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1. Noncarotenoid hydrocarbons in palm oil and palm fatty acid distillate

Author:
Goh, S.H.; Gee, P.T.
Source:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1986 v.63 no.2 pp. 226-230
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
palm oils; fatty acids; chromatography; carotenoids; tocotrienols; squalene; distillates; spectroscopy; Malaysia
DOI:
10.1007/BF02546143

2. Extraction and refining of oil from amaranth seed

Author:
Lyon, C.K.; Becker, R.
Source:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1987 v.64 no.2 pp. 233-236
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
Amaranthus caudatus; seed oils; extraction; fatty acids; squalene; bleaching; food processing; hexane
DOI:
10.1007/BF02542008

3. Regulation of squalene epoxidase activity by membrane fatty acid composition in yeast

Author:
Buttke, T.M.; Brint, S.L.; Lowe, M.R.
Source:
Lipids 1988 v.23 no.1 pp. 68-71
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae; enzyme activity; cell membranes; fatty acids; squalene
DOI:
10.1007/BF02535308
PubMed:
3280941

4. Effects of cholestyramine and squalene feeding on hepatic and serum plant sterols in the rat

Author:
Strandberg, T.E.; Tilvis, R.S.; Miettinen, T.A.
Source:
Lipids 1989 v.24 no.8 pp. 705-708
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
nutrition; rats; phytosterols; squalene; liver; blood serum
DOI:
10.1007/BF02535208
PubMed:
2586228

5. Effect of puffing on oil characteristics of Amaranth (Rajgeera) seeds

Author:
Singhal, R.S.; Kulkarni, P.R.
Source:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1990 v.67 no.12 pp. 952-954
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
Amaranthus cruentus; fatty acids; chemical composition; seed oils; triacylglycerols; food grains; popping; squalene; India
DOI:
10.1007/BF02541855

6. Squalene in grapefruit wax as a possible natural protectant against chilling injury

Author:
Nordby, H.E.; McDonald, R.E.
Source:
Lipids 1990 v.25 no.12 pp. 807-810
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
grapefruits; waxes; squalene; chilling injury; storage; temperature; biosynthesis; postharvest physiology; epicuticular wax
DOI:
10.1007/BF02535901

7. Relationship of epicuticular wax composition of grapefruit to chilling injury

Author:
Nordby, H.E.; McDonald, R.E.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1991 v.39 no.5 pp. 957-962
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
grapefruits; aldehydes; alkanes; biosynthesis; lipids; squalene; waxes; chilling injury; cold storage; temperature
Abstract:
... Cold storage, affects amounts of alkanes, squalene, and long-chain aldehydes in the epicuticular wax of grapefruit. Levels of these components were determined in fresh grapefruit prior to cold storage and in temperature-conditioned and nonconditioned fruit after storage at various times and temperatures. Levels of C27-C33 alkanes and C28-C34 aldehydes declined during storage. An increase in squale ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf00005a032

8. Antioxidative activity of an isoflavonoid, 2"-O-glycosylisovitexin isolated from green barley leaves

Author:
Kitta, K.; Hagiwara, Y.; Shibamoto, T.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1992 v.40 no.10 pp. 1843-1845
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
linoleic acid; Hordeum vulgare; malondialdehyde; hydrogen peroxide; lipid peroxidation; oxidation; flavonoids; squalene; ultraviolet radiation; leaves
Abstract:
... A flavonoid, 2''-O-glycosylisovitexin (2''-O-GIV), with antioxidative activity previously proved by the thiobarbituric acid method, was isolated from young green barley leaves. Antioxidative activity of 2''-O-GIV was determined by using gas chromatography to measure amounts of malonaldehyde (MA) formed from squalene and ethyl linoleate upon UV irradiation or with Fenton's reagent. 2''-O-GIV suppre ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf00022a023

9. 3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl-dithio-1,1',2-trisnorsqualene: a site-directed inactivator of yeast oxidosqualene cyclase

Author:
Balliano, G.; Grosa, G.; Milla, P.; Viola, F.; Cattel, L.
Source:
Lipids 1993 v.28 no.10 pp. 903-906
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
enzyme inactivation; enzymes; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; enzyme inhibitors; squalene; thiols
DOI:
10.1007/BF02537498
PubMed:
8246689

10. Enzymatic pretreatment of deodorizer distillate for concentration of sterols and tocopherols

Author:
Ramamurthi, S.; McCurdy, A.R.
Source:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1993 v.70 no.3 pp. 287-295
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
rapeseed oil; soybean oil; mixtures; byproducts; esterification; triacylglycerol lipase; pretreatment; tocopherols; sterols; squalene; fatty acid esters; volatile compounds; distillation; distillates
DOI:
10.1007/BF02545310

11. Gas chromatographic analysis of glyoxal and methylglyoxal formed from lipids and related compounds upon ultraviolet irradiation

Author:
Niyati-Shirkhodaee, F.; Shibamoto, T.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1993 v.41 no.2 pp. 227-230
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
photolysis; cod liver oil; squalene; fatty acid esters; gas chromatography; ultraviolet radiation; aldehydes
Abstract:
... Glyoxal, methylglyoxal (MG), malonaldehyde (MA), acrolein, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and propanal formed from squalene, cod liver oil, ethyl esters of fatty acids, and volatile aldehyde upon UV irradiation were derivatized to nitrogen- or sulfur-containing compounds. Derivatives were analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector or a flame photometric detector. Max ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf00026a016

12. Radioprotection of mice by dietary squalene

Author:
Storm, H.M.; Oh, S.Y.; Kimler, B.F.; Norton, S.
Source:
Lipids 1993 v.28 no.6 pp. 555-559
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
squalene; diet; mortality; mice; ionizing radiation
DOI:
10.1007/BF02536088
PubMed:
8355581

13. Squalene recovery from olive oil deodorizer distillates

Author:
Bondioli, P.; Mariani, C.; Lanzani, A.; Fedeli, E.; Muller, A.
Source:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1993 v.70 no.8 pp. 763-766
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
olive oil; squalene; extraction; carbon dioxide; purity; yields; distillates; deodorization
DOI:
10.1007/BF02542597

14. Molecular cloning, characterization, and overexpression of ERG7, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene encoding lanosterol synthase

Author:
Corey, E.J.; Matsuda, S.P.T.; Bartel, B.
Source:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994 v.91 no.6 pp. 2211-2215
ISSN:
0027-8424
Subject:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae; structural genes; isomerases; nucleotide sequences; amino acid sequences; gene expression; enzyme activity; squalene; lanosterol
Abstract:
... We report the cloning, characterization, and overexpression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG7, which encodes lanosterol synthase [(S)-2,3-epoxysqualene mutase (cyclizing, lanosterol forming), EC 5.4.99.7], the enzyme responsible for the complex cyclization/rearrangement step in sterol biosynthesis. Oligonucleotide primers were designed corresponding to protein sequences conserved between Candida al ...
DOI:
10.1073/pnas.91.6.2211
PubMed:
8134375
PubMed Central:
PMC43340

15. Squalene metabolism in two species of Lagenidium

Author:
Domnas, A.; Biswas, S.S.; Gallagher, P.A.
Source:
Canadian journal of microbiology 1994 v.40 no.7 pp. 523-531
ISSN:
0008-4166
Subject:
metabolism; biological control agents; microsomes; cells; Lagenidium giganteum; solvents; squalene; mycelium; metabolites
DOI:
10.1139/m94-085
PubMed:
8076247

16. Bench-scale processing of amaranth seed for oil

Author:
Sun, H.; Wiesenborn, D.; Rayas-Duarte, P.; Mohamed, A.; Hagen, K.
Source:
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1995 v.72 no.12 pp. 1551-1555
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
Amaranthus hypochondriacus; seeds; seed oils; bran; milling; fractionation; extrusion; extraction; squalene; tocopherols; fatty acids; peroxide value; starch
DOI:
10.1007/BF02577853

17. ERG1, encoding squalene epoxidase, is located on the right arm of chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Author:
Landl, Karina M.; Klösch, Burkhard; Turnowsky, Friederike
Source:
Yeast 1996 v.12 no.6 pp. 609-613
ISSN:
0749-503X
Subject:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae; aerobic conditions; chromosome mapping; chromosomes; ergosterol; gene targeting; genes; phenotype; squalene
Abstract:
... The ERG1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in the ergosterol pathway. ERG1 is an essential gene. Disruption of the gene with URA3 results in a lethal phenotype when cells are grown under aerobic conditions, even in the presence of ergosterol. However, cells are viable in the presence of ergosterol under anaerobic growth conditions during which ergosterol is ...
DOI:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199605)12:6<609::AID-YEA949>3.0.CO;2-B
PubMed:
8771716

18. Effect of ethanol on fermentation and lipid composition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Author:
Ciesarova, Z.; Sajbidor, J.; Smogrovicova, D.; Bafrncova, P.
Source:
Food biotechnology 1996 v.10 no.1 pp. 1-12
ISSN:
0890-5436
Subject:
ethanol; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; fermentation; ergosterol; squalene; palmitic acid; palmitoleic acid; stearic acid; oleic acid; biomass production
Abstract:
... The influence of ethanol on growth, fermentation and lipid composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Greater inhibition of growth than of fermentation was found at 5% (v/v) of added ethanol. Enhanced content of lipid and accumulation of ergosterol and squalene at 15% (v/v) of added ethanol were observed. Ethanol increased the content of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acid, but ...
DOI:
10.1080/08905439609549897

19. Novel zaragozic acids from Leptodontidium elatius

Author:
Dufresne, C.; Jones, E.T.T.; Omstead, M.N.; Bergstrom, J.D.; Wilson, K.E.
Source:
Journal of natural products 1996 v.59 no.1 pp. 52-54
ISSN:
0163-3864
Subject:
Deuteromycotina; fermentation; medicinal plants; spectral analysis; molecular conformation; cholesterol; squalene; ligases; enzyme inhibitors; metabolites; structure-activity relationships; chemical constituents of plants; culture filtrates
DOI:
10.1021/np960003i

20. Potato glycoalkaloids: a burden or a blessing?

Author:
Valkonen, J.P.T.; Keskitalo, M.; Vasara, T.; Pietila, L.
Source:
Critical reviews in plant sciences 1996 v.15 no.1 pp. 1-20
ISSN:
0735-2689
Subject:
antimicrobial properties; mevalonic acid; plant breeding; biosynthesis; alpha-chaconine; drugs; Solanum tuberosum; acetyl coenzyme A; biotechnology; cholesterol; solanine; genotype; chemical constituents of plants; squalene; molecular conformation; pest resistance
DOI:
10.1080/713608127

21. Purification and characterization of deep sea shark Centrophorus squamosus liver oil 1-O-alkylglycerol ether lipids

Author:
Bordier, C.G.; Sellier, N.; Foucault, A.P.; Le Goffic, F.
Source:
Lipids 1996 v.31 no.5 pp. 521-528
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
chemical composition; liver; glycerol; ethers; urea; fish oils; spectral analysis; squalene; sharks
DOI:
10.1007/BF02522646
PubMed:
8727645

22. Antioxidative activity of egg yolk phospholipids

Author:
Sugino, H.; Ishikawa, M.; Nitoda, T.; Koketsu, M.; Juneja, L.R.; Kim, M.; Yamamoto, T.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1997 v.45 no.3 pp. 551-554
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
squalene; polyunsaturated fatty acids; oils; antioxidants
Abstract:
... The antioxidative activities of 0.1% additional egg yolk lipid (EYL) fractions (egg yolk neutral lipids, EYL-N; egg yolk lipids containing 31.3% phospholipids, EYL-30; egg yolk lipids containing 68.0% phospholipids, EYL-65; and egg yolk lipids containing 96.8% phospholipids, EYL-95) in rich docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oil were investigated. The antioxidative activity of EYL was in the order EYL-95 ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf960416p

23. Capillary supercritical fluid chromatographic analysis of shark liver oils

Author:
Borch-Jensen, C.; Magnussen, M. P.; Mollerup, J.
Source:
journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1997 v.74 no.5 pp. 497-503
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
cholesterol; cholesteryl esters; ethers; fractionation; glycerol; iodine; liver; oils; sharks; squalene; supercritical fluid chromatography; thin layer chromatography; triacylglycerols
Abstract:
... The liver oils of six different shark species have been analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The liver oils were from the species Pseudotriakis microdon (False catshark), Centroscymnus coelepsis (Portuguese dogfish), Centrophorus squanosus (Leafscalp gulper shark), Deanea calceus (Birdbeak dogfish), Etmopterus princips (Greater lantern shark), and Centroscymnus crepidater (Longnos ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11746-997-0171-4

24. Microwave and conventional heating effects on some physical and chemical parameters of edible fats

Author:
Albi, T.; Lanzon, A.; Guinda, A.; Perez-Camino, M.C.; Leon, M.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1997 v.45 no.8 pp. 3000-3003
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
cis-trans isomers; cooking fats and oils; energy; heat; lard; lipids; microwave treatment; squalene; sunflower oil; temperature; virgin olive oil; viscosity
Abstract:
... Effects of microwave energy and conventional heating on physical and chemical parameters of five edible oils and fats (virgin olive oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, high oleic sunflower oil, and lard) were investigated. These fats and oils were subjected to three well-controlled treatments: heating in conventional electric oven, heating by microwave energy, and exposure to microwave energy, respecti ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf970168c

25. cDNA cloning of squalene synthase genes from mono- and dicotyledonous plants, expression of the gene in rice

Author:
Hata, S.; Sanmiya, K.; Kouchi, H.; Matsuoka, M.; Yamamoto, N.; Izui, K.
Source:
Plant & cell physiology 1997 v.38 no.12 pp. 1409-1413
ISSN:
0032-0781
Subject:
Zea mays; Glycine max; Oryza sativa; complementary DNA; gene expression; squalene; alkyl (aryl) transferases; genes; messenger RNA; phylogeny; cell division; light; amino acid sequences
Abstract:
... cDNA clones encoding squalene synthases were isolated from rice, maize and soybeans. A phylogenetic tree showed that the enzymes of monocots and dicots form distinct subgroups. In rice, squalene synthase mRNA was detected in tissues containing dividing cells and its level was repressed by illumination. ...
DOI:
10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029137

26. Anomalous high iodine value of squalene and the impact on iodine values of shark liver oils

Author:
Ackman, R. G.; Macpherson, E.; Timmins, A.
Source:
journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1998 v.75 no.12 pp. 1223-1225
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
acetic acid; chloroform; fatty acids; iodine; iodine value; liver; oils; seals; sharks; squalene; titration
Abstract:
... Squalene has six ethylenic bonds, but the experimental iodine values in two different solvent systems--chloroform and cyclohexane/acetic acid--were 25% higher than the theoretical values. We propose that this results from an additional halogen adding at each of the two terminal ethylenic bonds carrying two methyl groups. In the solvent system of cyclohexane alone, the excess is only 3-4% greater t ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11746-998-0316-0

27. Natural antioxidants in the unsaponifiable fraction of virgin olive oils from different cultivars

Author:
Manzi, P.; Panfili, G.; Esti, M.; Pizzoferrato, L.
Source:
Journal of the science of food and agriculture 1998 v.77 no.1 pp. 115-120
ISSN:
0022-5142
Subject:
olive oil; alpha-tocopherol; carotenes; squalene; cultivars; Olea europaea; olives; harvest date; oxidation; extraction; pressing; centrifugation
Abstract:
... An investigation on carotene, alpha-tocopherol and squalene contents of olives from six different cultivars and 15 virgin olive oils produced in Molise region in 1995 was carried out. Olives were harvested at different stages of ripeness and oil was extracted in industrial plants by pressure or centrifugation systems. The concentration of carotenes, alpha-tocopherol and squalene have been correlat ...
DOI:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199805)77:1<115::AID-JSFA13>3.0.CO;2-N

28. Overexpression of Squalene-Hopene Cyclase by the pET Vector in Escherichia Coli and First Identification of Tryptophan and Aspartic Acid Residues inside the QW Motif as Active Sites

Author:
Tsutomu SATO; Yoshinori KANAI; Tsutomu HOSHINO
Source:
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 1998 v.62 no.2 pp. 407-411
ISSN:
1347-6947
Subject:
Escherichia coli; aspartic acid; biotechnology; site-directed mutagenesis; tryptophan
Abstract:
... An overexpression system for squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) was constructed by using the pET3a vector, which is responsible for high expression with help from the strong T7 promoter when incorporated into E. coli BL21(DE3). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments prove that two amino acid residues of tryptophan and aspartic acid inside the QW-motif 5 resided as active sites. ...
DOI:
10.1271/bbb.62.407

29. Overexpression of a cytosolic hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase leads to squalene accumulation in yeast

Author:
Polakowski, T.; Stahl, U.; Lang, C.
Source:
Applied microbiology and biotechnology 1998 v.49 no.1 pp. 66-71
ISSN:
0175-7598
Subject:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae; amino acids; biosynthesis; ergosterol; eukaryotic cells; gene overexpression; genes; hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductases; squalene; yeasts
Abstract:
... The enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase is known as the rate-limiting enzyme in early sterol biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. To eliminate this regulation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a truncated HMG1 gene, producing a form of the enzyme that lacks the membrane-binding region (i.e. amino acids 1-552), was constructed and overexpressed in this yeast. The tran ...
DOI:
10.1007/s002530051138
PubMed:
9487712

30. Rapid and simultaneous analysis of free sterols, tocopherols, and squalene in edible oils by coupled reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography

Author:
Villen, J.; Blanch, G.P.; Ruiz del Castillo, M.L.; Herraiz, M.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1998 v.46 no.4 pp. 1419-1422
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
screening; tocopherols; food analysis; gas chromatography; olive oil; rapeseed oil; high performance liquid chromatography; rapid methods; squalene; sterols
Abstract:
... On-line coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography and gas capillary chromatography (RPLC-GC) using a programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) as interface is used for the direct and simultaneous analysis of free sterols, tocopherols, and squalene of edible oils by direct injection (that is, without the need for prior enrichment of the sample). The proposed method allows large volume fractions ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf970706l

31. Separation of stigmasta-3,5-diene, squalene lsomers, and wax esters from olive oils by single high-performance liquid chromatography run

Author:
Amelio, Mauro; Rizzo, Renzo; Varazini, Flavio
Source:
journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1998 v.75 no.4 pp. 527-530
ISSN:
0003-021X
Subject:
compliance; high performance liquid chromatography; isomers; oils; olives; quality control; screening; squalene; wax esters
Abstract:
... To ascertain the authenticity of olive oils, the European Community Regulation requires the stigmasta-3,5-diene and wax ester contents to be determined. The official methods are time-consuming and not suitable for many daily analyses, as quality-control laboratories need. A method is presented here that allows single high-performance liquid chromatography separation of stigmasta-3,5-diene and wax ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11746-998-0259-5

32. Functional Analysis of the DXDDTA Motif in Squalene-Hopene Cyclase by Site-directed Mutagenesis Experiments: Initiation Site of the Polycyclization Reaction and Stabilization Site of the Carbocation Intermediate of the Initially Cyclized A-Ring

Author:
Tsutomu SATO; Tsutomu HOSHINO
Source:
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 1999 v.63 no.12 pp. 2189-2198
ISSN:
1347-6947
Subject:
acidity; amino acids; biotechnology; catalytic activity; polyolefin; site-directed mutagenesis
Abstract:
... In order to clarify the function of the DXDDTA motif in squalene-hopene cyclase and to identify the acidic amino acid residues crucial for the catalysis, site-directed mutagenesis experiments were carried out. The following results were found: (1) residues D374 and D376 work for the initiation of polyolefin cyclization which arises from the proton attack on the terminal double bond; (2) residue D3 ...
DOI:
10.1271/bbb.63.2189

33. Kinetic Studies on the Function of All the Conserved Tryptophans Involved Inside and Outside the QW Motifs of Squalene-hopene Cyclase: Stabilizing Effect of the Protein Structure against Thermal Denaturation

Author:
Tsutomu SATO; Tsutomu HOSHINO
Source:
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 1999 v.63 no.7 pp. 1171-1180
ISSN:
1347-6947
Subject:
biotechnology; denaturation; glutamine; heat; pH; phenylalanine; protein structure; site-directed mutagenesis; temperature; tryptophan
Abstract:
... Site-directed mutagenesis experiments were carried out to identify the responsibility of the eight QW motifs for the reaction catalyzed by squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC). Alterations of the conserved tryptophans, which are responsible for the stacking structure with glutamine, into aliphatic amino acids gave a significantly lower temperature for the catalytic optimum as for the mutageneses of QW mo ...
DOI:
10.1271/bbb.63.1171

34. New Cyclization Mechanism for Squalene: a Ring-expansion Step for the Five-membered C-ring Intermediate in Hopene Biosynthesis

Author:
Tsutomu HOSHINO; Masanori KOUDA; Takamasa ABE; Shumi OHASHI
Source:
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 1999 v.63 no.11 pp. 2038-2041
ISSN:
1347-6947
Subject:
Lewis bases; biosynthesis; biotechnology; cyclization reactions; enzymes; squalene; triterpenoids
Abstract:
... Three triterpenes having the 6/6/5-fused tri- and 6/6/6/5-fused tetracyclic skeletons were isolated from an incubation mixture of the mutated F601A enzyme, these products being in accordance with a Markovnikov closure. Successful trapping of the tricyclic cationic intermediate by using the squalene analog having a highly nucleophilic hydroxyl group leads us to propose that the ring expansion proce ...
DOI:
10.1271/bbb.63.2038

35. On the role of squalene in olive oil stability

Author:
Psomiadou, E.; Tsimidou, M.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 1999 v.47 no.10 pp. 4025-4032
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
olive oil; sunflower oil; oxidation; squalene; peroxide value; alpha-tocopherol; caffeic acid; heat treatment; free radicals; hydrazines; long chain fatty acids; triacylglycerols; lard
Abstract:
... The role of squalene in olive oil stability was studied for various concentrations and experimental conditions. No effect was found in induction periods of olive oil at elevated temperatures using the Rancimat apparatus. Samples were then stored at 40 and 62 degrees C in the dark, and the extent of oxidation was followed by periodic measurements of peroxide value and conjugated dienes. A concentra ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf990173b
PubMed:
10552760

36. Squalene: a naturally abundant mammalian skin secretion and long distance tick-attractant (Acari: Ixodidae)

Author:
Yoder, J.A.; Stevens, B.W.; Crouch, K.C.
Source:
Journal of medical entomology 1999 v.36 no.4 pp. 526-529
ISSN:
0022-2585
Subject:
salicylates; aggregation pheromones; isobutyric acid; pelargonic acid; mammals; host seeking; squalene; attractants; Amblyomma americanum; benzaldehyde; methyl salicylate
Abstract:
... Squalene is a naturally occurring lipid on mammalian skin and is an attractant to the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). In this study, we compared squalene to the standard tick-attractants, benzaldehyde, isobutyric acid, methyl salicylate, nonanoic acid, and o-nitrophenol identified as active ingredients of tick aggregation-attachment pheromones and determined its effectiveness in field a ...
DOI:
10.1093/jmedent/36.4.526
PubMed:
10467784

37. Composition and nutritional value of amaranth seeds

Author:
P. Kalač; J. Moudrý
Source:
Czech Journal of Food Sciences v.18 no.5 pp. 201-206
ISSN:
1805-9317
Subject:
cholesteremic effect; dietary fiber; nutritive value; oils; oligosaccharides; squalene; starch
Abstract:
... There are reviewed literature data on proteins, lipids, starch, oligosaccharides, dietary fibre, mineral constituents, vitamins and antinutritional compounds of amaranth seeds. Moreov r, information on isolation of squalene from oil and betacyanin pigments from leaves and inflorescence is given. Data on hypocholesterolemic effect of amaranth seeds are also mentioned. ...
DOI:
10.17221/9651-cjfs

38. First report of the characterization of the threatened plant species Amaranthus pumilus (Seabeach Amaranth)

Author:
Marcone, M.F.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2000 v.48 no.2 pp. 378-382
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
interspecific variation; nutrient content; endangered species; trypsin inhibitors; protein content; vitamin E; carbohydrates; unsaturated fatty acids; triacylglycerols; seed oils; Amaranthus hypochondriacus; proximate composition; saturated fatty acids; chemical constituents of plants; squalene; mineral content; plant proteins
Abstract:
... This paper reports the first ever investigation of the chemical components/composition of the seeds of Amaranthus pumilus (a threatened amaranth species) and compares the results to those of the more commonly cultivated Amaranthus hypochondriacus (Plainsman). This study clearly revealed that much genetic diversity exists between these species, indicating that potential breeding possibilities for t ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf991133a
PubMed:
10691643

39. Unsaponifiable lipid constituents of some underutilized tropical seed oils

Author:
Esuoso, K.O.; Lutz, H.; Bayer, E.; Kutubuddin, M.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2000 v.48 no.2 pp. 231-234
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
monoterpenoids; seed oils; triacylglycerols; Telfairia occidentalis; squalene; sterols; Monodora
Abstract:
... Sterols, triterpene alcohols, and hydrocarbons present in the unsaponifiable fraction of some underutilized tropical seed oils have been examined. The seeds include Telfairia occidentalis (TLO), Andenopus breviflorus (ADB), Cucumeropsis edulis (CME), Antiaris africana (ATF), and Monodora tenuifolia (MNT). The oil content of the seeds was high (34.7-68.8%), whereas triacylglycerols comprised the do ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf9908493
PubMed:
10691620

40. A detailed and comprehensive study of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) oil fatty profile

Author:
Leon-Camacho, M.; Garcia-Gonzalez, D.L.; Aparicio, R.
Source:
European food research & technology 2001 v.213 no.4/5 pp. 349-355
ISSN:
1438-2377
Subject:
phytosterols; Amaranthus cruentus; nutrient content; fatty acids; tocopherols; plant fats and oils; triacylglycerols; amaranth grain; waxes; food composition; chemical constituents of plants; squalene

41. A detailed and comprehensive study of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) oil fatty profile

Author:
Manuel León-Camacho; Diego L. García-González; Ramón Aparicio
Source:
European food research & technology 2001 v.213 no.4-5 pp. 349-355
ISSN:
1438-2377
Subject:
Amaranthus cruentus; alkanes; beta-tocopherol; carbon; fatty acids; high performance liquid chromatography; industrial applications; mass spectrometry; oils; oxidation; squalene; sterols; triacylglycerols; vegetables
Abstract:
... The oil of Amaranthus cruentus has been characterized by major and minor compounds. The series of fatty acids, triglycerides, sterols, methylsterols, terpenic and aliphatic alcohols, tocopherols, and hydrocarbons have been identified, by standards and mass spectrometry, and quantified by HRGC and HPLC. The content of these chemical compounds, together with the equivalent carbon numbers (ECN) and t ...
DOI:
10.1007/s002170100340

42. A novel sequence element is involved in the transcriptional regulation of expression of the ERG1 (squalene epoxidase) gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Author:
Regina Leber; Rainer Zenz; Klarissa Schröttner; Sandra Fuchsbichler; Brigitte Pühringer; Friederike Turnowsky
Source:
European journal of biochemistry 2001 v.268 no.4 pp. 914-924
ISSN:
0014-2956
Subject:
DNA; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; antifungal agents; biosynthesis; ergosterol; genes; nucleotide sequences; squalene; transcription (genetics); yeasts
Abstract:
... Squalene epoxidase is an essential enzyme in the ergosterol‐biosynthesis pathway. It catalyzes the epoxidation of squalene to 2,3‐oxidosqualene and is the specific target of the antifungal drug terbinafine. Treatment of yeast cells with this inhibitor leads to squalene accumulation and sterol depletion. As ergosterol fulfils several essential functions, each requiring optimal sterol concentrat ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01940.x

43. A subfraction of the yeast endoplasmic reticulum associates with the plasma membrane and has a high capacity to synthesize lipids

Author:
Harald Pichler; Barbara Gaigg; Claudia Hrastnik; Georg Achleitner; Sepp D. Kohlwein; Günther Zellnig; Andreas Perktold; Günther Daum
Source:
European journal of biochemistry 2001 v.268 no.8 pp. 2351-2361
ISSN:
0014-2956
Subject:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae; biosynthesis; blood lipids; electron microscopy; endoplasmic reticulum; enzymes; ergosterol; fluorescence; mitochondria; phosphatidylserines; plasma membrane; squalene; yeasts
Abstract:
... Large parts of the endoplasmic reticulum of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are located close to intracellular organelles, i.e. mitochondria and the plasma membrane, as shown by fluorescence and electron microscopy. Here we report the isolation and characterization of the subfraction of the endoplasmic reticulum that is closely associated with the plasma membrane. This plasma membrane associa ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02116.x

44. Catalytic Function of the Residues of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Conserved in Squalene-Hopene Cyclases

Author:
Tsutomu SATO; Tsutomu HOSHINO
Source:
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 2001 v.65 no.10 pp. 2233-2242
ISSN:
1347-6947
Subject:
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius; acidity; active sites; biotechnology; catalytic activity; denaturation; mutants; phenylalanine; protein structure; site-directed mutagenesis; triterpenoids; tyrosine
Abstract:
... Site-directed mutagenesis experiments on all the conserved residues of Phe and Tyr in all the known squalene-hopene cyclases (SHCs) were carried out to identify the active site residues of thermophilic Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius SHC. The following functions are proposed on the basis of kinetic data and trapping of the prematurely cyclized products: (1) The Y495 residue probably amplifies the ...
DOI:
10.1271/bbb.65.2233

45. Ellagitannins and hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters as inhibitors of Vertebrate squalene epoxidase

Author:
Abe, I.; Kashiwagi, Y.; Noguchi, H.; Tanaka, T.; Ikeshiro, Y.; Kashiwada, Y.
Source:
Journal of natural products 2001 v.64 no.8 pp. 1010-1014
ISSN:
0163-3864
Subject:
plant extracts; ellagic acid; tannins; carboxylic acids; esters; spectral analysis; chemical structure; vertebrates; cholesterol; biosynthesis; squalene; enzyme inhibitors; chemical reactions; biochemical pathways
DOI:
10.1021/np010100y
PubMed:
11520216

46. Novel hopanoids from Frankia spp. and related soil bacteria: Squalene cyclization and significance of geological biomarkers revisited

Author:
Surya Rosa‐Putra; Renaud Nalin; Anne‐Marie Domenach; Michel Rohmer
Source:
European journal of biochemistry 2001 v.268 no.15 pp. 4300-4306
ISSN:
0014-2956
Subject:
Frankia; biogenesis; biomarkers; hopanoids; isomerization; isomers; sediments; soil bacteria; squalene; thermodynamics
Abstract:
... Three series of hopanoids, differing by their configurations at C‐17 and C‐21, have been identified in several Frankia spp. and other related soil bacteria. The widespread bacterial hopanoids of the 17β(H),21β(H) series were accompanied by their isomers of the 17β(H),21α(H) (moretane) and 17α(H), 21β(H) series. The latter series has not previously been found in living organisms and is co ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02348.x

47. 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid, and noradrenalin metabolite with powerful antioxidative potential

Author:
Ley, J.P.; Engelhart, K.; Bernhardt, J.; Bertram, H.J.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 v.50 no.21 pp. 5897-5902
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
soybean oil; free radicals; hydrogen peroxide; lipid peroxidation; mandelic acid; cytotoxicity; free radical scavengers; antioxidant activity; oxidation; fibroblasts; medicinal properties; squalene; metabolites
Abstract:
... The decarboxylated noradrenaline metabolite 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid [DHMA, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyacetic acid] occurs in different mammalian tissues, especially in the heart. To elucidate the physiological function of DHMA, the antioxidative and radical scavenging activity was determined by physicochemical and cell-based test systems. In the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay it show ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf025667e

48. A novel function of the triterpene squalene in a tritrophic system

Author:
Dutton, A.; Mattiacci, L.; Amado, R.; Dorn, S.
Source:
Journal of chemical ecology 2002 v.28 no.1 pp. 103-116
ISSN:
0098-0331
Subject:
Malus domestica; seedlings; apples; leaves; squalene; semiochemicals; feeding behavior; parasitoids; Phyllonorycter; insect control; biological control
Abstract:
... Changes in apple leaf chemistry after infestation by leafminers and their effect on both host location and host habitat location of the generalist parasitoid Pholetesor bicolor were investigated. Chemical analysis of leaf solvent extracts from healthy and leafminer-damaged leaves revealed that herbivory increased the amount of the triterpene squalene (C30H50), whereas quantities of all other ident ...
PubMed:
11868668

49. Biological properties of olive oil phytochemicals

Author:
Visioli, F.; Galli, C.
Source:
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 2002 v.42 no.3 pp. 209-221
ISSN:
1040-8398
Subject:
phytochemicals; enzymes; olive oil; flavor; food composition; human nutrition; squalene; antioxidant activity; phenolic compounds
Abstract:
... Olive oil is the principal source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with a lower incidence of coronary heart disease and certain cancers. Extra-virgin olive oil contains a considerable amount of phenolic compounds, for example, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, that are responsible for its peculiar taste and for its high stability. Evidence is accumulating to demonstrate tha ...
DOI:
10.1080/10408690290825529
PubMed:
12058980

50. Effect of squalene and shark liver oil on serum cholesterol level in hamsters

Author:
Zesheng Zhang; Wing Ka Yeung; Yu Huang; Zhen-Yu Chen
Source:
International journal of food sciences and nutrition 2002 v.53 no.5 pp. 411-418
ISSN:
1465-3478
Subject:
fish oils; hamsters; animal models; squalene; blood lipids; cholesterol; dietary supplements; hypercholesterolemia; triacylglycerols; liver; adipose tissue
Abstract:
... Squalene (SQ) and shark liver oil (SLO) are popularly sold as health supplements. The present study was designed to test the hypercholesterolemic activities of pure SQ and SLO in hamsters. SQ was supplemented in diets at the levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5% while SLO was added in the diet at 0.05% by weight. When compared with the control group, serum total cholesterol (TC) was elevated by 32% in the ...
DOI:
10.1080/0963748021000044750
PubMed:
12396466

51. Extraction and purification of squalene from Amaranthus grain

Author:
He, H.P.; Cai, Y.; Sun, M.; Corke, H.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 v.50 no.2 pp. 368-372
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
Amaranthus cruentus; fatty acids; seeds; seed oils; Amaranthus hypochondriacus; genotype; grains; extraction; chemical constituents of plants; squalene; Amaranthus tricolor; Amaranthus hybridus
Abstract:
... Grain amaranth has been suggested as an alternative to marine animals as a natural source of squalene. Oil contents, squalene contents, and fatty acid profiles were determined in 11 genotypes of four grain amaranth species. Although the oil contents of grain amaranth were low (from 5.1% in Amaranthus tricolor to 7.7% in Amaranthus cruentus) as compared to other oil-containing grains, high concentr ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf010918p
PubMed:
11782209

52. Functional Analyses of Tyr420 and Leu607 of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius Squalene-Hopene Cyclase. Neoachillapentaene, a Novel Triterpene with the 1,5,6-Trimethylcyclohexene Moiety…

Author:
Tsutomu SATO; Shigehiro SASAHARA; Toshiyuki YAMAKAMI; Tsutomu HOSHINO
Source:
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 2002 v.66 no.8 pp. 1660-1670
ISSN:
1347-6947
Subject:
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius; biotechnology; cations; moieties; molecular conformation; mutants; mutation; squalene; triterpenoids
Abstract:
... The functions of Tyr420 and Leu607 were analyzed by constructing various site-directed mutants. The mutation at position 420 into Ala and Gly gave bicyclic α- and γ-polypodatetraene in significant amounts, but with a trace amount of tricyclic malabaricatriene. The kinetic data for and the product distribution of the Y420F mutant indicate that the major function of Tyr420 is to stabilize the 6/6-fu ...
DOI:
10.1271/bbb.66.1660

53. Inhibition of squalene synthase and squalene epoxidase in tobacco cells triggers an up-regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase

Author:
Wentzinger, L.F.; Bach, T.J.; Hartmann, M.A.
Source:
Plant physiology 2002 v.130 no.1 pp. 334-346
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
messenger RNA; biosynthesis; cell growth; enzyme activity; triacylglycerols; cytosol; biochemical pathways; gene expression; enzyme inhibitors; Nicotiana tabacum; chemical constituents of plants; squalene; alcohol oxidoreductases; sterols; cell suspension culture; tobacco; plant proteins
Abstract:
... To get some insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling the sterol branch of the mevalonate pathway, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Bright Yellow-2) cell suspensions were treated with squalestatin-1 and terbinafine, two specific inhibitors of squalene synthase (SQS) and squalene epoxidase, respectively. These two enzymes catalyze the first two steps involved in sterol biosynthesis. In highly ...
PubMed:
12226513
PubMed Central:
PMC166566

54. Rate of degradation of alpha-tocopherol, squalene, phenolics, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in olive oil during different storage conditions

Author:
Rastrelli, L.; Passi, S.; Ippolito, F.; Vacca, G.; De Simone, F.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 v.50 no.20 pp. 5566-5570
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
olive oil; food storage; light; bottles; storage quality; alpha-tocopherol; squalene; phenols; polyunsaturated fatty acids; oxidation; peroxide value
Abstract:
... Changes in the concentration of tocopherol, monophenols, o-diphenols, squalene, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in olive oil were evaluated during 1 year at various storage conditions. Samples of two different extra virgin olive oil (EOO), produced in Calabria (Italy), were stored in dark and in colorless bottles, filled up completely or to half, in order to simulate the domestic storage condition ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf011063j
PubMed:
12236680

55. Regulation of squalene synthase, a key enzyme of sterol biosynthesis, in tobacco

Author:
Devarenne, T.P.; Ghosh, A.; Chappell, J.
Source:
Plant physiology 2002 v.129 no.3 pp. 1095-1106
ISSN:
0032-0889
Subject:
shoots; polypeptides; gene expression; Nicotiana tabacum; leaves; apical meristems; messenger RNA; transcription (genetics); Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica; enzyme activity; squalene; tobacco; biosynthesis; transgenic plants; oxidoreductases; nucleotide sequences; reporter genes; cell suspension culture; post-translational modification; plant morphology; beta-glucuronidase
Abstract:
... Squalene synthase (SS) represents a putative branch point in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway capable of diverting carbon flow specifically to the biosynthesis of sterols and, hence, is considered a potential regulatory point for sterol metabolism. For example, when plant cells grown in suspension culture are challenged with fungal elicitors, suppression of sterol biosynthesis has been correlat ...
PubMed:
12114564
PubMed Central:
PMC166504

56. Squalene but not n-3 fatty acids protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster V79 cells

Author:
O'Sullivan, L.; Woods, J.A.; O'Brien, N.M.
Source:
Nutrition research 2002 v.22 no.7 pp. 847-857
ISSN:
0271-5317
Subject:
Chinese hamsters; DNA damage; anticarcinogenic activity; bovine serum albumin; carcinogenesis; chromatids; crossing over; docosahexaenoic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; ethanol; fibroblasts; hydrogen peroxide; liver; olive oil; omega-3 fatty acids; sharks; squalene
Abstract:
... Fish-oil derived n-3 PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been shown to exhibit anti-carcinogenic effects in vivo and in vitro. Squalene, found in shark liver oil and olive oil, can effectively inhibit chemically induced tumorigenesis in rodents. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether supplementation with EPA (50 μmol/l), DHA (50 μmol/l) or s ...

57. Squalene content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa leaves and seeds

Author:
Ko, T.F.; Weng, Y.M.; Chiou, R.Y.Y.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 v.50 no.19 pp. 5343-5348
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
Terminalia catappa; leaves; plant extracts; squalene; assays; oxidation; seeds; chemical constituents of plants; testing
Abstract:
... Squalene was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) spiking analyses in the supercritical CO2 extracts of freeze-dried abscisic leaves of Terminalia catappa L. When the freeze-dried abscisic, senescent, mature, and immature leaves and seeds were subjected to supercritical CO2 extraction at 40 degrees C and 3000 psi and HPLC quantitation ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf0203500
PubMed:
12207472

58. Squalene–hopene cyclase: catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition

Author:
Tsutomu Hoshino; Tsutomu Sato
Source:
Chemical communications 2002 v. no.4 pp. 291-301
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
X-radiation; active sites; catalytic activity; chemical reactions; isomerases; mutation; squalene
Abstract:
... Rapid progress on the catalytic mechanism and substrate recognition by squalene–hopene cyclase, which has occurred only in the last several years, is reported. A series of site-directed mutation experiments and some squalene analogues have provided deep insight into the polycyclization mechanism and catalytic sites in conjunction with the information from X-ray crystal data. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b108995c

59. Stability of virgin olive oil. 1. Autoxidation studies

Author:
Psomiadou, E.; Tsimidou, M.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 v.50 no.4 pp. 716-721
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
chemical composition; fatty acids; plant pigments; peroxide value; phenols; olive oil; food storage; alpha-tocopherol; storage quality; beta-carotene; oxidation; squalene; chlorophyll
Abstract:
... Virgin olive oil samples with similar oxidative stabilities and fatty acid compositions were stored for 24 months. Changes in the lipid substrate were followed by peroxide value and K232 measurements. HPLC was used to evaluate changes in the alpha-tocopherol, pigment, and squalene contents. Total polar phenol content was measured colorimetrically. The loss of alpha-tocopherol and carotenoids was c ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf0108462
PubMed:
11829634

60. Stability of virgin olive oil. 2. Photo-oxidation studies

Author:
Psomiadou, E.; Tsimidou, M.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2002 v.50 no.4 pp. 722-727
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
chemical composition; fatty acids; plant pigments; peroxide value; olive oil; food storage; alpha-tocopherol; beta-carotene; oxidation; irradiation; squalene; chlorophyll; light
Abstract:
... Virgin olive oil samples with similar oxidative stabilities and fatty acid compositions were exposed to 12100 lx (25 +/- 1 degrees C) in closed bottles until bleached. The observed low changes in the substrate and polar phenols were related to oxygen availability. HPLC monitoring showed that pheophytin a gradual degradation (>90%) was accompanied by a considerable alpha-tocopherol loss (22-35%) du ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf010847u
PubMed:
11829635

61. Structure, mechanism and function of prenyltransferases

Author:
Po‐Huang Liang; Tzu‐Ping Ko; Andrew H.‐J Wang
Source:
European journal of biochemistry 2002 v.269 no.14 pp. 3339-3354
ISSN:
0014-2956
Subject:
reaction kinetics; biosynthesis; enzymes; pyrophosphates; polymers; squalene
Abstract:
... In this review, we summarize recent progress in studying three main classes of prenyltransferases: (a) isoprenyl pyrophosphate synthases (IPPSs), which catalyze chain elongation of allylic pyrophosphate substrates via consecutive condensation reactions with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) to generate linear polymers with defined chain lengths; (b) protein prenyltransferases, which catalyze the tra ...
DOI:
10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03014.x

62. Triterpenoids

Author:
Joseph D. Connolly; Robert A. Hill
Source:
Natural product reports 2002 v.19 no.4 pp. 494-513
ISSN:
1460-4752
Subject:
lupane; saponins; squalene
Abstract:
... This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids including squalene derivatives, lanostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, isomalabaricanes and saponins. The literature from January to Decemeber 2000 is reviewed and 277 references are cited. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b110404g

63. Chemical characterization of Achyranthes bidentata seed

Author:
Marcone, Massimo F.; Jahaniaval, Firouz; Aliee, Hamid; Kakuda, Yukio
Source:
Food chemistry 2003 v.81 no.1 pp. 7-12
ISSN:
0308-8146
Subject:
Achyranthes japonica; Amaranthus; calcium; dietary nutrient sources; humans; iron; lipid content; magnesium; minerals; potassium; seeds; small cereal grains; squalene; vitamin E
Abstract:
... The chemical compositions of seeds of Achyranthes bidentata (AB) were determined and compared to those commonly found within the same Amaranthaceae family, i.e. genus Amaranthus and to those of more common cereal grains. The study revealed that AB seeds were substantially higher in nutritionally important minerals, such as phosporus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron, as well as being substan ...
DOI:
10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00250-9

64. Cholesterol-Lowering Properties of Amaranth Grain and Oil in Hamsters

Author:
A. Berger; G. Gremaud; M. Baumgartner; D. Rein; I. Monnard; E. Kratky; W. Geiger; J. Burri; F. Dionisi; M. Allan; P. Lambelet
Source:
International journal for vitamin and nutrition research 2003 v.73 no.1 pp. 39-47
ISSN:
0300-9831
Subject:
Amaranthus cruentus; absorption; amaranth grain; animal models; bile acids; biosynthesis; calcium; cholesteremic effect; diet; excretion; hamsters; high density lipoprotein cholesterol; hypercholesterolemia; lysine; magnesium; nutrient content; oils; secretion; squalene; very low density lipoprotein
Abstract:
... Amaranth was an important ancient grain and has current nutritional potential, being high in protein, fiber, lysine, magnesium, calcium, and squalene. Limited, inconsistent evidence demonstrates amaranth grain or oil can lower cholesterol in animal models. In the present study, hamsters received hypercholesterolemic diets consisting of a control, 10 or 20% Amaranthus cruentus grain, or 2.5 or 5% c ...
DOI:
10.1024/0300-9831.73.1.39

65. Classification of monovarietal Italian olive oils by unsupervised (PCA) and supervised (LDA) chemometrics

Author:
Giansante, Lucia; Vincenzo Di, Daria; Bianchi, Giorgio
Source:
Journal of the science of food and agriculture 2003 v.83 no.9 pp. 905-911
ISSN:
0022-5142
Subject:
chemometrics; cultivars; discriminant analysis; fatty acids; fatty alcohols; models; olive oil; olives; prediction; principal component analysis; squalene; triterpenoids
Abstract:
... This research work was conducted to establish whether monovarietal olive oils could be differentiated by their basic classes of compounds, ie (a) fatty acids, (b) fatty alcohols, (c) polycyclic triterpenes and (d) squalene. The ratio values of biosynthetically correlated acids were also examined. The mentioned classes of compounds, formed in distinct biosynthetic compartments of the olive fruit, s ...
DOI:
10.1002/jsfa.1426

66. Oil and squalene in Amaranthus grain and leaf

Author:
He, H.P.; Corke, H.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2003 v.51 no.27 pp. 7913-7920
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
lipid content; linoleic acid; seeds; Amaranthus; fatty acid composition; developmental stages; principal component analysis; seed oils; palmitic acid; chemical constituents of plants; squalene; oleic acid; leaves
Abstract:
... Amaranthus grain of 104 genotypes from 30 species was investigated for oil and squalene contents and fatty acid profiles. The overall average oil content in Amaranthus grain was 5.0%, ranging from 1.9 to 8.7%. Squalene concentration in extracted oils ranged from trace to 7.3%, with an average concentration of 4.2%. The average contents of three major fatty acids in Amaranthus grain were 22.2, 29.1 ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf030489q

67. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil and squalene from Amaranthus grain

Author:
He, H.P.; Corke, H.; Cai, J.G.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2003 v.51 no.27 pp. 7921-7925
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
Amaranthus cruentus; seeds; seed oils; squalene; supercritical fluid extraction; carbon dioxide; pressure treatment; grinding; particle size; temperature
Abstract:
... Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) was used for the extraction of oil and squalene from Amaranthus grain. Very small amounts of oil could be extracted by SC CO2 from undisrupted grains, although SC CO2 possesses higher diffusivity. Grinding increased the extraction rate and oil yield, and smaller particle size gave higher extraction rate. The oil yield and initial extraction rate increased line ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf030488y

68. Yardenone A and B: new cytotoxic triterpenes from the Indian Ocean sponge Axinella cf. bidderi

Author:
Carletti, I.; Long, C.; Funel, C.; Amade, P.
Source:
Journal of natural products 2003 v.66 no.1 pp. 25-29
ISSN:
0163-3864
Subject:
chemical composition; cytotoxicity; aquatic invertebrates; antineoplastic agents; triterpenoids; spectral analysis; extracts; cell lines; squalene; molecular conformation; stereochemistry; Yemen; Indian Ocean
DOI:
10.1021/np020208t
PubMed:
12542339

69. Dietary evaluation of Mediterranean fish and molluscs pan-fried in virgin olive oil

Author:
Kalogeropoulos, N.; Andrikopoulos, N.K.; Hassapidou, M.
Source:
Journal of the science of food and agriculture 2004 v.84 no.13 pp. 1750-1758
ISSN:
0022-5142
Subject:
marine fish; mussels; calamari; olive oil; frying; fried foods; proximate composition; cholesterol; squalene; fatty acid composition; energy content
Abstract:
... The effect of domestic pan-frying in virgin olive oil (VOO) on the proximate composition, energy content, cholesterol, squalene and fatty acids in the edible portion of six species of finfish, common squid and mussels just caught from several regions of the Aegean Sea (Mediterranean Sea) was investigated. The species selected are traditionally consumed pan-fried in VOO by the Greeks. On a fresh we ...
DOI:
10.1002/jsfa.1878

70. Fatty acid composition and squalene content of the marine microalga Schizochytrium mangrovei

Author:
Jiang, Y.; Fan, K.W.; Wong, R.T.Y.; Chen, F.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2004 v.52 no.5 pp. 1196-1200
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
docosahexaenoic acid; fatty acid composition; cell culture; squalene; lipogenesis; microalgae
Abstract:
... Certain species of thraustochytrids are being explored as potential producer of polyunsaturated fatty acids for nutritional enrichment of food products and use as feed additives in aquaculture. The fatty acid composition and squalene content were determined in the thraustochytrid, Schizochytrium mangrovei that was newly isolated from decaying Kandelia candel leaves in Hong Kong mangrove habitat. T ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf035004c

71. Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of walnuts, almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts and the macadamia nut

Author:
L. S. Maguire; S. M. O'Sullivan; K. Galvin; T. P. O'Connor; N. M. O'Brien
Source:
International journal of food sciences and nutrition 2004 v.55 no.3 pp. 171-178
ISSN:
1465-3478
Subject:
alpha-tocopherol; campesterol; coronary disease; fatty acid composition; linoleic acid; linolenic acid; lipid content; macadamia nuts; nutrition; oils; oleic acid; palmitoleic acid; peroxide value; squalene; stigmasterol
Abstract:
... Nuts are high in fat but have a fatty acid profile that may be beneficial in relation to risk of coronary heart disease. Nuts also contain other potentially cardioprotective constituents including phytosterols, tocopherols and squalene. In the present study, the total oil content, peroxide value, composition of fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols and squalene content were determined in the oil ...
DOI:
10.1080/09637480410001725175

72. Host gene expression in response to Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca)

Author:
Griffitts Amanda A.; Cramer Carole L.; Westwood James H.
Source:
Weed science 2004 v.52 no.5 pp. 697-703
ISSN:
0043-1745
Subject:
Orobanche aegyptiaca; crops; gene expression; genetic engineering; host plants; naringenin-chalcone synthase; parasites; parasitism; pathogens; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; promoter regions; reporter genes; squalene; systemic acquired resistance; transgenic plants; weed science
Abstract:
... Selective control of Egyptian broomrape is extremely difficult because the close association between host crop and parasite limits the use of most mechanical and herbicidal approaches. However, this host––parasite interaction can also form the basis of the simplest control strategy: parasite-resistant crops. Although much work has been conducted to identify and characterize mechanisms of parasite ...
DOI:
10.1614/WS-03-155R

73. Loss of function of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase 1 (HMG1) in Arabidopsis leads to dwarfing, early senescence and male sterility, and reduced sterol levels

Author:
Suzuki, M.; Kamide, Y.; Nagata, N.; Seki, H.; Ohyama, K.; Kato, H.; Masuda, K.; Sato, S.; Kato, T.; Tabata, S.
Source:
Plant journal 2004 v.37 no.5 pp. 750-761
ISSN:
0960-7412
Subject:
mevalonic acid; insertional mutagenesis; plant fertility; hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductases; plant proteins; androecium; phenotype; triterpenoids; Arabidopsis thaliana; plant development; brassinosteroids; squalene; lipid content; dwarfing; biosynthesis; transgenic plants; zeatin; biochemical pathways; cytokinins; mutants; nucleotide sequences; plant morphology
Abstract:
... 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) catalyzes the first committed step in the cytosolic isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway in higher plants. To understand the contribution of HMGR to plant development, we isolated T-DNA insertion mutants for HMG1 and HMG2. The hmg1 and hmg2 mutants were both more sensitive than the wild type (WT) to lovastatin, an inhibitor of HMGR. The hmg2 mutant showed ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02003.x
PubMed:
14871314

74. Rapid cloning and expression of a fungal polyketide synthase gene involved in squalestatin biosynthesis

Author:
Russell J. Cox; Frank Glod; Deirdre Hurley; Colin M. Lazarus; Thomas. P. Nicholson; Brian A. M. RuddCurrent Addresses: BAMR, Novacta Biosystems, UH Innovations Centre, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts, AL10 9AB; BW, Biotica Technology Ltd, Chesterford Research Park, Little Chesterford Essex CB10 1XL.; Thomas J. Simpson; Barrie Wilkinson; Ying Zhang
Source:
Chemical communications 2004 v. no.20 pp. 2260-2261
ISSN:
1364-548X
Subject:
DNA primers; biosynthesis; chemical reactions; enzyme inhibitors; fungi; genes; heterologous gene expression; polyketide synthases; polymerase chain reaction; squalene; transferases
Abstract:
... PCR primers designed to selectively amplify the unique C-methyltransferase domain of fungal polyketide synthases were used to selectively clone a polyketide synthase gene involved in the biosynthesis of the squalene synthase inhibitor squalestatin S1 1, heterologous expression of which led to the biosynthesis of the squalestatin side-chain. ...
DOI:
10.1039/b411973h

75. Site-directed Mutagenesis Experiments on the Putative Deprotonation Site of Squalene-hopene Cyclase from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius

Author:
Tsutomu SATO; Masanori KOUDA; Tsutomu HOSHINO
Source:
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 2004 v.68 no.3 pp. 728-738
ISSN:
1347-6947
Subject:
Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius; X-radiation; biotechnology; cations; deprotonation; enzymes; hydrogen bonding; moieties; site-directed mutagenesis; squalene
Abstract:
... To provide insight into the catalytic mechanism for the final deprotonation reaction of squalene-hopene cyclase (SHC) from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, mutagenesis experiments were conducted for the following ten residues: Thr41, Glu45, Glu93, Arg127, Trp133, Gln262, Pro263, Tyr267, Phe434 and Phe437. An X-ray analysis of SHC has revealed that two types of water molecules (“front water” and “b ...
DOI:
10.1271/bbb.68.728

76. Squalene dose not exhibit a chemopreventive activity and increases plasma cholesterol in a Wistar rat hepatocarcinogenesis model

Author:
Scolastici, C.; Ong, T.P.; Moreno, F.S.
Source:
Nutrition and cancer 2004 v.50 no.1 pp. 101-109
ISSN:
0163-5581
Subject:
olive oil; phytochemicals; squalene; triterpenoids; chemoprevention; anticarcinogenic activity; adverse effects; blood plasma; cholesterol; hypercholesterolemia; rats; animal models; liver neoplasms; carcinogenesis; hepatocytes; proliferating cell nuclear antigen
Abstract:
... The eventual chemopreventive effect of squalene (SQ), a triterpene present in olive oil, was evaluated when administered to Wistar rats during a period comprising the initiation and selection/promotion of the "resistant hepatocyte" (RH) model of hepatocarcinogenesis. During 8 consecutive wk, animals received by gavage SQ (100 or 150 mg/100 g body weight) dissolved in corn oil (CO) daily. Animals t ...
DOI:
10.1207/s15327914nc5001_13

77. Squalene in oils and fats from domestic and commercial fryings of potatoes

Author:
Nick Kalogeropoulos; Nikolaos K. Andrikopoulos
Source:
International journal of food sciences and nutrition 2004 v.55 no.2 pp. 125-129
ISSN:
1465-3478
Subject:
cold; corn oil; cottonseed oil; deep fat frying; diet; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; hexane; palm kernel oil; palm oils; pan frying; restaurants; saponification; soybean oil; squalene; sunflower oil; virgin olive oil; Greece
Abstract:
... Squalene was determined in commercial frying oils and fats (sunflower oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, soybean oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, vegetable shortening oil, and cooking fats) sampled during deep-frying of potatoes from 21 restaurants in Athens, Greece, and in domestic frying oils [virgin olive oil (VOO), vegetable shortening and sunflower oil] used during the domestic pan-frying and deep ...
DOI:
10.1080/09637480410001666531

78. Triterpenoids

Author:
Joseph D. Connolly; Robert A. Hill
Source:
Natural product reports 2004 v.20 no.6 pp. 640-659
ISSN:
1460-4752
Subject:
lupane; saponins; squalene
Abstract:
... This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids including squalene derivatives, lanostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, fernanes, sipholanes, isomalabaricanes, serratanes and saponins. The literature from January to December 2001 is reviewed and 242 references ...
DOI:
10.1039/b204068a

79. Analogs of squalene and oxidosqualene inhibit oxidosqualene cyclase of Trypanosoma cruzi expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Author:
Oliaro-Bosso, S.; Ceruti, M.; Balliano, G.; Milla, P.; Rocco, F.; Viola, F.
Source:
Lipids 2005 v.40 no.12 pp. 1257-1262
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
squalene; isomerases; enzyme inhibition; biochemical pathways; Trypanosoma cruzi; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
DOI:
10.1007/s11745-005-1493-y
PubMed:
16477810

80. Application of supercritical fluid chromatography in the quantitative analysis of minor components (carotenes, vitamin E, sterols, and squalene) from palm oil

Author:
Choo, Y.M.; Ng, M.H.; Ma, A.N.; Chuah, C.H.; Hashim, M.A.
Source:
Lipids 2005 v.40 no.4 pp. 429-432
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
palm oils; squalene; sterols; carotenes; vitamin E; quantitative analysis; supercritical fluid chromatography
DOI:
10.1007/s11745-006-1400-6
PubMed:
16028723

81. Inhibitory effect on TNF-α-induced IL-8 production in the HT29 cell of constituents from the leaf and stem ofWeigela subsessilis

Author:
Phuong Thien Thuong; WenYi Jin; JongPill Lee; RackSeon Seong; Young-Mi Lee; YeonHee Seong; KyungSik Song; KiHwan Bae
Source:
Archives of pharmacal research 2005 v.28 no.10 pp. 1135-1141
ISSN:
0253-6269
Subject:
acetates; beta-sitosterol; chemical structure; interleukin-8; iridoid glycosides; leaf extracts; leaves; methanol; spectral analysis; squalene; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; ursolic acid
Abstract:
... Twelve compounds were isolated from the MeOH extract of the leaf and stem of the Korean endemic plantWeigela subsessilis L. H. Bailey. Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic data and by comparison with those of published literatures. These compounds were identified as three sterols, β-sitosterol acetate (2), β-sitosterol (3), daucosterol (11), e ...
DOI:
10.1007/BF02972975

82. Simultaneous quantification of free fatty acids, free sterols, squalene, and acylglycerol molecular species in palm oil by high-temperature gas chromatography-flame ionization detection

Author:
Lau, H.L.N.; Puah, C.W.; Choo, Y.M.; Ma, A.N.; Chuah, C.H.
Source:
Lipids 2005 v.40 no.5 pp. 523-528
ISSN:
0024-4201
Subject:
palm oils; free fatty acids; sterols; squalene; acylglycerols; quantitative analysis; chemical analysis; gas chromatography
DOI:
10.1007/s11745-005-1413-1
PubMed:
16094863

83. Cardioprotective effect of squalene on lipid profile on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats

Author:
Farvin, K.H.S.; Anandan, R.; Kumar, S.H.S.; Shiny, K.S.; Mathew, S.; Sankar, T.V.; Nair, P.G.V.
Source:
Journal of medicinal food 2006 v.9 no.4 pp. 531-536
ISSN:
1096-620X
Subject:
rats; animal disease models; myocardial infarction; cardioprotective effect; squalene; blood lipids; isoprenaline; blood plasma; myocardium; cholesterol; triacylglycerols; free fatty acids; antilipemic agents; low density lipoprotein; high density lipoprotein; lipid peroxidation
DOI:
10.1089/jmf.2006.9.531

84. Characterization and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of palm oil (elaeis guineensis)

Author:
LAU, HARRISON LIK NANG; CHOO, YUEN MAY; MA, AH NGAN; CHUAH, CHENG HOCK
Source:
Journal of food lipids 2006 v.13 no.2 pp. 210-221
ISSN:
1065-7258
Subject:
Elaeis guineensis; carbon dioxide; carotenes; copper; fatty acid composition; free fatty acids; hexane; hydroperoxides; iron; mesocarp; oxidative stability; palm oils; peroxide value; phytosterols; squalene; supercritical fluid extraction; tocopherols; tocotrienols
Abstract:
... Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) was used to extract palm oil from palm mesocarp (Elaeis guineensis). The conditions surveyed were 40 to 80C and 14 to 30 MPa. The free fatty acid content in SC-CO₂ extracted palm oil was found to be 0.61% as compared to 3.15% in commercial crude palm oil (CPO). The average peroxide value of the SC-CO₂ extracted CPO was 1.68 meq O₂/kg, which indicated that SC-C ...
DOI:
10.1111/j.1745-4522.2006.00046.x

85. Compositional Changes and Enrichment of Mediterranean Finfish During Pan Frying With Virgin Olive Oil

Author:
Kalogeropoulos, N.; Kotsiopoulou, C.; Mylona, A.; Christea, M.; Andrikopoulos, N.K.
Source:
Ecology of food and nutrition 2006 v.45 no.3 pp. 171-188
ISSN:
0367-0244
Subject:
fish; frying; olive oil; energy content; fatty acid composition; omega-3 fatty acids; phytosterols; cholesterol; squalene; food composition
Abstract:
... Eight species of small Mediterranean finfish were prepared and pan-fried in virgin olive oil, according to traditional Greek culinary practices. The changes in their proximate composition, energy content, fatty acids, squalene, cholesterol, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were investigated. Pan-fried fish contained more protein, total fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, energy, and chole ...
DOI:
10.1080/03670240600648930

86. Dietary evaluation of vegetables pan-fried in virgin olive oil following the Greek traditional culinary practice

Author:
Kalogeropoulos, N.; Grigorakis, D.; Mylona, A.; Falirea, A.; Andrikopoulos, N.K.
Source:
Ecology of food and nutrition 2006 v.45 no.2 pp. 105-123
ISSN:
0367-0244
Subject:
water content; vegetables; stir frying; energy content; phytosterols; squalene; fatty acid composition
Abstract:
... The aim of this work was the nutritional evaluation of fresh vegetables, pan-fried in virgin olive oil according to the traditional Greek culinary practices. The vegetables studied (potatoes, green peppers, zucchini, and eggplant) are traditionally consumed after pan-frying in virgin olive oil in Greece and other Mediterranean countries. The fried samples contained less moisture, more fat, and mor ...
DOI:
10.1080/03670240500530642

87. Distribution of Vitamin E, Squalene, Epicatechin, and Rutin in Common Buckwheat Plants (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Author:
Kalinova, J.; Triska, J.; Vrchotova, N.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2006 v.54 no.15 pp. 5330-5335
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
epicatechin; solar radiation; chemical constituents of plants; photoperiod; air temperature; flowers; alpha-tocopherol; drought; Fagopyrum esculentum; seasonal variation; green leafy vegetables; food composition; rutin; squalene; leaves; buckwheat
Abstract:
... Buckwheat leaves and young parts of the plant are consumed in some countries as a vegetable. Green flour, obtained by milling of the dried plants, is used as a natural food colorant. The distribution of vitamin E, squalene, epicatechin, and rutin (as the most important antioxidants) within buckwheat plants, as well as changes of their content within leaves during the growing season, were determine ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf060521r

88. Enhanced production of bioactive ginsenosides from adventitious roots of Panax ginseng in bioreactor culture

Author:
Sivakumar, G.; Yu, K.W.; Paek, K.Y.
Source:
Journal of horticultural science & biotechnology 2006 v.81 no.3 pp. 549-552
ISSN:
1462-0316
Subject:
biosynthesis; in vitro culture; dose response; plant products; bioreactors; medicinal plants; culture media; adventitious roots; Panax ginseng; antineoplastic agents; squalene; glycosides

89. Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts

Author:
E. Ryan; K. Galvin; T. P. O'Connor; A. R. Maguire; N. M. O'Brien
Source:
International journal of food sciences and nutrition 2006 v.57 no.3-4 pp. 219-228
ISSN:
1465-3478
Subject:
Brazil nuts; fatty acid composition; linoleic acid; lipid content; nutrition; oils; oleic acid; pecans; peroxide value; pistachios; polyunsaturated fatty acids; squalene; tocopherols
Abstract:
... Nuts contain bioactive constituents that elicit cardio-protective effects including phytosterols, tocopherols and squalene. The objective of the present study was to determine the total oil content, peroxide value, fatty acid composition and levels of tocopherols, squalene and phytosterols in oil extracted from freshly ground brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts. The total oil content of ...
DOI:
10.1080/09637480600768077

90. Rapid and Quantitative Determination of Total Sterols of Plant and Animal Origin in Liver Samples by Gas Chromatography

Author:
G. Brufau; R. Codony; M. A. Canela; M. Rafecas
Source:
Chromatographia 2006 v.64 no.9-10 pp. 559-563
ISSN:
0009-5893
Subject:
animals; antioxidants; beta-sitosterol; campesterol; cholesterol; ethanol; fractionation; gas chromatography; liver; potassium hydroxide; quantitative analysis; rapid methods; saponification; solvents; squalene; temperature
Abstract:
... A simple and rapid method to quantify sterols by gas chromatography (GC) in liver samples is described. The most usual methods to determine sterol content by GC in biological samples involve lipid extraction, saponification, extraction of non-saponifiables and their fractionation. This paper proposes a direct saponification of biological samples (liver) in order to save time and solvents. Samples ...
DOI:
10.1365/s10337-006-0034-4

91. A new method for simultaneous estimation of unsaponifiable constituents of rice bran oil using HPTLC

Author:
Afinisha Deepam, Lawrence S.; Soban Kumar, Dasiah R.; Sundaresan, Andikkannu; Arumughan, Chami
Source:
Journal of separation science 2007 v.30 no.16 pp. 2786-2793
ISSN:
1615-9306
Subject:
phytosterols; linear models; bioactive properties; rice bran oil; equations; methodology; silica gel; squalene; oryzanol
Abstract:
... Rice bran oil (RBO) is rich in a variety of bioactive phytochemicals otherwise known as unsaponifiable constituents (USC). Oryzanols, phytosterols, tocols, etc. are the major USC in RBO; the methods presently used for their estimation involve different techniques and require pretreatment of the sample. In this paper standardization of a simple method for simultaneous estimation of USC directly fro ...
DOI:
10.1002/jssc.200700226
PubMed:
17868176

92. Alterations on the growth and ultrastructure of Leishmania chagasi induced by squalene synthase inhibitors

Author:
Granthon, A.C.; Braga, M.V.; Rodrigues, J.C.F.; Cammerer, S.; Lorente, S.O.; Gilbert, I.H.; Urbina, J.A.; Souza, W. de
Source:
Veterinary parasitology 2007 v.146 no.1-2 pp. 25-34
ISSN:
0304-4017
Subject:
chemical concentration; antiprotozoal agents; dose response; Leishmania donovani; promastigotes; enzyme inhibitors; ultrastructure; squalene
Abstract:
... Leishmaniasis is an important disease in widely dispersed regions of the world. In South America, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is mainly caused by Leishmania chagasi. The morbidity associated with the infection is high, and death may occur in some untreated patients. Treatment has been based upon pentavalent antimonial drugs for more than half a century and problems, including development of resist ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.022

93. Concentration of squalene from shark liver oil by short-path distillation

Author:
Pietsch, Arne; Jaeger, Philip
Source:
European journal of lipid science and technology 2007 v.109 no.11 pp. 1077-1082
ISSN:
1438-7697
Subject:
chemical analysis; distillation; liver; oils; product quality; sharks; squalene; temperature
Abstract:
... Investigations on the concentration of squalene from shark liver oil using short-path distillation are presented and compared to alternative techniques. Aspects of chemical composition analysis are discussed as well as physical and sensory properties. A product is obtained with squalene purities above 97% at feed flows of up to 7 kg/h and temperatures between 185 and 230 °C. In order to assure pro ...
DOI:
10.1002/ejlt.200700039

94. Determination of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity in commercial oilseeds for food use

Author:
Tuberoso, C.I.G.; Kowalczyk, A.; Sarritzu, E.; Cabras, P.
Source:
Food chemistry 2007 v.103 no.4 pp. 1494-1501
ISSN:
0308-8146
Subject:
phase transition; tocopherols; correlation; methanol; free radicals; phytochemicals; polyunsaturated fatty acids; phenols; chemical analysis; squalene; oilseeds; free radical scavengers; carotenoids; solubility; antioxidant activity; chlorophyll
Abstract:
... Different commercial edible oilseed samples were analyzed in order to evaluate the compounds involved in antioxidant activity. Fatty acids, triacylglycerols, tocopherols, chlorophylls, β-carotene, squalene, phenolic compounds and CIE L*a*b* coordinates were assayed. Strong chemical variability depending on the oilseed variety was observed. Antioxidant activity was evaluated for the oils, both for ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.08.014

95. Enzymatic synthesis of cyclic triterpenes

Author:
Ikuro Abe
Source:
Natural product reports 2007 v.24 no.6 pp. 1311-1331
ISSN:
1460-4752
Subject:
active sites; biosynthesis; enzymes; enzymology; mutagenesis; polyenes; squalene; sterols; triterpenoids
Abstract:
... This review covers recent advances in the chemistry and enzymology of squalene cyclase and oxidosqualene cyclase. The enzymatic cyclizations of squalene and oxidosqualene are the most remarkable steps in the biosynthesis of sterols and triterpenes. The polyenes are converted to various polycyclic triterpenes by different enzyme systems employing only small modification of the active-site. Recent c ...
DOI:
10.1039/b616857b

96. Expression of the gene for sterol-biosynthesis enzyme squalene epoxidase in parenchyma cells of the oil plant, Euphorbia tirucalli

Author:
Uchida, Hidenobu; Sugiyama, Ryuji; Nakayachi, Osamu; Takemura, Miho; Ohyama, Kanji
Source:
Planta 2007 v.226 no.5 pp. 1109-1115
ISSN:
0032-0935
Subject:
Euphorbia tirucalli; Panax; amino acid sequences; clones; complementary DNA; cortex; ergosterol; gene expression; genes; heterologous gene expression; in situ hybridization; internodes; leaves; mutants; nucleotide sequences; phytosterols; plant fats and oils; restriction fragment length polymorphism; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; rice; roots; secondary metabolites; shrubs; squalene; triterpenoids; yeasts
Abstract:
... In plants, phytosterols and triterpenes are major secondary metabolites. In an attempt to reveal the mechanism for synthesis and storage of these compounds, we isolated and characterized cDNA clones for squalene epoxidase (SE), from a succulent shrub, Euphorbia tirucalli. Southern-blot analysis of total DNA using cDNA fragment as a probe showed that the E. tirucalli squalene epoxidase gene (EtSE) ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00425-007-0557-4
PubMed:
17569082

97. Exudation of Allelopathic Substances in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Author:
Kalinova, J.; Vrchotova, N.; Triska, J.
Source:
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2007 v.55 no.16 pp. 6453-6459
ISSN:
0021-8561
Subject:
gallic acid; vanillic acid; allelochemicals; root exudates; allelopathy; bioassays; Fagopyrum esculentum; palmitic acid; rutin; squalene; buckwheat
Abstract:
... Root exudates of the common buckwheat, especially phenolic compounds, were studied. Their contents, both in the soil during the growing season and in agar medium during germination, were determined by HPLC and GC-MS. The allelopathic activity of the soil from a buckwheat stand was evaluated, as well. Palmitic acid, squalene, epicatechin, vitexin, a gallic acid derivative, and a quercetin derivativ ...
DOI:
10.1021/jf070795u

98. Olive oil preparation determines the atherosclerotic protection in apolipoprotein E knockout mice

Author:
Acin, S.; Navarro, M.A.; Perona, J.S.; Arbones-Mainar, J.M.; Surra, J.C.; Guzman, M.A.; Carnicer, R.; Arnal, C.; Orman, I.; Segovia, J.C.
Source:
Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2007 v.18 no.6 pp. 418-424
ISSN:
0955-2863
Subject:
olive oil; olives; monounsaturated fatty acids; Olea europaea; cultivars; cardioprotective effect; cholesteremic effect; atherosclerosis; hypercholesterolemia; risk reduction; health promotion; phenolic compounds; squalene; cholesterol metabolism; blood serum; triacylglycerols; high density lipoprotein; prostaglandins; mice; animal disease models; postprandial state; cholesterol; low density lipoprotein
Abstract:
... Oils enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids do not seem to behave similarly in protecting against the development of atherosclerosis in animal models, which has been attributed to the presence of soluble phenolic compounds. To test the relevance of other components of oils in the prevention of atherosclerosis, two olive oils from the same cultivar devoid of soluble phenolic compounds were prepare ...
DOI:
10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.08.005
PubMed:
17049830

99. Phytosterol, Squalene, Tocopherol Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Selected Seeds, Grains, and Legumes

Author:
Ryan, E.; Galvin, K.; O'Connor, T. P.; Maguire, A. R.; O'Brien, N. M.
Source:
Plant foods for human nutrition 2007 v.62 no.3 pp. 85-91
ISSN:
0921-9668
Subject:
acid hydrolysis; beans; beta-sitosterol; derivatization; fatty acid composition; fatty acids; gamma-tocopherol; high performance liquid chromatography; lipid content; peas; plant-based foods; pumpkins; rye; saponification; seeds; squalene
Abstract:
... The unsaponifiable lipid fraction of plant-based foods is a potential source of bioactive components such as phytosterols, squalene, and tocopherols. The objective of the present study was to determine the levels of phytosterols, and squalene, as well as tocopherols (α and β + γ) in selected grains, seeds, and legumes. The method comprised acid hydrolysis and lipid extraction followed by alkaline ...
DOI:
10.1007/s11130-007-0046-8
PubMed:
17594521

100. Potato steroidal glycoalkaloid levels and the expression of key isoprenoid metabolic genes

Author:
Krits, Pinchas; Fogelman, Edna; Ginzberg, Idit
Source:
Planta 2007 v.227 no.1 pp. 143-150
ISSN:
0032-0935
Subject:
Solanum tuberosum; alpha-chaconine; branches; enzymes; genes; genotype; leaves; periderm; potatoes; secondary metabolites; sesquiterpenoids; solanidine; solanine; squalene; toxicity; tubers
Abstract:
... The potato steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGA) are toxic secondary metabolites, and their total content in tubers should not exceed 20 mg/100 g fresh weight. The two major SGA in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) are α-chaconine and α-solanine. SGA biosynthetic genes and the genetic factors that control their expression have not yet been determined. In the present study, potato genotypes exhibiting ...
DOI:
10.1007/s00425-007-0602-3
PubMed:
17701426