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1. Leaf structural diversity is related to hydraulic capacity in tropical rain forest trees

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Frole, Kristen;     Show all 2 Author
Source:
Ecology 2006 v.87 no.2 pp. 483-491
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
tropical rain forests; forest trees; shade tolerance; leaves; Panama
Abstract:
... The hydraulic resistance of the leaf (Rₗ) is a major bottleneck in the whole plant water transport pathway and may thus be linked with the enormous variation in leaf structure and function among tropical rain forest trees. A previous study found that Rₗ varied by an order of magnitude across 10 tree species of Panamanian tropical lowland rain forest. Here, correlations were tested between Rₗ and 2 ...
DOI:
10.1890/05-0710
PubMed:
16637372

2. Genetic variation in leaf pigment, optical and photosynthetic function among diverse phenotypes of Metrosideros polymorpha grown in a common garden

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Martin, Roberta E.; Asner, Gregory P.;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Oecologia 2007 v.151 no.3 pp. 387-400
ISSN:
0029-8549
Subject:
Metrosideros polymorpha; carotenoids; chlorophyll; ecotypes; electron transfer; genetic relationships; genetic variation; keystone species; leaf area; leaves; light harvesting complex; nitrogen content; phenotype; photosystem II; pigments; reflectance; seed collecting; soil; transmittance; trees; wavelengths
Abstract:
... Coordinated variation has been reported for leaf structure, composition and function, across and within species, and theoretically should occur across populations of a species that span an extensive environmental range. We focused on Hawaiian keystone tree species Metrosideros polymorpha, specifically, 13-year old trees grown (2-4 m tall) in a common garden (approximately 1 ha field with 2-3 m bet ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00442-006-0604-z
PubMed:
17124568

3. Diversity of hydraulic traits in nine Cordia species growing in tropical forests with contrasting precipitation

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Choat, Brendan; Holbrook, N. Michele;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
New phytologist 2007 v.175 no.4 pp. 686-698
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
Cordia alliodora; atmospheric precipitation; embolism; interspecific variation; intraspecific variation; leaves; sapwood; tropical rain forests
Abstract:
... Inter- and intraspecific variation in hydraulic traits was investigated in nine Cordia (Boraginaceae) species growing in three tropical rainforests differing in mean annual precipitation (MAP). Interspecific variation was examined for the different Cordia species found at each site, and intraspecific variation was studied in populations of the widespread species Cordia alliodora across the three s ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02137.x
PubMed:
17688584

4. Relating leaf photosynthetic rate to whole-plant growth: drought and shade effects on seedlings of four Quercus species

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Quero, José L.; Villar, Rafael; Marañón, Teodoro; Zamora, Regino; Vega, Dolores;     Show all 6 Authors
Source:
Functional plant biology 2008 v.35 no.8 pp. 725-737
ISSN:
1445-4408
Subject:
tree growth; interspecific variation; carbon dioxide; seedling growth; forest trees; Quercus; seeds; seedlings; temperate forests; light intensity; drought; water stress; dry matter accumulation; shade; mass; growth habit; photosynthesis; leaves
Abstract:
... Understanding the impacts of combined resource supplies on seedlings is critical to enable prediction of establishment growth, and forest dynamics. We investigated the effects of irradiance and water treatments on absolute growth, and relative growth rate (RGR) and its components, for seedlings of four Quercus species differing in leaf habit and with a wide variation in seed mass. Plants were grow ...
DOI:
10.1071/FP08149

5. Contrasting Structure and Function of Pubescent and Glabrous Varieties of Hawaiian Metrosideros polymorpha (Myrtaceae) at High Elevation

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Hoof, Jennifer; Webb, David T.; Nilsen, Erik T.;     Show all 4 Authors
Source:
Biotropica 2008 v.40 no.1 pp. 113-118
ISSN:
0006-3606
Subject:
Metrosideros polymorpha; gas exchange; leaves; sympatry; trees
Abstract:
... Hawaiian dominant tree species Metrosideros polymorpha varieties glaberrima and polymorpha have glabrous and pubescent leaves, respectively. Sympatric populations at 2040 m elevation showed major differentiation beyond the pubescence itself. The varieties differed substantially in stomatal traits and in leaf composition, leaf water status, and instantaneous gas exchange rates, despite similarity i ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00325.x

6. Scaling of Frond Form in Hawaiian Tree Fern Cibotium glaucum: Compliance with Global Trends and Application for Field Estimation

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Arcand, Naomi; Kagawa, Aurora K.; Giambelluca, Thomas W.;     Show all 4 Authors
Source:
Biotropica 2008 v.40 no.6 pp. 686-691
ISSN:
0006-3606
Subject:
Cibotium chamissoi; Cibotium glaucum; compliance; fronds; keystone species; landscapes; leaf area; leaves; prediction; tree ferns; tropical forests; water content
Abstract:
... Large-fronded tree ferns are critical components of many tropical forests. We investigated frond and whole-plant allometries for Hawaiian keystone species Cibotium glaucum, for prediction and to compare with global scaling relationships. We found that C. glaucum fronds maintain geometric proportionality across a wide range of plant and frond sizes. These relationships result in strong allometries ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1744-7429.2008.00434.x

7. The rapid light response of leaf hydraulic conductance: new evidence from two experimental methods

Author:
SACK, LAWREN,   et al.   ; SCOFFONI, CHRISTINE; POU, ALÍCIA; AASAMAA, KRÕÕT;     Show all 4 Authors
Source:
Plant, cell and environment 2008 v.31 no.12 pp. 1803-1812
ISSN:
0140-7791
Subject:
bundle sheath cells; flowmeters; leaf conductance; leaves; light intensity; water potential; woody plants
Abstract:
... Previous studies have shown a rapid enhancement in leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) from low to high irradiance (from <10 to >1000 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹), using the high-pressure flow meter (HPFM), for 7 of 14 tested woody species. However, theoretical suggestions have been made that this response might arise as an artifact of the HPFM. We tested the Kleaf light response for six evergreen species ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01884.x
PubMed:
18771574

8. Viewing leaf structure and evolution from a hydraulic perspective

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Brodribb, Tim J.; Feild, Taylor S.;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Functional plant biology 2010 v.37 no.6 pp. 488-498
ISSN:
1445-4408
Subject:
evapotranspiration; evolution; sap flow; plant-water relations; plant vascular system; hydrologic cycle; climatic factors; leaves
Abstract:
... More than 40000km³ year⁻¹ of water flows through the intricate hydraulic pathways inside leaves. This water not only sustains terrestrial productivity, but also constitutes nearly 70% of terrestrial evapotranspiration, thereby influencing both global and local climate (Chapin et al. 2002). Thus, the central role played by leaf vascular systems in terrestrial biology provides an important context f ...
DOI:
10.1071/FP10010

9. How does moss photosynthesis relate to leaf and canopy structure? Trait relationships for 10 Hawaiian species of contrasting light habitats

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Waite, Mashuri;     Show all 2 Author
Source:
New phytologist 2010 v.185 no.1 pp. 156-172
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
canopy; cell walls; gas exchange; leaf area; leaves; light intensity; microhabitats; mosses and liverworts; nitrogen content; photosynthesis; vascular plants
Abstract:
... Mosses are an understudied group of plants that can potentially confirm or expand principles of plant function described for tracheophytes, from which they diverge strongly in structure. We quantified 35 physiological and morphological traits from cell-, leaf- and canopy-level, for 10 ground-, trunk- and branch-dwelling Hawaiian species. We hypothesized that trait values would reflect the distinct ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03061.x
PubMed:
19863726

10. Comparative water use of native and invasive plants at multiple scales: a global meta‐analysis

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Cavaleri, Molly A.;     Show all 2 Author
Source:
Ecology 2010 v.91 no.9 pp. 2705-2715
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
climate; climate change; ecosystems; evapotranspiration; indigenous species; invasive species; leaves; meta-analysis; sap flow; stomatal conductance
Abstract:
... Ecohydrology and invasive ecology have become increasingly important in the context of global climate change. This study presents the first in‐depth analysis of the water use of invasive and native plants of the same growth form at multiple scales: leaf, plant, and ecosystem. We reanalyzed data for several hundred native and invasive species from over 40 published studies worldwide to glean global ...
DOI:
10.1890/09-0582.1

11. Turning over a new ‘leaf': multiple functional significances of leaves versus phyllodes in Hawaiian Acacia koa

Author:
SACK, LAWREN,   et al.   ; PASQUET‐KOK, JESSICA; CREESE, CHRISTINE;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Plant, cell and environment 2010 v.33 no.12 pp. 2084-2100
ISSN:
0140-7791
Subject:
Acacia koa; capacitance; carbon dioxide; container-grown plants; developmental stages; drought; drought tolerance; gas exchange; leaf area; leaves; light intensity; models; rehydration; shade tolerance; stomatal movement; trees; vapor pressure
Abstract:
... Hawaiian endemic tree Acacia koa is a model for heteroblasty with bipinnately compound leaves and phyllodes. Previous studies suggested three hypotheses for their functional differentiation: an advantage of leaves for early growth or shade tolerance, and an advantage of phyllodes for drought tolerance. We tested the ability of these hypotheses to explain differences between leaf types for potted p ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02207.x
PubMed:
20636491

12. Ecological differentiation in xylem cavitation resistance is associated with stem and leaf structural traits

Author:
SACK, LAWREN,   et al.   ; MARKESTEIJN, LARS; POORTER, LOURENS; PAZ, HORACIO; BONGERS, FRANS;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Plant, cell and environment 2011 v.34 no.1 pp. 137-148
ISSN:
0140-7791
Subject:
deciduous forests; drought tolerance; dry matter content; dry season; forest trees; leaf water potential; leaves; life history; margin of safety; pioneer species; saplings; stems; tropical forests; wood density; xylem
Abstract:
... Cavitation resistance is a critical determinant of drought tolerance in tropical tree species, but little is known of its association with life history strategies, particularly for seasonal dry forests, a system critically driven by variation in water availability. We analysed vulnerability curves for saplings of 13 tropical dry forest tree species differing in life history and leaf phenology. We ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02231.x
PubMed:
20946587

13. Hydraulics and life history of tropical dry forest tree species: coordination of species' drought and shade tolerance

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Markesteijn, Lars; Poorter, Lourens; Bongers, Frans; Paz, Horacio;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
The new phytologist 2011 v.191 no.2 pp. 480-495
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
correlation; drought; drought tolerance; dry forests; dry matter content; fluid mechanics; forest trees; hydraulic conductivity; leaf water potential; leaves; life history; plant architecture; sapwood; shade tolerance; stems; tropical forests; wood density
Abstract:
... • Plant hydraulic architecture has been studied extensively, yet we know little about how hydraulic properties relate to species' life history strategies, such as drought and shade tolerance. The prevailing theories seem contradictory. • We measured the sapwood (Ks) and leaf (Kl) hydraulic conductivities of 40 coexisting tree species in a Bolivian dry forest, and examined associations with functio ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03708.x
PubMed:
21477008

14. Human impacts on leaf economics in heterogeneous landscapes: the effect of harvesting non-timber forest products from African mahogany across habitats and climates

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Gaoue, Orou G.; Ticktin, Tamara;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Journal of applied ecology 2011 v.48 no.4 pp. 844-852
ISSN:
0021-8901
Subject:
Afzelia africana; Khaya senegalensis; anthropogenic activities; climate; correlation; ecoregions; forests; habitats; harvesting; landscapes; leaves; models; nitrogen; nontimber forest products; nutrient content; people; phosphorus; plantations; population dynamics; stoichiometry; trees; Benin
Abstract:
... 1. Non-timber forest products (NTFP) are harvested by millions of people for their livelihood. To define sustainable harvest limits it is critical to understand the biological impacts of harvest. In the last decade we have improved our understanding of the demographic mechanisms driving population level responses to harvest. Our understanding of the ecophysiological underpinnings for these process ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01977.x

15. Xylem traits mediate a trade-off between resistance to freeze-thaw-induced embolism and photosynthetic capacity in overwintering evergreens

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Choat, Brendan; Medek, Danielle E.; Stuart, Stephanie A.; Pasquet-Kok, Jessica; Egerton, John J.G.; Salari, Hooman; Ball, Marilyn C.;     Show all 8 Authors
Source:
The new phytologist 2011 v.191 no.4 pp. 996-1005
ISSN:
0028-646X
Subject:
canopy; carbon; embolism; gas exchange; hydraulic conductivity; leaves; overwintering; photosynthesis; stomatal conductance; supply balance; temperature; winter; xylem vessels
Abstract:
... • Hydraulic traits were studied in temperate, woody evergreens in a high-elevation heath community to test for trade-offs between the delivery of water to canopies at rates sufficient to sustain photosynthesis and protection against disruption to vascular transport caused by freeze-thaw-induced embolism. • Freeze-thaw-induced loss in hydraulic conductivity was studied in relation to xylem anatomy, ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03772.x
PubMed:
21627664

16. Ecology of hemiepiphytism in fig species is based on evolutionary correlation of hydraulics and carbon economy

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Hao, Guang-You; Goldstein, Guillermo; Holbrook, N. Michele; Liu, Zhi-Hui; Wang, Ai-Ying; Harrison, Rhett D.; Su, Zhi-Hui; Cao, Kun-Fang;     Show all 9 Authors
Source:
Ecology 2011 v.92 no.11 pp. 2117-2130
ISSN:
0012-9658
Subject:
Ficus; adults; canopy; carbon; convergent evolution; correlation; ecophysiology; figs; gas exchange; hydraulic conductivity; leaves; nutrient content; nutrient use efficiency; phylogeny; stomatal conductance; trees; tropical rain forests; water use efficiency; xylem
Abstract:
... Woody hemiepiphytic species (Hs) are important components of tropical rain forests, and they have been hypothesized to differ from non‐hemiepiphytic tree species (NHs) in adaptations relating to water relations and carbon economy; but few studies have been conducted comparing ecophysiological traits between the two growth forms especially in an evolutionary context. Using common‐garden plants of t ...
DOI:
10.1890/11-0269.1

17. Hydraulic conductance of Acacia phyllodes (foliage) is driven by primary nerve (vein) conductance and density

Author:
SACK, LAWREN,   et al.   ; SOMMERVILLE, KATY E.; BALL, MARILYN C.;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Plant, cell and environment 2012 v.35 no.1 pp. 158-168
ISSN:
0140-7791
Subject:
Acacia; climate; dispersions; leaves; nerve tissue; rain; xylem
Abstract:
... We determined effects of venation traits on hydraulic conductance of phyllodes (foliage), using an array of Acacia s.str. species with diverse phyllode morphologies as the source of variation. Measurements were made on phyllodes from 44 species, grown in common gardens but originating from different positions along a precipitation gradient. Kphyllode varied 18‐fold and was positively correlated wi ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02425.x
PubMed:
21923760

18. The determinants of leaf turgor loss point and prediction of drought tolerance of species and biomes: a global meta‐analysis

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Bartlett, Megan K.; Scoffoni, Christine;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
Ecology letters 2012 v.15 no.5 pp. 393-405
ISSN:
1461-023X
Subject:
drought; drought tolerance; ecosystems; equations; leaf water potential; leaves; modulus of elasticity; osmotic pressure; prediction; stress response; turgor; water content; water stress; wilting
Abstract:
... Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 393–405 ABSTRACT: Increasing drought is one of the most critical challenges facing species and ecosystems worldwide, and improved theory and practices are needed for quantification of species tolerances. Leaf water potential at turgor loss, or wilting (πtlp), is classically recognised as a major physiological determinant of plant water stress response. However, the cellu ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01751.x
PubMed:
22435987

19. Is hemiepiphytism an adaptation to high irradiance? Testing seedling responses to light levels and drought in hemiepiphytic and non‐hemiepiphytic Ficus

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; Hao, Guang‐You; Wang, Ai‐Ying; Goldstein, Guillermo; Cao, Kun‐Fang;     Show all 5 Authors
Source:
Physiologia plantarum 2013 v.148 no.1 pp. 74-86
ISSN:
0031-9317
Subject:
risk; seedling growth; canopy; gas exchange; seedlings; Ficus; drought tolerance; light intensity; drought; growth habit; photosynthesis; xylem; leaves; understory
Abstract:
... The epiphytic growth habit in many Ficus species during their juvenile stages has commonly been hypothesized to be an adaptation for avoiding deep shade in the forest understory, but this has never been tested experimentally. We examined growth and ecophysiology in seedlings of three hemiepiphytic (Hs) and three non‐hemiepiphytic (NHs) Ficus species grown under different irradiance levels. Both Hs ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01694.x
PubMed:
22989335

20. Allometry of cells and tissues within leaves

Author:
Sack, Lawren,   et al.   ; John, Grace P.; Scoffoni, Christine;     Show all 3 Authors
Source:
American journal of botany 2013 v.100 no.10 pp. 1936-1948
ISSN:
0002-9122
Subject:
cell walls; allometry; leaf area; light microscopy; xylem; Angiospermae; mesophyll; habitats; leaves
Abstract:
... • Premise of the study: Allometric relationships among the dimensions of leaf cells, cell walls, and tissues, and whole-leaf thickness and area are likely to have key implications for leaf construction and function, but have remained virtually untested, despite the explosion of interest in allometric analysis of numerous plant properties at larger scales.• Methods: Using leaf transverse cross sect ...
DOI:
10.3732/ajb.1200608
PubMed:
24070860