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1. A primer for lignocellulose biochemical conversion to fuel ethanol

Author:
Dien, B .S.; Bothast, R.J.
Source:
Alcohol textbook : a reference for the beverage, fuel and industrial alcohol industries / [edited by] W. M. Ingledew ... [et al.] pp. -
Subject:
fermentation; lignocellulose; ethanol production; hydrolysis; biotransformation; biomass; hydrolysates
Handle:
10113/34045

2. A spatially integrated brucellosis model for elk/livestock interactions in the Greater Yellowstone area

Author:
Howe, R.; Dalrymple, M.
Source:
Proceedings of the 9th Symposium of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics : Breckenridge, Colorado 2000 / edited by M. D. Salman, Paul S. Morley, Rebecca Ruch-Gallie pp. -
Subject:
temporal variation; estimation; simulation models; elks; snowpack; cattle; wildlife diseases; disease transmission; abortion (animals); forage; wildlife habitats; wildlife food habits; spatial data; risk assessment; bovine brucellosis; biomass; Wyoming
Handle:
10113/45441

3. Allometric equations for predicting Puerto Rican dry forest biomass and volume

Author:
Brandeis, Thomas; Delaney, Matthew; Royer, Larry; Parresol, Bernard
Source:
Proceedings of the eighth annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium : Monterey, CA, October 16-19, 2006 / edited by Ronald E. McRoberts ... [et al.] pp. -
Subject:
tropical forests; allometry; equations; forest inventory; mixed forests; biomass; forest trees; stems; volume; tree and stand measurements; regression analysis; statistical models; Puerto Rico
Abstract:
... We used forest inventory data, intensive tree measurement, destructive sampling in the field, and subsequent laboratory analyses to develop regression equations that estimate tree biomass, merchantable volume, and total volume for upland forests in Puerto Rican subtropical dry forest. Most parsimonious and additive biomass equations for mixed, dry forest species were fitted to data from 30 destruc ...
Handle:
10113/42052

4. Attributes of standing dead trees in forests of the United States

Author:
Woodall, Christopher W.; Smith, James E.; Miles, Patrick D.
Source:
Proceedings of the eighth annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium : Monterey, CA, October 16-19, 2006 / edited by Ronald E. McRoberts ... [et al.] pp. -
Subject:
snags; geographical distribution; species diversity; forests; forest inventory; fuel loading; fuels (fire ecology); decayed wood; biomass; forest health; United States
Abstract:
... Standing dead trees in forests of the United States serve as wildlife habitat, a fuel loading component, and carbon stocks. Although standing dead trees are a vital component of forest ecosystems, information regarding this resource across the Nation is lacking. The first annual inventory of standing dead trees across the United States was initiated in 1999, resulting in a comprehensive assessment ...
Handle:
10113/42051

5. Biomass Conversion Inhibitors and In Situ Detoxification

Author:
Liu, Z. Lewis; Blaschek, Hans P.
Source:
Biomass to biofuels : strategies for global industries / edited by Alain Vertes ... [et al.] pp. -
Subject:
annuals; strains; detoxification (processing); lignocellulose; hardwood; softwood; microorganisms; pretreatment; biofuels; butanol; cost effectiveness; Angiospermae; biomass; ethanol
Handle:
10113/46828

6. Breeding sorghum and pearl millet for forage and fuel

Author:
Pedersen, J.F.
Source:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Genetic Improvement of Sorghum and Pearl Millet : September 22-27, 1996, Holiday Inn Plaza, Lubbock, Texas pp. -
Subject:
genetic improvement; Pennisetum glaucum; agronomic traits; forage grasses; crop yield; forage quality; biofuels; Sorghum bicolor; biomass; pulp
Handle:
10113/44100

7. Crop yield and greenhouse gas responses to stover harvest on glacial till Mollisol

Author:
Johnson, Jane M.F.; Barbour, Nancy W.
Source:
19th World Congress of Soil Science : Soil solutions for a changing world, Brisbane, Australia, 1-6 August 2010 : proceedings pp. -
Subject:
corn stover; Mollisols; agricultural soils; bioenergy; crop residue management; crop yield; corn; Zea mays; Glycine max; soybeans; carbon dioxide; nitrous oxide; methane; greenhouse gases; gas emissions; biomass; glacial till soils; Minnesota
Abstract:
... Producing clean renewable energy and reducing climate change are important and interrelated issues. Corn stover is targeted as a potential non-food bioenergy feedstock, especially in the Midwest United States. Crop residue management impacts soil water and temperature dynamics, which in turn can impact many soil processes. Stover harvest is expected to reduce soil cover and has the potential to re ...
Handle:
10113/47662

8. Developing Switchgrass as a Bioenergy Crop

Author:
McLaughlin, S.; Bouton, J.; Bransby, D.; Conger, B; Ocumpaugh, W.; Parrish, D.; Taliaferro, C.; Vogel, K.; Wullschleger, S.
Source:
Perspectives on new crops and new uses / edited by Jules Janick pp. -
Subject:
energy crops; carbon; research; land use; Panicum virgatum; energy content; combustion; yields; harvest date; cultivars; warm season grasses; plant nutrition; genetic improvement; forage grasses; plant physiology; biomass; ethanol; crop prices; plant breeding; nitrogen; plant propagation; ash content; molecular genetics; biofuels
Handle:
10113/44929

9. Developing switchgrass into a biomass fuel crop for the midwestern USA

Author:
Vogel, K.P.; Masters, R.A.
Source:
BioEnergy '98 : Expanding BioEnergy Partnerships ; October 4-8, 1998, Madison, WI pp. -
Subject:
Panicum virgatum; cultivars; hemicellulose; agricultural soils; weed control; plant breeding; plant growth; energy crops; cellulose; crop yield; mycorrhizae; biomass; Midwestern United States
Abstract:
... USDA and University of Nebraska research on switchgrass was expanded in 1990 to include development of switchgrass into a biomass fuel crop. Initial research evaluated all available cultivars and elite strains at three Midwestern locations and identified cultivars and strains that had the most potential for use as biofuel crops. The highest yielding strains produced over 14,000 kg/ha biomass per y ...
Handle:
10113/45571

10. Development of Anammox Process for Animal Waste Treatment: Experiences in the USA

Author:
Szogi, Ariel A.; Vanotti, Matias B.; Garcia Gonzalez, Maria C.; Kunz, Airton
Source:
International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture : proceedings of the 16-19 September 2007 conference, Broomfield, Colorado pp. -
Subject:
animal manure management; anaerobic conditions; ammonia; oxidation; wastewater treatment; immobilized cells; autotrophs; nitrites; nitrification; denitrification; oxygen; operating costs; bacteria; livestock production; biomass; acclimation; pig manure; provenance; North Carolina
Abstract:
... Research was conducted to develop process applications for anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria acclimated to animal wastewater conditions using microbial immobilization techniques. In the anammox reaction, under anaerobic and autotrophic conditions, ammonium (NH4+) serves as the electron donor using nitrite (NO2-) as the electron acceptor resulting in production of harmless di-nitrogen ...
Handle:
10113/45028

11. Development of anammox process for animal waste treatment: experiences in Brazil

Author:
Kunz, Airton; Vanotti, Matias; Szogi, Ariel; Garcia, Mari Cruz; Schierholt Neto, Guilherme Francisco; Soares, Hugo Moreira
Source:
International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture : proceedings of the 16-19 September 2007 conference, Broomfield, Colorado pp. -
Subject:
wastewater treatment; animal manure management; anaerobic conditions; ammonia; oxidation; immobilized cells; bacteria; nitrogen; nitrification; denitrification; swine; waste lagoons; sediments; biomass; duration; resins; bioreactors; pig manure; Brazil
Abstract:
... The isolation of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria adapted to animal wastewater environments can be of significant importance to farming systems, because excess ammonia in modern, industrial-type livestock production is a global problem, and the use of conventional biological nitrogen (n) removal methods is usually hindered by cost; thus, we think that the more economical anammox bas ...
Handle:
10113/45572

12. Differences of soil water use, lint and biomass yield in no-till and conventionally tilled cotton in the southern piedmont

Author:
Endale, D.M.; Radcliffe, D.E.; Steiner, J.L.; Cabrera, M.L.; McCracken, D.V.; Vencille, B.V.; Lhor, L.; Schomberg, H.H.
Source:
Georgia Water Resources Conference proceedings ; March 30-31, 1999, University of Georgia pp. -
Subject:
cotton; Gossypium hirsutum; soil water content; water use efficiency; lint yield; biomass; dry matter accumulation; no-tillage; conventional tillage; piedmont; poultry manure; fertilizer application; Georgia
Abstract:
... The southeast, despite its abundant rainfall, suffers short-term summer droughts with detrimental effect on crop yield. No-till production systems provide added insurance against such conditions by improving infiltration, and conserving moisture in drought-prone soils. In three years of experiment near Watkinsville, GA, no-till cotton treatments maintained higher soil moisture content, more vegeta ...
Handle:
10113/46237

13. Enzymes in lignocellulosic biomass conversion

Author:
Saha, B.C.; Bothast, R.J.
Source:
Fuels and chemicals from biomass pp. -
Subject:
biomass; lignocellulose; enzymes; biofuels; economic analysis; cellulose; enzymatic treatment; hemicellulose
Abstract:
... Advances in enzymes and lignocellulosic biomass processing are necessary to lower the cost of fuels and chemicals production from biomass. Recent developments in lignocellulosic biomass conversion enzymology and process technology are reviewed. Current problems of these multi-enzymes based complex processes, economic assessment, regulatory issues, strategies for development of improved enzymes and ...
Handle:
10113/26434

14. Estimating prescribed burn impacts on surface runoff and water quality in southeastern Arizona

Author:
Emmerich, W.E.
Source:
Rangeland management and water resources : proceedings, AWRA specialty conference, May 27-29, 1998, Reno, Nevada / sponsored by the American Water Resources Association, in cooperation with the Society for Range Management and the Soil and Water Conservation Society of America ; edited by Donald F. Potts pp. -
Subject:
grasslands; rangelands; prescribed burning; runoff; water quality; sediment yield; soil nutrient dynamics; soil nutrients; nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium; losses from soil; rainfall simulation; biomass; dry matter accumulation; plant litter; Arizona
Handle:
10113/15078

15. Forest resources of the United States, 2002: mapping the Renewable Resource Planning Act data

Author:
Kurtz, Cassandra M.; Kaisershot, Daniel J.; Gormanson, Dale D.; Wazenegger, Jeffrey S.
Source:
Proceedings of the eighth annual Forest Inventory and Analysis Symposium : Monterey, CA, October 16-19, 2006 / edited by Ronald E. McRoberts ... [et al.] pp. -
Subject:
forest resources; spatial data; governmental programs and projects; renewable resources; data analysis; forests; forest growth; tree mortality; biomass; United States
Abstract:
... Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), a national program of the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture conducts and maintains comprehensive inventories of the forest resources in the United States. The Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) of 1974 mandates a comprehensive assessment of past trends, current status, and the future potential of forest resources across the ...
Handle:
10113/42019

16. Genomic adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to inhibitors for lignocellulosic biomass conversion to ethanol

Author:
Liu, Zonglin Lewis; Song, Mingzhou
Source:
Applied mycology / edited by Mahendra Rai and Paul Dennis Bridge pp. -
Subject:
lignocellulose; alcoholic fermentation; furfural; yeasts; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; gene expression; ethanol production; lignocellulosic wastes; genomics; metabolic inhibitors; biomass; microbial genetics; hydroxymethylfurfural
Handle:
10113/37304

17. Microbial production of xylitol

Author:
Saha, B.C.; Bothast, R.J.
Source:
Fuels and chemicals from biomass pp. -
Subject:
xylitol; food additives; sweeteners; xylose; biomass; hemicellulose; microorganisms; lignocellulose; Candida; nitrogen; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; biotechnology
Abstract:
... Xylitol, a five-carbon polyalcohol, has attracted much attention because of its potential use as a natural food sweetener, as a dental caries reducer and as a sugar substitute in diets for diabetics. Currently, it is produced chemically by catalytic reduction of xylose. Various microorganisms can convert xylose to xylitol. The present review describes microbial production of xylitol from xylose an ...
Handle:
10113/26437

18. Overview of USDA-CSREES support for biobased products and bioenergy

Author:
Jacobs-Young, Chavonda
Source:
Industrial crops and rural development : proceedings of 2005 annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops: International Conference on Industrial Crops and Rural Development, 17-21 September 2005, Murcia, Spain / [editors:] M.J. Pascual-Villalobos ... [et al.] pp. -
Subject:
crop production; research programs; agricultural research; energy crops; public research; National Institute of Food and Agriculture; bioenergy; research projects; biomass; federal government; biobased products; research support; United States
Handle:
10113/42688

19. Preservation of sweet sorghum biomass

Author:
Jasberg, B.K.; Montgomery, R.R.; Anderson, R.A.
Source:
Fifth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals : proceedings, held in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, May 10-13, 1983 / sponsored by Dept. of Engery and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ; editor, C.D. Scott pp. -
Subject:
sweet sorghum; biomass; Sorghum bicolor; bagasse; containers; storage; carbon dioxide; sulfur dioxide; propionic acid; ammonia; spraying; sugars; aerobic conditions; Illinois
Handle:
10113/26408

20. Production of Liquid Biofuels from Biomass: Emerging Technologies

Author:
Qureshi, Nasib; Hughes, Stephen; Ezeji, Thaddeus C.
Source:
Biofuels from agricultural wastes and byproducts / edited by Hans P. Blaschek, Thaddeus C. Ezeji, Jürgen Scheffran pp. -
Subject:
fermentation; strains; plant residues; microorganisms; byproducts; ethanol production; biofuels; pentoses; butanol; hexoses; biomass
Abstract:
... This is an overview of the emerging technologies that have been developed recently or are in the process of development for ethanol (biofuel) production from agricultural residues. In this direction numerous advances have been made. Problems associated with inhibitor generation and detoxification, fermentation of both hexoses and pentoses to ethanol, and development of efficient microbial strains ...
Handle:
10113/46829

21. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and partial saccharification and co-fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass for ethanol production

Author:
Doran-Peterson, Joy; Jangid, Amruta; Brandon, Sarah K.; DeCrescenzo-Henriksen, Emily; Dien, Bruce; Ingram, Lonnie O.
Source:
Biofuels : methods and protocols / edited by Jonathan R. Mielenz pp. -
Subject:
lignocellulose; lignocellulosic wastes; biomass; alcoholic fermentation; ethanol production; ethanol; ethanol fuels; saccharification; yeasts; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Escherichia coli; genetically engineered microorganisms
Handle:
10113/38181

22. Switchgrass

Author:
Vogel, Kenneth P.
Source:
Warm-season (C4) grasses / co-editors, Lowell E. Moser, Byron L. Burson, Lynn E. Sollenberger ; plant illustrations, Kelly Rhodes Hays pp. -
Subject:
energy crops; plant taxonomy; pest resistance; grasslands; Panicum virgatum; history; disease resistance; range management; plant growth; cultivars; C4 plants; warm season grasses; seeds; plant nutrition; chromosome number; plant characteristics; biomass; crop management; plant breeding; rangelands; nutritive value; ecological restoration; genetic variation
Handle:
10113/44932

23. The effects of two different biochars on earthworm survival and microbial carbon levels

Author:
Liesch, Mandy; Weyers, Sharon; Gaskin, Julia; Das, K.C.
Source:
19th World Congress of Soil Science : Soil solutions for a changing world, Brisbane, Australia, 1-6 August 2010 : proceedings pp. -
Subject:
Eisenia fetida; wood chips; poultry manure; soil; biochar; soil microorganisms; carbon; earthworms; biomass; microbial activity; mortality
Abstract:
... Biochar is a material created from the thermoconversion of biomass through pyrolysis for the production of bio-energy. The use of biochar as a soil amendment has been proposed as a means to sequester carbon, thus offsetting the release of CO2. Management strategies for the use of biochar as a soil amendment are still in development, and the effect of adding biochar to soil on soil organisms, in pa ...
Handle:
10113/47661

24. Tools for the Characterization of Biomass at the Nanometer Scale

Author:
Beecher, James F.; Hunt, Christopher G.; Zhu, J.Y.
Source:
Nanoscience and Technology of Renewable Biomaterials / edited by Lucian A. Lucia and Orlando J. Rojas pp. -
Subject:
microscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; nanotechnology; cellulose; water; differential scanning calorimetry; biomass
Handle:
10113/36573
DOI:
10.1002/9781444307474.ch3

25. Using an active sensor to make in-season nitrogen recommendations for corn

Author:
Schmidt, J.; Sripada, R.; Beegle, D.; Dellinger, A.
Source:
Precision Agriculture '09 : papers presented at the 7th European Conference on Precision Agriculture, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 6-8 July 2009 / edited by E.J. van Henten, D. Goense and C. Lokhorst pp. -
Subject:
Zea mays; canopy; fertilizer requirements; fertilizer rates; corn; precision agriculture; remote sensing; soil test values; biomass; reflectance; nitrogen fertilizers; Pennsylvania
Handle:
10113/37308

26. Using remote sensing and modeling to measure crop biophysical variability

Author:
Locke, C.R.; Carbone, G.J.; Filippi, A.M.; Sadler, E.J.; Gerwig, B.K.; Evans, D.E.
Source:
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Precision Agriculture and other resource management July 16-19, 2000, Bloomington, MN pp. -
Subject:
Glycine max; soybeans; satellites; remote sensing; leaf area index; photosynthetically active radiation; biomass; crop yield; crop models; spatial data; image analysis; irrigation; South Carolina
Handle:
10113/41065

27. Woody biomass for energy: matching the forest resources to community needs

Author:
Patton-Mallory, M.
Source:
Woody biomass utilization : challenges and opportunities : June 26, 2006 : technical session proceedings / editors, John R. Shelly ... [et al.] pp. -
Subject:
forest trees; renewable energy sources; wood; yard wastes; waste wood; burning; hurricanes; branches; biomass; forest damage
Handle:
10113/16210

28. The Characterization of Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation by Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) on Poor Sites

Author:
W. H. Smith; L. E. Nelson; G. L. Switzer
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1963 v.27 no.4 pp. 465-468
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
Pinus taeda; biomass; canopy; developmental stages; dry matter accumulation; highlands; nitrogen; site index; total nitrogen; trees; Mississippi
Abstract:
... Twenty-five trees, equally distributed to represent five tree developmental stages, were sampled on uplands with a site index of 65 feet in central Mississippi. The aerial portion of the trees was divided into seven components and dry matter and total nitrogen contents of each determined. The pattern of dry matter accumulation by the individual trees and stands through the series of developmental ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1963.03615995002700040029x

29. Effects of Denudation on the Productivity of Grassland

Author:
Wm. T. Penfound
Source:
Ecology 1964 v.45 no.4 pp. 838-845
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Andropogon gerardii; Digitaria; Panicum virgatum; Schizachyrium scoparium; Sorghastrum nutans; biomass; cropland; grasslands; growing season; mowing; mulches; Oklahoma
Abstract:
... Denudation (close mowing and removal of mulch) of ungrazed prairie and ungrazed cropland plots near Norman, Oklahoma, did not result in significant change in composition, but increased the biomass in both the priarie and cropland during the growing season. Total biomass in all plots was low in February—March, increased to a maximum in late July, and declined rapidly thereafter. Although 115 specie ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934929

30. A Pitfall Trapping Survey of Darkling Beetles in Desert Steppe Vegetation

Author:
W. H. Rickard; L. E. Haverfield
Source:
Ecology 1965 v.46 no.6 pp. 873-875
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Artemisia; Bromus tectorum; Sarcobatus vermiculatus; Tenebrionidae; autumn; biomass; cold; pitfall traps; shrubs; steppes; surveys; sward; weather; Washington (state)
Abstract:
... A pitfall trapping survey of autumn emergent darkling beetles was conducted on the Hanford Reservation, Benton County, Washington, in 1963. Forty—nine pitfall traps were arranged in a grid pattern in greasewood and sagebrush communities. Quantitatively, the beetle catch was composed almost entirely of two species Pelecyphorus densicollis and Stenomorpha puncticollis. These appeared in the traps in ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934023

31. Estimation of Dry Weight of Tree Components and Total Standing Crop in Conifer Stands

Author:
G. L. Baskerville
Source:
Ecology 1965 v.46 no.6 pp. 867-869
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Abies balsamea; biomass; conifers; stand tables; tree and stand measurements; trees
Abstract:
... The distribution of dry weight among six tree components is shown for balsam fir from 1 to 10 inches in diameter at breast height. Component dry weight and total standing crop are estimated and compared for a 0.2—acre plot using methods based on every—tree summation, stand tables, and several short—cut techniques based on “average” trees. It is concluded that the average tree approach is useful on ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934021

32. Modification of Fitness in Species and Strains of Flour Beetles due to X‐Ray and DDT

Author:
Howard E. Erdman
Source:
Ecology 1966 v.47 no.6 pp. 1066-1072
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
DDT (pesticide); Tribolium confusum; X-radiation; adults; biomass; copper; females; filtration; insecticides; ionization; males; mor; mortality; sterilizing; Brazil
Abstract:
... Insecticides and ionizing radiations can induce population changes which under selection are beneficial or harmful. Such changes are known in some cases to have a genetic basis. Studies were designed to determine the early effects of DDT and x—radiation, singly and in combination, on mortality and productivity of flour beetle species and strains (Tribolium confusum Duval "Chicago standard" and T. ...
DOI:
10.2307/1935659

33. Use of Glucose and Acetate by Bacteria and Algae in Aquatic Ecosystems

Author:
Richard R. Wright; John E. Hobbie
Source:
Ecology 1966 v.47 no.3 pp. 447-464
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
acetates; algae; aquatic ecosystems; bacteria; bioassays; biomass; diffusivity; filtration; glucose; laboratory experimentation; lakes; solutes; Sweden
Abstract:
... New methods employing C¹4—Labeled organic compounds measure the uptake of organic solutes by planktonic microorganisms. By testing uptake over a wide range of substrate concentrations, two separate mechanisms can be differentiated and their kinetics measured. Using filtration and evidence from experiments with laboratory cultures of planktonic bacteria and algae, specific transport systems effecti ...
DOI:
10.2307/1932984

34. Dynamics of Popualations. II. Factors Controlling Population Growth and Population Size in Drosophilia Pseudoobscura and in Drosophila Melanogaster

Author:
Francisco Jose Ayala
Source:
Ecology 1967 v.48 no.1 pp. 67-75
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Drosophila melanogaster; Drosophila pseudoobscura; biomass; carrying capacity; environmental factors; heterozygosity; homozygosity; longevity; population growth; population size; temperature
Abstract:
... Four populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura and four of D. melanogaster were studied for the influence of certain environmental factors on the productivity and size of the populations. For each species a 2 x 2 factorial design was used, the variables being temperature (25°C and 19°C) and amount of food (2 and 3 food unites per week). A serial transfer technique was used to maintain the population ...
DOI:
10.2307/1933418

35. Periphyton Growth on Artificial Substrates in a Radioactively Contaminated Lake

Author:
Ernest C. Neal; Bernard C. Patten; Charles E. DePoe
Source:
Ecology 1967 v.48 no.6 pp. 918-924
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Bacillariophyceae; Cyanobacteria; algae; animals; bacterial colonization; biomass; green leafy vegetables; isotopes; lakes; microorganisms; periphyton; polyethylene; radionuclides; vitamin B12
Abstract:
... Periphyton colonization, biomass development and radionuclide accumulation were studied by suspending polyethylene tape vertically for up to 9 weeks in a radioactively contaminated lake. After 2 weeks biomass growth was nearly complete on the upper tape sections, but full development on the deeper sections took longer. Maximum biomass occurred at 25.4—50.8 cm (6—20 in.) depth. Bacterial colonizati ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934534

36. A Determination of the Caloric Density and Major Body Components of Large Birds

Author:
I. Lehr Brisbin Jr.
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.4 pp. 792-794
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
adults; biomass; body weight; doves; energy content; statistical analysis
Abstract:
... A procedure is described for determining the live—weight caloric density and major body components of large birds by using a series of random homogeneous aliquots of the total biomass. The procedure is illustrated with data from 6 adult mourning doves. Statistical analyses indicate that the procedure described is capable of producing uniform aliquots with respect to the percentage composition of t ...
DOI:
10.2307/1935553

37. Bioenergetics of the Woodlouse Tracheoniscus Rathkei Brandt in Relation to Litter Decomposition in a Deciduous Forest

Author:
Joseph James White
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.4 pp. 694-704
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Acer saccharum; Asimina triloba; Celtis occidentalis; Isopoda; Quercus macrocarpa; Quercus rubra; biomass; copper; coprophagy; deciduous forests; digestive system; ecosystems; energy flow; energy intake; energy metabolism; feces; food intake; habitats; leaves; plant litter; temperature
Abstract:
... In feeding tests conducted under laboratory conditions, the woodlouse Tracheoniscus rathkei Brandt showed a preference for the leaves of pawpaw (Asimina triloba), over those of suger maple (Acer saccharum), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), red oak (Quercus rubra), and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Observations of T. rathkei in experimental gradients show that its behavior is such as to insure cont ...
DOI:
10.2307/1935533

38. Catastrophic Drift of Insects in a Woodland Stream

Author:
N. H. Anderson; D. M. Lehmkuhl
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.2 pp. 198-206
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Chironomidae; Ephemeroptera; Plecoptera; autumn; benthic organisms; biomass; drift nets; hatching; insects; larvae; mortality; periodicity; rain; stream flow; streams; woodlands
Abstract:
... The effect of early fall rains on the downstream drift or displacement of insects was studied for two seasons by collecting the entire streamflow at one point through a drift net. Drift rate increased within 24 hr after the start of each rainy period, with the increase approximately proportional to the increase in stream flow. Freshets due to less than 1 in. (2.5 cm) of rain caused a fourfold incr ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934448

39. Ecological Importance of Snowbrush Ceanothus Velutinus in the Oregon Cascades

Author:
J. Zavitkovski; M. Newton
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.6 pp. 1134-1145
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Ceanothus velutinus; Pseudotsuga menziesii; bioassays; biomass; greenhouses; nitrogen; nitrogen content; nitrogen fixation; nodulation; organic matter; seedlings; seeds; shrubs; soil; vegetation; Oregon
Abstract:
... Twelve stands of snowbrush were selected for a biomass study to estimate nitrogen fixation under field conditions west of the summit of the Oregon Cascades. Total nitrogen in the upper 2 ft of soil was higher under snowbrush than in the open, but the difference may have been caused by loss of nitrogen from open areas rather than by nitrogen fixation. Total nitrogen in the upper 15 cm of soil under ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934497

40. Environmental Factors Limiting the Productivity and Size of Experimental Populations of Drosophila Serrata and D. Birchii

Author:
Francisco J. Ayala
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.3 pp. 562-565
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Drosophila serrata; biomass; environmental factors; population size; sibling species; temperature
Abstract:
... Laboratory populations of several geographic strains of the sibling species, Drosophila serrata and D. birchii were studied. Under the experimental conditions, the biomass produced by a population is determined by the amount of food, and it is independent of temperature and the feeding schedule. The number of flies produced is determined mainly by the amount of food, temperature having a slight ef ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934126

41. Population Energies of the Millipede, Narceus Americanus (Beauvois)

Author:
Robert V. O'Neill
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.5 pp. 803-809
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Diplopoda; biomass; breeding season; energy flow; energy intake; environmental factors; hibernation; humidity; microhabitats; molting; prediction; summer; temperature
Abstract:
... Energy flow was investigated in 2 populations of Narceus americanus. A factorial experiment was used to determine rates of energy intake, excretory energy and assimilated energy over a range of temperature, humidity and food moisture conditions. The results of this experiment were applied to field data on environmental parameters and population biomass to predict the weekly energy flow during the ...
DOI:
10.2307/1936531

42. Sizes of Feeding Territories among Birds

Author:
Thomas W. Schoener
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.1 pp. 123-141
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
biomass; birds of prey; body weight; breeding; breeding season; clutch size; herbivores; home range; individual feeding; mammals; nesting; omnivores; prediction; territoriality
Abstract:
... This analysis deals with size variations in the breeding territories of land birds which obtain most or all of their food on the territory. For the species studied as a whole, territory size shows a strong positive relationship to body weight. Predators tend to have larger territories than omnivores or herbivores of the same weight, presumably due to the relatively denser food of the latter specie ...
DOI:
10.2307/1933567

43. Some Indices of Diversity

Author:
Mike Dickman
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.6 pp. 1191-1193
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
biomass; community structure; plankton; trophic relationships
Abstract:
... An index of diversity (H) based on the Shannon—Weaver formula, H = — Σⁿ ₁Pᵢ log Pᵢ, fails to reflect significant changes in a community's structure because it is only sensitive to changes in relative abundance of a few of the trophic levels of a community. Over two thirds of the species encountered in a typical plankton sample had no significant effect on the index of diversity (H), calculated for ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934512

44. Structural Characteristics of Benthic Algal Communities in Laboratory Streams

Author:
C. David McIntire
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.3 pp. 520-537
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Achnanthes; Anabaena variabilis; Cocconeis; Gomphonema; Melosira; Meridion; Navicula; Nitzschia; Phormidium; Rhoicosphenia; Synedra ulna; Tribonema; algae; benthic organisms; biomass; flora; light intensity; lighting; species diversity; streams
Abstract:
... Effects of light intensity and current velocity on the species composition and ecological properties of communities of benthic algae were investigated in laboratory streams. Of the 15 diatom taxa studied, only Melosira varians, Meridion circulare, and Navicula radiosa were more abundant in streams receiving 700 ft—c of illumination than in those receiving 150 ft—c. Achnanthes exigua, A. minutissim ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934118

45. Structure and Function in California Grasslands

Author:
S. J. McNaughton
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.5 pp. 962-972
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Bromus hordeaceus subsp. hordeaceus; Nassella pulchra; annual grasslands; biomass; botanical composition; habitats; indigenous species; models; sandstone; sandstone soils; serpentine; California
Abstract:
... Functional and floristic properties of annual grasslands on serpentine and sandstone soils at an elevation of 180 m on Stanford University's Jasper Ridge were determined along an intuitive habitat gradient from northeast to southwest exposures. The most frequent species contributed the most to peak standing crop in only half the stands. Stipa pulchra, the only native species among the important sp ...
DOI:
10.2307/1936547

46. Tagging Native Grassland Vegetation with Carbon‐14

Author:
Roger C. Dahlman; Clair L. Kucera
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.6 pp. 1199-1203
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
biomass; carbon; grasses; grasslands; growing season; leaves; root systems; roots; shoots; soil; storage organs; Missouri
Abstract:
... Techniques using a plastic tent to contain C¹ ⁴O₂ gas over herbaceous vegetation were effective for applying a tracer to Missouri tallgrass prairie. The grasses incorporated 67 to 41 μCi of C¹ ⁴/m² from a single exposure to 151 μCi of C¹ ⁴O₂/m² for 6 hr on clipped and unclipped areas, respectively. Regenerated shoots, which had been clipped 6 weeks earlier, possessed 8 times higher specific activi ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934516

47. The Effects of an Acute Insecticide Stress on a Semi‐Enclosed Grassland Ecosystem

Author:
Gary W. Barrett
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.6 pp. 1019-1035
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Hymenoptera; primary productivity; insecticides; millets; niches; acute effects; population growth; grasslands; Mus musculus; reproduction; Sigmodon hispidus; Homoptera; laboratory experimentation; Araneae; planting; ecosystems; Peromyscus polionotus; models; mice; species diversity; toxicity; biomass; small mammals; spraying; phytophagous insects; predatory insects; Urochloa ramosa
Abstract:
... The effects of a carbamate insecticide, Sevin, on plant, arthropod, and mammal components within a grain crop grassland ecosystem were investigated. A single application of 2 lb. of the insecticide was applied in July to 1 of 2 comparable and adjacent once—acre fenced enclosures, each planted in a crop of millet (Panicum ramosum) and stocked with three species of small mammals, the cotton rat (Sig ...
DOI:
10.2307/1934487

48. The Loss of Elements from Decomposing Litter

Author:
P. M. Attiwill
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.1 pp. 142-145
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Eucalyptus obliqua; biomass; calcium; forest canopy; forests; hardwood; leaching; magnesium; phosphorus; potassium; sodium; Australia
Abstract:
... The rates of loss of dry matter, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium during decomposition of plant materials were studied in mature Eucalyptus obliqua (L'Herit.) forests in southeastern Australia. The loss of elements follows the order Na > K > Ca > Mg > P, and can be largely explained by the behavior of these elements in terms of both mobility within the living biomass and of le ...
DOI:
10.2307/1933568

49. Use of Biomass Units in Shannon's Formula

Author:
Jerry L. Wilhm
Source:
Ecology 1968 v.49 no.1 pp. 153-156
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
biomass; macroinvertebrates; species diversity
Abstract:
... Species diversity of a population of benthic macroinvertebrates was described with Shannon's formula. The index was compared with basic data as numbers of individuals versus basic data as biomass units. ...
DOI:
10.2307/1933573

50. Feeding Rates of Freshwater Snails (Goniobasis Clavaeformis) determined with Cobalt

Author:
C. R. Malone; D. J. Nelson
Source:
Ecology 1969 v.50 no.4 pp. 728-730
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
biomass; cobalt; environmental factors; feeding behavior; freshwater; periodicity; rocks; snails; streams
Abstract:
... A short—term radionuclide method was developed for estimating feeding rates of snails inhabiting freshwater streams. Snails were allowed to feed for 1 hr upon the surfaces of rocks previously soaked in a Co⁶ ⁰ solution. Organic detritus and aufwuchs were scraped from the rocks and assayed to determine radioactivity. When the dpm of Co⁶ ⁰ mg— ¹ of food were known, the quantity of biomass ingested b ...
DOI:
10.2307/1936270