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1. Natural Occurrence and Experimental Study of Pox and Haemoproteus Infections in a Mute Swan (Cygnus olor)

Author:
LEIBOVITZ LOUIS
Source:
Bulletin of the Wildlife Disease Association 1969 v.5 no.3 pp. 130-136
ISSN:
0098-373X
Subject:
Cygnus olor; Haemoproteus; beak; chickens; ducks; face; geese; pigeons; swans; tissues; wildlife diseases
Abstract:
... Pox and Haemoproteus sp. infections in a mute swan are reported. Experimental study of the swan pox isolate indicated that geese were susceptible, but chickens, ducks, and pigeons were resistant to the virus. The distinctive feature of pox infection in the swan was the invasive proliferation deep into the subcutaneous tissues of the face and beak, producing facial deformity and swelling. ...
DOI:
10.7589/0090-3558-5.3.130

2. Why Don't Boblinks Breed in Brazil?

Author:
William M. Hamner; John Stocking
Source:
Ecology 1970 v.51 no.4 pp. 743-751
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
beak; birds; body weight; color; gametogenesis; latitude; lighting; males; molting; photoperiod; summer; testes; Brazil
Abstract:
... The Bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, experiences two sets of "long" and "short" days each year during the transequatorial migration between North and South America. Increasing daylength normally stimulates gametogenesis in birds, and thus it is perplexing that Bobolinks do not also respond to the southern summer and attempt to breed in Brazil. Previous hypotheses regarding transequatorial migratio ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934060

3. Canary Pox in Sparrows and Canaries (Fringillidae) and in Weavers (Ploceidae); Pathology and Host Specificity of the Virus

Author:
W. E. Giddens; L. J. Swango; J. D. Henderson; R. A. Lewis; D. S. Farner; A. Carlos; W. C. Dolowy
Source:
Veterinary pathology v.8 no.3 pp. 260-280
ISSN:
1544-2217
Subject:
Fringillidae; Passer domesticus; Ploceidae; Zonotrichia atricapilla; animal pathology; beak; cages; canaries; chickens; cytoplasmic inclusions; dermatitis; epithelial cells; eyes; host specificity; mortality; peritonitis; pigeons; pleurisy; pneumonia; rhinitis; signs and symptoms (animals and humans); turkeys; viruses
Abstract:
... An epornitie of canary pox occurred in white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli), golden-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla), and house sparrows (Passer domesticus), which had been caught in the wild and were being studied in laboratories. Of 900 exposed birds, 100 died naturally with the disease and 200 with clinical signs, and their 600 cage mates were killed. The earliest ...
DOI:
10.1177/030098587100800308

4. Pneumoconiosis in the Captive New Zealand Kiwi

Author:
B. L. Smith; W. S. H. Poole; D. Martinovich
Source:
Veterinary pathology v.10 no.2 pp. 94-101
ISSN:
1544-2217
Subject:
animal pathology; aviaries; beak; captive animals; dust; iron; kiwis (birds); lungs; macrophages; nose; silica; New Zealand
Abstract:
... Pneumoconiosis characterised by focal accumulations of dust-laden macrophages in the bronchial walls of lungs was found in 16 captive kiwis. The dust was shown to contain a large proportion of silica, some iron and probable plant material. The condition appears to be associated with dry, dusty aviaries. It was not seen in free-living kiwis. The characteristic food-seeking habits of the kiwi and th ...
DOI:
10.1177/030098587301000202

5. The taxonomic and evolutionary significance of some juvenile characters in the Brassiceae

Author:
GÓMEZ-CAMPO, C.; TORTOSA, MARIA E.
Source:
Botanical journal of the Linnean Society 1974 v.69 no.2 pp. 105-124
ISSN:
0024-4074
Subject:
Brassica balearica; Brassica repanda; Erucastrum; Moricandia; beak; cotyledons; fruits
Abstract:
... The shape of the cotyledon lamina and a few other juvenile characters are studied for some 140 taxa of the cruciferous tribe Brassiceae. They cast a number of doubts on the present botanical status of certain taxa, such as Diplotaxis siifolia, Erucastrum cardaminoides and Brassica balearica. The whole tribe Raphaninae appears rather unnatural when viewed from cotyledon evidence, which suggests tha ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8339.1974.tb01619.x

6. Comparative Ecology of Galapagos Ground Finches (Geospiza Gould): Evaluation of the Importance of Floristic Diversity and Interspecific Competition

Author:
Ian Abbott; L. K. Abbott; P. R. Grant
Source:
Ecological monographs 1977 v.47 no.2 pp. 151-184
ISSN:
0012-9615
Subject:
Geospiza scandens; beak; biomass; body size; diet; fauna; food availability; foods; foraging; fruits; hardness; insects; interspecific competition; islands; regression analysis; seeds; species diversity; sympatry; vegetation; Galapagos Islands
Abstract:
... Distribution, abundance, diet, and beak morphology of the six Geospiza finch species were studied at eight sites on seven Galapagos islands. The resulting information was used to test the theories of Lack and Bowman that interspecific competition (Lack) and floristic and food differences among islands (Bowman) determine the ecological and morphological characteristics of the finches. Both factors ...
DOI:
10.2307/1942615

7. Evolution of the chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs, on the Atlantic Islands

Author:
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1979 v.11 no.4 pp. 301-332
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Fringilla coelebs; beak; body size; color; evolution; gene flow; islands; legs; models; wings; Azores; Canary Islands
Abstract:
... Chaflinches have differentiated within the last million years on the Canary Islands and the Azores. All island populations differ more from mainland relatives than from each other. The characteristics of island birds are large body size, short wings, long legs and beaks, and blue dorsal colour. Beak depth and width have increased on the Azores but not on the Canaries. As a consequence the Azores c ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00042.x

8. The Breeding and Feeding Characteristics of Darwin's Finches on Isla Genovesa, Galapagos

Author:
P. R. Grant; B. R. Grant
Source:
Ecological monographs 1980 v.50 no.3 pp. 381-410
ISSN:
0012-9615
Subject:
Araneae; Asio; Bursera; Geospiza scandens; Opuntia; arthropods; beak; body size; breeding; breeding season; cacti and succulents; diet; eggs; fledglings; food availability; food production; fruits; nesting; nestlings; nests; oviposition; parents; predation; rain; reproductive success; reproductive traits; seasonal variation; seeds
Abstract:
... The breeding and feeding of four species of finches were studied on Isla Genovesa, Galapagos from January to May 1978. Food supply and finch diets were studied in the nonbreeding season (November) as well. The species in order of decreasing body size were Geospiza magnirostris, G. conirostris, G. difficilis, and Certhidea olivacea. Initiation of breeding was not a simple function of body size; the ...
DOI:
10.2307/2937257

9. Does bird predation influence the spot-number variation in Maniola jurtina (Lepidoptera)

Author:
BENGTSON, S.-A.
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1981 v.15 no.1 pp. 23-27
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Lanius; Maniola jurtina; beak; birds; butterflies; females; islands; males; models; phenotype; predation; wings; Sweden
Abstract:
... For six years samples of the satyrine butterfly Maniolajurtina L. were collected on small islands in southern Sweden and scored for beak marks, i.e. damage on wings presumably resulting from attacks by birds; in the present study area mainly Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio L. An overall mean of 8% (5-1496 in different years) of the females and 1396 (10-2296) of the males had beak marks. Both sex ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00745.x

10. Chronic intracarotid cannulation of pigeons for administration of behaviorally active peptides

Author:
D. J. Wendt; H. J. Normile; Elizabeth J. Dawe; T. Trompeter; R. A. Barraco
Source:
Laboratory animals 1982 v.16 no.4 pp. 335-338
ISSN:
1758-1117
Subject:
beak; carotid arteries; catheters; heparin; laboratory animals; peptides; pigeons; polyethylene; sodium chloride; surgery
Abstract:
... Chronic intracarotid cannulation of the common carotid artery was performed in the pigeon. The catheter system of polyethylene tubing consisted of an indwelling component and an injection component. The indwelling component was exteriorized at the occiput so the bird could not reach the catheter with its beak. Following surgery, the pigeons were housed individually and received food and water ad l ...
DOI:
10.1258/002367782780935841

11. Genetic and phenotypic correlations in a natural population of song sparrows

Author:
Schluter, Dolph; Smith, James N.M.
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1986 v.29 no.1 pp. 23-36
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Fringillidae; allometry; beak; heritability; introgression; natural selection; phenotypic correlation; variance
Abstract:
... We estimated heritabilities, and genetic and phenotypic correlations between beak and body traits in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia). We compared these estimates to values for the same traits in the Galápagos finches, Geospiza (Boag, 1983; Grant, 1983). Morphological variance is low in the song sparrow, and our results show that genetic and phenotypic correlations are considerably lower than ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1986.tb01768.x

12. Tests for Similarity and Convergence of Finch Communities

Author:
Dolph Schluter
Source:
Ecology 1986 v.67 no.4 pp. 1073-1085
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Passeriformes; analysis of variance; ancestry; beak; body size; habitats; phylogeny; variance
Abstract:
... Convergence at the community level occurs when whole groups of organisms become more similar than their ancestors in a similar environment. I suggest a method for indirectly assessing community convergence, and apply it to several characteristics of finch communities in different habitats worldwide. The method is based on the analysis of variance, and has several advantages over other indirect tes ...
DOI:
10.2307/1939830

13. Diet Variation in a Population of Darwin's Finches

Author:
Trevor Price
Source:
Ecology 1987 v.68 no.4 pp. 1015-1028
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Daphne; Opuntia; Passeriformes; Tribulus; beak; cacti and succulents; diet; energy; evolution; food shortages; foods; foraging; genetic correlation; microclimate; seeds; territoriality
Abstract:
... I studied the diets of a banded population of Darwin's Medium Ground Finches (Geospiza fortis) on Isla Daphne Major, Galapagos, between 1979 and 1981. I was able to show how an individual's diet was constrained to a subset of the foods that the population as a whole exploits, and considered how an individual selected from among the foods available to it. I examined both the evolutionary and short— ...
DOI:
10.2307/1938373

14. The Evolution of Finch Communities on Islands and Continents: Kenya vs. Galapagos

Author:
Dolph Schluter
Source:
Ecological monographs 1988 v.58 no.4 pp. 229-249
ISSN:
0012-9615
Subject:
Formicidae; Passeriformes; beak; birds; community structure; diet; fauna; foraging; granivores; grasses; islands; microhabitats; predation; predators; prediction; risk; rodents; seed size; seeds; shrubs; species diversity; trees; Galapagos Islands; Kenya
Abstract:
... I describe the nonbreeding finch community of several habitats in continental Kenya, East Africa, and compare it with previously described communities of granivorous finches on Galapagos islands. The purpose of the comparison is to explore differences in structure between communities that have evolved on a continent and on an isolated archipelago, and to suggest reasons for the differences. The ul ...
DOI:
10.2307/1942538

15. Extracutaneous Viral Inclusions in Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Author:
Kenneth S. Latimer; Pauline M. Rakich; Ingrid M. Kircher; Branson W. Ritchie; Frank D. Niagro; W. L. Steffens; Phil D. Lukert
Source:
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v.2 no.3 pp. 204-207
ISSN:
1040-6387
Subject:
beak; birds; bursa of Fabricius; enzymes; esophagus; feces; inclusion bodies; intestines; liver; necropsy; palate; staining; viral antigens; viral shedding
Abstract:
... Thirty-five birds that died with naturally acquired psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) were necropsied to identify extracutaneous viral inclusions. Inclusions were found in various tissue sections from 34 of 35 birds. By immunoperoxidase staining, intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were shown to contain PBFD viral antigen. Inclusion-bearing lesions were widely disseminated ...
DOI:
10.1177/104063879000200309

16. A Novel DNA Virus Associated with Feather Inclusions in Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Author:
K. S. Latimer; P. M. Rakich; W. L. Steffens; I. M. Kircher; B. W. Ritchie; F. D. Niagro; P. D. Lukert
Source:
Veterinary pathology v.28 no.4 pp. 300-304
ISSN:
1544-2217
Subject:
Agapornis; Amazona; Beak and feather disease virus; Cacatuidae; animal pathology; beak; biopsy; cell nucleus; enzymes; epithelial cells; epithelium; feathers; histopathology; macrophages; parrots; pulp; viral antigens; virion
Abstract:
... The nature of feather inclusions was characterized in 32 psittacine birds (30 cockatoos, one peachfaced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis), and one red-lored Amazon parrot (Amazona autumnalis autumnalis)) with naturally-acquired psittacine beak and feather disease. Intranuclear inclusions within feather epithelial cells and intracytoplasmic inclusions within macrophages in the feather epithelium and ...
DOI:
10.1177/030098589102800406

17. Development and morphology of rostral cartilages in batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea), with comments on homology within vertebrates

Author:
Tsutomu Miyake; John D. Mceachran; Peter J. Walton; Brian K. Hall
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1992 v.46 no.3 pp. 259-298
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
fins; beak; Xiphias; Rhinopteridae; Scyliorhinus; Holocephali; mammals; adults; epigenetics; Cetacea; Scomberomorus; Rajidae; sharks; tadpoles; morphogenesis; cartilage; monophyly; Chlamydoselachus; Istiophoridae; Torpedo; Squatina; Myliobatidae; Dasyatis; Acanthocybium
Abstract:
... The rostral cartilages of batoid fishes were examined to elucidate their development, morphology and homology. Comparison of a variety of rostral cartilages among elasmobranchs with other groups of vertebrates shows that rostral cartilages originate embryologically from the trabecula and/or lamina orbitonasalis. Because different morphogenetic patterns of the derivatives of the two embryonic carti ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00864.x

18. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus

Author:
Branson W. Ritchie; Frank D. Niagro; Kenneth S. Latimer; W. L. Steffens; Denise Pesti; Lorraine Aron; Phil D. Luketr
Source:
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v.4 no.1 pp. 13-18
ISSN:
1040-6387
Subject:
beak; disease diagnosis; diagnostic techniques; immunohistochemistry; monoclonal antibodies; immunoglobulins; viruses; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; aviary birds; feathers; poultry
Abstract:
... Monoclonal antibodies specific for the virus that causes psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) were produced by fusing spleen cells from mice immunized with purified concentrated PBFD virus with mouse myeloma cell line Sp2/0. The resulting hybridomas were tested for reactivity against whole purified virus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Four clones, designated 15H8, 8E ...
DOI:
10.1177/104063879200400104
PubMed:
1554764

19. Papillomavirus-like infections in canaries (Serinus canarius)

Author:
Dom, P.; Ducatelle, R.; Charlier, G.; Groot, P. de.
Source:
Avian pathology 1993 v.22 no.4 pp. 797-803
ISSN:
0307-9457
Subject:
Papillomaviridae; beak; viruses; papilloma; case studies; canaries; histopathology
DOI:
10.1080/03079459308418966
PubMed:
18671063

20. Diversity in Body Size and Feeding Morphology within Past and Present Vulture Assemblages

Author:
Fritz Hertel
Source:
Ecology 1994 v.75 no.4 pp. 1074-1084
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
beak; body size; convergent evolution; discriminant analysis; extinction; fossils; phylogeny; skull; Amazonia; California; Eastern Africa; India; South Africa
Abstract:
... Vultures comprise two geographically isolated and taxonomically distinct groups, Old World accipitrids and New World vulturids, and provide a classic case of convergent evolution. In both regions, several species of vultures often feed together in large numbers on carcasses. Behavioral studies of East African and Amazonian vultures have documented parallels in apparent ecological separation within ...
DOI:
10.2307/1939431

21. Effect of beak trimming, blade temperature, and age at beak trimming on performance of two strains of egg layers

Author:
Maizama, D.G.; Adams, A.W.
Source:
Journal of applied poultry research 1994 v.3 no.1 pp. 69-73
ISSN:
1056-6171
Subject:
hens; beak trimming; feed intake; beak; regrowth; temperature; strain differences; laying performance; feed conversion; mortality; body weight
DOI:
10.1093/japr/3.1.69

22. A test of pollinator specificity and morphological convergence between nectarivorous birds and rainforest tree flowers in New Guinea

Author:
Brown, E.D.; Hopkins, M.J.G.
Source:
Oecologia 1995 v.103 no.1 pp. 89-100
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
beak; tropical rain forests; flowers; trees; wild birds; pollination; Papua New Guinea
DOI:
10.1007/BF00328429

23. Beak trimming of turkeys. 1. Effects of three methods of beak trimming on body weight and mortality of six genetic lines

Author:
Noble, D.O.; Krueger, K.K.; Nestor, K.E.
Source:
Poultry science 1996 v.75 no.6 pp. 702-704
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
turkeys; beak trimming; body weight; mortality; line differences; gender differences; beak
Abstract:
... An experiment was designed to compare BW and mortality of turkeys when three methods of beak trimming were utilized. Turkeys from six genetic lines were assigned to three beak trimming methods: are beak trimming at hatching, hot-blade block trimming at 13 d, or hot-blade top-beak-only trimming at 13 d. Beak trimming method influenced 8-wk BW of three lines of females, but did not affect female BW ...
DOI:
10.3382/ps.0750702
PubMed:
8737833

24. High Survival of Darwin's Finch Hybrids: Effects of Beak Morphology and Diets

Author:
B. Rosemary Grant; Peter R. Grant
Source:
Ecology 1996 v.77 no.2 pp. 500-509
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
El Nino; Opuntia; Passeriformes; backcrossing; beak; climate; diet; dry season; habitats; hybrids; inheritance (genetics); mortality; parents; seeds; Galapagos Islands
Abstract:
... Three species of Darwin's finches (Geospiza fortis, G. scandens, and G. fuliginosa) hybridize rarely on the small Galapagos island of Daphne Major. Following the exceptionally severe El Nino event of 1982—1983, hybrids survived as well as, and in some cases better than, the parental species during dry seasons of potential food limitation. They also backcrossed to two of the parental species. This ...
DOI:
10.2307/2265625

25. Polyomavirus Encephalopathy in a Ducorps Cockatoo (Cacatua Ducorpsii) with Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease

Author:
Kenneth S. Latimer; Frank D. Niagro; W. L. Steffens; Branson W. Ritchie; Raymond P. Campagnoli
Source:
Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation v.8 no.3 pp. 291-295
ISSN:
1040-6387
Subject:
Cacatua; DNA; Polyomaviridae; adults; astrocytes; beak; birds; brain; electron microscopy; encephalopathy; endothelial cells; histology; in situ hybridization; leukocytes; necropsy; necrosis; neurodegenerative diseases; neurons
Abstract:
... Necropsy tissues were examined from an adult wild-caught Ducorps cockatoo (Cacatua ducorpsii) with progressive neurologic signs. Of the tissue specimens selected for histologic evaluation, only the brain contained rare amphophilic, glassy intranuclear inclusions within astrocytes and some neurons. Astrocyte and neuronal degeneration and necrosis also were observed. Scattered astrocytes, with and w ...
DOI:
10.1177/104063879600800303

26. The effect of beak trimming on two strains of commercial Tom turkeys. 2. Behavior traits

Author:
Noble, D.O.; Nestor, K.E.; Krueger, K.K.
Source:
Poultry science 1996 v.75 no.12 pp. 1468-1471
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
beak; poults; drinking; animal welfare; strain differences; diurnal activity; fearfulness; beak trimming
Abstract:
... The influence of beak trimming of two strains of commercial male turkeys (Strains A and B) on behavior during the growing period was investigated. Poults were either left with beaks intact or arc beak trimmed at hatching. Strain by beak treatment interactions were generally lacking, indicating that these two strains responded similarly. Beak trimming did not influence tameness (as measured by resp ...
DOI:
10.3382/ps.0751468
PubMed:
9000268

27. A comparative analysis of the foraging behaviour of the Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and the Alpine Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus coexisting in the Alps

Author:
ROLANDO, ANTONIO; LAIOLO, PAOLA; FORMICA, MASSIMO
Source:
Ibis 1997 v.139 no.3 pp. 461-467
ISSN:
0019-1019
Subject:
adults; autumn; beak; correlation; diet; foraging; habitats; juveniles; pastures; summer; Alps region
Abstract:
... The foraging behaviour of the Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and the Alpine Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus was studied during summer and autumn in the western Italian Alps. We assessed feeding times, feeding rates and foraging techniques associated with different foraging habitats. The Alpine Chough is mainly a ground surface feeder, stays for a rela-tively short time at a feeding site (on average 2. ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04659.x

28. Beak trimming of turkeys. 2. Effects of arc beak trimming on weight gain, feed intake, feed wastage, and feed conversion

Author:
Noble, D.O.; Nestor, K.E.
Source:
Poultry science 1997 v.76 no.5 pp. 668-670
ISSN:
0032-5791
Subject:
turkeys; beak trimming; beak; feed intake; liveweight gain; gender differences; strain differences; feed conversion
Abstract:
... An experiment was conducted to study the effects of arc beak trimming on feed consumption, weight gain, and feed wastage in males and females from two large-bodied strains and one medium-bodied strain of turkeys. Birds were placed in wire-floored battery cages from 3 to 8 wk of age and feed intake, weight gains, and feed spilled into dropping pans were recorded for each of the 5 wk of each trial. ...
DOI:
10.1093/ps/76.5.668
PubMed:
9154617

29. Behavioural and anatomical consequences of two beak trimming methods in 1- and 10-d-old domestic chicks

Author:
Gentle, M.J.; Hughes, B.O.; Fox, A.; Waddington, D.
Source:
British poultry science 1997 v.38 no.5 pp. 453-463
ISSN:
0007-1668
Subject:
beak; animal behavior; body weight; feed conversion; histology; animal anatomy; age; liveweight gain; feed intake; length; feathers; chicks; beak trimming
DOI:
10.1080/00071669708418022
PubMed:
9510987

30. DDT-like effects as a result of corticosterone treatment in an anuran amphibian: is DDT a corticoid mimic or a stressor?

Author:
Hayes, T.B.; Wu, T.H.; Gill, T.N.
Source:
Environmental toxicology and chemistry 1997 v.16 no.9 pp. 1948-1953
ISSN:
0730-7268
Subject:
Anura; DDT (pesticide); beak; corticosterone; dermis; frogs; keratinization; larval development; pesticidal properties; skin glands; steroid hormones; tadpoles; Senegal
Abstract:
... Exposure of tadpoles to dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) induces pathological development of the upper mandible. In the current study, we report a similar pathological development after tadpoles of the Senegal walking frog (Kassina senegalensis: Hyperolidae) were treated with the steroid hormone, corticosterone (CORT) for 5 d at 1.1 micromolar. Corticosterone-treated tadpoles developed a "ho ...
DOI:
10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<1948:DLEAAR>2.3.CO;2

31. Experimentally Induced Selenosis of Adult Mallard Ducks: Clinical Signs, Lesions, and Toxicology

Author:
D. O'Toole; M. F. Raisbeck
Source:
Veterinary pathology v.34 no.4 pp. 330-340
ISSN:
1544-2217
Subject:
Anas platyrhynchos; Kupffer cells; adults; alopecia; animal pathology; beak; bile ducts; blood; chemical analysis; diet; dietary exposure; ducks; emaciation; epithelium; feathers; hepatocytes; hyperkeratosis; inflammation; keratin; keratinocytes; kidneys; liver; males; necrosis; sclerosis; selenium; selenomethionine; selenosis; toxicology; waterfowl; wetlands; Western United States
Abstract:
... Selenosis is thought to be a significant problem among waterfowl populations in selenium-contaminated wetlands in the western United States. Chemical analysis of avian tissues is currently the principal basis for diagnosis. The purpose of these two 150-day studies was to establish whether morphological criteria for selenosis could be developed to supplement chemical analysis. Forty-eight flightlin ...
DOI:
10.1177/030098589703400409
PubMed:
9240842

32. Quantitative trait and allozyme divergence in the Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris, Aves: Fringillidae)

Author:
Merilä, Juha
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 1997 v.61 no.2 pp. 243-266
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
Carduelis; allozymes; beak; body size; correlation; genetic markers; mutation; quantitative traits; variance
Abstract:
... Quantitative trait divergence and variability among 12 greenfinch populations across continental Europe was examined and compared to divergence in neutral genetic markers (allozymes). The added among locality variance component for 16 skeletal traits was large (mean 28%, range 4-48%) equalling a divergence of up to three SD units. The divergence in quantitative traits (Qst = 0.04-0.48) greatly exc ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01789.x

33. Contaminants in Eggs of Colonial Waterbirds and Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Levels in Pipped Tern Embryos, Washington State

Author:
L. J. Blus; M. J. Melancon; D. J. Hoffman; C. J. Henny
Source:
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 1998 v.35 no.3 pp. 492-497
ISSN:
0090-4341
Subject:
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos; Sterna; abnormal development; beak; cytochrome P-450; eggs; enzyme activity; metabolites; nesting; organochlorine pesticides; polychlorinated biphenyls; tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; water birds; Columbia River
Abstract:
... Eggs of Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) collected in 1991 from nesting colonies on Crescent Island (Columbia River) and the Potholes Reservoir in south central Washington generally contained low residues of organochlorine pesticides and metabolites, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme activity ...
DOI:
10.1007/s002449900407
PubMed:
9732482

34. Morphology of the distal tip of the upper mandible of the ostrich (Struthio camelus) embryo during hatching

Author:
Richardson, M.K.; Deeming, D.C.; Cope, C.
Source:
British poultry science 1998 v.39 no.4 pp. 575-578
ISSN:
0007-1668
Subject:
beak; ostriches; embryo (animal); hatching; ultrastructure
DOI:
10.1080/00071669888809
PubMed:
9800047

35. Short break: a new autosomal recessive semilethal mutation in Japanese quail

Author:
Tsudzuki, M.; Nakane, Y.; Wada, A.
Source:
Journal of heredity 1998 v.89 no.2 pp. 175-178
ISSN:
0022-1503
Subject:
Coturnix japonica; beak; chicks; genetic analysis; hatching; hindlimbs; humerus; mutants; mutation; phenotype; poultry; recessive genes; sexual maturity; ulna
Abstract:
... Short beak (SBK) is a new semilethal mutation of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). The SBK individuals are characterized externally by short beaks, shanks, and digits. The shank is also thicker than the wild type. The shape of the mutant beak does not show a parrotlike appearance, contrasting with that of other poultry chondrodystrophic mutants reported in the literature. Bones in the fore and h ...
DOI:
10.1093/jhered/89.2.175

36. The colonization of turkeys by thermophilic campylobacters

Author:
Wallace, J.S.; Stanley, K.N.; Jones, K.
Source:
Journal of applied microbiology 1998 v.85 no.2 pp. 224-230
ISSN:
1364-5072
Subject:
Campylobacter jejuni; beak; biotypes; cecum; chicks; diarrhea; excretion; farms; feces; slaughter; turkeys
Abstract:
... The rate at which five broods of turkey chicks became colonized by thermophilic campylobacters was investigated. Day-old chicks were normally free of campylobacters on arrival on the farm with colonization beginning within 7 d. The carriage rate was 100% by day 14 in three of the broods and by day 21 in the other two. Higher carriage rates were obtained with enrichment procedures than with direct ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00470.x
PubMed:
9750294

37. Aspects of the Nesting Biology of the Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata: Incubation Period, Hatching Synchrony and Patterns of Nest Attendance and Defence

Author:
Peter J. Whitehead
Source:
Emu 1999 v.99 no.2 pp. 121-134
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
aggression; beak; eggs; feet; females; flocks; hatching; human-wildlife relations; males; nesting; nests; radio telemetry; solar radiation; temperature; waterfowl; wings
Abstract:
... The period between clutch initiation and departure of family groups from successful Magpie Goose nests ranged from 31 to 33 d. Incubation period was 25 days and family groups remained at the nest up to 4 d after the first egg hatched. Hatching was poorly synchronised relative to many other waterfowl, probably due to variable but often elevated egg temperatures (up to 36.6°C) during the 5–10 d layi ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU99015

38. The influence of fragment size and edge on nest predation in urban bushland

Author:
Alison Matthews; Christopher R. Dickman; Richard E. Major
Source:
Ecography 1999 v.22 no.4 pp. 349-356
ISSN:
0906-7590
Subject:
Antechinus; beak; birds; ecosystems; eggs; habitat fragmentation; habitats; nests; predation; predators; rats; shrublands; teeth
Abstract:
... To test the effects of habitat fragmentation and edge on the rate of nest predation in an urban ecosystem, 20 artificial nests each containing 2 plasticine eggs were distributed in each of 24 bushland sites in Sydney, Australia. the eastern yellow robin Eopsaltria australis was adopted as a target species, and variables of nests, eggs and nesting behaviour were manipulated in experiments. Sites ra ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00572.x

39. Annual and Seasonal Variation in the Growth Rates of Young Little Penguins Eudyptula minor in Western Australia

Author:
B.C. Wienecke; J.S. Bradley; R.D. Wooller
Source:
Emu 2000 v.100 no.2 pp. 139-147
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Eudyptula minor; beak; chicks; fledglings; islands; nestlings; seasonal variation; Western Australia
Abstract:
... Four linear measurements and body mass were used to measure the growth of Little Penguin Eudytula minor nestlings on Penguin Island, Western Australia, from 1989 to 1991. In general, beak length and beak depth increased more slowly than flipper and tarsus lengths, and body mass increased rapidly. Growth rates did not differ significantly between years. However, second-hatched chicks grew more slow ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU9856

40. Beak trimming methods

Author:
Glatz, P.C.
ISSN:
1011-2367
Subject:
chicks; turkeys; hens; beak trimming; beak; cannibalism; disease control; automation; robots; lasers; surgery; freeze drying; strain differences; ergonomics; animal welfare; environmental enrichment; behavior change; selection response
DOI:
10.5713/ajas.2000.1619

41. Pairing in the Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) of Selvagem Grande

Author:
Jean-Louis Mougin
Source:
Journal für Ornithologie 2000 v.141 no.3 pp. 319-326
ISSN:
0021-8375
Subject:
Calonectris diomedea; beak; birds; breeding; reproductive success
Abstract:
... The Cory's Shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) of Selvagem Grande (30°09′N, 15°52′W) mate randomly according to beak index, age, breeding experience and previous breeding success, and probably assortatively according to previous breeding frequency. Pairing always implying near neighbours, it is likely that lone birds do not search for a mate similar to themselves but take the first bird of opposite ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF02462241

42. Patterns of Growth in Nestling Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris

Author:
V.M. Saffer; J.S. Bradley; R.D. Wooller; C.E. Meathrel
Source:
Emu 2000 v.100 no.1 pp. 42-48
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Puffinus tenuirostris; beak; growth models; islands; nestlings; Tasmania
Abstract:
... Patterns of growth in nestling Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tenuirostris were studied on Great Dog Island in Bass Strait, Tasmania, early in 1992. The logistic growth model fitted the data better than the Gompertz or von Bertalanffy models. The lengths of the head, wing and tarsus were more useful measures of growth than weight (too variable) or beak depth (too difficult to measure). Differen ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU9711

43. The allopatric phase of speciation: the sharp-beaked ground finch (Geospiza difficilis) on the Galápagos islands

Author:
GRANT, PETER R.; GRANT, B. ROSEMARY; PETREN, KENNETH
Source:
Biological journal of the Linnean Society 2000 v.69 no.3 pp. 287-317
ISSN:
0024-4066
Subject:
DNA; beak; biological speciation; genetic traits; islands; reproductive isolation; sexual selection; wolves
Abstract:
... Using microsatellite DNA variation, morphological measurements and sonagrams made from tape-recordings in the field, we examine die allopatric differentiation of six populations of the sharp-beaked ground finch, Geospiza difficilis, in the Galapagos archipelago. We ask how and why die populations became differentiated, and consider what die differences imply about speciation. An important factor i ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01207.x

44. Conspecific egg predation by florida scrub-jays

Author:
GARVIN JULIE C.; REYNOLDS S. JAMES; SCHOECH STEPHAN J.
Source:
Wilson bulletin 2002 v.114 no.1 pp. 136-139
ISSN:
0043-5643
Subject:
Aphelocoma coerulescens; beak; breeding; eggs; females; habitats; nesting; nests; predation; Florida
Abstract:
... We report an observation of egg predation by conspecifics in the Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) at Archbold Biological Station in Highlands County, Florida. This is the first confirmed account of intraspecific egg predation in this threatened and declining species. We observed a group of five jays harass an established breeding pair at their nest that contained four warm eggs. One fem ...
DOI:
10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0136:CEPBFS]2.0.CO;2

45. Effects of light intensity during rearing and beak trimming and dietary fiber sources on mortality, egg production, and performance of ISA Brown laying hens

Author:
Hartini, S.; Choct, M.; Hinch, G.; Kocher, A.; Nolan, J.V.
Source:
Journal of applied poultry research 2002 v.11 no.1 pp. 104-110
ISSN:
1056-6171
Subject:
hens; light intensity; beak; beak trimming; feeds; mortality; egg production; cannibalism; developmental stages; feed intake; rearing; dietary fiber
DOI:
10.1093/japr/11.1.104

46. Ontogeny of behaviour in intact and beak trimmed layer pullets, with special reference to preening

Author:
Sandilands, V.; Savory, C.J.
Source:
British poultry science 2002 v.43 no.2 pp. 182-189
ISSN:
0007-1668
Subject:
pullets; hens; animal behavior; beak; beak trimming; body weight; length; feathers
Abstract:
... 1. The effects of commercial beak trimming on layer pullet behaviour were investigated, with special reference to preening. 2. One-d-old chicks, 96 in all, were housed in 12 litter floor pens, with 8 birds in each, to 20 weeks of age. Approximately one quarter of the beak was trimmed in all birds in half of the pens (BT) at 8 d of age using a hot blade debeaker. The birds in the other pens remaine ...
DOI:
10.1080/00071660120121373
PubMed:
12047080

47. Acute Beak and Feather Disease in juvenile African Grey parrots - an uncommon presentation of a common disease

Author:
Doneley, R.J.T.
Source:
Australian veterinary journal 2003 v.81 no.4 pp. 206-207
ISSN:
0005-0423
Subject:
Psittacus erithacus; beak; case studies; chronic diseases; death; feathers; lesions (animal); parrots
Abstract:
... Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease is commonly diagnosed all over the world as a viral disease of psittacine birds that primarily results in abnormalities of the feathers and beak. The clinical presentation of this disease varies between species and age groups, but in the majority of cases the course of the disease is chronic. This case report documents an acute form of the disease in African Gre ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11472.x

48. Detection of Pigeon Circovirus by Polymerase Chain Reaction

Author:
Roy, Parimal; Dhillon, A.S.; Lauerman, Lloyd; Shivaprasad, H.L.
Source:
Avian diseases 2003 v.47 no.1 pp. 218-222
ISSN:
0005-2086
Subject:
Aspergillus; Chicken anemia virus; DNA; DNA primers; Escherichia coli; Escherichia infections; Pasteurella; Pigeon circovirus; Salmonella; beak; bird diseases; bursa of Fabricius; candidiasis; capillariasis; histopathology; liver; mixed infection; pigeons; polymerase chain reaction; spleen; transmission electron microscopy; virion; viruses
Abstract:
... Pigeon circovirus was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in young pigeons belonging to 12 different lofts. Viral DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-imbedded tissues containing primarily bursa and occasionally liver and spleen with a commercial kit. PCR primers were selected from a published sequence for columbid circovirus and evaluated in a PCR assay. The histopathologic e ...
DOI:
10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0218:DOPCBP]2.0.CO;2

49. Effect of Stevioside and Steviol on the Developing Broiler Embryos

Author:
Geuns, Jan M.C.; Bruggeman, Veerle; Buyse, Johan G.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2003 v.51 no.17 pp. 5162-5167
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
abnormal development; beak; blood; body weight; chickens; eggs; embryonic mortality; gonads; steviol; stevioside
Abstract:
... At day 7 of incubation, fertile broiler eggs were injected with different amounts of stevioside and steviol of 0.08, 0.8, or 4 mg stevioside/egg and 0.025, 0.25, or 1.25 mg steviol/egg. At hatch (day 21) and 1 week later, not any influence of the different treatments could be found on embryonic mortality, body weight of the hatchlings, deformations (e.g., bone, beak, and head malformations, abnorm ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf020931p

50. Effects of habitat characteristics and climate on the distribution and colouration of Dusky Moorhens (Gallinula tenebrosa) in south-east Queensland

Author:
Adam M. Shirley; Anne W. Goldizen; Darryl N. Jones; Elizabeth A. Krebs; David A. Putland
Source:
Emu 2003 v.103 no.1 pp. 81-86
ISSN:
1448-5540
Subject:
Gallinula; adults; alloparental behavior; aquatic plants; beak; birds; breeding; climate; color; evolution; habitats; legs; nesting sites; surveys; temperature; vegetation; wetlands; winter; Queensland
Abstract:
... We determined which factors predict the presence and abundance of Dusky Moorhens (Gallinula tenebrosa) at wetlands by surveying the ecological and habitat characteristics of 62 sites across south-east Queensland. Moorhens were observed in 48 of the sites sampled. They were more likely to be found at sites surrounded by taller terrestrial vegetation and where free-floating and attached aquatic vege ...
DOI:
10.1071/MU02019