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1. Current developments for immobilized living cells in continuous production of ethanol

Author:
Bothast, R.J.; Slininger, P.J.
Source:
Fifth Canadian Bioenergy R & D Seminar : [proceedings] = [compte-rendu] / edited by S. Hasnain pp. -
Subject:
ethanol production; flocculation; fermentation; renewable resources; catalysts; methodology
Handle:
10113/25367

2. Acetylation of Zein Fibers

Author:
Cyril D. Evans; C. Bradford Croston; Cecil Van Etten
Source:
Textile research journal 1947 v.17 no.10 pp. 562-567
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acetic anhydride; acetylation; catalysts; dyes; equipment; fabrics; formaldehyde; hardness; moieties; pigments; sodium acetate; sulfuric acid; temperature; textile fibers; zein
Abstract:
... The acetylation of zein fibers increased the water-resistance, improved the softness of the fiber by moderation of the severe formaldehyde post-cure, improved the boil-resistance, whitened the fiber by removal of pigments, and decreased the dye uptake. Acetylation was accomplished with acetic anhydride, with sodium acetate or sulfuric acid as catalyst. Acetyl contents of more than 5 percent were q ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051754701701003

3. textile research journal : The Adsorption of Water by Swelling High Polyrneric Materials

Author:
Howard J. White; Henry Eyring
Source:
Textile research journal 1947 v.17 no.10 pp. 523-553
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
adsorbents; adsorption; catalysts; dimensional stability; fabrics; hysteresis; mechanics; relative humidity; sorption isotherms; textile fibers; water uptake
Abstract:
... This paper contains a discussion of the water-adsorption properties of a class of long-chain materials with many polar groups, which includes most textile fibers. The process discussed is distinguished from the adsorption by substances such as metal and metallic oxide catalysts in that it is not strictly a surface phenomenon, the adsorbent swelling as water is adsorbed. It differs from simple hydr ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051754701701001

4. Formaldehyde Curing of Zein Fibers

Author:
Cyril D. Evans; C. Bradford Croston
Source:
Textile research journal 1949 v.19 no.4 pp. 202-211
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
ammonium salts; boiling; catalysts; fabrics; formaldehyde; pH; textile fibers; zein
Abstract:
... Conditions necessary for the rapid formaldehyde curing of zein fibers were investigated and a continuous two-stage curing process was developed. The first stage (precuring) consists of a mild cure to introduce approximately 0.75 percent formaldehyde into the fiber and produces, after stretching, a fine-diameter fiber of exceptional strength and elasticity. The second stage (post-curing) consists o ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051754901900402

5. The Autoxidation of Alkali Cellulose : Part II

Author:
D. Entwistle; E.H. Cole; N.S. Wooding
Source:
Textile research journal 1949 v.19 no.10 pp. 609-624
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
absorption; antioxidants; autoxidation; catalysts; catalytic activity; cellulose; depolymerization; fabrics; free radicals; gold; oxygen; silver; textile fibers
Abstract:
... The previous paper in this series discussed the uncatalyzed autoxidation of alkali cellulose and suggested that the reaction proceeds via a chain mechanism involving transient free radicals. The present paper describes the effect of certain transition metal catalysts on the kinetics of oxygen absorption and cellulose depolymerization. It is further shown that the reaction is subject to catalysis b ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051754901901003

6. Cellulose Studies. Part XVI. The Reaction of Cellulose with Formaldehyde

Author:
Robert E. Wagner; Eugene Pacsu
Source:
Textile research journal 1952 v.22 no.1 pp. 12-20
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
boric acid; catalysts; cellulose; chemical bonding; fabrics; formaldehyde; glucose; moieties; temperature; textile fibers; vapors
Abstract:
... A new method for reacting cellulose and formaldehyde in the vapor phase using acid catalysts is described. Acids as weak as boric acid were effective in introducing up to 6% covalently bonded formaldehyde. The results of reaction conditions where catalyst concentration ranged from 1%-10% and reaction temperature ranged from 110°-150°C are presented. A chemical investigation of the structure of the ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755202200102

7. Crease-Resistant Cloth from Partially Carboxymethylated Cotton

Author:
George C. Daul; Robert M. Reinhardt; J. David Reid
Source:
Textile research journal 1952 v.22 no.12 pp. 792-797
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acidity; catalysts; cotton; equipment; fabrics; moieties; monochloroacetic acid; physical properties; sodium hydroxide; textile fibers
Abstract:
... A method of applying resin treatments to the acid form of partially carboxymethylated cot ton cloth to produce crease-resistance has been developed. The acidity of the carboxyl group and the higher swellability are advantageous for overcoming two difficulties met in the usual methods of producing crease-resistant cotton cloth by resin treatment. The presence of the acid carboxyl group supplies a b ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755202201205

8. Polymerization of Acrylics

Author:
George E. Ham
Source:
Textile research journal 1954 v.24 no.7 pp. 597-604
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; catalytic activity; chemical structure; composite polymers; copolymerization; dyes; energy density; entropy; fabrics; fiber quality; free radicals; heat; hydrophilicity; melting point; molecular weight; spinning; sulfates; temperature; textile fibers
Abstract:
... The significant fiber properties of the acrylics, such as high tenacity, solvent-resistance, heat- resistance, and spinnability from solution, are correlated with chemical structure. Observations on second-order transition temperature, theoretical melting point, heat of fusion, entropy of fusion, and cohesive energy density are made. The effect of molecular weight on general fiber properties is co ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755402400701

9. H-ion Catalysis by Acid Clays and Exchange Resins

Author:
Clayton McAuliffe; N. T. Coleman
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1955 v.19 no.2 pp. 156-160
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
acidity; adsorption; catalysts; catalytic activity; clay; ethyl acetate; hydrolysis; ion exchange; metal ions; pH; resins; sucrose
Abstract:
... Except where complicated by the adsorption or the limited diffusion of the molecular reactant, rates of H-ion catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate or inversion of sucrose were found to be proportional to the concentration of H-ions in a variety of ion exchange systems. No correlation was found to exist between potentiometric H-ion activities in clay or exchange resin suspensions and their efficie ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1955.03615995001900020011x

10. A- Preliminary Report on Fully Acetylated Cotton

Author:
Edmund M. Buras; Stanley R. Hobart; Carl Hamalainen; Albert S. Cooper
Source:
Textile research journal 1957 v.27 no.3 pp. 214-222
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acetic anhydride; catalysts; cellulose acetate; cellulosic fibers; color; cotton; equipment; fabrics; perchloric acid; plasticity; stainless steel; temperature; textile fibers; yarns
Abstract:
... Fully acetylated cotton (FA cotton), a chemically modified cellulosic fiber made from cotton and retaining its fibrous form, is described. A small-scale method of preparing a completely or nearly completely substituted product from cotton raw stock, yarn, or fabric by the application of acetic anhydride and perchloric acid catalyst in a diluent which minimizes the tendency of the product to dissol ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755702700307

11. Studies on Permanent Creasing of Cotton Garments

Author:
J. David Reid; Laurence W. Mazzeno; Robert M. Reinhardt; Anthony R. Markezich
Source:
Textile research journal 1957 v.27 no.3 pp. 252-259
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; clothing; cotton; drying; durability; equipment; ethylene; fabrics; finishes; laundry; resins; textile fibers; urea
Abstract:
... the Southern Regional Research Laboratory has initiated work on the application of resin formulations to cotton garments for the express purpose of imparting permanent creases to them. In its full scope, the project has two phases: application to finished garments and application to yard goods, with resin curing in each case being accom plished on the finished garment. Advantages and disadyantages ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755702700311

12. Vapor Phase Method for Preparation of Polyacrylonitrile Coated Cotton Yarn and Physical Properties of the Product

Author:
Chester H. Haydel; Hermann J. Janssen; Jeuel F. Seal; Henry L. E. Vix; Edward A. Gastrock
Source:
Textile research journal 1957 v.27 no.12 pp. 975-982
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; coatings; cotton; equipment; fabrics; heat; physical properties; polyacrylonitrile; textile fibers; vapors; weather; yarns
Abstract:
... Acrylonitrile vapors were polymerized within and upon the individual fiber surfaces of scoured cotton yarns to yield coated products having new and interesting properties. The uniformity of the polyacrylonitrile coating is shown in electron micrographs of the fiber surfaces. Breaking strengths were increased appreciably, particularly when the process was applied to prestretched yarns. High frictio ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755702701209

13. Durable Creasing of Wrinkle Resistant Cotton1

Author:
J. David Reid; Robert M. Reinhardt; Russell M. H. Kullman
Source:
Textile research journal 1958 v.28 no.3 pp. 242-251
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; clothing; cotton; cotton fabric; heat; laundry; men; summer; textile fibers; wool
Abstract:
... Research is under way at the Southern Regional Research Laboratory to improve cotton by resin treatment to strengthen its competitive position with respect to other fibers. In preliminary stages of the work, garments were finished using improved formulations and improved methods of curing which yielded garments which are truly wash and wear in that they may be machine laundered, dried, and worn wi ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755802800309

14. A New Replica Technique for the Study of Fabrics and Other Surfaces

Author:
W. Rhett Berry
Source:
Textile research journal 1959 v.29 no.11 pp. 912-917
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
ambient temperature; catalysts; equipment; fabrics; liquids; rubber; silicone; textile fibers
Abstract:
... The Silastic replica technique provides a new, unique, and simplified means for the replication and examination of fabric streaks, pile fabrics, and other surfaces. The basic technique is extremely simple and requires no special equipment. It depends on the properties of the silicone rubber, Silastic, produced by the Dow Corning Corporation. This material, received as a liquid, sets up at room tem ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755902901110

15. Chemical and Physical Effects of Finishing Cotton With Methylol Derivatives of Ethyleneurea

Author:
J.G. Frick; Bethlehem A. Kottes; J. David Reid
Source:
Textile research journal 1959 v.29 no.4 pp. 314-322
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; cotton; cotton fabric; crosslinking; finishes; physical properties; salts; textile fibers
Abstract:
... A study has been made of the mechanism by which cotton is made wrinkle resistant by dimethylol ethyleneurea. Estimates are made of the length of cross-links and the relative effect of several factors, including processing conditions, cross-linkage, and acid damage, on the loss in strength of the fabric on treatment. ' Various methylol derivatives of ethyleneurea were used in the study of the effec ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755902900405

16. Cross-Linking of Partially Cyanoethylated Cotton : Part I: Carbamoylethylation and Formaldehyde-Curing

Author:
Michiharu Negishi; Nobuo Aida
Source:
Textile research journal 1959 v.29 no.12 pp. 982-989
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
ammonium acetate; ammonium chloride; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; cotton fabric; crosslinking; diammonium phosphate; hydrogen peroxide; nitrogen; tensile strength; textile fibers
Abstract:
... By means of the hydrogen peroxide method, the carbamoylethylation of partially cyanoethylated cotton containing a low percentage of nitrogen appeared to be achieved to some extent without almost any damage. By formaldehyde-curing (110-150° C.) in the presence of acid catalyst such as ammonium chloride or dimethylaniline hydrochloride, the crease resistance of partially carbamoylethylated cotton fa ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755902901208

17. Epoxy Resin Blended Finishes for White Cottons'

Author:
D.D. Gagliardi; F.B. Shippee
Source:
Textile research journal 1959 v.29 no.1 pp. 54-65
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
aldehydes; bleaching; catalysts; chlorine; cotton fabric; dimensional stability; drying; epoxides; ethylene; finishes; laundry; lint cotton; plasticizers; polyacrylic acid; polyethylene; resins; silicone; textile fibers; urea; washing
Abstract:
... New finishes based on blends of epoxy resins with selected aldehydes, acetals, formaldehyde-amino resins, hemiacetals, and polymeric materials such as silicones, polyethylene, polyacrylates, and epoxy based plasticizers have been explored to produce new and improved effects on white cotton fabrics. With some of the formulated blends, durable wash-and-wear finishes, crease resistance, and dimension ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755902900107

18. Formic Acid Colloid of Methylolmelamine as a Weather and Rot Resistant Finish for Cotton

Author:
W. Norbert Berard; Gloria A. Gautreaux; Wilson A. Reeves
Source:
Textile research journal 1959 v.29 no.2 pp. 126-133
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cell walls; colloids; cotton; cotton fabric; formic acid; halides; melamine; metals; resins; textile fibers; weather
Abstract:
... A study of application techniques of methylolmelamine resins to cotton has revealed a practical method for producing cotton fabric with outstanding rot resistance and im proved weather resistance. This method is based upon the use of an acid colloid of methylolmelamine. The method of application of the colloid is the same as that con ventionally used for resin finishing; that is, pad, dry, and cur ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755902900203

19. Part II: Formaldehyde-Curing after Amidoximation

Author:
Michiharu Negishi; Heihachiro Ito; Nobuo Aida
Source:
Textile research journal 1959 v.29 no.12 pp. 990-995
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
ammonium acetate; catalysts; cellulose; cotton fabric; dyes; hydroxylamine; nitrogen; tensile strength; textile fibers
Abstract:
... By amidoximation with the aqueous hydroxylamine and subsequent formaldehyde-curing in the presence of a weak acid catalyst such as ammonium acetate or even in the absence of catalyst, the crease resistance of cyanoethylated cotton fabrics containing a low percentage of nitrogen was improved significantly without much loss in the tensile strength and elongation, but a decrease in the flex abrasion ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755902901209

20. Recent Developments in Cotton Finishing with Acetal Reactants

Author:
J.B. Irvine; T.J. Cronin; J.H. Davids
Source:
Textile research journal 1959 v.29 no.1 pp. 74-88
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; cotton; fabrics; temperature; textile fibers; textile mills
Abstract:
... An acetal cellulose reactant which imparts high crease resistance to fabrics is dis cussed. Determination of optimum conditions of application in the laboratory are fol lowed by discussion of several applications in textile mills. A catalyst which permits low temperature rapid curing of acetal reactants is also discussed. Results of textile mill usage of the catalyst are given. An efficiency facto ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755902900109

21. Use of Trifluoroacetic Anhydride in Partial Acetylation of Cotton Cellulose

Author:
Carl Hamalainen; Ricardo H. Wade; Manuel D. Cruz
Source:
Textile research journal 1959 v.29 no.10 pp. 821-826
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acetylation; anhydrides; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; esterification; fabrics; temperature; textile fibers; yarns
Abstract:
... Trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) has been found to be an effective esterification promoter in the preparation of experimental quantities of partial cellulose acetates in which the fibrous structure of the original cotton is retained. In this reaction TFAA acts as an impellent and no additional catalyst is required. A method of preparation has been devised, and the effects of time, temperature, and ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755902901008

22. Cotton Cross-Linked at Various Degrees of Fiber Swelling

Author:
Wilson A. Reeves; Rita M. Perkins; Leon H. Chance
Source:
Textile research journal 1960 v.30 no.3 pp. 179-192
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cotton; cotton fabric; crosslinking; formaldehyde; hydrochloric acid; hydrogen bonding; imbibition; textile fibers; water content
Abstract:
... Wet and dry density measurements were made on a wide variety of wash-and-wear cotton fabrics and some interpretations of these values are given. Methylenated cotton was selected for more extensive fundamental study because of the simplicity of the formaldehyde cross link and the fact that formaldehyde can be reacted with cotton under greatly different conditions. Formaldehyde was used to cross lin ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756003000303

23. Effects of Cross-Linkage in Wrinkle-Resistant Cotton Fabrics

Author:
J.G. Frick; B.A. Kottes Andrews; J. David Reid
Source:
Textile research journal 1960 v.30 no.7 pp. 495-504
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; cotton fabric; crosslinking; formaldehyde; modulus of elasticity; textile fibers; urea
Abstract:
... The cross-linking of cellulose in cotton fabric with three wrinkle-resistance finishing agents has been investigated. The three agents used were dimethylol urea, dimethylol ethyleneurea, and formaldehyde. With all three compounds, maximum crease recovery angles are obtained with a substitution of 0.04-0.05 cross links per anhydroglucose unit. As crease recovery angles increase, the elongation and ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756003000704

24. Imparting Wrinkle Resistance to Cotton with 1,1-Carbonylbisaziridine

Author:
Leon H. Chance; Rita M. Perkins; Wilson A. Reeves
Source:
Textile research journal 1960 v.30 no.12 pp. 918-926
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
bleaching agents; catalysts; chlorine; cotton; drying; fabrics; laundry; scorch; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Cotton print cloth and broadcloth were made wrinkle resistant by treating with curbonylbisaziridine (CBA) by the conventional process of padding, drying, and curing. Data are presented for fabric treated with and without the use of an acid catalyst, zinc fluoborate. An aftertreatment with Primenit VS emulsion² increased the crease recovery angle. Monsanto crease angles of over 300° were obtained w ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756003001203

25. New Silicone Alloy for Durable Water Repellency on Cotton

Author:
Charles J. Conner; Wilson A. Reeves; Leon H. Chance
Source:
Textile research journal 1960 v.30 no.3 pp. 171-178
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
alloys; catalysts; cellulose acetate; cotton; cotton fabric; detergents; emulsions; hydrogen; laundry; polymerization; resins; silane; silicone; soaps; sodium hydroxide; solvents; textile fibers; zirconium; zirconium oxide
Abstract:
... A new silicone alloy made by the simultaneous polymerization of tetravinyl silane and methyl hydrogen siloxane using benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst and methyl isobutyl ketone as a solvent is an excellent water repellent for cotton fabrics as measured by AATCC spray ratings. The treatment is very resistant to soap and detergent action. The alloy may be applied from organic solvents or aqueous emuls ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756003000302

26. Polymerization and Condensation Reaction of N-Methylol Acrylamide within Cotton Fabric

Author:
H. Kamogawa; R. Murase; T. Sekiya
Source:
Textile research journal 1960 v.30 no.10 pp. 774-781
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
1,6-hexanediamine; abrasion resistance; acrylamides; ammonium; ammonium chloride; catalysts; condensation reactions; cotton fabric; durability; formalin; hydrogen peroxide; polymerization; textile fibers
Abstract:
... Problems on the polymerization and condensation reaction of N-methylolacrylamide within cotton fabrics in which K₂S₂O₈, (NH₄) ₂S ₂O₈, or H₂O₂ was used as initiator and NH₄ Cl or (NH₄)₂HPO₄ used as the acid condensation catalyst were investigated primarily from the standpoint of the crease resistance of the treated fahric. The results obtained are as follows. The pre-drying process can be neglected ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756003001005

27. Reaction of Dimethylol Ethylene Urea with Cotton

Author:
P.C. Mehta; J.R. Mody
Source:
Textile research journal 1960 v.30 no.7 pp. 532-539
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acidity; catalysts; chlorine; cotton; cotton fabric; ethylene; pH; polymers; textile fibers; urea
Abstract:
... The reaction of dimethylol ethylene urea with cotton over a wide range of pH has been studied. It has been found that the DMEU polymer has a DP ranging from 2 to 5 depending on the acidity of the catalyst used. This variation in DP does not show a signiticant effect on fabric properties. 'I'he chlorine retention by DMEU-treated cotton fabrics has been reviewed and data have been presented to show ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756003000708

28. A Study of Reactions between Cotton Cellulose and Difunctional Epoxides

Author:
Ruth R. Benerito; Beverly G. Webre; J.B. McKelvey
Source:
Textile research journal 1961 v.31 no.9 pp. 757-769
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
aqueous solutions; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; epoxides; fabrics; physical properties; tensile strength; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Four diepoxides, namely, the diglycidyl ether of 1,4-butanediol, meso-butadiene diepoxide, Eponite 100, and vinylcyclohexene dioxide have been applied to cotton print cloth (80 X 80) from methanolic and aqueous solutions in the presence of zinc fluoborate as catalyst. Physical properties imparted to cotton by these diepoxides under various conditions of reaction and cure have been evaluated. Data ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756103100901

29. Formaldehyde Treatment of Partially Swollen Cotton

Author:
Leon H. Chance; Rita M. Perkins; Wilson A. Reeves
Source:
Textile research journal 1961 v.31 no.4 pp. 366-376
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acetic acid; aqueous solutions; catalysts; cations; cotton; cotton fabric; crosslinking; formaldehyde; hydrochloric acid; solvents; temperature; textile fibers; washing
Abstract:
... Two processes for producing wash-wear cotton fabrics by treatment with formaldehyde are described. One of these processes consists of reacting the fabric in a wet swollen condition in an aqueous solution of formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid. This fabric has good wet wrinkle recovery only and is therefore referred to as the Form-W process. It has good strength retention and is suitable for line-dr ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756103100409

30. Graft Polymerization of Acrylamide onto Cotton Fabric for Further Treatments

Author:
H. Kamogawa; T. Sekiya
Source:
Textile research journal 1961 v.31 no.7 pp. 585-591
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
Chrysanthemum morifolium; acrylamides; catalysts; cellulose; ceric ammonium nitrate; cotton fabric; crosslinking; durability; laundry; mechanical properties; pH; polyacrylamide; polymerization; solubility; textile fibers
Abstract:
... Effects of variables in the graft polymerization of acrylamide onto cotton fabric using ceric ammonium nitrate as catalyst have been investigated. Trials to impart a durable creaseproofing effect to the polyacrylamide-grafted fabric by the incorporation of cross-links between graft chains of different cellulose molecules by means of a methylene-bisamide linkage (-CONHCH₂HNOC-) have been made. A sh ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756103100701

31. Investigation of the Catalyst in the Cellulose-DMEU, Reaction : Part I: Effect of Catalyst upon the Physical and Chemical Properties of the Finished Cottons'

Author:
Hilda M. Ziifle; Ralph J. Berni; Ruth R. Benerito
Source:
Textile research journal 1961 v.31 no.4 pp. 349-365
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; chlorine; cotton; fabrics; infrared spectroscopy; magnesium; magnesium chloride; nitrates; physicochemical properties; spectral analysis; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Cotton print cloth (80 X 80) has been treated with 8% solutions of DMEU in the presence of inorganic salt catalysts at constant molar concentration of the metallic ion. The four catalysts employed—MgCl₂, Zn(NO₃)₂, Mg(NO₃)₂, and ZnCl₂—were studied at 0.006 M, 0.03 M, and 0.1 M concentrations. A comparative study has been made of the physical and chemical properties, swelling behavior as revealed by ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756103100408

32. Studies on the Chlorine Retention of Fabrics Treated with Dimethylol Ethylene Urea

Author:
P.C. Mehta; J.R. Mody
Source:
Textile research journal 1961 v.31 no.11 pp. 951-961
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; chlorine; crosslinking; ethylene; fabrics; hydrolysis; laundry; textile fibers; urea
Abstract:
... Chlorine retention and loss in strength due to scorching have been reported for fabrics treated with dimethylol ethylene urea DMEU) under different conditions of processing and use. Since DMEU is theoretically not expected to be chlorine retentive, various mechanisms have been proposed in the literature to explain this anomaly. The present paper reports the results of studies designed to follow th ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756103101105

33. The Improvement of the Wrinkle Recovery of Cotton by Reaction with Formaldehyde

Author:
S.J. O'Brien; W.J. van Loo
Source:
Textile research journal 1961 v.31 no.3 pp. 276-281
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; cotton; cotton fabric; crosslinking; equations; formaldehyde; magnesium chloride; nitrates; phosphoric acid; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Data are presented showing the reaction of formaldehyde with cotton fabric using phosphoric acid, magnesium chloride, and zinc nitrate as catalysts and the improvement in wrinkle recovery of the fabric obtained by these treatments. A theoretical equation which fits the relationship between improvement in wrinkle recovery and concentration of formaldehyde reacted with cotton was derived which sugge ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756103100305

34. The Reactivity of Some Epoxides toward Cellulose

Author:
Richard Steele
Source:
Textile research journal 1961 v.31 no.3 pp. 257-262
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
aqueous solutions; catalysts; cellulose; cellulosic fibers; cotton fabric; epoxides; perchlorates; temperature; textile fibers; water solubility; zinc
Abstract:
... The reactivity of 25 mono- and diepoxides towards cellulose under hot, anhydrous, acidic conditions has been investigated using a small scale procedure which permits the study of reagents available only in small amounts. The epoxides were emulsified in aqueous solutions of zinc perchlorate catalyst and applied to cellulose in the form of a small piece of cotton fabric. The impregnated sample was t ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756103100303

35. The Use of Coreactant Curing Agents with a Diepoxide to Impart Wrinkle Resistance to Cotton Fabrics

Author:
Robert M. Reinhardt; Russell M. H. Kullman; Harry B. Moore; J. David Reid
Source:
Textile research journal 1961 v.31 no.11 pp. 941-950
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
additives; aluminum sulfate; catalysts; citric acid; cotton; cotton fabric; crosslinking; curing agents; durability; dyes; finishes; magnesium; perchlorates; phthalic anhydride; potassium thiocyanate; silicone; temperature; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Wrinkle resistance can be imparted to cotton fabrics with a diepoxide when certain coreactant curing agents are used. Such materials coreact to become a part of the finished product and introduce linkages and chemical groups which differ from those obtained when a true catalyst is used. Several coreactants including, for example. phthalic anhydride, citric acid, 1-aminoethyl-2-methyl-imidazoline, ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756103101104

36. Chemical Bonding and Reaction Rates of Wrinkle-Resistant Finishes on Cotton

Author:
S.J. O'Brien; W. J. van Loo,
Source:
Textile research journal 1962 v.32 no.4 pp. 292-305
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
Lewis acids; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; crosslinking; equations; fabrics; formaldehyde; hydrogen bonding; temperature; tensile strength; textile fibers; wrinkle resistant finishes
Abstract:
... Rate equations for the development of wrinkle recovery improvement by the reaction of wrinkle-resistant finishes with cotton were calculated from a theory derived from previous work. The implications of this theory are that covalent cross-linking is required to obtain improvement in the wrinkle recovery of cotton, but only a small fraction . of the cellulose reactant necessary to obtain a given le ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756203200405

37. Reaction of Aryl Isocyanates with Cotton Cellulose : Part I: Variables in the Reaction Using Phenyl Isocyanate

Author:
S.E. Ellzey; Charles H. Mack
Source:
Textile research journal 1962 v.32 no.12 pp. 1023-1029
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; cotton; cotton fabric; dibutyltin; solvents; swelling (materials); temperature; textile fibers
Abstract:
... The effects of time, temperature, concentration, solvent, and catalyst in the reaction between cotton fabric and phenyl isocyanate in organic solvents have been studied. The swelling power of the solvent for the modified cotton has been found to be quite important. Under the conditions used, the reaction lacks reproducibility, probably because of traces of moisture in the reaction system. Di-n-but ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756203201210

38. Response of Cottons to Chemical Treatments : Part IV: Single-Fiber Resin Finishing

Author:
L. Rebenfeld
Source:
Textile research journal 1962 v.32 no.2 pp. 154-158
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; chemical treatment; fabrics; finishes; finishing; mechanical properties; modulus of elasticity; textile fibers
Abstract:
... Single fibers from six widely different cottons were subjected to a single-fiber resin- finishing treatment during which each fiber was maintained under a controlled tension of 100 mg. Dimethylol-ethylene-urea (DMEU) was used as the resin finishing agent. Fibers receiving suitable control treatments were also examined. The mechanical properties of the treated single fibers were evaluated by a cycl ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756203200210

39. A Vapor-Phase Technique for Radiation-Induced Grafting of Vinyl Monomers to Fibers

Author:
Arthur A. Armstrong; Henry A. Rutherford
Source:
Textile research journal v.33 no.4 pp. 264-273
ISSN:
1746-7748
Subject:
acetic acid; catalysts; cellulose; cellulose acetate; cotton; ethylene; fabrics; gamma radiation; methanol; microorganisms; nylon; organochlorine compounds; polyamides; polyesters; polymerization; polypropylenes; propylene; rayon; styrene; textile fibers; vapors; vinyl acetate; vinyl chloride
Abstract:
... A technique for the radiation grafting of volatile vinyl monomers to fiber substrates is described. The monomer is applied from the vapor phase while the samples are exposed to gamma radiation from Cobalt-60. The fibrous materials that are relatively unstable toward radiation are the ones that add the vinyl compounds the most readily. These are the cellulosics (cotton and rayon), cellulose esters ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756303300403

40. Changes in Certain Structural and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Cellulose with Progressive Acetylation

Author:
G. M. Conrad; P. Harbrink; A. L. Murphy
Source:
Textile research journal v.33 no.10 pp. 784-794
ISSN:
1746-7748
Subject:
X-radiation; X-ray diffraction; acetates; acetic acid; acetic anhydride; acetylation; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; crystallization; electron microscopy; esterification; fabrics; perchloric acid; temperature; tensile strength; textile fibers; thermal properties; yarns
Abstract:
... Scoured cotton yarns were acetylated by two processes: (1) by a 1:3 mixture of acetic anhydride and acetic acid to give a series of low- and medium-substituted products (PA); and (2) a 1:1 mixture of acetic anhydride and isopropyl acetate to give a series of medium- to highly-substituted products (FA). Perchloric acid was the catalyst in both processes. The products were studied with reference to ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756303301004

41. A Study of Cross-Linking using , Vapor-Phase Chromatography

Author:
John P. Dundon
Source:
Textile research journal 1964 v.34 no.4 pp. 340-346
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; chromatography; crosslinking; fabrics; methanol; textile fibers; water content
Abstract:
... A study of the cross-linking reaction of bis-methoxy-methyluron with cellulose has been made using vapor-phase chromatography. The rate of methanol liberation for various catalysts is given, and the effect of moisture content of the fabric on the reaction rate is shown. The data are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical significance. ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756403400410

42. Non-Aqueous Ester Cross-Linking of Cotton Cellulose

Author:
T.C. Allen
Source:
Textile research journal 1964 v.34 no.4 pp. 331-336
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
analytical methods; anhydrides; byproducts; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; crosslinking; esterification; fabrics; polymers; pyridines; quantitative analysis; solvents; textile fibers
Abstract:
... A new method for determining the extent of cross-linking in cotton has been investi gated. This method involves non-aqueous esterification with succmic anhydride to pro duce simple monomolecular cross-links without polymer formation. Analytical methods for the quantitative determination of the ester cross-links and the substituted cellulose byproducts of the esterification reaction have been devel ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756403400408

43. Presensitization of Cotton by the Deposition of Polymers of N-Methylol Compounds

Author:
John H. Margeson; Nelson F. Getchell
Source:
Textile research journal 1964 v.34 no.3 pp. 247-256
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
ambient temperature; aqueous solutions; catalysts; clothing; cotton fabric; lint cotton; polymerization; polymers; textile fibers
Abstract:
... A study was made of the presensitization of cotton by deposition of N-methylol poly mers and catalyst in the fabric, to permit subsequent curing of the fabric in garment form. The following N-methylol compounds were studied: triazone-formaldehyde, triazine-formaldehyde, dimethylolethyleneurea, melamme-formaldehyde, modified mela mine-formaldehyde, and dimethylolurea. The method of deposition invol ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756403400307

44. Rotproofing of Cellulosic Fibers by a Modified Dry Cure Resin Treatment

Author:
Richard J. Boyle
Source:
Textile research journal 1964 v.34 no.4 pp. 319-324
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
abrasion resistance; adverse effects; catalysts; cellulose; cellulosic fibers; fabrics; leaching; melamine; methylation; mildews; soil; tensile strength; textile fibers; thiourea; weathering
Abstract:
... A highly effective mildew and rot-resistant finish has been developed in which methylated trimethylol melamine is padded on the fabric in the presence of a cure modifier (thiourea) and an acid-forming catalyst and then cured at 350° F for 1-3 min. Reasons and data are given to support the selection of the recommended resin and buffer combination. The principle of this continuous process and its mi ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756403400406

45. The High-Temperature Reaction between Formaldehyde and Cellulose : Part I: Catalysis

Author:
Elias Klein; B.E.M. Bingham
Source:
Textile research journal 1964 v.34 no.7 pp. 585-593
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acidity; adsorption; air; catalysts; cellulose; dyes; fabrics; formaldehyde; surface area; textile fibers
Abstract:
... The examination of the kineties of the high-temperature reaction between formalde hyde and cellulose has shown that formaldehyde is consumed by two competitive proc esses. The main reaction between formaldehyde and the cellulose is a pseudo-first- order reaction with respect to formaldehyde concentration and a more complicated function of the catalyst concentration. Formaldehyde is also lost, conc ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756403400704

46. A Vapor-Phase Epichlorhydrin Process for Wet and Dry Wrinkle Recovery

Author:
Gerald R. Ferrante
Source:
Textile research journal 1965 v.35 no.5 pp. 446-452
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
alkali treatment; catalysts; cellulose; chemical reactions; epichlorohydrins; fabrics; salts; textile fibers; vapors; washing
Abstract:
... Epichlorohydrin vapors were used to treat cellulose in the presence of selected acid salts. After washing out of the acid catalyst, the fabrics were treated with aqueous alkali and cured under wet and dry conditions. The usual increases in wet crease recovery and, quite unexpectedly, significant increases in dry crease recovery were ob tained with either the wet or dry alkali treatment. Radiotrace ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756503500511

47. Effect of the Catalyst Upon the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cotton Cellulose Finished with Derivatives of Ethyleneurea

Author:
Elwood J. Gonzales; Ruth R. Benerito
Source:
Textile research journal 1965 v.35 no.2 pp. 168-178
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
aqueous solutions; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; dioxane; fabrics; finishes; hydrochloric acid; magnesium; magnesium chloride; moieties; nitrates; textile fibers; urea; water solubility; zinc
Abstract:
... Cotton print cloth (68 X 72) has been treated with aqueous solutions of dihydroxy ethyleneurea (DHEU) and several of its derivatives in the presence of inorganic catalysts at constant molar concentration of the metallic ion. The derivatives were N,N'-dimeth yloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), a dioxane complex of DMDHEU, dimethoxyethyl eneurea (DMXEU), and N,N'-d'imethyldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMeD ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756503500211

48. I. Vinylation of Cotton Slivers and Print Cloth

Author:
M.E. Chiddix; S.A. Glickman; O.F. Hecht
Source:
Textile research journal 1965 v.35 no.10 pp. 942-950
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acetylene; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; fabrics; potassium hydroxide; solvents; storage quality; temperature; textile fibers; water content
Abstract:
... Cotton cellulose in the form of slivers and print cloth was successfully vinylated with acetylene without destroying the fiber structure. D.S. (degree of substitution) values up to 0.70 were achieved in vinylation reactions at 120° C, using potassium hydroxide as the catalyst. The important variables in the vinylation reaction were found to be the catalyst and its concentration, the moisture conte ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756503501012

49. Phosphorus-Containing Carboxamides and their Evaluation on Cotton Fabrics1

Author:
Leon H. Chance; Wilson A. Reeves; George L. Drake
Source:
Textile research journal 1965 v.35 no.4 pp. 291-298
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
alkaline hydrolysis; ammonium hydroxide; catalysts; chlorine; cotton; cotton fabric; finishes; magnesium chloride; nitrates; phosphine; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... A new compound, tris(2-carbamoylethyl)phosphine, was synthesized by the reaction of ammonium hydroxide with the ethyl or methyl ester of tris (2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. Tris(2-carbamoylethyl)phosphine oxide was also prepared by the method of M. M. Rauhut and others [10]. The methylol derivatives of these two compounds were pre pared and applied to cotton fabric with zinc nitrate and magnesium chlo ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756503500401

50. The Cross-Linking of Cotton With Vinyl Monomers Using Radiation and Chemical Catalysis1

Author:
W.K. Walsh; C.R. Jin; A.A. Armstrong
Source:
Textile research journal 1965 v.35 no.7 pp. 648-654
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; chemical reactions; cotton; crosslinking; fabrics; ionizing radiation; moieties; textile fibers
Abstract:
... The work presented here is the result of a series of experiments attempting to cross-link cotton by using difunctional monomers having at least one vinyl group. Emphasis was placed on the delayed cure aspects of these monomers. Chemical reaction of the monomers was initiated both by ionizing radiation and by a conventional. chemical free-radical catalyst. ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756503500709

51. Vinylated Cotton : II. Preliminary Examination of Physical and Textile Properties

Author:
M.E. Chiddix; J.J. Duncan; R.J. Fredericks; S.A. Glickman; O.F. Hecht
Source:
Textile research journal 1965 v.35 no.11 pp. 965-972
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
X-ray diffraction; acetylene; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; crosslinking; crystal structure; fabrics; textile fibers
Abstract:
... Samples of vinylated cotton slivers with DS (degree of substitution) values of about 0.05 and below were found to be soluble in cupriethylenediamine hydroxide solution. Vis cosity determinations indicated D.P.'s of 97 to 586 which were considerably lower than that of the starting cotton (about 3000). Samples with higher D.S. values were all insoluhle in the reagent indicating at least a small amou ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756503501101

52. Determination and Isotope-Ratio Analysis of Different Forms of Nitrogen in Soils: 2. A Simplified Procedure for Isotope-Ratio Analysis of Soil Nitrogen

Author:
H. H. Cheng; J. M. Bremner
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1966 v.30 no.4 pp. 450-453
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
ammonium; catalysts; distillation; heat; neutralization; nitrogen; potassium sulfate; soil; spectrometers; sulfuric acid
Abstract:
... A procedure for isotope-ratio analysis of soil nitrogen is described which eliminates the ammonium distillation stage of the customary procedure. The nitrogen in the soil sample is converted to ammonium by Kjeldahl digestion without use of a catalyst, digestion being accomplished by heating the sample with sulfuric acid containing a high concentration of potassium sulfate (ca. 0.7g/ml of H₂SO₄). A ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000040016x

53. Kinetics of the Reactions of Ethyleneurea Derivatives with Cotton Cellulose : Part I: The Cellulose—Dihydroxyethyleneurea Reaction

Author:
Elwood J. Gonzales; Ruth R. Benerito; Ralph J. Berni
Source:
Textile research journal 1966 v.36 no.6 pp. 565-571
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; cotton; enthalpy; entropy; fabrics; magnesium; magnesium chloride; nitrates; nitrogen; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Cotton print cloth has been treated with 0.55 M solutions of 4,5-dihydroxy-2- imidazolidinone or dihydroxyethyleneurea (DHEU) in the presence of 0.03 M inorganic salts as catalysts. The rates of the reaction at 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85°C in the presence of ZnCl ₂, Zn(NO₃)₂, MgCl₂, and (Mg(NO ₃)₂ catalysts have been determined by following changes in bound nitrogen and changes in crease recovery prop ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756603600608

54. Kinetics of the Reactions of Ethyleneurea Derivatives with Cotton Cellulose : Part II: The Cellulose—Bimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea Reaction

Author:
Elwood J. Gonzales; Ruth R. Benerito; Ralph J. Berni; Harry M. Zacharis
Source:
Textile research journal 1966 v.36 no.6 pp. 571-578
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; cotton; enthalpy; entropy; fabrics; formaldehyde; magnesium; magnesium chloride; moieties; nitrates; nitrogen; textile fibers; urea; zinc
Abstract:
... The kineties of the reactions of cotton print cloth treated with 0.55 M solutions of 4.5-dihydroxy-1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidinone (dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea) in the presence of 0.03 M inorganic salt catalysts have been investigated. The present two-stage delayed-cure process for chemically modifying the performance of cellulosic fabrics depends on the significant differences in re ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756603600609

55. Microscopical Comparisons of Some Reactions of Cotton Cellulose with Ethyleneurea Derivatives

Author:
Mary L. Rollins; Jarrell H. Carra; Elwood J. Gonzales; Ralph J. Berni
Source:
Textile research journal 1966 v.36 no.2 pp. 185-201
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
ambient temperature; catalysts; cellulose; clothing; cotton; fabrics; magnesium; magnesium chloride; nitrates; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Reactions of cotton cellulose with dihydroxyethyleneurea (DHEU) and with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) in the presence of Zn(NO₃)₂, ZnCl₂, Mg(NO₃)₂, and MgCl₂ as catalysts have been compared at various temperatures and times. Temperatures and times selected covered the range of conditions pertinent to the "delayed cure" process for making permanently pressed garments and, therefore, inc ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756603600212

56. Vapor Phase Reactions on Cotton : Part I: General, Considerations and Partial Results

Author:
D.D. Gagliardi; W.J. Jutras; F.B. Shippee
Source:
Textile research journal 1966 v.36 no.2 pp. 168-177
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
abrasion resistance; alkylation; catalysts; cotton fabric; crosslinking; esterification; functional properties; lint cotton; mildews; soil; textile fibers; vapors
Abstract:
... The reaction of cotton fabrics with reagents in the vapor phase has been studied as a means of producing new functional properties not readily obtainable by the conven tional finishing methods. Five classes of reactions, with several examples in each have been examined. These include vapor-phase cross-linking, poymer formation in and on fibers, grafting reaction, esterification, and alkylation. Ac ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756603600210

57. Wash and Wear Finishing of Cotton Fabric with N,N'-Dimethylol-Itaconamide (DIMIA)

Author:
Shoji Narita; Masakazu Date; Kiyoshi Ishii
Source:
Textile research journal 1966 v.36 no.2 pp. 124-131
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
ammonium; catalysts; cellulose; chemical bonding; cotton fabric; crosslinking; free radicals; hydrogen peroxide; magnesium chloride; moieties; polymerization; potassium; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... A tri-functional monomer, N,N'-dimethylol-itaconamide (DIMIA) gave excellent wash-wear properties to cotton fabric. The cross-linking and polymerization mechanisms were investigated. The acid catalysts, MgCl₂ and Zn(BF₄)₂, have been used to react the methylol groups of the reagent with cellulose hydroxyls while peroxide catalysts (free radical initiators) such as ammonium or potassium persulfates ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756603600204

58. A Simplified Method for Preparation of Soil Thin Sections

Author:
Leland H. Gile
Source:
Soil Science Society of America journal 1967 v.31 no.4 pp. 570-572
ISSN:
0361-5995
Subject:
acetone; calcareous soils; catalysts; clay; epoxides; gravel; heat; loamy sand soils; texture
Abstract:
... A simplified method for thin section preparation requires a relatively small amount of materials and time. Heating is required only twice, no evacuation is necessary, and only one impregnating solution is used. A ratio of 3.5 parts of acetone to 1 part of Laminac resin is used for impregnation, with Lupersol DDM as a catalyst. Impregnated chips and cover glasses are attached to slides with clamps, ...
DOI:
10.2136/sssaj1967.03615995003100040039x

59. An Investigation of the Reversibility of N-Methylolacrylamide Cross Links on Cotton1

Author:
Stanley R. Hobart
Source:
Textile research journal 1967 v.37 no.5 pp. 380-390
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; catalytic activity; cellulose; cotton; crosslinking; fabrics; formaldehyde; nitrogen; textile fibers
Abstract:
... N-Methylolacrylamide (NMA) was reacted reversibly in successive, acid-catalyzed and base-catalyzed steps to cross-link cotton cellulose. The occurrence of cross-linking was confirmed by development of cuene insolubility and wrinkle recovery. The ease of crease introduction or removal was used to indicate the extent of breaking and reforming the cross links on treatment of the ether linkages with t ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756703700508

60. Cross-Linked Silicone Films in Textile Finishing : II. Wash-Wear and Durable-Press Cottons at Low Levels of Cellulose Cross-Linking1, 2

Author:
Clark M. Welch; Joel B. Bullock; Matthew F. Margavio
Source:
Textile research journal 1967 v.37 no.4 pp. 324-333
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; coatings; crosslinking; fabrics; lint cotton; silicone; textile fibers; textile finishes
Abstract:
... Dimethyl silicone imparted wrinkle recovery values of 250-285° to various types of fabric when the silicone was cross-linked as a film on the cotton. To enhance this effect, a small amount of cellulose cross-linking was carried out using dihydroxydimethylol ethyleneurea without added metal salt catalysts. Conditioned wrinkle recoveries of 288- 308° and wet recovery angles of 302-310° (W + F) were ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756703700410

61. Effects of Bases on the Pyrolysis of Cotton Cellulose

Author:
Charles H. Mack; Darrell J. Donaldson
Source:
Textile research journal 1967 v.37 no.12 pp. 1063-1071
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
activation energy; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; differential scanning calorimetry; differential thermal analysis; energy; enthalpy; equations; fabrics; nitrogen; pyrolysis; reaction kinetics; salts; temperature; textile fibers; thermogravimetry
Abstract:
... Highly purified cotton cellulose, which has been impregnated with alkali metal bases or basic salts to various weight levels (up to 2% for the bases and up to 5% for the basic salts), was examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All analyses were carried out under purified dry nitrogen at heating rates up to 40° ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756703701209

62. Iodide Ion Catalysis in the Benzylation of Cotton Cellulose

Author:
Ricardo H. Wade; Clark M. Welch
Source:
Textile research journal 1967 v.37 no.7 pp. 586-591
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
alkylation agents; benzylation; borax; catalysts; catalytic activity; cellulose; cellulosic fibers; cotton; fabrics; iodides; mercerization; organochlorine compounds; organoiodine compounds; textile fibers; yarns
Abstract:
... The presence of alkali metal iodides accelerated the reaction of benzyl chloride with alkali cellulose. The alkali metal iodide was added to the mercerizing alkali used to activate the cotton yarn. The degree of benzylation observed with iodide present was 74% to 110% greater than with iodide absent. A D.S. of 0.7 could readily be obtained within a reaction period of thirty minutes at 115°C. The b ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756703700706

63. New Catalysts for Resin Finishing

Author:
F.H. Burkitt; J.J. Ryan; R. Tattersal; P.J. Taylor
Source:
Textile research journal 1967 v.37 no.4 pp. 311-315
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acidity; catalysts; fabrics; finishing; temperature; textile fibers
Abstract:
... The chemical characteristics of a new class of catalysts have been investigated. The development of acidity has been shown to depend only on the catalyst concentra tion—a mechanism which gives the new catalysts special advantages in resin finishing. Another group of catalysts based on sulfonium compounds has also been developed. They have been shown to possess a "trigger" temperature, but the mech ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756703700408

64. Physicochemical Study of the Cotton Cellulose— Dimethylolpropyleneurea Reaction1

Author:
E.J. Gonzales; Hilda M. Ziifle; R.J. Berni; Ruth R. Benerito
Source:
Textile research journal 1967 v.37 no.9 pp. 726-735
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cotton; enthalpy; entropy; fabrics; formaldehyde; magnesium; magnesium chloride; nitrates; nitrogen; physicochemical properties; spectral analysis; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Physical and chemical properties of cotton print cloth treated with 0.55 M solutions of 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H)-tetrahydropyrimidinone (dimethylolpropyleneurea or DMPU) in the presence of 0.03 and 0.1 M inorganic salt catalysts have been determined. The kinetics of the reaction in the presence of 0.03 M catalysts have been investigated. Specific reaction-rate constants at 45, 55, and 65°C in ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756703700902

65. Reaction of a Diisocyanate with Cotton to Produce Wash-Wear Fabrics

Author:
Gerald B. Verburg; Frank W. Snowden
Source:
Textile research journal 1967 v.37 no.5 pp. 367-371
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
abrasion resistance; catalysts; chlorine; cotton; cotton fabric; dimethylformamide; hydrolysis; laundry; temperature; textile fibers
Abstract:
... The effects of time, temperature, concentration, and catalyst on the reaction between cotton fabric and bis(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane in N,N-dimethylformamide have been studied. The reaction was carried out without pretreatment of the fabric or the reagents used. Diisocyanate-treated fabrics possess high wrinkle-recovery angles with moderate losses in tearing strength and abrasion resistance. ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756703700505

66. Silica gel catalyzed detritylation of some carbohydrate derivatives

Author:
Lehrfeld, J.
Source:
Journal of organic chemistry 1967 v.32 no.8 pp. 2544-2546
ISSN:
0022-3263
Subject:
carbohydrates; catalysts; silica gel; separation; chromatography; adsorbents
DOI:
10.1021/jo01283a039

67. Substituted Propylene Urea in Conventional, Wet, and Moist Curing

Author:
Heinz E. Bille; Harro A. Petersen
Source:
Textile research journal 1967 v.37 no.4 pp. 264-276
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
additives; catalysts; chlorine; fabrics; finishes; hydrolysis; polyacrylic acid; polyamides; propylene; textile fibers; urea
Abstract:
... The properties and scope of application of a new six-membered N-methylol ring compound, 4MO-5DM-PU (4-methoxy-5,5-dimethyl-NN'-dimethylolpropylene urea) are described. Special properties, such as chlorine resistance, stability to hydrolysis, light fastness, and reactivity, are discussed in the light of theoretical considerations and of the results obtained on practical application. It has been fou ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756703700404

68. Wet-Fixation Process for Improved Durable-Press Cotton1

Author:
Norman R. S. Hollies; Nelson F. Getchell
Source:
Textile research journal 1967 v.37 no.2 pp. 70-76
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
carbamates; catalysts; color; cross-linking reagents; crosslinking; drying; fabrics; laundry; lint cotton; neutralization; polymers; resins; sodium carbonate; textile fibers; urea; washing
Abstract:
... This paper is concerned with a new research development for imparting durable press to cotton in which finishing resins are deposited inside the wet, swollen cotton fiber. This is accomplished by padding an N-methylol resin-mineral acid solution on the fabric, heating the fabric in a closed or semi-closed container for 15 min at 180° F, neutralizing in sodium carbonate solution, washing, and dryin ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756703700202

69. Effect of Mercerizing- Strength NaOH on Fine Structures of Cottons Modified with Butadienediepoxide

Author:
H.M. Ziifle; R.R. Benerito; R.J. Berni; A.M. Cannizzaro
Source:
Textile research journal 1968 v.38 no.11 pp. 1101-1117
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
carbon tetrachloride; catalysts; catalytic activity; cellulose; cotton; cotton fabric; mercerization; sodium hydroxide; spectral analysis; textile fibers
Abstract:
... Spectral and microscopical data revealed effects of 23% NaOH used either as a pretreating agent (catalyst) or as a mercerizing agent prior to or subsequent to treatment of cottons with CCl₄ solutions of butadienediepoxide (BDO) in presence of more dilute NaOH catalysts. Whereas high dry and high wet wrinkle-recovery angles resulted when 2% or 15% NaOH catalyzed the BDO-cellulose reaction, only hig ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756803801103

70. Improved Cotton Durable Press by Wet Fixation. Laboratory-Mill Correlations1

Author:
William F. Baitinger; William Nakajima; George DePaolo
Source:
Textile research journal 1968 v.38 no.4 pp. 432-439
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
abrasion resistance; catalysts; cotton; crosslinking; fabrics; laboratory experimentation; latitude; polymerization; pressing; resins; temperature; textile fibers
Abstract:
... Previous experimental treatment of the theoretical aspects of the wet-fixation tech nique has led to conclusions regarding the nature of the resins and reactants used, their interactions in the process, and the balancing of cross-linking for durable-press per formance and polymerization for physical-property retention. Subsequently, laboratory trials were run which were designed to elucidate and t ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756803800414

71. Kinetics of the Reactions of Ethyleneurea Derivatives with Cotton Cellulose : Part III: The Cellulose-Dimethyldihydroxyethyleneurea Reaction

Author:
Hilda M. Ziifle; Ruth R. Benerito; Elwood J. Gonzales; Ralph J. Berni
Source:
Textile research journal 1968 v.38 no.9 pp. 925-930
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
aqueous solutions; catalysts; catalytic activity; cellulose; cotton; enthalpy; entropy; fabrics; magnesium; magnesium chloride; moieties; nitrates; nitrogen; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Cotton print cloth has been treated with 0.55 M aqueous solutions of 1,3-dimethyl- 4,5-dihydroxy-2-imidazolidinone or dimethylhydroxyethyleneurea (DMeDHEU) in the presence of either ZnCl₂, Zn(NO₃) ₂, MgCl₂, or Mg(NO₃)₂ catalyst at 0.03 and 0.1 M concentration of metal ion. The rates of the reaction at 45, 55, and 65°C in the presence of each of the above catalysts at 0.03 M concentration of metal ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756803800907

72. Reaction Mechanisms, Structure, and Properties of Methylol Compounds in Cross-Linking Cotton1

Author:
H. Petersen
Source:
Textile research journal 1968 v.38 no.2 pp. 156-176
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
Lewis bases; amides; catalysts; cellulose; chlorine; crosslinking; dissociation; fabrics; nitrogen; prediction; reaction mechanisms; temperature; textile fibers; thermodynamics
Abstract:
... Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the formation and dissociation of N-methylol compounds, as well as a study of their equilibrium states in relation to concentration, temperature, and catalysts, on the cross-linking of N-methylol and N-alkoxymethyl compounds with nucleophilic reactants, such as the hydroxy groups of cellulose, on the stability of the N-alkoxymethyl compounds in alkaline and aci ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756803800208

73. Thermoanalytical Studies on the Durable-Press Curing of Cellulose : Part I: The Thermal Behavior of Trimethylolmelamine- Carbohydrate Mixtures

Author:
Bernard Miller
Source:
Textile research journal 1968 v.38 no.1 pp. 1-15
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellobiose; cellulose; cotton; cross-linking reagents; differential thermal analysis; fabrics; glucose; moieties; nitrates; temperature; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Thermoanalytical scanning has been carried out on a cross-linking agent, trimeth ylolmelamine, which is typical of the reactants used for imparting durable-press charac teristics to cotton. This compound was investigated by itself and in various combinations with glucose and cellobiose. Catalyzed and noncatalyzed conditions were compared. A variety of thermally induced processes were revealed as o ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756803800101

74. Thermoanalytical Studies on the Durable-Press Curing of Cellulose : Part II: The Effect of Nitrate Salts on the Thermal1 Behavior of Cotton

Author:
Bernard Miller
Source:
Textile research journal 1968 v.38 no.4 pp. 395-400
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; cotton; crosslinking; differential thermal analysis; fabrics; heat production; nitrates; nitrogen dioxide; temperature; textile fibers; thermal properties; thermogravimetry; weight loss; zinc
Abstract:
... In the course of a series of thermoanalytical investigations on durable-press curing processes for cotton, attention has been focused on the acid salt catalysts. Studies on the sequence and nature of the chemical events occurring during heating through the tem perature range of a typical durable-press cure have been carried out by using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric ana ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756803800410

75. Vapor-Phase Treatment of Cotton, Fabrics with Formaldehyde Catalyzed by Sulfur Dioxide1

Author:
Katherine Wilson; Jose Gamarra; Ronald Swidler
Source:
Textile research journal 1968 v.38 no.4 pp. 401-415
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
ammonium chloride; catalysts; cotton; cotton fabric; crosslinking; formaldehyde; laundry; nitrates; sulfur; sulfur dioxide; temperature; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... A process has been developed for cross-linking cotton fabrics with formaldehyde at temperatures between 80°C and 130°C using sulfur dioxide as a catalyst. Reaction times of 2-5 min are required. To obtain wrinkle recovery angles between 300° and 330°, fabrics should be pretreated with a soft film-forming additive. Wash-wear ratings of 41 2 and crease retention ratings of 4 were obtained with twill ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756803800411

76. Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturate fats: group VIB metal carbonyl complexes

Author:
Frankel, E.N.; Little, F.L.
Subject:
linoleic acid; soybean oil; linolenic acid; vegetable oil; organometallic compounds; sorbic acid; catalysts; chromium; tungsten; molybdenum; fatty acid esters; hydrogenation
Handle:
10113/31173

77. Pilot-plant selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: activation and evaluation of copper-containing catalysts

Author:
Moulton, K.J.; Moore, D.J.; Beal, R.E.
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
soybean oil; hydrogenation; food processing; catalysts; copper; linolenic acid; linoleic acid; oleic acid; isomerization
Abstract:
... In pilot-plant tests, the linolenate content of soybean oil was reduced to less than 1% without increasing the saturates, by hydrogenation to an IV of about 115 with an active copper-chromite catalyst. The linolenate-linoleate selectivity ratio (KLe/KLo) was from 9 to 12. Several commercial copper-chromite catalysts were used in hydrogenation tests. The activities of four of five commercial cataly ...
Handle:
10113/30827
DOI:
10.1007/BF02540624

78. Polyesteramides from linseed and soybean oils for protective coatings: diisocyanate-modified polymers

Author:
Gast, L.E.; Schneider, W.J.; McManis, G.E.; Cowan, J.C.
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
films (materials); soybean oil; coatings; vegetable oil; polyesters; urethane; cyanates; amides; linseed oil; catalysts; physicochemical properties; mechanical properties
Abstract:
... This paper describes the preparation and film properties of urethane-polyesteramides from hydroxyl-terminated polyesteramides (HTPA) and diisocyanates. Preparation involved a triethylenediamine-catalysed reaction of htpa from soybean or linseed oils with diisocyanates. Drying characteristics, hardness and chemical resistance of the films were tested. The use of some of them in paint and varnish is ...
Handle:
10113/31153
DOI:
10.1007/BF02636865

79. Salts of DEAE-Cottons as Built-in Catalysts for the Cellulose-DMEU Reaction

Author:
Donald M. Soignet; Ruth R. Benerito; Mary W. Pilkington
Source:
Textile research journal v.39 no.8 pp. 780-787
ISSN:
1746-7748
Subject:
catalysts; salts
Abstract:
... The use of a built-in tertiary amine salt as a catalyst for the reaction of cotton with substituted cyclic ureas has been investigated, with emphasis on the reaction of 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-imidazolidinone-2 (called dimethylolethyleneurea or DMEU). Both organic and inorganic acid salts of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cotton have been found to be catalytically active. The effects of reaction temperat ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756903900811

80. Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. IV. fatty acid isomers formed with copper catalysts

Author:
Koritala, S.; Dutton, H.J.
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
isomerization; soybean oil; vegetable oil; polyunsaturated fatty acids; copper; catalysts; isomers; fatty acid esters; chemical bonding; hydrogenated oils; hydrogenation
Abstract:
... Two samples of soybean oil hydrogenated with copper-containing catalysts at 170 and 200 C were analyzed for their natural and isomeric fatty acids. Methyl esters of the hydrogenated oils were separated into saturates, monoenes, dienes and trienes by countercurrent distribution between acetonitrile and pentane-hexane. Monoenes were further separated into cis- and trans-isomers on a silver-saturated ...
Handle:
10113/31170
DOI:
10.1007/BF02544808

81. The Acrylation, Methacrylation, and Acrylamidomethylation of Cellulose : Application of Two Novel Cross-Linking Reactions to Cotton

Author:
G. Sumrell; M. F. Margavio; C. M. Welch
Source:
Textile research journal v.39 no.1 pp. 78-85
ISSN:
1746-7748
Subject:
acrylamides; acrylates; catalysts; cellulose; chemical bonding; cotton; cotton fabric; cross-linking reagents; crosslinking; free radicals; hydrogen sulfide; nitrates; organochlorine compounds; physical properties; sodium sulfide; textile fibers; zinc
Abstract:
... Partially acrylated and methacrylated cottons have been prepared from the respective acid chlorides and cotton fabric in the presence of various bases. Some of the physical properties of these materials were determined, and the acrylates were cross-linked through the double bond by two methods to give materials with wrinkle recoveries in the wash-wear range. One of the methods utilized sodium hydr ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756903900112

82. Wool Setting: The Effect of Esterification

Author:
L. A. Holt; S. J. Leach; B. Milligan
Source:
Textile research journal v.39 no.3 pp. 290-293
ISSN:
1746-7748
Subject:
1-propanol; buffers; butanol; catalysts; esterification; ethanol; hydrochloric acid; ionic strength; methanol; pH; potassium chloride; textile fibers; wool; woolen fabric
Abstract:
... Esterification of wool fabrics with methanol, ethanol, n-propanol or n-butanol (containing 0.1 M HCl as catalyst) has been found to modify both amide and carboxyl side chains. Modification of amide groups is especially marked with the higher alcohols. The esterified fabrics set more readily than untreated fabric when steam-pressed in the presence of 0.05 M buffer (pH 7), but not when M potassium c ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051756903900316

83. Conversion of polyunsaturates in vegetable oils to cis-monosaturates by homogeneous hydrogenation catalyzed with chromium carbonyls

Author:
Frankel, E.N.
Subject:
soybean oil; safflower oil; vegetable oil; polyunsaturated fatty acids; hydrogenation; monounsaturated fatty acids; saponification; catalysts; chromium; oxidative stability; flavor; food processing; food quality
Handle:
10113/31164

84. Cross-Linking of Cotton Cellulose with Ethylene Urea Derivatives Having Varying Hydrogen-Bonding Capabilities : Part I : Effects on the Physical Properties and the Hydrogen-Bonded Structure

Author:
C.V. Stevens; B.F. Smith
Source:
Textile research journal 1970 v.40 no.8 pp. 749-760
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cellulose; cotton; cross-linking reagents; crosslinking; dimethylformamide; ethylene; fabrics; hydrogen bonding; nitrates; physical properties; resins; solvents; textile fibers; urea; zinc
Abstract:
... Cotton print cloth was reacted with 1, 3-bis (hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidinone (dimethylol ethylene urea) and with several modifications of this compound which had varying hydrogen-bonding capabilities but were still capable of cross-linking the cellulose. Reactions were carried out in two solvent systems, water and dimethylformamide, using Zn (NO₃)₂.6H₂O as the catalyst. Add-ons of the cross-link ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051757004000812

85. Homogeneous catalytic conjugation of polyunsaturated fats by chromium carbonyls

Author:
Frankel, E.N.
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
linoleic acid; soybean oil; linolenic acid; vegetable oil; catalysts; linseed oil; chromium; safflower oil; hydrogenation
Abstract:
... Various arene-Cr(CO)3 complexes and Cr(CO)6 are effective soluble catalysts for the conjugation of polyunsaturated fats (of vegetable oils). Methyl benzoate-Cr(CO)3 is one of the most active catalysts. The following conjugation levels were obtained: methyl linoleate, 65%; methyl linolenate, 45%; the polyunsaturates in soybean and safflower oils, 73%; and in linseed oil, 48%. Conjugated dienes from ...
Handle:
10113/30822
DOI:
10.1007/BF02541453

86. Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty esters with copper-chromite catalyst: kinetics, mechanism and isomerization

Author:
Koritala, S.
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
isomerization; linolenic acid; copper; catalysts; fatty acid esters; kinetics; hydrogenation; conjugated linoleic acid; deuterium
Abstract:
... Hydrogenation of linolenate with copper chromite produced a large amount of conjugated diene and minor amounts of nonconjugatable dienes. The double bonds in conjugated dienes and monoenes were scrambled all along the chain. This product distribution can be explained if it is assumed that conjugation of the double bonds is followed by hydrogenation. In competitive hydrogenation, fatty esters with ...
Handle:
10113/30890
DOI:
10.1007/BF02639227

87. Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Cross-Linking Agents

Author:
Harro Petersen
Source:
Textile research journal 1970 v.40 no.4 pp. 335-344
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acid hydrolysis; alcohols; carbamates; carboxylic acids; cellulose; cross-linking reagents; crosslinking; dissociation; fabrics; finishes; formaldehyde; reaction mechanisms; textile fibers; thermodynamics; urea
Abstract:
... Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the reaction of urea with formaldehyde have led to a technically feasible synthesis of hitherto unknown trialkoxymethyl ureas, particularly trimethoxymethyl urea. Fabrics cured with trimethoxymethyl urea exhibit better resistance to acid hydrolysis than those finished with dimethylol urea. Reactivities, hydrolysis stabilities and other applied properties are de ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051757004000406

88. Salt-Bath Process for the Chemical Finishing of Cotton

Author:
A.C. Tanquary; R.W. Liggett
Source:
Textile research journal 1970 v.40 no.3 pp. 232-237
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
catalysts; cotton; cotton fabric; heat transfer; leaching; resins; sodium sulfate; steam; textile fibers
Abstract:
... Wet fixation of durable-press resins in cotton fabrics has been accomplished by immersing the cloth, padded with re actants and catalyst, in a hot, concentrated solution of sodium sulfate or other suitable salt for a time (30 sec or less). sufficient to effect fixation .The treated fabric is then washed free of the salt and the unreacted agent and dried or processed further as desired. Presumably, ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051757004000305

89. Selective hydrogenation with copper catalysts. I. Isolation and identification of isomers formed during hydrogenation of linolenate

Author:
Koritala, S.; Scholfield, C.R.
Subject:
linseed oil; esters; linolenic acid; isomers; hydrogenation; catalysts; copper
Handle:
10113/30784

90. Selective hydrogenation with copper catalysts. II. kinetics

Author:
Koritala, S.; Butterfield, R.O.; Dutton, H.J.
Subject:
vegetable oil; linseed oil; linolenic acid; isomers; conjugated linoleic acid; hydrogenation; kinetics; fatty acid composition; catalysts; copper
Handle:
10113/30781

91. Selective hydrogenation with copper catalysts. III. hydrogen addition and isomerization

Author:
Koritala, S.
Subject:
isomerization; linoleic acid; copper; stearic acid; catalysts; hydrogenation
Handle:
10113/30782

92. Stereoselective hydrogenation of model compounds and preparation of tailor-made glycerides with chromium tricarbonyl complexes

Author:
Frankel, E.N.; Thomas, F.L.; Cowan, J.C.
Subject:
fat replacers; fatty acid composition; vegetable oil; peanut oil; soybean oil; olive oil; safflower oil; tung oil; cocoa butter; cottonseed oil; linoleic acid; hydrogenation; isomerization; acylglycerols; chromium; catalysts; stereochemistry
Handle:
10113/30895

93. A Catalyst System for Durable-Press Finishing Under Mild Cure Conditions

Author:
Russell M.H. Kullman; Norton A. Cashen; Robert M. Reinhardt
Source:
Textile research journal 1971 v.41 no.10 pp. 821-826
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
ammonium chloride; carbamates; catalysts; catalytic activity; cotton; cotton fabric; cross-linking reagents; finishing; formaldehyde; laundry; organic acids and salts; phosphoric acid; polyesters; temperature; textile fibers
Abstract:
... A catalyst system effective for either precure or postcure durable-press finishing under curing mild conditions has been developed. Mixtures of ammonium chloride and phosphoric acid or certain organic acids provide adequate catalysis for finishing cotton or cotton-containing fabrics with carbamates or certain other nitrogenous agents under mild-cure con ditions. The catalyst mixtures are not as st ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051757104101005

94. Catalysis of the Cellulose-Cyclic Urea Reactions by Built-in Acid Groups

Author:
D. M. Perrier; R. R. Benerito
Source:
Textile research journal v.41 no.8 pp. 680-685
ISSN:
1746-7748
Subject:
cotton; textile fibers; phosphorous acid; catalysts; urea; sulfonic acids; fabrics; catalytic activity
Abstract:
... Sulfonic acid groups in sulfonoethylated cottons act as built-in catalysts for the reaction of cotton with substituted cyclic ureas. The cotton in the acid form did not require an additional catalyst for its reaction in aqueous media with dimethylolethylene urea, dimethylolpropylene urea, dihydroxyethylene urea, and dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea. The strong acid groups of SE-cotton were more ef ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051757104100809

95. Catalytic effects in the ammonolysis of vegetable oils

Author:
Kohlhase, W.L.; Pryde, E.H.; Cowan, J.C.
Source:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1971 v.48 no.6 pp. 265-270
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
soybean oil; olive oil; vegetable oil; fatty acid esters; catalysts; ammonium compounds; amides; glycerol
Abstract:
... Catalysts for the ammonolysis of soybean oil are, in order of decreasing overall effectiveness, ammonium acetate, sodium methoxide, 9-amino-nonanoic acid, sodium soyate, ammonium nitrate, alanine, sodium acetate and glycerol. At 125 C, a reaction time of 1 hr and a 30:1 mole ratio of ammonia to ester, ammonium acetate achieved ammonolysis in 16%, 61% and 84% conversions at the respective concentra ...
Handle:
10113/31213
DOI:
10.1007/BF02638459

96. Hydrogenation of soybean oil with commercial copper-chromite and nickel catalysts: winterization of low-linolenate oils

Author:
Moulton, K.J.; Beal, R.E.; Griffin, E.L.
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
soybean oil; hydrogenated oils; fatty acid composition; isomers; linolenic acid; hydrogenation; isomerization; catalysts; copper; nickel; food processing
Abstract:
... Soybean oil hydrogenated in the presence of copper-chromite catalysts to 3% linolenate and below requires winterization if it is to pass the cold test. Yields of winterized oil from soybean oil hydrogenated to several linolenate levels were therefore studied. Partially hydrogenated soybean oil was sampled and filtered at intervals during hydrogenation on a pilot plant scale with a commercial coppe ...
Handle:
10113/31211
DOI:
10.1007/BF02544670

97. Stress-Strain and Recovery Properties of Cross-Linked Rayon Yarns in the Wet and Dry States

Author:
Ludwig Rebenfeld; Clinton V. Oster; Laurence F. Klurfeld
Source:
Textile research journal 1971 v.41 no.2 pp. 139-146
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
cellulose; crosslinking; deformation; energy; extensibility; fabrics; hydrogen bonding; modulus of elasticity; protective effect; rayon; textile fibers; yarns
Abstract:
... Continuous-filament rayon yarns were subjected to an acid-catalyzed cross-linking treatment using dihydroxydi methylol ethyleneurea under pad-dry-cure conditions to two levels of add-on. The stress-strain curves of these yarns were measured at a constant 40%/min rate of extension in the dry (65% RH and 70°F) and wet states and in an "anhy drous" condition. In the dry state, cross-linking increases ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051757104100209

98. Chemical and Physical Properties of Cotton Modified by N-Methylol Agents : I : Chemical Structure of the Modified Cotton

Author:
Sidney L. Vail
Source:
Textile research journal 1972 v.42 no.6 pp. 360-367
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acetamides; acid hydrolysis; carbamates; cellulose; cotton; crosslinking; fabrics; formaldehyde; hydrazides; physical properties; physicochemical properties; polymerization; pyrrolidones; textile fibers
Abstract:
... The resistance to acidic hydrolysis of a large number of cellulose derivatives of mono- or polyfunctional N-methylol type agents, prepared under standardized pad-dry-cure conditions, is determined primarily by chemical factors, i.e., electronic effects of substituent groups on the intermediate carbonium-immonium ion. Agents used included formalde hyde and/or glyoxal adducts of ureas, melamines, ca ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051757204200611

99. Chemical and Physical Properties of Cotton Modified by N-Methylol Agents : II : Influence of Degree of Cure on these Properties

Author:
Sidney L. Vail; Gerald B. Verburg
Source:
Textile research journal 1972 v.42 no.6 pp. 367-373
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
acid hydrolysis; catalysts; cellulose; cotton; fabrics; group effect; temperature; textile fibers
Abstract:
... Chemical and physical changes occurring in cotton cellulose when it is finished with N-methylol agents under varying degrees of cure are discussed. Resistance to acidic hydrolysis of the finish has been found to be an excellent method for establishing the degree of cure of a finish. Factors discussed include time and temperature of cure, reactant to catalyst ratio, type of catalyst, reactivity of ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051757204200612

100. Comparison of a Spent Boron-phosphate Catalyst with Sodium Borate as a Source of Boron for Cotton

Author:
D. E. Lewis; John I. Wear
Source:
Agronomy journal 1972 v.64 no.5 pp. 569-571
ISSN:
0002-1962
Subject:
Gossypium hirsutum; boron; byproducts; catalysts; crop yield; field experimentation; greenhouse experimentation; greenhouse production; greenhouses; leaves; seed cotton; seedlings; sodium borate; soil; toxicity
Abstract:
... Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate NSC, a spent catalyst by-product of the Monsanto Company, as a source of B for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Greenhouse experiments were conducted using Norfolk ls, Hartsells fsl, and Decatur cl. Soils were limed and fertilized for maximum yields with the exception of B, which was added from sodium borate and NSC, at rates of 0.5 ppm to ...
DOI:
10.2134/agronj1972.00021962006400050004x