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1. 3D Printable Strain Sensors from Deep Eutectic Solvents and Cellulose Nanocrystals

Author:
Chun-Wei Lai; Sheng-Sheng Yu
Source:
ACS applied materials & interfaces 2020 v.12 no.30 pp. 34235-34244
ISSN:
1944-8252
Subject:
acrylic acid; air; aluminum; cellulose; choline chloride; crosslinking; deformation; electronics; ethylene glycol; feedstocks; humans; hydrogels; ions; nanocomposites; nanocrystals; photochemical reactions; polyacrylic acid; polymerization; solvents; three-dimensional printing
Abstract:
... Stretchable and conductive hydrogels have been intensively studied as wearable electronics to monitor the physiological activities of human bodies. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate robust hydrogels as sensors with complex 3D structures. Here, we designed a 3D printable ink from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and ionically cross-linked polyacrylic acid (PA ...
DOI:
10.1021/acsami.0c11152

2. 4D Printing via an Unconventional Fused Deposition Modeling Route to High-Performance Thermosets

Author:
Qiyi Chen; Lu Han; Jingbo Ren; Lihan Rong; Pengfei Cao; Rigoberto C. Advincula
Source:
ACS applied materials & interfaces 2020 v.12 no.44 pp. 50052-50060
ISSN:
1944-8252
Subject:
carbon nanotubes; chemical bonding; crosslinking; deformation; delamination; epoxides; isotropy; rheology; strength (mechanics); thermal stability; thermoplastics
Abstract:
... An unprecedented four-dimensional (4D) printing process allowing high-performance and shape memory thermoset to be printed, for the first time, by fused deposition modeling (FDM) with isotropic properties has been achieved. Bisphenol A-based epoxy and benzoxazine were formulated to a low-temperature thermoplastic and high-temperature thermoset resin, which is melt-extrudable and can be postcured i ...
DOI:
10.1021/acsami.0c13976

3. A Computational Systems Approach to Rational Design of Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Biopharmaceutics

Author:
Costas Kiparissides; Athina Vasileiadou; Filippos Karageorgos; Stefania Serpetsi
Source:
Industrial & engineering chemistry process design and development 2019 v.59 no.6 pp. 2548-2565
ISSN:
1520-5045
Subject:
active pharmaceutical ingredients; applicators; crosslinking; deformation; droplets; drug delivery systems; drugs; epithelium; hyaluronic acid; hydrogels; insulin; kinetics; mass transfer; mathematical models; mucus; neurodegenerative diseases; olfactory bulb; polymers; viscoelasticity; viscosity
Abstract:
... In this work, a computational systems approach, comprising models at different time and length scales, is developed to elucidate the fundamental chemical, physical, transport, and biological processes in relation to the design of a novel nose-to-brain drug delivery system for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, a kinetic model is established to describe the formation of a h ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04885

4. A DNA-inspired hydrogel mechanoreceptor with skin-like mechanical behavior

Author:
Qin Zhang; Xin Liu; Lijie Duan; Guanghui Gao
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry A 2021 v.9 no.3 pp. 1835-1844
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
adenosine monophosphate; biocompatibility; chitosan; crosslinking; deformation; electronic equipment; electronics; humans; hydrogels; hysteresis; mechanical properties; mechanoreceptors; polyacrylamide; skin (animal); vocalization
Abstract:
... Skin-mimicking electronics have aroused extensive interest in personalized health monitoring, human movement detections, and biomedical implants. However, the existing flexible electronics are still unable to compare with the advanced performance of human skin, and it remains challenging to achieve a high skin-mimicking capability. Herein, we design a DNA-inspired hydrogel mechanoreceptor with ski ...
DOI:
10.1039/d0ta11437e

5. A Photoresponsive Polymeric Actuator Topologically Cross-Linked by Movable Units Based on a [2]Rotaxane

Author:
Yoshinori Takashima; Yuki Hayashi; Motofumi Osaki; Fumitoshi Kaneko; Hiroyasu Yamaguchi; Akira Harada
Source:
Macromolecules 2018 v.51 no.12 pp. 4688-4693
ISSN:
1520-5835
Subject:
air; alpha-cyclodextrin; crosslinking; deformation; hydrogels; irradiation; mechanical properties; moieties; photoisomerization; polymers; topology
Abstract:
... A photoresponsive polymeric material, in which [2]rotaxane units with α-cyclodextrin threading onto an azobenzene derivative is used as a topological cross-link for the main chains of the polymeric material in aqueous media, was achieved. [2]Rotaxane structures were found to act as movable links in the polymer network, and the mechanical properties of the material were enhanced to show a rupture s ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00939

6. A Sequential Debonding Fracture Model for Hydrogen‐Bonded Hydrogels

Author:
Hai Xin; Farshad Oveissi; Sina Naficy; Geoffrey M. Spinks
Source:
Journal of polymer science 2018 v.56 no.19 pp. 1287-1293
ISSN:
0887-6266
Subject:
cleavage (chemistry); crosslinking; deformation; dissociation; energy; hydrogels; hydrogen bonding; hydrophilicity; models; polyurethanes; urea
Abstract:
... Hydrogen bonds are known to play an important role in prescribing the mechanical performance of certain hydrogels such as polyether‐based polyurethanes. The quantitative contribution of hydrogen bonds to the toughness of polymer networks, however, has not been elucidated to date. Here, a new physical model is developed to predict the threshold fracture energies of hydrogels physically crosslinked ...
DOI:
10.1002/polb.24718

7. A Single Robust Hydrogel Film Based Integrated Flexible Supercapacitor

Author:
Kanjun Sun; Enke Feng; Guohu Zhao; Hui Peng; Ganggang Wei; Yaya Lv; Guofu Ma
Source:
ACS sustainable chemistry & engineering 2018 v.7 no.1 pp. 165-173
ISSN:
2168-0485
Subject:
boron; capacitance; composite films; composite materials; crosslinking; deformation; electrochemistry; electrodes; electrolytes; energy density; hydrogels; polyvinyl alcohol; potassium chloride; pyrroles
Abstract:
... Integrated configuration can greatly improve the stability of an energy-storage device in a large or repeated mechanical deformation process, but there is little attention paid to develop this conceptual energy-storage device. Here, we successfully design two embedded polypyrrole (PPy) layers as electrodes and a boron cross-linked PVA(poly(vinyl alcohol))/KCl hydrogel film as electrolyte to constr ...
DOI:
10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02728

8. A Tough Self-Healing Elastomer with a Slip-Ring Structure

Author:
Jun-Bo Hou; Zhi-Hui Chen; Shao-Xia Zhang; Zi-Jun Nie; Shu-Ting Fan; Hao-Ran Shu; Sheng Zhang; Bang-Jing Li; Ya Cao
Source:
Industrial & engineering chemistry process design and development 2020 v.60 no.1 pp. 251-262
ISSN:
1520-5045
Subject:
crosslinking; deformation; energy; hydrogen; isoprene; process design; product development; synthesis
Abstract:
... Tough self-healing elastomers with excellent comprehensive performance are extremely demanding and fascinating for future product development, such as wearable devices and robots. However, the deformation of conventional elastomers is dependent on the cross-link density, and there is a trade-off between toughness and stretchability. Therefore, it is a challenge to solve the contradiction between t ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04190

9. A Viscosity Model of Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Author:
Hans-Joachim Bode
Source:
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 2014 v.34 no.7-8 pp. 512-528
ISSN:
1865-7125
Subject:
conception; crosslinking; deformation; electric field; friction; geometry; hydrodynamics; ions; models; molecular weight; polyacrylamide; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; sieving; viscosity
Abstract:
... In current theories of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the idea prevails that molecular siev­ing relies on different accessibility of volume fractions and of cross-sectional area fractions (denot­ed “pores”) to different-sized ions due to the effect of “geometric exclusion”. This correlates with the assumption that all elements of a polyacrylamide network occupy fixed and unchangeable po­sitio ...
DOI:
10.1515/znc-1979-7-805

10. A biocompatible and functional adhesive amine-rich coating based on dopamine polymerization

Author:
Ying Yang; Pengkai Qi; Yonghui Ding; Manfred F. Maitz; Zhilu Yang; Qiufen Tu; Kaiqin Xiong; Yang Leng; Nan Huang
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry B 2014 v.3 no.1 pp. 72-81
ISSN:
2050-7518
Subject:
adhesion; aqueous solutions; biocompatibility; coatings; crosslinking; deformation; dopamine; heparin; hydrolysis; medical equipment; polymerization; stainless steel
Abstract:
... Amine groups physiologically play an important role in regulating the growth behavior of cells and they have technological advantages for the conjugation of biomolecules. In this work, we present a method to deposit a copolymerized coating of dopamine and hexamethylendiamine (HD) (PDAM/HD) rich in amine groups onto a target substrate. This method only consists of a simple dip-coating step of the s ...
DOI:
10.1039/c4tb01236d

11. A fibril-based structural constitutive theory reveals the dominant role of network characteristics on the mechanical behavior of fibroblast-compacted collagen gels

Author:
Zhonggang Feng; Yuki Ishiguro; Kyohei Fujita; Tadashi Kosawada; Takao Nakamura; Daisuke Sato; Tatsuo Kitajima; Mitsuo Umezu
Source:
Biomaterials 2015 v.67 pp. 365-381
ISSN:
0142-9612
Subject:
collagen; crosslinking; deformation; gels; hysteresis; mechanical properties; models; probability; stress relaxation
Abstract:
... In this paper, we present a general, fibril-based structural constitutive theory which accounts for three material aspects of crosslinked filamentous materials: the single fibrillar force response, the fibrillar network model, and the effects of alterations to the fibrillar network. In the case of the single fibrillar response, we develop a formula that covers the entropic and enthalpic deformatio ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.038

12. A gradient poly(vinyl alcohol)/polysaccharides composite film towards robust and fast stimuli-responsive actuators by interface co-precipitation

Author:
Bai Huang; Ge Zhu; Shuzhan Wang; Qunyang Li; Jérémie Viguié; Hui He; Alain Dufresne
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry A 2021 v.9 no.40 pp. 22973-22981
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
biocompatibility; biosensors; cellulose; composite films; coprecipitation; crosslinking; deformation; flowers; medicine; nanofibers; polyvinyl alcohol; shrinkage; tensile strength
Abstract:
... Polymer actuators with fast stimulus responsiveness and programmable deformation have received continuous attention in the fields of biomedicine, intelligent biosensors, and soft robotics. More stringent requirements are now demanded on biocompatibility, controllable deformation and mechanical properties of the actuator. In this study, a simple interface co-precipitation strategy is proposed for t ...
DOI:
10.1039/d1ta06885g

13. A graphene oxide-mediated polyelectrolyte with high ion-conductivity for highly stretchable and self-healing all-solid-state supercapacitors

Author:
Xuting Jin; Guoqiang Sun; Hongsheng Yang; Guofeng Zhang; Yukun Xiao; Jian Gao; Zhipan Zhang; Liangti Qu
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry 2018 v.6 no.40 pp. 19463-19469
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
crosslinking; deformation; electrolytes; electronics; graphene; graphene oxide; polyacrylic acid
Abstract:
... Conventional polymer electrolytes are generally limited in ionic conductivity and are short of extra functions, thereby precluding their usage in developing functional all-solid-state energy-related devices. Herein, we design a highly conductive polyelectrolyte (ionic conductivity up to 7.16 S m⁻¹) based on polyacrylic acid cross-linked by methacrylated graphene oxide (MGO-PAA) with excellent stre ...
DOI:
10.1039/c8ta07373b

14. A highly elastic polysiloxane-based polymer electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries

Author:
Chengyin Fu; Mihail Iacob; Yauhen Sheima; Corsin Battaglia; Léo Duchêne; Lukas Seidl; Dorina M. Opris; Arndt Remhof
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry A 2021 v.9 no.19 pp. 11794-11801
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
ambient temperature; anodes; cathodes; crosslinking; deformation; dielectric permittivity; electrochemistry; electrolytes; energy density; glass transition temperature; hysteresis; iron phosphates; liquids; lithium; siloxanes; thermal stability
Abstract:
... Replacing the flammable liquid electrolyte currently used in most rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with a solid polymer electrolyte promises improved operational safety and increased energy density, e.g. by enabling lithium metal anodes. Polymer electrolytes typically suffer from low lithium-ion conductivity and limited electrochemical stability. We introduce a novel electrolyte based on a chemi ...
DOI:
10.1039/d1ta02689e

15. A molecular dynamics investigation on the cross-linking and physical properties of epoxy-based materials

Author:
Lik-ho Tam; Denvid Lau
Source:
RSC advances 2014 v.4 no.62 pp. 33074-33081
ISSN:
2046-2069
Subject:
algorithms; crosslinking; deformation; epoxides; industry; molecular dynamics; polymers; prediction; simulation models; thermal stability
Abstract:
... Epoxy-based materials are extensively used in industry due to their excellent mechanical and thermal stability. As the epoxy products are getting smaller and smaller nowadays, there are difficulties arising from the material processing and measurement, which need to be carefully considered in the design stage. SU-8 photoresist, which is commonly used in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), is ...
DOI:
10.1039/c4ra04298k

16. A new analytical model for predicting the thermal oxidation kinetics of composite organic m atrices. Application to diamine cross-linked epoxy

Author:
Xavier COLIN; Fatima ESSATBI; Justine DELOZANNE; Gurvan MOREAU
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2021 v.186 pp. 109513
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
crosslinking; deformation; degradation; epoxides; flight; kinetics; models; oxidation; oxygen; oxygen partial pressure; polymers; temperature
Abstract:
... The system of differential equations derived from the so-called “closed-loop” mechanistic scheme was solved analytically by applying realistic proportionality assumptions between the different concentrations of reactive species during the entire course of the thermal oxidation. This new method of analytical resolution allowed obtaining a sounder kinetic model accurately describing the three first ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109513

17. A new strategy to simultaneously improve the permeability, heat-deformation resistance and antifouling properties of polylactide membrane via bio-based β-cyclodextrin and surface crosslinking

Author:
Zhu Xiong; Haibo Lin; Fu Liu; Xuemin Yu; Yunze Wang; Yi Wang
Source:
Journal of membrane science 2016 v.513 pp. 166-176
ISSN:
0376-7388
Subject:
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; artificial membranes; beta-cyclodextrin; composite polymers; crosslinking; crystal structure; crystallization; deformation; filtration; fouling; hot water treatment; hydrolysis; hydrophilicity; permeability; polylactic acid; scanning electron microscopy; thermal stability
Abstract:
... The permeability and thermal stability are crucial to the application of environmentally benign, sustainable and bio-based polylactide (PLA) membrane. In the present work, we introduce a bio-based pore forming agent β-cyclodextrin to enhance the permeability of PLA membrane. Furthermore, we improve the protein resistance and heat-deformation resistance via a surface crosslinking strategy. P(VP-VTE ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.memsci.2016.04.036

18. A pH sensor based on force generated by pH-dependent polymer swelling

Author:
Lee Zhang; Rudolf W. Seitz
Source:
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 2002 v.373 no.7 pp. 555-559
ISSN:
1618-2642
Subject:
buffers; composite polymers; crosslinking; deformation; mechanical properties; pH
Abstract:
... We have demonstrated the feasibility of a new type of pH sensor by combining a bead of porous lightly crosslinked diethanolamine derivatized poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) with a strain gauge, i.e. a pressure sensitive resistor. The polymer bead is toughened with Kraton G1652, a styrene-ethylene,butylene-styrene triblock copolymer. The sensor is constructed so that the shrunken form of the bead is hel ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00216-002-1383-y

19. A phase diagram of neutral polyampholyte – from solution to tough hydrogel

Author:
Abu Bin Ihsan; Tao Lin Sun; Shinya Kuroda; Md. Anamul Haque; Takayuki Kurokawa; Tasuku Nakajima; Jian Ping Gong
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry B 2013 v.1 no.36 pp. 4555-4562
ISSN:
2050-7518
Subject:
chlorides; crosslinking; deformation; dialysis; hydrogels; quaternary ammonium compounds; separation; sulfonates
Abstract:
... Our recent study has revealed that neutral polyampholytes form tough physical hydrogels above a critical concentration Cₘ,c by forming ionic bonds of wide strength distribution. In this work, we systematically investigate the behavior of a polyampholyte system, poly(NaSS-co-DMAEA-Q), randomly copolymerized from oppositely charged monomers, sodium p-styrenesulfonate (NaSS) and acryloyloxethyltrimet ...
DOI:
10.1039/c3tb20790k

20. A real time optical strain sensor based on a cholesteric liquid crystal network

Author:
Olivier T. Picot; Mian Dai; Emiliano Billoti; Dirk J. Broer; Ton Peijs; Cees W. M. Bastiaansen
Source:
RSC advances 2013 v.3 no.41 pp. 18794-18798
ISSN:
2046-2069
Subject:
coatings; color; crosslinking; deformation; films (materials); liquid crystals; mechanical properties; monitoring; polyamides; wavelengths
Abstract:
... A flexible, strain sensor for monitoring uniaxial deformations in oriented polymer films is demonstrated. The sensor consists of a crosslinked cholesteric liquid crystal layer which is spray-coated on a uniaxially oriented polyamide 6 substrate. When no deformation is applied, reflectivity measurements showed a well-defined reflection band. Upon uniaxial extension, the reflection band shifted towa ...
DOI:
10.1039/c3ra42986e

21. A self-healable and highly flexible supercapacitor integrated by dynamically cross-linked electro-conductive hydrogels based on nanocellulose-templated carbon nanotubes embedded in a viscoelastic polymer network

Author:
Jingquan Han; Huixiang Wang; Yiying Yue; Changtong Mei; Jizhang Chen; Chaobo Huang; Qinglin Wu; Xinwu Xu
Source:
Carbon 2019 v.149 pp. 1-18
ISSN:
0008-6223
Subject:
capacitance; carbon; carbon nanotubes; crosslinking; deformation; dispersants; electrical conductivity; electrochemistry; hydrogels; nanofibers; nanohybrids; pH; polymers; storage modulus; viscoelasticity; water content
Abstract:
... Recent development of flexible and self-healable electro-conductive hydrogels (ECHs) are considered as promising soft materials towards intelligent applications. Nonetheless, realizing the integrated features of high electro-conductivity, viscoelasticity and mechanical toughness, as well as inherent mouldability, fast self-healing ability, and ideal electrochemical properties is still challenging. ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.029

22. A simultaneous 3D printing process for the fabrication of bioceramic and cell-laden hydrogel core/shell scaffolds with potential application in bone tissue regeneration

Author:
Naren Raja; Hui-suk Yun
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry B 2016 v.4 no.27 pp. 4707-4716
ISSN:
2050-7518
Subject:
alginates; ambient temperature; bioprinting; bones; calcium chloride; cell viability; cement; ceramics; compression strength; crosslinking; deformation; hydrogels; hydroxyapatite; mechanical properties; models; pH; tissue repair
Abstract:
... A novel process was developed to fabricate core/shell-structured 3D scaffolds, made of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA) and alginate laden with pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells, through a combination of cement chemistry, dual paste-extruding deposition (PED), and cell printing. The cement reaction of calcium phosphates replaced the typical sintering process of the ceramic scaffold fabrication ...
DOI:
10.1039/c6tb00849f

23. A strain-adaptive, self-healing, breathable and perceptive bottle-brush material inspired by skin

Author:
Hui Xiong; Linjun Zhang; Qi Wu; Hao Zhang; Yan Peng; Lijuan Zhao; Guangsu Huang; Jinrong Wu
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry A 2020 v.8 no.46 pp. 24645-24654
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
ambient temperature; artificial skin; crosslinking; deformation; fluorescent dyes; hardness; modulus of elasticity; permeability
Abstract:
... Notwithstanding the substantial progress of human skin bionics, it remains an enormous challenge to integrate skin-like softness, strain-adaptability, self-healing ability, breathability and perceptiveness in a single material. Herein, a multi-skin-function mimetic material is developed based on bottle-brush molecular design and dynamic ionic crosslinking through reacting the inherent terminal bro ...
DOI:
10.1039/d0ta08427a

24. A supramolecular assembly of cross-linked azobenzene/polymers for a high-performance light-driven actuator

Author:
Chengqun Qin; Yiyu Feng; Wen Luo; Chen Cao; Wenping Hu; Wei Feng
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry A 2015 v.3 no.32 pp. 16453-16460
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
actuators; chlorides; crosslinking; deformation; electrostatic interactions; irradiation; isomerization; polymers; quaternary ammonium compounds; ultraviolet radiation
Abstract:
... Light-driven flexible actuators based on a photo-responsive polymer draw much attention due to their great ability for rapid and reversible light-to-work transduction based on a large deformation. An azobenzene chromophore with disulfonic groups (AAZO) was noncovalently grafted on the side-chain of a cationic polymer, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC), by electrostatic interaction in a ...
DOI:
10.1039/c5ta01543j

25. A theoretical approach of the relationships between collagen content, collagen cross-links and meat tenderness

Author:
Lepetit, J.
Source:
Meat science 2007 v.76 no.1 pp. 147-159
ISSN:
0309-1740
Subject:
crosslinking; deformation; elasticity (mechanics); gender; collagen; modulus of elasticity; connective tissues; meat tenderness; muscle fibers; stress relaxation; animal age
Abstract:
... This work concerns the relationship between meat tenderness and the rubber-like properties, i.e. pressure and elastic modulus, that endomysium and perimysium connective tissues develop when meat has been heated to a temperature above which collagen contracts. For rest length meats with similar intramuscular connective tissue morphology, and which are at the same ageing state and pH, the elastic mo ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.10.027
PubMed:
22064201

26. AFM Study of Polymer Brush Grafted to Deformable Surfaces: Quantitative Properties of the Brush and Substrate Mechanics

Author:
Dokukin Maxim E.; Kuroki Hidenori; Minko Sergiy; Sokolov Igor
Source:
Macromolecules 2017 v.50 no.1 pp. 275-282
ISSN:
1520-5835
Subject:
acidity; atomic force microscopy; crosslinking; deformation; models; modulus of elasticity; polyethylene glycol
Abstract:
... Polymers brushes (polymer chains end-tethered to a substrate) have been extensively studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Force–indentation curves are collected while squeezing the sample surface with the AFM probe. The analysis of these curves allows obtaining the equilibrium brush thickness and grafting density by using an appropriate model for mechanical deformation of the brush. However, ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02149

27. Acid-Induced Gelation of Enzymatically and Nonenzymatically Cross-Linked Caseins—Texture Properties, and Microstructural Insights

Author:
Mariella Hannß; Wendelin Böhm; Sabine Drichel; Thomas Henle
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2020 v.68 no.47 pp. 13970-13981
ISSN:
1520-5118
Subject:
Maillard reaction; acidification; casein; crosslinking; deformation; food chemistry; gel chromatography; gel strength; gelation; glutaraldehyde; glycation; lactose; microstructure; pH; protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase; sodium caseinate; texture; viscometry; viscosity; water holding capacity
Abstract:
... Casein gels consist of a fractal organized network of aggregated casein particles. The gel texture thereby depends on the structure, the spatial distribution, and the interaction forces of the network’s elementary building blocks. The aim of this study was to explore the technofunctional consequences of a possible specificity of Maillard reaction-induced cross-linking reactions on casein with resp ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04445

28. Acid-induced gelation of enzymatically cross-linked caseinates: Small and large deformation rheology in relation to water holding capacity and micro-rheological properties

Author:
Norbert Raak; Doris Jaros; Harald Rohm
Source:
Colloids and surfaces 2021 v.619 pp. 126468
ISSN:
0927-7757
Subject:
blood serum; calcium; casein; caseinates; centrifugation; crosslinking; deformation; drainage; gelation; gels; particle size; protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase; rheology; spectroscopy; storage modulus
Abstract:
... Caseinate dissolved in different ionic milieus was used as model substrate for cross-linking by microbial transglutaminase and subsequent acid-induced gelation. The study follows up on previous research, where the molecular properties of cross-linked casein nanoparticles were linked to certain rheological characteristics of acid gels (Raak et al., 2019, Food Hydrocoll 86:43–49), and presents addit ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126468

29. Alginate droplets pre-crosslinked in microchannels to prepare monodispersed spherical microgels

Author:
Qin Wang; Shanshan Liu; Hong Wang; Jintao Zhu; Yajiang Yang
Source:
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2015 v.482 pp. 371-377
ISSN:
0927-7757
Subject:
aqueous solutions; calcium alginate; calcium chloride; crosslinking; deformation; droplets; nanoparticles; oils; sodium alginate; therapeutics
Abstract:
... Monodispersed spherical calcium alginate microgels (denoted as Ca-ALG) with uniform and controllable size were prepared by using a microfluidics technique. Herein, an aqueous solution of sodium alginate (denoted as Na-ALG) was used as a dispersed phase, and the liquid paraffin containing CaCl2 nanoparticles formed in situ was used as a continuous phase. Na-ALG droplets were first pre-crosslinked b ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.06.041

30. Alginate-graphene oxide hydrogels with enhanced ionic tunability and chemomechanical stability for light-directed 3D printing

Author:
Thomas M. Valentin; Alexander K. Landauer; Luke C. Morales; Eric M. DuBois; Shashank Shukla; Muchun Liu; Lauren H. Stephens Valentin; Christian Franck; Po-Yen Chen; Ian Y. Wong
Source:
Carbon 2019 v.143 pp. 447-456
ISSN:
0008-6223
Subject:
carbon; chelation; crosslinking; deformation; energy; hydrogels; hydrogen bonding; marine environment; modulus of elasticity; nanocomposites; nanosheets; oils
Abstract:
... Nanocomposite hydrogels that incorporate 2D carbon nanomaterials could enable augmented and responsive behaviors not observed with polymeric matrices alone. In particular, non-covalent interactions could facilitate enhanced mechanical performance that can be self-recovered with external stimuli. Here, we demonstrate alginate-graphene oxide (GO) hydrogels using a non-covalent, ionic crosslinking me ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.carbon.2018.11.006

31. Alkaline Double-Network Hydrogels with High Conductivities, Superior Mechanical Performances, and Antifreezing Properties for Solid-State Zinc–Air Batteries

Author:
Na Sun; Fei Lu; Yang Yu; Long Su; Xinpei Gao; Liqiang Zheng
Source:
ACS applied materials & interfaces 2020 v.12 no.10 pp. 11778-11788
ISSN:
1944-8252
Subject:
batteries; chemical bonding; crosslinking; deformation; electrochemistry; electrolytes; electronic equipment; energy; hydrogels; methylcellulose; strength (mechanics); sulfonic acids; temperature
Abstract:
... For the development of advanced flexible and wearable electronic devices, functional electrolytes with excellent conductivity, temperature tolerance, and desirable mechanical properties need to be engineered. Herein, an alkaline double-network hydrogel with high conductivity and superior mechanical and antifreezing properties is designed and promisingly utilized as the flexible electrolyte in all- ...
DOI:
10.1021/acsami.0c00325

32. Alteration of cell motility dynamics through collagen fiber density in photopolymerized polyethylene glycol hydrogels

Author:
Ozge Begum Akalin; Halil Bayraktar
Source:
International journal of biological macromolecules 2020 v.157 pp. 414-423
ISSN:
0141-8130
Subject:
adhesion; anisotropy; cell growth; cell movement; collagen; crosslinking; deformation; extracellular matrix; fluorescence; hydrogels; models; natural fibers; photochemical reactions; polyethylene glycol; polymerization
Abstract:
... Polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels that have natural fibers mimicking extracellular matrix can be used as a model to understand the role of substrate properties on cell growth and migration. Due to the dependence of cell movement to adhesion, characterization of motility is needed to prepare biocompatible substrates. We demonstrated a method to encapsulate collagen into PEG hydrogel crosslinked v ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.144

33. Altered Envelope Structure and Nanomechanical Properties of a C-Terminal Protease A-Deficient Rhizobium leguminosarum

Author:
Dong Jun; Ubong Idem; Tanya E. S. Dahms
Source:
Microorganisms 2020 v.8 no.9 pp. -
ISSN:
2076-2607
Subject:
atomic force microscopy; crosslinking; deformation; high performance liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; models; mutants; peptides; peptidoglycans; phenotype; proteinases; transmission electron microscopy; viscoelasticity
Abstract:
... (1) Background: Many factors can impact bacterial mechanical properties, which play an important role in survival and adaptation. This study characterizes the ultrastructural phenotype, elastic and viscoelastic properties of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 and the C-terminal protease A (ctpA) null mutant strain predicted to have a compromised cell envelope; (2) Methods: To probe the cell e ...
DOI:
10.3390/microorganisms8091421

34. An Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Lignin Renewable Skin with Programmable and Switchable Electrical Conductivity for Stress/Strain-Sensing Applications

Author:
Ngoc A. Nguyen; Kelly M. Meek; Christopher C. Bowland; Sietske H. Barnes; Amit K. Naskar
Source:
Macromolecules 2018 v.51 no.1 pp. 115-127
ISSN:
1520-5835
Subject:
crosslinking; deformation; electrical conductivity; glass transition temperature; hardwood; lignin; melting; nanoparticles; rubber; softwood; thermoplastics
Abstract:
... We report an approach for programming electrical conductivity of a bio-based leathery skin devised with a layer of 60 nm metallic nanoparticles. Lignin-based renewable shape-memory materials were made, for the first time, to program and restore the materials’ electrical conductivity after repeated deformation up to 100% strain amplitude, at a temperature 60–115 °C above the glass transition temper ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02336

35. An amylopectin-enabled skin-mounted hydrogel wearable sensor

Author:
Lingshu Kong; Zijian Gao; Xinyao Li; Guanghui Gao
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry B 2021 v.9 no.4 pp. 1082-1088
ISSN:
2050-7518
Subject:
amylopectin; crosslinking; deformation; electronics; humans; hydrogels; hydrogen; polymers
Abstract:
... Self-adhesiveness is highly desirable for conformal and seamless wearable electronics. Here, a starch-tackifying method is proposed to obtain adhesive and robust hydrogel conductors with the assistance of amylopectin (Amy). The conductive hydrogels are composed of Amy/poly(acrylamide–acrylic acid) polymer networks, which can be assembled into wearable sensors. The hydrogels rely on physical intera ...
DOI:
10.1039/d0tb02460k

36. An eco-friendly ultra-high performance ionic artificial muscle based on poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) and carboxylated bacterial cellulose

Author:
Fan Wang; Jin-Han Jeon; Seong-Jun Kim; Jong-Oh Park; Sukho Park
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry B 2016 v.4 no.29 pp. 5015-5024
ISSN:
2050-7518
Subject:
asymmetric membranes; biomimetics; capacitance; carboxylation; cellulose; crosslinking; deformation; durability; electric potential difference; electronics; humans; ionic liquids; medical equipment; moieties; muscles; plasticizers; polymers; robots; sulfonates; tensile strength
Abstract:
... Eco-friendly high-performance ionic artificial muscles have recently attracted enormous interest because of their applications in human friendly electronics including flexible haptic devices, wearable electronics, disposal or implantable biomedical devices, and biomimetic robots. Here, we report an eco-friendly ionic polymer actuator based on poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAM ...
DOI:
10.1039/c6tb01084a

37. An injectable supramolecular self-healing bio-hydrogel with high stretchability, extensibility and ductility, and a high swelling ratio

Author:
Shukai Zhu; Jianxin Wang; Haoran Yan; Yingying Wang; Yuancong Zhao; Bo Feng; Ke Duan; Jie Weng
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry B 2017 v.5 no.34 pp. 7021-7034
ISSN:
2050-7518
Subject:
bioactive properties; biocompatibility; crosslinking; deformation; diethylene glycol; extensibility; hydrogels; hydrogen bonding; moieties
Abstract:
... Reversible networks are a key factor for designing self-healing hydrogels with high stretching properties. To achieve that, it is often necessary to modify or graft functional groups to the main chains for inducing the formation of reversible covalent-bond-based chemical cross-linking or hydrogen-bond-based physical cross-linking, thus leading to a complicated chemical process and high cost. Here, ...
DOI:
10.1039/c7tb01183k

38. An unusual transition from point-like to fibrillar crystals in injection-molded polyethylene articles induced by lightly cross-linking and melt penetration

Author:
Rui-Yan Zhang; Wei Yang; Kai Zhang; Jian Feng; Chun-Xia Zhu; Xiao-Chao Xia; Shan He; Jian-Ming Feng; Zheng-Ying Liu; Ming-Bo Yang
Source:
RSC advances 2015 v.5 no.28 pp. 21640-21650
ISSN:
2046-2069
Subject:
crosslinking; crystal structure; crystals; deformation; injection molding; isotropy; melting; polarized light microscopy; polyethylene; scanning electron microscopy; small-angle X-ray scattering; temperature
Abstract:
... Recently, a melt penetrating process in which a first polymer melt is rapidly penetrated by a second polymer melt has been realized on our home-made multi-melt multi-injection molding (MMMIM) machine. Although great deformation can be provided by the rapid melt penetration process, it has been found that hardly any oriented crystalline structures can be kept and formed due to the quick chain relax ...
DOI:
10.1039/c4ra16444j

39. Anisotropic cellulose nanofiber/chitosan aerogel with thermal management and oil absorption properties

Author:
Meiling Zhang; Shuai Jiang; Fuyi Han; Mengmeng Li; Ni Wang; Lifang Liu
Source:
Carbohydrate polymers 2021 v.264 pp. 118033
ISSN:
0144-8617
Subject:
absorption; aerogels; anisotropy; cellulose; chitosan; contact angle; crosslinking; deformation; insulating materials; nanofibers; oils; porosity; shrinkage; skeleton; thermal conductivity
Abstract:
... Attributed to low cost, renewable, and high availability, cellulose-based aerogels are desirable materials for various applications. However, mechanical robustness and functionalization remain huge challenges. Herein, we synthesized a recoverable, anisotropic cellulose nanofiber (CNF) / chitosan (CS) aerogel via directional freeze casting and chemical cross-link process. The chitosan was performed ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118033

40. Antibacterial adhesive injectable hydrogels with rapid self-healing, extensibility and compressibility as wound dressing for joints skin wound healing

Author:
Jin Qu; Xin Zhao; Yongping Liang; Tianlong Zhang; Peter X. Ma; Baolin Guo
Source:
Biomaterials 2018 v.183 pp. 185-199
ISSN:
0142-9612
Subject:
adhesion; antibacterial properties; antioxidant activity; biocompatibility; biodegradation; chitosan; collagen; composite polymers; compressibility; crosslinking; curcumin; deformation; extensibility; granulation tissue; health services; hydrogels; in vivo studies; mechanical properties; micelles; mixing; models; pH; schiff bases; skin (animal); therapeutics; vascular endothelial growth factors
Abstract:
... Designing wound dressing materials with outstanding therapeutic effects, self-healing, adhesiveness and suitable mechanical property has great practical significance in healthcare, especially for joints skin wound healing. Here, we designed a kind of self-healing injectable micelle/hydrogel composites with multi-functions as wound dressing for joint skin damage. By combining the dynamic Schiff bas ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.044

41. Antifatigue Hydration-Induced Polysaccharide Hydrogel Actuators Inspired by Crab Joint Wrinkles

Author:
Chen Yang; Xiaowen Shi; Hongbing Deng; Yumin Du
Source:
ACS applied materials & interfaces 2022 v.14 no.4 pp. 6251-6260
ISSN:
1944-8252
Subject:
biomimetics; chitosan; crosslinking; deformation; epichlorohydrins; hydrogels; polymers; sodium dodecyl sulfate
Abstract:
... Joint wrinkles in animals facilitate frequent bending and contribute to the duration of the joint. Inspired by the morphology and function of joint wrinkles, we developed a bionic hydration-induced polymeric actuator with constructed wrinkles at the selected area. Specifically, we adopt electrical writing to create defined single and double cross-linking regions on chitosan (CS) hydrogel. The cova ...
DOI:
10.1021/acsami.1c24430

42. Application of density functional theory to the investigation of polymer degradation: Example of cross-linked ethylene–vinyl acetate–vinyl alcohol (EVA-OH) terpolymer de-acetylation

Author:
Sonia E. Létant; David F. Plant; Thomas S. Wilson; Cynthia T. Alviso; Mark S.D. Read; Robert S. Maxwell
Source:
Polymer degradation and stability 2011 v.96 no.11 pp. 2019-2028
ISSN:
0141-3910
Subject:
absorption; acetates; acetic acid; alcohols; crosslinking; deformation; ethylene; gamma radiation; hydrogen; infrared spectroscopy; models; polyenes; polymers; reflectance; temperature
Abstract:
... We report on the application of Density Functional Theory (DFT) methodologies to investigate the degradation of polymer materials and provide new insights into the effects of degradation on molecular geometry. The temperature- and radiation-assisted degradation of a cross-linked ethylene–vinyl acetate–vinyl alcohol (EVA-OH) elastomer was studied both experimentally and theoretically, in order to c ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.08.017

43. Applications of Thermodynamics to the Stretching of Cellulose Fibers

Author:
W.E. Roseveare; Louise Poore
Source:
Textile research journal 1955 v.25 no.8 pp. 709-714
ISSN:
0040-5175
Subject:
cellulose; cellulosic fibers; crosslinking; deformation; entropy; fabrics; fiber quality; glass; temperature; textile fibers; thermal expansion; water content
Abstract:
... Mechanical deformations of cellulose are recognized to take place primarily in the amorphous regions whose nature has not been well defined. Since these regions do not have a regular type of order, attention has been turned to entropy of stretching as a sta tistical measure of the changes in structure on stretching. Data are presented giving the.retractive force, coefficient of thermal expansion, ...
DOI:
10.1177/004051755502500806

44. Asymmetrical Morphology and Performance of Composite Colloidal Particles Controlled via Hydrophilic Comonomer Addition Time in the Presence of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Latex

Author:
Yang Wang; Yongfang Yang; Jinfeng Yuan; Mingwang Pan; Gang Liu; Huili Ding; Cuicui Ma
Source:
Industrial & engineering chemistry process design and development 2017 v.56 no.25 pp. 7207-7216
ISSN:
1520-5045
Subject:
anisotropy; caves; colloids; contact angle; crosslinking; crystallization; deformation; emulsions; hydrophilicity; hydrophobicity; latex; moieties; particle films; polymerization; process design; thermoplastics
Abstract:
... Anisotropic composite latex particles with heteromorphous bowl-like and popcorn-like shapes were fabricated by a general approach: seeded emulsion polymerization. The morphologies of polyvinylidene fluoride@poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate-co-3-trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate) composite particles [PVDF@P(St-co-BA-co-MPS)] could be efficiently controlled by varying the feeding time of hydrophilic ...
DOI:
10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01057

45. Bio-inspired multiple-stimuli responsive porous materials with switchable flexibility and programmable shape morphing capability

Author:
Yan Sun; Min-Kyeom Kim; Mei Wang; Jianmin Yu; Sung Yong Hong; Jae-Do Nam; Lijie Ci; Jonghwan Suhr
Source:
Carbon 2020 v.161 pp. 702-711
ISSN:
0008-6223
Subject:
actuators; aerogels; crosslinking; deformation; droplets; imbibition; liquids; medical equipment; porous media; rehydration; robots; solvents
Abstract:
... Inspired by desert resurrection plant, Rose of Jericho, this study developed a new porous material with programmable multiple-stimuli responsive features. The first one is reversible shape-memory transformation of experiencing extremely large deformations upon dehydration and rehydration; superior to the plant, the aerogels display controllable responsiveness based on moisture amount with fast act ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.carbon.2020.01.104

46. Biocompatible Shape Memory Blend for Self-Expandable Stents with Potential Biomedical Applications

Author:
Zheng Yu; Li Ying; Hu Xue; Shen Jiabin; Guo Shaoyun
Source:
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2017 v.9 no.16 pp. 13988-13998
ISSN:
1944-8252
Subject:
blood; crosslinking; crystals; deformation; drugs; melting; mixing; propylene
Abstract:
... Biocompatible poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC)/polycaprolactone (PCL) shape memory blends were fabricated using melt blending. The shape memory performance of these blends was found to depend remarkably on their components. On addition of 25 vol % PCL, one blend (PL-25) achieved an optimal shape-fixing ratio (Rf) and -recovery ratio (Rᵣ). Specifically, its Rᵣ considerably increased by 24.1 and 50.0 ...
DOI:
10.1021/acsami.7b04808

47. Bioinspired, nucleobase-driven, highly resilient, and fast-responsive antifreeze ionic conductive hydrogels for durable pressure and strain sensors

Author:
Xiang Di; Jian Li; Mingming Yang; Qian Zhao; Guolin Wu; Pingchuan Sun
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry A 2021 v.9 no.36 pp. 20703-20713
ISSN:
2050-7496
Subject:
artificial intelligence; crosslinking; deformation; humans; hydrogels; hydrogen; hydrogen bonding; hydrophobic bonding; larynx; polymers; temperature
Abstract:
... Conductive hydrogels have drawn tremendous attention in flexible devices, soft robotics, and artificial intelligence. The integration of synergistic characteristics such as reliable resilience, high strain sensitivity, and excellent mechanical properties is still a great challenge in strain sensors. Inspired by the heterogeneous network structure of biological soft tissues, herein, a novel ionic c ...
DOI:
10.1039/d1ta05262d

48. Biomimetic Strain-Stiffening in Chitosan Self-Healing Hydrogels

Author:
Yi Liu; Shih-Ho Lin; Wei-Tsung Chuang; Niann-Tzyy Dai; Shan-hui Hsu
Source:
ACS applied materials & interfaces 2022 v.14 no.14 pp. 16032-16046
ISSN:
1944-8252
Subject:
biocompatibility; biodegradability; biomimetics; chitosan; crosslinking; deformation; hydrogels; imines; small-angle X-ray scattering
Abstract:
... The strain-stiffening and self-healing capabilities of biological tissues enable them to preserve the structures and functions from deformation and damage. However, biodegradable hydrogel materials with both of these biomimetic characteristics have not been explored. Here, a series of strain-stiffened, self-healing hydrogels are developed through dynamic imine crosslinking of semiflexible O-carbox ...
DOI:
10.1021/acsami.2c01720

49. Bionic intelligent soft actuators: high-strength gradient intelligent hydrogels with diverse controllable deformations and movements

Author:
Qian Zhao; Yanjiao Chang; Zhenglei Yu; Yunhong Liang; Lei Ren; Luquan Ren
Source:
Journal of materials chemistry B 2020 v.8 no.40 pp. 9362-9373
ISSN:
2050-7518
Subject:
cellulose; crosslinking; deformation; graphene oxide; hydrogels; mechanical properties; modulus of elasticity
Abstract:
... A series of novel nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) reinforced gradient intelligent hydrogels with high response rate, multiple response patterns and diversified self-driven functions were successfully prepared. Based on the effect of the hydroxide radical of NFC on the addition reaction, and on the dehydration synthesis, the variation of NFC significantly regulated the gradient structure of the int ...
DOI:
10.1039/d0tb01927e

50. Boundary Lubricant Polymer Films: Effect of Cross-Linking

Author:
Giasson Suzanne; Lagleize Jeanne-Marie; Rodríguez-Hernández Juan; Drummond Carlos
Source:
Langmuir 2013 v.29 no.42 pp. 12936-12949
ISSN:
1520-5827
Subject:
adsorption; coatings; cohesion; composite polymers; crosslinking; deformation; films (materials); ionic strength; lubricants; polyacrylic acid; salt concentration
Abstract:
... We have studied the adsorption and lubricant properties of a multifunctional triblock copolymer poly(l-lysine)-b-poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(l-lysine). In particular, we investigated the nature of the layer adsorbed under different conditions of polymer and salt concentration and the lubricant properties of the polymer layer before and after its chemical cross-linking by bridging the poly(acrylic ac ...
DOI:
10.1021/la402074n