1758)) avoid winter temperatures by burrowing into the soil and remaining dormant. Identifying the proximate environmental cues tha ...
DOI:
10.1139/cjz-2016-0149

79. Health assessment of free-living eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina) in and around the maryland zoo in baltimore 1996–2011

Author:
Adamovicz Laura; Bronson Ellen; Barrett Kevin; Deem Sharon L.
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2015 v.46 no.1 pp. 39-51
ISSN:
1042-7260
Subject:
Mycoplasma agassizii; Terrapene carolina; albumins; antibodies; calcium; cholesterol; clinical examination; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; females; globulins; heterophils; leukocyte count; males; mycoplasmosis; phosphorus; potassium; protein content; sodium; total solids; turtles; zoos; Maryland
Abstract:
... Health data for free-living eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) at the Maryland Zoo in Baltimore were analyzed. One hundred and eighteen turtles were captured on or near zoo grounds over the course of 15 yr (1996–2011), with recapture of many individuals leading to 208 total evaluations. Of the 118 individuals, 61 were male, 50 were female, and 7 were of undetermined sex. Of the 208 ...
DOI:
10.1638/2014-0066R.1

80. Identification of a novel herpesvirus in captive Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Richard R. Sim; Terry M. Norton; Ellen Bronson; Matthew C. Allender; Nancy Stedman; April L. Childress; James F.X. Wellehan
Source:
Veterinary microbiology 2015 v.175 no.2-4 pp. 218-223
ISSN:
0378-1135
Subject:
Alphaherpesvirinae; Herpesviridae infections; Terrapene carolina; adults; histopathology; nuclear inclusions; pathogens; polymerase chain reaction; respiratory tract diseases; sequence analysis; tissues; turtles
Abstract:
... Herpesviruses are significant pathogens of chelonians which most commonly cause upper respiratory tract disease and necrotizing stomatitis. Herpesvirus infection was identified in two populations of captive Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) using histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with DNA sequencing. Necrotizing lesions with eosinophilic to amphophilic intranuclear ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.11.029

81. Effects of Prescribed Fire on the Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene Carolina Carolina)

Author:
Howey Christopher A.F.; Roosenburg Willem M.
Source:
Northeastern naturalist 2013 v.20 no.3 pp. 493-497
ISSN:
1092-6194
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; adverse effects; body condition; home range; prescribed burning; turtles
Abstract:
... While conducting an on-going project investigating the effects of prescribed fire on reptile communities, 31 Terrapene Carolina Carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) were captured in burned and unburned study sites; some with extensive injuries that were likely caused by a recent prescribed burn. In order to determine if the disturbance had any negative effects on the turtles, we recorded morphometries, m ...
DOI:
10.1656/045.020.0312

82. Evidence of Ranavirus Infections among Sympatric Larval Amphibians and Box Turtles

Author:
Currylow Andrea F.; Johnson April J.; Williams Rod N.
Source:
Journal of Herpetology 2014 v.48 no.1 pp. 117-121
ISSN:
0022-1511
Subject:
Ambystoma; Anura; Ranavirus; Terrapene carolina; cross contamination; disease reservoirs; herpetofauna; larvae; pathogens; risk; salamanders and newts; turtles; viruses; Indiana
Abstract:
... Ranaviruses are emerging as serious pathogens across ectothermic taxa, recently causing mass die-offs including entire chelonian populations. Amphibians may serve as reservoirs for chelonian infections. To assess this idea and determine whether chelonians in the Midwest are infected with (or at risk for) ranavirus infections, we tested for presence of ranavirus infections among sympatric larval am ...
DOI:
10.1670/12-235

83. Plasma electrophoretic profiles and hemoglobin binding protein reference intervals in the eastern box turtle (terrapene carolina carolina) and influences of age, sex, season, and location

Author:
Flower Jennifer E.; Byrd John; Cray Carolyn; Allender Matthew C.
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2014 v.45 no.4 pp. 836-842
ISSN:
1042-7260
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; acute phase proteins; adults; albumins; autumn; binding proteins; blood sampling; electrophoresis; females; globulins; haptoglobins; hemoglobin; juveniles; males; medicine; protein content; spring; summer; turtles; Illinois; Tennessee
Abstract:
... Evaluation of plasma electrophoretic profiles and acute phase protein concentrations may play a valuable role in health assessment of reptiles; however, little is known about reference intervals in free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). The purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals of protein electrophoretic profiles and hemoglobin binding protein ([HBP] a ...
DOI:
10.1638/2014-0035.1

84. Susceptibility of Fish and Turtles to Three Ranaviruses Isolated from Different Ectothermic Vertebrate Classes

Author:
Roberto Brenes; Debra L. Miller; Thomas. B. Waltzek; Rebecca P. Wilkes; Jennifer L. Tucker; Jordan C. Chaney; Rebecca H. Hardman; Mabre D. Brand; Rebecca R. Huether; Matthew J. Gray
Source:
Journal of aquatic animal health 2014 v.26 no.2 pp. 118-126
ISSN:
1548-8667
Subject:
Frog virus 3; Gambusia affinis; Ictalurus punctatus; Lithobates catesbeianus; Scaphirhynchus albus; Terrapene carolina; amphibians; fish; juveniles; mortality; pathogens; turtles; Florida; Mississippi
Abstract:
... Ranaviruses have been associated with mortality of lower vertebrates around the world. Frog virus 3 (FV3)-like ranaviruses have been isolated from different ectothermic vertebrate classes; however, few studies have demonstrated whether this pathogen can be transmitted among classes. Using FV3-like ranaviruses isolated from the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus , eastern box turtle Terrapen ...
DOI:
10.1080/08997659.2014.886637

85. Body temperatures of selected amphibian and reptile species

Author:
Raske Matthew; Lewbart Gregory A.; Dombrowski Daniel S.; Hale Peyton; Correa Maria; Christian Larry S.
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2012 v.43 no.3 pp. 517-521
ISSN:
1042-7260
Subject:
Anura; Clemmys guttata; Elaphe obsoleta; Pantherophis guttatus; Terrapene carolina; air; alligators; ambient temperature; amphibians; body temperature; health services; heart rate; moles; respiratory rate; snakes; turtles; water temperature
Abstract:
... Ectothermic vertebrates are a diverse group of animals that rely on external sources to maintain a preferred body temperature. Amphibians and reptiles have a preferred optimal temperature zone that allows for optimal biological function. Physiologic processes in ectotherms are influenced by temperature; these animals have capabilities in which they make use of behavioral and physiologic mechanisms ...
DOI:
10.1638/2011-0244R.1

86. Comparative Histology, Histochemistry, and Ultrastructure of Rathke's Glands in Hatchlings of Two Species of North American Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina and Terrapene ornata)

Author:
Trauth Stanley E.; Plummer Michael V.
Source:
Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2013 v.12 no.2 pp. 268-274
ISSN:
1071-8443
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; epithelium; glycoproteins; histochemistry; keratinosomes; lipids; striated muscle; turtles; ultrastructure; vacuoles; wildlife management
Abstract:
... We examined the histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of Rathke's glands in hatchlings of the three-toed box turtle, Terrapene carolina triunguis, and the desert box turtle, Terrapene ornata luteola. Both species possess one pair (axillary) of Rathke's glands, which are similar anatomically and histochemically to one another. Each gland is composed of a single, highly vascularized secretor ...
DOI:
10.2744/CCB-0913.1

87. Evaluation of cyclooxygenase protein expression in traumatized versus normal tissues from eastern box turtles (terrapene carolina carolina)

Author:
Royal Lillian W; Lascelles B. Duncan X; Lewbart Gregory A; Correa Maria T; Jones Samuel L
Source:
Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 2012 v.43 no.2 pp. 289-295
ISSN:
1042-7260
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; Western blotting; inflammation; kidneys; liver; liver protein; muscle tissues; muscles; nephrotoxicity; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents; prostaglandin synthase; protein synthesis; proteins; turtles
Abstract:
... This pilot study was designed to determine whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, or both are expressed in normal turtle tissues and whether level of expression changes when tissue becomes inflamed. Five eastern box turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina, that either died or were euthanatized due to disease or injuries were used for this work. Tissues were obtained from the five turtles. Western blo ...
DOI:
10.1638/2011-0154.1

88. Notes on the Nesting Ecology of Eastern Box Turtles near the Northern Limit of their Range

Author:
Willey Lisabeth L.; Sievert Paul R.
Source:
Northeastern naturalist 2012 v.19 no.3 pp. 361-372
ISSN:
1092-6194
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; clutch size; eggs; females; habitats; hatching; nesting; nesting sites; nests; oviposition; turtles; Massachusetts
Abstract:
... We evaluated the nesting ecology of Terrapene Carolina Carolina (Eastern Box Turtle) near their northern range limit in Massachusetts. We identified 34 nests in 2005 and 2006 at 4 study sites, and measured clutch size, nest success, hatchling size, and habitat characteristics at each site. Mean clutch size was 5.87 eggs, and egg survival was approximately 50% to hatching, excluding depredation. La ...
DOI:
10.1656/045.019.0301

89. Helminth parasites of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from southern Indiana, USA

Author:
P. Moraga; J.M. Kinsella; M.S. Sepúlveda
Source:
Journal of helminthology 2012 v.86 no.1 pp. 38-40
ISSN:
1475-2697
Subject:
Digenea (Trematoda); Falcaustra; Terrapene carolina; bladder; ectoparasites; fauna; gastrointestinal system; gonads; heart; helminths; kidneys; liver; parasitism; parasitoses; road kills; turtles; Indiana
Abstract:
... Very little is known about parasitic diseases of eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). The objective of this study was to examine the parasitic fauna of eastern box turtles collected from southern Indiana, USA. Turtles (n = 40) were salvaged mostly as road kills from southern Indiana between May and October 2009. Seven species of helminths in total were found parasitizing the gastroin ...
DOI:
10.1017/S0022149X11000034
PubMed:
21294936

90. Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the three-toed box turtle (Terrapene carolina triunguis) and cross-amplification in other Terrapene species

Author:
BUCHMAN, A.B.; DEATON, R.; RANDLE, C.P.; BRUMMEL, T.; WILSON, E.D.; LUTTERSCHMIDT, W.I.
Source:
Molecular ecology resources 2009 v.9 no.4 pp. 1169-1171
ISSN:
1755-0998
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; loci; microsatellite repeats; turtles; Texas
Abstract:
... We isolated and characterized eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for a Texas population of three-toed box turtle, Terrapene carolina triunguis, using a refined hybridization capture procedure. All eight primer pairs amplified successfully at all loci in seven Texas ornate box turtles (T. ornata ornata). Due to the decline and conservation concerns of North American box turtles, these isolated m ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02593.x
PubMed:
21564865

91. Predicted climate change may spark box turtle declines

Author:
Malcolm McCallum; Jamie McCallum; Stanley Trauth
Source:
Amphibia-reptilia v.30 no.2 pp. 259-264
ISSN:
0173-5373
Subject:
Terrapene carolina; ambient temperature; climate change; ectothermy; extinction; fecundity; greenhouse gases; models; rain; risk
Abstract:
... How will organisms deal with Climate change? Ectotherms such as reptiles and amphibians are especially at risk due to their metabolic ties to the environment and their general inability to migrate with changing climates over short time frames. We modeled the growth response of Three-toed Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis) to fluctuations in ambient temperature and precipitation. Then we ex ...
DOI:
10.1163/156853809788201072

92. Roads as barriers to animal movement in fragmented landscapes

Author:
Shepard, D.B.; Kuhns, A.R.; Dreslik, M.J.; Phillips, C.A.
Source:
Animal conservation 2008 v.11 no.4 pp. 288-296
ISSN:
1367-9430
Subject:
Sistrurus catenatus; Terrapene carolina; adverse effects; animal behavior; extinction; gene flow; landscapes; mortality; population dynamics; radio telemetry; risk; roads; turtles
Abstract:
... Roads can act as barriers to animal movement through mortality during crossing attempts or behavioral avoidance. This barrier effect has negative demographic and genetic consequences that can ultimately result in local or regional extinction. Here we use radio-telemetry data on three terrestrial vertebrates (eastern massasauga Sistrurus catenatus, eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina and ornate b ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00183.x

93. Discrimination of predatory versus nonpredatory mammals by box turtles, Terrapene carolina

Author:
King, Roy; Gosnell, Robert; Mathis, Alicia
Source:
Chemoecology 2008 v.18 no.1 pp. 61-64
ISSN:
0937-7409
Subject:
Canis latrans; Odocoileus virginianus; Terrapene carolina; escape behavior; mammals; models; neurophysiology; turtles; urine
Abstract:
... Although terrestrial turtles have served as a model for studies of olfactory neurophysiology, little is known about how they use chemical information in an ecological sense. We tested whether box turtles (Terrapene carolina) use chemical information to distinguish between predatory and nonpredatory mammals. Box turtles in our study exhibited more escape behavior when exposed to urine from a predat ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00049-007-0393-9